Upload
nirmal-kumar
View
222
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
1/46
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
2/46
Background
Genesis & Evolution of PRA
Concepts (RRA & PRA) and comparison
Salient features, Philosophy & Principles
Utility
Dos and don'ts
Overview of Tools
Session Outline
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
3/46
Farmer as a professional
Inadequacy of conventional methods to study andunderstand rural systems
Potential of ITK for technology development
Farm and farmer household as the references for TD
Background
Growth of alternative approaches to understand rural
systems was due to realization of
As a response, several new approaches have evolvedfor quick and comprehensive understanding andappraisal of rural systems.
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
4/46
Genesis
Dissatisfaction with biases (especially anti-poverty
bias) Dissatisfaction with conventional methods (surveys)
Long drawn
Tedious
A headache to administer A nightmare to process
Inaccurate & unreliable
Ending up with long, late, boaring, misleading &
non-usable reports
Need for cost-effective methods of learning from ruralpeople was felt
Evolution of alternative approaches
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
5/46
Conventional versus Participatory Approaches
Features ConventionalApproaches
ParticipatoryApproaches
Emphasis Rigour Relevance
Rule Precision Richness
Focus Verification Learning
Purpose Interventions Empowerment
Time scale Time consuming RapidCost High Low
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
6/46
Evolution
Farming System Research (Mellor, 1966; Collison, 1972; Norman, 1974)
Indigenous Technical Knowledge (IDS, 1979; Brokesha et al. 1980)
On-farm Trials (Tripp, 1982)
Farmer Back to Farmer (Rhodes and Booth, 1982)
Farmer First and Last (Chambers and Gildyal, 1985)
Farmers Participatory Research (Farrington and Martin, 1988)
On Farm Client Oriented Research (Merill-Sands & Kaimowitz, 1990)
Interactive Bottom-up Approach (Bunders et al. 1990)
Rapid Rural Appraisal (IIED, 1991)
Participatory Rural Appraisal (IIED, 1991)
Participatory Technology Development (Reintjes et al. 1992)
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
7/46
It is an applied, holistic and flexible approach of
progressive learning conducted by multi-disciplinaryteams, emphasizing community participation (Theis andGrady, 1991)
Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA)
RRA is more extractive and elicitive. We go to rural areasand collect data from them, bring them away andprocess them (Chambers, 1992)
Systematic and semi-structured activityConducted in a rural scenario
Done by outsiders
Cost-effective and timely means of gaining insights
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
8/46
PRA is a set of tools, an approach and an ideology
PRA is a growing family of approaches and methods toenable local people to share, enhance and analyze their
knowledge of life and conditions to plan and to act(Chambers, 1992)
It is a way of learning from, and with, community members
to investigate, analyze and evaluate constraints andopportunities and make informed and timely decisionsregarding development projects (Gooselink and Strosser,1995)
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
9/46
Done/facilitated by outsiders (multi-disciplinary team)
Planned & systematic
Semi-structured
To understand rural life
Short period of time
Low cost
Iterative process using many methods
Flexible
Triangulation
Use of checklists
Salient Features of RRA & PRA
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
10/46
RRA and PRA Comparison
Criteria RRA PRA
Objective Outsiders decide Community decides
Time scale Rapid and shortterm for PME
Rapid, short or longterm for communitylearning and
managementKey actors Outsiders
facilitated by localsLocals facilitated byoutsiders
Results used By outsiders By locals
Techniques Few Many and diverse
Key resource Knowledge Analytical ability
Innovation Method Behaviour
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
11/46
RRA and PRA Comparison
Criteria RRA PRA
Nature Extractive FacilitativeInstruments Verbal Visual & analytical
Idealobjectives
Learning byoutsiders from
insiders
Empowerment oflocals
Outsidersrole
Investigators Initiators, facilitatorsand catalysts
Role of locals Respondents Presenters, Analysts
& Planners
A model for Participatoryinterventions
Participatory planningand action
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
12/46
Humility
Respect
Patience
Interest
Openness
Non-interruptive
Philosophy of PRA
Participation
Learning
Role reversals
Active listening
Spot decisions
Flexible
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
13/46
Offsetting biases
Triangulation
Optimizing tradeoffs
Optimal ignorance
Appropriate imprecision
On-the spot analysis
Principles of PRA
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
14/46
Bottom-up approach
Searching for difference
Rapport Building
Check list of items
Facilitating, observing and catalyzing
Embracing error
Dissemination of knowledge
Principles of PRA
Utilit f PRA
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
15/46
Utility of PRA
Quick access to & analysis of rural life
General analysis of a specific topic, question orproblem
Needs assessment
Feasibility studies
Identifying and prioritizing options/ projects
Project / program evaluation
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
16/46
Rapport Building - CSF
Dos
Greet
Do as they do
Learn
Tell the purpose
Make them feel great
Ask about him / her Be humble
Repeat the questions
Show gratitude & thank before leaving
R t B ildi
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
17/46
Donts
No politics
No arguments
No interruptions
No abrupt ending
Rapport Building ...
