BS371 Drugs in Sport Anna Wittekind

In the news…since last year

• Operacion Puerto• Top riders suspended from

2006 Tour de France• Spanish police raid on

Spanish Doctor ‘Fuentes’– Anabolic steroids, frozen

blood, transfusion equipment

• Possession of list of >50 riders

In the news…

• Floyd Landis• +ve for testosterone

stage 17 TdF 2006• Guilty US arbitration

panel• Oscar Pereiro named

winner

And this year TdF…

• Rasmussen sacked by Rabobank;

• Vinoukirov – blood doping

• Moreni and Sinkewitz (testosterone)

In the news…

• Christine Ohuruogu• Bans for missing 3

out-of-competition tests

• May also face ban competing Olympics for GB

In the news…

• Ian Thorpe• AUS, 5x Olympic

Champion• Cleared

• Gary Player claims golfers taking drugs

• Major tours to start testing 2008

In the news…

• Marion Jones

• 5 x Gold medals, Sydney Olympics

• Pleaded guilty to lying re. steriod abuse before 2000 (and after)

• Coach (Trevor Graham) ‘flaxseed oil’ – steroid ‘the clear’ (Balco)

Lecture breakdown

• Introduction and assessment• IOC List of Doping Classes• Overview of all classes• Detail

– Stimulants– Anabolic steroids– Blood boosting

• Drug detection

Introduction

• What is doping?• What is a drug?

• Chemical substances which interact with biological targets to alter the biochemical systems of the body - Mottram

• What is an ergogenic aid?• application of a nutritional, physical, mechanical,

psychologic, physiologic or pharmacologic procedure or aid to improve physical work capacity

• Why take drugs?• Why test?

Brief (! or not) history• Ancient Greeks used special diets, potions• ‘Doping’ used as term for drugging racehorses• 19thC - strychnine, caffeine, cocaine and alcohol• 1928 - IAAF banned doping, but no tests• 1930’s development of synthetic hormones – used since 1950’s• 1966 - UCI and FIFA introduced tests• 1968 - Olympic Games (Mexico City) introduced tests• 1974 - reliable test for anabolic steroids• 1970’s/80’s – state sponsored doping – GDR• 1970’s blood doping – banned 1986• 1980 - use of natural hormones• 1988 - Ben Johnson scandal• 1990 - EPO joined list but no test until Sydney 2000• 1998 - Tour de France – ‘Festina Affair’• 1999 - WADA• 2004 - World Anti-doping Code• 2004 - THG (Tetrahydrogestrione) – Balco scandal• 2006 - TdF Operacion Puerto

Drugs and Targets

• Drug ideally interacts with single target to produce effect;

But• Varying degree of side-effects

depending on extent to which interact with sites other than primary target

• Aim is maximum selectivity

• Most drugs interact with receptors

DRUG-RECEPTOR COMPLEX

BIOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONWITHIN CELLS

DRUG + RECEPTOR

EFFECT

 

Assessment

• Web page discussing use of one ‘performance-enhancing’ substance/method in sport

• Can cover– Overview of the drug/ergogenic aid;– Purported mechanism of action;– Evidence that improves performance from one recent original

scientific paper – critical appraisal.

– Links to external websites (usefulness/reliability required)

– Tables, graphs, figures in order to make the website visually interesting to the reader.

– detection and frequency of illegal use (if an illegal drug)

– optimum dosage for best performance in different sports (if ergogenic aid)

Assessment

• E.g.

• Banned – EPO, testosterone, nandrolone, ephedrine

• Legal – caffeine, echinacea, colostrum, glycerol

• Look in Journals, Pubmed etc.

http://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibitedlist.ch2

World Anti-Doping Code2007 Prohibited List

• Substances and methods prohibited at all times– Anabolic agents– Hormones & related

substances– β2-agonists– Agents with anti-estrogenic

activity– Diuretics and other masking

agents– Enhancement of oxygen

transfer– Chemical and Physical

manipulation– Gene doping

• Substances and Methods in-competition– Stimulants– Narcotics– Cannabinoids– Glucocorticosteroids

• Substances prohibited in particular sports– Alcohol– Beta-blockers

WADA Anti-Doping Code

• Specified substances– particularly susceptible to unintentional anti-doping rule violations

due to general availability in medicinal products or which are less likely to be successfully abused as doping agents – may result in reduced sanction if athlete can establish that was not intended to enhance sport performance eg. Cannabinoids, alcohol

• Monitoring program– substances not on prohibited list but are monitored to detect

patterns of misuse in sport– Eg. Caffeine, pseudoephedrine

Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE)

• What is it?• Criteria

– The athlete would experience significant health problems without taking the prohibited substance or method;

– The therapeutic use of the substance would not produce significant enhancement of performance; and

– There is no reasonable therapeutic alternative to the use of the otherwise prohibited substance or method.

• Standard vs Abbreviated TUE

Incidence in sport

Incidence in Sport

• Most frequent cases in:– Athletics

• Stimulants, anabolic agents, non-compliance– Power/weight lifting

• Anabolic agents– Football

• Stimulants and Marijuana– Rugby

• Stimulants and anabolic agents– Cycling

• Stimulants and anabolic agents– Equestrian racing

• Stimulants, Diuretics

UK Sport

• Country’s National Anti-doping organisation– Coordinates testing program– Quarterly reports on website

• 100% me– http://www.100percentme.co.uk/home.php– Drug Information Database

• http://www.didglobal.com/