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Read the descriptions below and then
label each type of membrane on the
diagram.
BR
1. Notes on membranes
2. Lab section on membranes
3. HW – Ch. 6 HW questions
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 6
4 MAJOR TYPES OF MEMBRANES WITHIN
THE HUMAN BODY
Serous
Mucous
Synovial
Cutaneous
SEROUS MEMBRANES
Line body cavities that lack outside openings
Covers organs within cavities
Consists of a layer of simple squamousepithelium and thin layer of loose connective
Secrete serous fluid for lubrication
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
Line cavities and tubules
that open to the outside
oral and nasal cavities
digestive, respiratory,
urinary, and reproductive
systems
Epithelium overlying loose
connective
Secrete mucus
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES
Inner linings of freely
moving joints
Fibrous connective
tissue overlying loose
and adipose
Secrete thick,
colorless synovial fluid
for lubrication at the
end of bones
CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE
Skin
Organ of the
integumentary system
CHARACTERISTICS & FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
Largest organ in the body (SA)
Maintains homeostasis
FUNCTIONS ~
Protection
Chemical barrier (secretions, pigments)
Biological barrier (macrophages)
Mechanical barrier (epidermis)
Regulation of body temperature
Retards water loss
Sensory reception
Temperature, pain, light pressure, deep pressure
Excretion
Synthesis of various chemicals
Vitamin D from cholesterol and UV lightVitamin D is important for us to absorb calcium
CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS IN THE SKIN
Incorporates the nervous system
Using receptors, can sense
Light pressure
Deep pressure
Temperature
Pain
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM LAB – DAY 1
1. Complete the first page of the lab
- front and back
2. Turn in when finished
This section will be graded for
accuracy
Use your time wisely to finish
by the end of the block
Label Skin BR
1. Parts and
Functions of
Skin
2. Continue
working on lab
HW –
Ch. 6 xword Wed.
Ch. 6 quiz Th.
Unit Exam 2/22
LAYERS OF THE SKIN
Epidermis
stratified squamous
Dermis
connective, epithelial,
smooth muscle, nervous
tissue, blood
Subcutaneous Layer
(hypodermis)
loose connective, adipose
bind skin to underlying
organs
EPIDERMIS - CHARACTERISTICS
Hair and nails extend from this layer
Outer Layer Stratum corneum consisting of stratified
squamous
Contains carotene
Mostly dead cells that flake off (exfoliate)
Lacks blood vessels
Contain keratinocytes
Inner layer stratum basale nourished by dermal
blood vessels; rapid cell division; site of melanin formation
Balance of mitosis and stratum corneum Calluses
Stratum lucidum
• Mostly dead
cells
• Made of
translucent,
keratin
containing cells
EPIDERMIS Shields tissues from excessive
water loss, mechanical injury, and harmful chemicals
Protection from microorganisms
Fetus/Newborn Milia
Small white bumps due to accumulations of sebaceous gland secretions
Lanugo Covers a child when he/she is born
Like a hairy covering
Vernix caseosa White cheesy like covering that provides
protection in utero
Seborrhea (cradle cap) Overactive sebaceous glands
Remove oily, dried, yellow deposits simply by washing
Eventually stops forming
MELANIN AND SKIN COLOR
Produced by melanocytes
Absorbs UV light (natural sunscreen)
Skin color
Due to presence of melanin Responsible for dark skin color
About same # of melanocytes in all humans
Differ in amount of melanin & size of granules
Influenced by environmental and physiological factors (pinkish v. bluish skin) Cyanosis – lack of oxygen; bluish
skin
OTHER SKIN PIGMENTS
Carotene
Orange pigment
Present in stratum corneum
Converted to vitamin A which maintains and repairs epithelial tissue
Hemoglobin
Part of a red blood cell that carries oxygen
Responsible for skin color of Caucasians
DERMIS - KEY CHARACTERISTICS
Thicker than epidermis
Contain a variety of tissues -mainly fibrous connective
Separated from epidermis by the basement membrane
Sensory fibers (nerve fibers) present
Contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
Vascular region Many blood vessels present
Dermal Papilla fingerprints
DERMIS - FUNCTIONS
Nourish epidermis and connects epidermis to body
Regulates body temperature
Blood vessels and arrector pilimuscle
Production of Vitamin D
Utilizes UV rays to convert cholesterol
Role in production of T-lymphocytes
Bed Sores
Skin cells deprived of oxygen
Decubitus ulcer
Dermatitis Eczema
psoriasis
SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER - CHARACTERISTICS
Beneath dermis
Loose connective and adipose tissues
No distinct boundary with the dermis
Contains major blood vessels
Cold intolerance
Loss of insulating subcutaneous tissue with age
SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER - FUNCTIONS
Insulation
adipose tissue
Nutrient supplier
supply upper layers of skin with nutrients through blood vessels
Binds upper layers
INJECTIONS
Subcutaneous
Administered to layer beneath the skin
Absorbed rapidly because more blood vessels are present