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
18/46
These methodologies offer a basketful of tools andtechniques for one to choose a best combinationdepending on the purpose, objectives and resourceavailability for conducting development research.
There are more than 20 PRA techniques, which can beemployed for understanding and analyzing variousfacets of rural life.
PRA Tools & Techniques
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
19/46
Classification of PRA Methods/Tools/Techniques
Based on Type ofData/Informationgathered
1. Basic Information
2. Agro-Eco System Analysis
3. Decision Analysis4. Trend Analysis
5. Problem Analysis
Based on Type of
Analysis
1. Village Characterization
2. Space Analysis
3. Time Analysis
4. Flow Analysis
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
20/46
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
21/46
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
22/46
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
23/46
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
24/46
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
25/46
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
26/46
d fi ll
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
27/46
The word participation is kaleidoscopic; it
changes its colour and shape at the will of the
hands in which it is held. And, just like the
momentary image in the kaleidoscope, it can bevery fragile and elusive, changing from one
moment to another.
Shirley A. White (1994)
and finally
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
28/46
Visit us at: http://icar.naarm.ernet.in
Basic Information of the Village
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
29/46
This will indicate the data regarding the
population to area under crops, number of
families, yield of animals and crops, mortality
related to animals etc.
In doing a PRA within a reasonable time frame,
the PRA team has to collect he basic
information of the village by referring to the
records available in the village panchayat office
and also by interacting with the key informants
(Kis).
For this, ideally select official members of
panchayat / school and such organizations ofthe village as KIs.
Basic Information of the Village
Village Transect
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
30/46
It is also known as general transect.
Transact is making a long walk inside thevillage and locating the various items
that are found in the village like soil,
crops, animals, problems, etc.
Village Transect
Agro-ecology Map:
Agro-ecology map will indicate therelation between agriculture and
environment which includes average
temperature, average rainfall,
fragmentation of holdings, naturalvegetation, drainage system, weeds, etc.
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
31/46
Resource Map:
This indicates both the natural
resources and man made resources
needed for development of agriculture.
Social Map:
This is a simple drawing or map drawn
without scale to enable to understand and
social issues of rural life
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
32/46
Indigenous Technical Know-how
(ITK):This is the indigenous technology found
in village with reference to agriculture.
Technology Map:
The technology map will indicate the
technology decision behaviour of the
farmers, in terms of adoption, rejection
and discontinuance with reference to theagricultural technologies.
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
33/46
Matrix Ranking:
Matrix ranking will indicate the reasons
for technology decision behaviour of the
farmers.
Preference ranking:
This is to find out the perception of farmersregarding the magnitude of the problems of
agriculture found in the village.
Problem tree:
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
34/46
Problem tree:
The problem tree will indicate various
resources responsible for the specificproblem related to agriculture. This will
also indicate the intervention for the
various causes which will help in problem
identification related to a discipline.
Solution tree:
It is a modification of the problem tree,
wherein for each level of problem cause,
solutions are indicated to solve that
particular problem.
Mobility Map:
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
35/46
Mobility Map:
This indicates the mobility pattern of rural
people in terms of the places visited, purposes,mode of transport, cost and time involved, etc.
In a way, this techniques helps us to analyze
the cosmopolite behaviour of people.
Time line & time trend:Time line indicates the major remembered
events in the history of a village life that have
direct or indirect bearing on the rural life.
Time trend reveals the changes / fluctuations
that have occurred over a period of time in the
variables influencing village life. It hints at thecoping behaviour of villagers during adversities.
I t di
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
36/46
Impact diagram:
This indicates the changes that have occurredeither for individual or for the society due to
adoption of technology.
Wealth ranking:
It refers to placing villagers along a wealth
continuum described in terms of a set of
criteria identified by the villagers
themselves.
Livelihood analysis:
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
37/46
Livelihood analysis:
It indicates the way in which villagers
belonging to different wealth categories
manage their livelihood in terms of
income-expenditure dynamics including
crisis management.
Farm house hold map:
This map depicts the way in which the
surrounding of a typical house hold
appears without going in to the details of
its inside structure.
Bio-resource flow diagram:
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
38/46
Bio resource flow diagram:
This indicates the degree to which village
house hold members utilize and recycle
the various resources in and around their
settings to suggest remedial measures.
