Essential reading:Essential reading:SPINČIĆ, A.,SPINČIĆ, A., An English Textbook For Marine An English Textbook For Marine

Engineers IEngineers I., Pomorski fakultet, Rijeka 2008.., Pomorski fakultet, Rijeka 2008.LUZER, J., SPINČIĆ, A., LUZER, J., SPINČIĆ, A., Gramatička vježbenica Gramatička vježbenica

engleskog jezika za pomorceengleskog jezika za pomorce, Pomorski fakultet, , Pomorski fakultet, Rijeka 2003.Rijeka 2003.

Tomislav Skračić, MATomislav Skračić, MA

Undergraduate English Undergraduate English Course forCourse for

MARIMARINE ENGINEERSNE ENGINEERS2nd Semester2nd Semester

KEY WORDSKEY WORDS

spontaneous combustion spontaneous combustion - samozapaljenje- samozapaljenjeat a graduated rateat a graduated rate - stupnjevanom količinom / brzinom- stupnjevanom količinom / brzinoma wide rangea wide range - širok raspon / izbor- širok raspon / izborregardingregarding - s obzirom na- s obzirom nawith regard to with regard to - s obzirom na- s obzirom nafeature (n.)feature (n.) - značajka, kvaliteta, osobina- značajka, kvaliteta, osobinaoperating cyclusoperating cyclus - radni ciklus- radni ciklusinvariablyinvariably - nepromijenjivo, redovito- nepromijenjivo, redovitoin-line engine = L-enginein-line engine = L-engine - redni motor, L-motor (s cilindrima - redni motor, L-motor (s cilindrima

poredanim u red) poredanim u red)V-engine = Vee engineV-engine = Vee engine - V-motor (s cilindrima složenim u 2 reda - V-motor (s cilindrima složenim u 2 reda

pod kutem) pod kutem)single-acting enginesingle-acting engine - jednoradni motor- jednoradni motordouble-acting enginedouble-acting engine - dvoradni motor- dvoradni motoropposed-piston engineopposed-piston engine - motor s protuhodnim klipovima- motor s protuhodnim klipovima

DIESEL ENGINES DIESEL ENGINES

KEY WORDSKEY WORDS

trunk-piston engine - klipni motor (bez križne glave)crosshead engine - motor s križnom glavomdirect coupled engine = direct drive engine - motor s

neposrednim pogonom propelera, bez reduktorageared engine = indirect drive engine - motor s

posrednim pogonom propelera, s reduktoromreduction gearing - reduktorshafting (n.) - osovinski sustavclockwise - u smjeru kazaljke na satuanticlockwise / counterclockwise - obrnuto smjeru

kazaljke na satudirect-reversible engine - direktno-prekretni motornon-reversible engine / unidirectional engine -

neprekretni motor

DIESEL ENGINES DIESEL ENGINES

The diesel engine is a The diesel engine is a compression compression ignition engineignition engine = a type of engine in = a type of engine in which air is compressed to a pressure which air is compressed to a pressure sufficient enough to produce a high sufficient enough to produce a high temperature for temperature for spontaneous combustionspontaneous combustion of the fuel injected into the cylinder at the of the fuel injected into the cylinder at the graduated rate.graduated rate.

DIESEL ENGINES DIESEL ENGINES

Rudolf DieselRudolf Diesel

(1858 – 1913) was a (1858 – 1913) was a German inventor and German inventor and mechanical engineer, mechanical engineer, famous for the famous for the invention of the Diesel invention of the Diesel engine. engine.

DIESEL ENGINES DIESEL ENGINES

TheThe diesel enginediesel engine underwent much development underwent much development and became a very important replacement for the and became a very important replacement for the steam piston enginesteam piston engine in many applications. in many applications. Because the diesel engine required a Because the diesel engine required a heavierheavier, , more robust construction than a gasoline more robust construction than a gasoline engineengine, it was not widely used in aviation. The , it was not widely used in aviation. The diesel engine became widespread in many other diesel engine became widespread in many other applications, however, such as stationary engines, applications, however, such as stationary engines, submarines, ships, and much later, locomotives, submarines, ships, and much later, locomotives, trucks, and in modern automobiles. Diesel engines trucks, and in modern automobiles. Diesel engines are most often found in applications where a high are most often found in applications where a high torque requirement and low RPM requirement exist. torque requirement and low RPM requirement exist.

