Upload
thomas-obrien
View
212
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
A NEW APPROACH TO THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF US AND
EUROPEAN REGULATORY REGIMESBrendon Swedlow
Department of Political ScienceInstitute for the Study of the Environment, Sustainability, and Energy
Northern Illinois University
Comparative Risk Regulation Workshop University of California, Berkeley
December 13-14, 2012
Standard Approaches to Studying Risk Regulation Regimes
Case Studies
Quantitative Analysis of Existing Indicators
Limitations of Standard Approaches to Studying Risk Regulation Regimes
Case StudiesLack External ValidityLimited number
Quantitative Analysis of Existing IndicatorsLack Internal Validity
A New Approach to Studying Risk Regulation Regimes
Mixed Methods
Comparative Nested Analysis of CasesLieberman APSR 2005Swedlow, Kall, Zhou, Hammitt &
Wiener Law & Policy 2009
A New Approach to Studying Risk Regulation Regimes
Representative Sample of Cases Research Questions of Wide Interest Distributed Data-gathering Approach Data-gathering integrated into course
instruction Comparative Nested Analysis of Cases
11,086 “verbatim” risks from 254 sources in literature on risk perceptions, ranking, and classification, 1960-2003, in US and Europe
Universe of all risks
3,000 “unique” risks (recom-bining essentially identical “verbatim” risks)
In 19 categories and 95 sub-categories
2,878 “unique” risks
In 18 categories and 92 sub-categories
(dropping 122 unique risks, 1 category, and 3 subcategories)
100 in random sample;
92 in stratified random sample
Constructing a Representative Sample
Table I. Risks by TypePercentage in:
Code Category Matrix Sample1 Crime and violence 1.8 32 Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs 3.0 33 Medication and medical treatment 6.8 84 Transportation 8.2 135 Accidents not elsewhere classified 2.4 26 Recreation 5.5 87 War, security, and terrorism 1.5 38 Toxic substances 9.8 89 Food and agriculture 9.5 910 Pollution 7.5 811 Energy production 5.0 312 Political, social, and financial 3.4 113 Ecogeological 4.0 214 Global 2.2 115 Human disease/health 9.7 916 Occupational 15.0 1717 Consumer products 3.4 218 Construction 1.4 0Total percentage 100 100Total number 2,878 100
100 Risks Randomly Selected from a Universe of 2878 Risks (and their distribution across 18 Risk Categories and 92 Risk Subcategories)
Risk Categories (18) and Subcategories (92)
100 Representative Risks
1. CRIME AND VIOLENCE RISKS Burglary
Sabotage
Firearms
2. ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, AND OTHER DRUG RISKS
Alcohol risks Sake
Tobacco risks Smoking regulations
Drug abuse (Non-prescription illegal drugs) risks
Pot smoking
3. MEDICATIONS AND MEDICAL TREATMENT RISKS
Adverse drug reaction risks Shortage of medicines
Caffeine - chronic effects
Medical procedure risks Childbearing
Radiation therapy
Medical error risks not elsewhere classified
Vaccination risks Vaccination - side effects
X-ray risks
Other medical risks Health care facilities and services - exposure to physical agents
Health care facilities and services
Genetic engineering
Theories of Regulation
Theories of regulation are propositions or sets of hypotheses about Why regulation emerges Which actors contribute to that emergence Typical patterns of interaction among regulatory actors
-- Morgan & Yeung 2007 All theories of regulation will have to explain
variation in Information gathering Standard setting Behavior modification
-- Hood, Rothstein, & Baldwin 2001
Research Questions of Wide Interest
(1) How is the risk defined and assessed?
(2) Who regulates the risk?
(3) How is the risk regulated?
(4) Why is the risk assessed and regulated the way that it is?
(5) What are the consequences of assessing and regulating the risk the way that it is?
Distributed Data-Gathering Approach
Collaborative Research Network (CRN) Relies on Researchers Collecting Data in
Countries where they are based Advantages:
Uses native knowledge Cheaper Can be sustained over time
Data-gathering Integrated Into Course Instruction
Initial data-gathering done by students in research paper assignments
First three research questions have been answered for US & Illinois for almost all 100 risks
Now focusing on sub-sample of 30 risks Martin Lodge’s LSE students now
studying same 30 risks in UK
Hypotheses
Size of Risk Equals Size of Regulatory Effort
If Size of Risk Not Equal to Size of Regulatory Effort, then Regulatory Effort explained by Market Failure Public Opinion Interest Groups Political Culture Etc.
-- Hood, Rothstein & Baldwin 2001
Comparative Nested Analysis
RAs extracting information from student papers on Size of risk Size of regulatory effort
RAs will code size of risk & regulatory effort as large, medium, or small
Coding will allow regression analysis of how size of risk relates to size of regulatory effort Regression analysis will reveal cases where these
are in alignment and cases where they are not Both kinds of cases will be studied further to determine
causes of differences in risk assessment & regulation