Seasonal analysis:
This indicates the month-wise
abnormalities with regard to
agriculture and animal husbandry.
Venn diagram:
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
39/46
Daily routine diagram:
This diagram depicts the way in which the
rural people manage their daily time.
Venn diagram:
This is also known as Chapati diagram. Itindicates the importance of various individuals
and institutions in and outside the village with
regard to a phenomenon related to rural life,
e.g. getting loan for agricultural purposes. Itreflects on the linkages and the stakeholders of
the village with respect to the phenomenon
studied.
Identification and Prioritization of
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
40/46
Researchable Problems
Prioritization Methodology RBQ Approach
Identify 30 farmers through snow ball technique.
Ask the problems they face and rank them according
to their importance, rank 1 being most important.
Find the Average yield loss experienced by thefarmers because of that particular problem takingboth main and bi-products into consideration
Find the Extent of damage caused by the problem
Calculate Total Income loss caused due to theproblem (Standard price of the main products x
Average yield loss + Standard price of bi-products xAverage yield loss ) per acre/ animal/ unit enterprise
Farmers Ranking of Problems
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
41/46
Farmers Ranking of Problems
Farmers Responses ( N=30)
Ranks
Constaints
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Unavailabity ofquality fishseed
15
no.s
10
no.s
5
no.s
- - - - - - -
High price offish seed
10
no.s
5
no.s
5
no.s
5
no.s
5
no.s
-- - - -
The formula for calculating the RBQ
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
42/46
The formula for calculating the RBQ
RBQ = n f i ( n +1 - i) x 100i =1 ---------------
N x n
i= Concerned rank ( say 1 to 10 )
N =Total no of farmers ( in our case, 30 farmers)
n = No of ranks ( say, we have asked the farmers to rank problems up to
first 10 ranks, then, n =10)
f i = Number of farmers reporting that particular problem under i th rank
Each rank has to be separately calculated and all should be summed up to
get RBQ value ( say, for 1 to 10 ranks)
RBQ Calculation:(i) R k 1 f U il bilit f lit fi h d
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
43/46
(i) Rank 1 for Unavailability of quality fish seed :
15 (10+1-1) x100 15 x 10 x 100
--------------------- = ---------------------- = 50
30 x 10 300
(ii) Rank 2 for Unavailability of quality fish seed :
10 (10+1-2) x100 10 x 9 x 100
--------------------- = -------------------- = 3030 x 10 300
(iii) Rank 3 for Unavailability of quality fish seed :
5(10+1-3) x100 10 x 8 x 100
----------------------- = -------------------- = 26.67
30 x 10 300
Now sum up the values for all the three ranks for calculating the RBQ value
for Unavailability of quality fish seed i.e., 50 + 30 + 13.33 = 93.33
Find the RBQ values for all the constraints l isted
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
44/46
Find the RBQ values for all the constraints l isted.
To prioritize the constraints for a production system,
calculate the VBI separately for each problem.
VBI ( Value Based Index) = RBQ x Total economic loss due to
the constraint (Standard price of the product x Average yield
loss per acre or or per unit enterprise x total affected area (inacres) or unit enterprises in the village
The constraint with the maximum VBI has to be accorded
highest priority
The constraint has to be further analyzed for its possible
causes and solutions which should ultimately result in a
research intervention to mitigate the constraint
PRA Applications: Indian Experiences
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
45/46
pp p
Chipco Movement
Participatory Varietal Improvement
Joint Forest Management
Participatory Management of Natural Resources
Water Users Associations
Non Government/Voluntary Organizations
NATP
SREP
IVLP
NAARM
Foundation Training
Micro-level Priority Setting Distance Training
Title A case study of people's participation in traditional
8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised
46/46
Title A case study of people s participation in traditionalvillage tank systems in the dry zone of Sri Lanka by Gamage,H.; In: Sharma, P.N., (ed.) Case studies of people's
participation in watershed management in Asia; Pt. II: SriLanka, Thailand, Vietnam. FAO, Rome (Italy). Forestry Dept..FAO-FO--RAS/93/062 1996
This case study reports on completely indigenous efforts of
the people in management of watersheds of the traditional tanksystems, which has sustained the people for ages in extremelydifficult rainfed weather conditions. This study describes themanner in which old customs, traditions and relationshipshelped in people's participation in watershed management. The
study then describes the lessons that can be learned to bringabout a revival in agricultural development in the Dry Zone ofSri Lanka. Although some of the traditional systems are notfully applicable to modern agriculture, some of the principleson which these systems worked could be effectively utilizedwith certain modifications.