DIESEL ENGINES DIESEL ENGINES

1.1. OPERATING CYCLEOPERATING CYCLE

2.2. CYLINDER ARRANGEMENTCYLINDER ARRANGEMENT

3.3. PISTON ACTIONPISTON ACTION

4.4. PISTON CONNECTIONPISTON CONNECTION

5.5. ENGINE SPEEDENGINE SPEED

6.6. ENGINE DRIVEENGINE DRIVE

TYPES OF TYPES OF DIESEL ENGINES DIESEL ENGINES

There are various types and designs of marine diesel engines, mainly regarding the following features:

CylinderCylinder

Cylinder headCylinder head

Fuel injectorFuel injector

Exhaust valve gearExhaust valve gear

TurbochargerTurbocharger

PistonPiston

Piston pin (Gudgeon pin)Piston pin (Gudgeon pin)

Connecting rodConnecting rod

CrossheadCrosshead

CrankshaftCrankshaft

Crankcase Crankcase

Main bearingsMain bearings

BedplateBedplate

Lube oil systemLube oil system

Cooling water systemCooling water system

According to the action of the piston:According to the action of the piston:

Single-acting engineSingle-acting engineOne side of the piston and one end of the cylinder are One side of the piston and one end of the cylinder are used to develop powerused to develop power

Double-acting engineDouble-acting engineBoth sides of the piston and both cylinder ends are used Both sides of the piston and both cylinder ends are used to develop powerto develop power

Opposed-piston engineOpposed-piston engine Combustion occurs in the middle of the cylinder, between Combustion occurs in the middle of the cylinder, between two pistons travelling in opposite directionstwo pistons travelling in opposite directions

Considering the way the piston is attached Considering the way the piston is attached to the upper end of the connecting rod:to the upper end of the connecting rod:

According to the speed:According to the speed:

Slow-speed engineSlow-speed engineruns below 200 revolutions per minuteruns below 200 revolutions per minute

Medium-speed engineMedium-speed enginebetween 200-750 rev/minbetween 200-750 rev/min

High-speed engineHigh-speed engine above 750 rpmabove 750 rpm

According to the direction of rotation:According to the direction of rotation:

Direct-reversible engineDirect-reversible enginedesigned to rotate in either the clockwise and designed to rotate in either the clockwise and anticlockwise directionanticlockwise direction

Non-reversible / Unidirectional engineNon-reversible / Unidirectional enginenot made to run in the opposite directionnot made to run in the opposite direction

With regard to the With regard to the arrangement of the cylinders arrangement of the cylinders there are two designs:there are two designs:

a)a)In-line engine / L-engineIn-line engine / L-enginecylinders are placed vertically in linecylinders are placed vertically in line

b)b) V-engine / Vee engineV-engine / Vee enginecylinders are placed at angles in two cylinders are placed at angles in two separate planes or ‘banks’separate planes or ‘banks’

In-line engineIn-line engine

Vee engineVee engine

According to the way the main engine is According to the way the main engine is joined to the shafting:joined to the shafting:

Direct-coupled engineDirect-coupled enginecoupled directly to the propeller shafting = direct drivecoupled directly to the propeller shafting = direct drive

Geared engineGeared enginecoupled to a reduction gearing (gearbox) = indirect drivecoupled to a reduction gearing (gearbox) = indirect drive

According to the According to the cycle of operation:cycle of operation:

Two-stroke engineTwo-stroke enginethe cycle (injection – the cycle (injection – exhaust – scavenge – exhaust – scavenge – compression) is completed compression) is completed in two strokes of the piston in two strokes of the piston or one revolution of or one revolution of the crankshaftthe crankshaft

Four-stroke engineFour-stroke enginethe cycle is completed in four strokes of the the cycle is completed in four strokes of the piston or one revolution of the crankshaftpiston or one revolution of the crankshaft

a)a) The diesel is defined as a compression ignition The diesel is defined as a compression ignition engine. What does it mean?engine. What does it mean?

b)b) What is a main engine and what an auxiliary?What is a main engine and what an auxiliary?

c)c) What do the terms direct drive and indirect What do the terms direct drive and indirect drive refer to?drive refer to?

d)d) How may engines be classed according to How may engines be classed according to speed?speed?

e)e) What are undirectional engines?What are undirectional engines?

The diesel engine is a type of external The diesel engine is a type of external combustion engine where the fuel,which combustion engine where the fuel,which contains chemical energy, is burned in a special contains chemical energy, is burned in a special combustion chamber.combustion chamber.

In diesel engines combustion occurs in the In diesel engines combustion occurs in the cylinder either by compression or spark.cylinder either by compression or spark.

High-speed engines are direct-drive engines.High-speed engines are direct-drive engines.

The pistons of single-acting engines have one The pistons of single-acting engines have one end closed and one end open.end closed and one end open.

Diesel generators are directly reversible.Diesel generators are directly reversible.

Slow-speed engines allow direct coupling to the Slow-speed engines allow direct coupling to the propeller shafting.propeller shafting.

The crosshead engine design reduces the The crosshead engine design reduces the engine height and the number of working parts.engine height and the number of working parts.

Rudolf Diesel was burried in Pula.Rudolf Diesel was burried in Pula.