AKA – hypodermic
EX - insulin
Intradermal
Injected into layers of tissues within skin
Not absorbed as quickly because of few blood vessels being present
Most vaccines
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
Group of specialized epithelial cells
Associated with the hair follicle
Holocrine glands secrete sebum
Contains lipids cholesterol, cell fragments
healthy hair and soft, pliable, waterproof skin
secretes vernix caseosa Acne
overactive glands due to hormones
blackheads vs. whiteheads
SKIN WITH ACNE
Whitehead Blackhead
SWEAT GLANDS
Exocrine glands
Found all over body
palms and soles
especially
2 main types
apocrine
eccrine
APOCRINE GLANDS
Respond to emotional stress
Armpits and groin
Begin to function at onset of puberty
stimulated by hormones
Usually associated with hair follicles
ECCRINE GLANDS
Not associated with
hair follicles
Most numerous
Function all the time
Respond to
temperature
Forehead, neck, back
HAIR
Present on most body surfaces
Develop from hair follicle
Follicle extends from surface down to the dermis
Root located in dermis
Composed of dead epidermal cells
Delayed action gene
Cause of graying hair
Alopecia
Autoimmune loss of hair
HAIR
Base of root (follicle) receives nourishment
supplied by dermal blood vessels
Formed by epithelial and connective tissues
Old cells pushed to surface
keratinization
Shaft
dead epidermal cells
Arrector pili muscle
smooth muscle responsible for goosebumps
Hair color
NAILS
Keratinized stratified squamous
Form from the nail root
proximal end
Growing region marked by the lunula
Nail bed attaches the nail
layer of epithelium
Often called the matrix
If damaged, doesn’t grow
Cuticle
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM LAB – DAY 2
1. Continue working on the lab
2. Turn in at the end of the block
3. Use your time wisely and stay on
task.
Skin Labeling
BR
1. Finish
notes
2. Finish Lab
BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION
Metabolism is temperature
sensitive
Result of cellular
metabolism
Most active
skeletal, cardiac, liver
Cooling mechanism
dermal vessels relax
sweat
Heating mechanism
shivering
dermal vessels constrict
HEALING OF WOUNDS
Inflammation
response to injury or stress
inflamed skin is…
red, swollen, warm, painful
Dilation
blood vessels dilate causing redness and supplying nutrients
SKIN CANCER
Cutaneous carcinoma
epithelial cells
slow growing
Prevention
sunblock
avoid high intensity sunlight
examine skin and watch for
changes in lesions
Carcinomas
Basal cell
• Cells of lower part
of epidermis invade
the lower levels
• Exposed areas
develop ulcers
• Slow to metastasize
Squamous cell
• Epithelial cells not
in contact with b.m.
develop lesions
• Metastasize easily
RESULT OF EPITHELIAL STUDIES:
If you receive more than 2
blistering burns before the age
of 20 ... You have a greater risk
of developing a melanoma.
NORMAL MOLE
Atypical Mole Raised Atypical Mole Flat Atypical mole on scalp
EARLY MELANOMA
• Deadly cancer of
melanocytes
• Rare
SKIN CANCER –
ABCD RULE
A
asymmetrical
B
irregular borders
C
Color – not uniform
D
diameter
WHAT ARE SOME CAUSES OF BURNS?
FireContact with a hot surfaceUV lightFrictionElectricalChemicals
Acid
Base
CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS
1st degree
2nd degree
3rd degree
Infection is the main problem
associated with burn
Loss of water, electrolytes, and
proteins
Circulatory collapse
Renal shutdown (kidneys stop
working)
TREATMENT AND RECOVERY
Rule of Nines
Estimation of
extent of burn to
determine how
much fluid will
be needed for
replacement
Dependent upon Total area of burn
Severity of burn
FIRST DEGREE BURNS
Minor discomfort
Usually brief
Skin reddens - no blisters
Just epidermal damage
Destruction of tissue is minimal
May peel
A typical sunburn
Inhibits the immune response by
depressing the activity of
macrophages
SECOND DEGREE BURNS
Deep epidermal layers
and upper layer of dermis
Blisters form
Hair follicles, sweat
glands, and sebaceous
glands are damaged
Pain – more than 1st
Swelling and fluid loss
Scarring is common
Regeneration is possible
THIRD DEGREE BURNS
Epidermis and dermis
completely destroyed
Full thickness burn
Muscles and bones affected
Insensitive to pain
Nerve endings are destroyed
Later stages of healing are very
painful
Fluid loss (a serious problem)
Infection
Regeneration impossible
TRUE OR FALSE?
Sunscreens labeled 15 and higher don’t protect you against all the sun’s rays.
Suntans are a sign of skin damage.
Sunscreens should be used on cloudy days.
Infants shouldn’t be in the sun at all.
Some medications can make your skin sensitive to the sun.
ALL ARE TRUE
WHY DO WE TAN?
The penetration of UV rays to the
skin’s inner layers results in the
production of more melanin.
The melanin eventually moves
towards the outer layers of the
skin and becomes visible as a tan.
SPF 15
Most people benefit from
sunscreens with sun protection
factor (SPF) numbers of 15 or
more.
The SPF number gives you some
idea of how long you can stay in
the sun without burning.
For example, if you burn in 10
minutes without sunscreen and
you apply a liberal dose with a
SPF number of 15, you should be
protected from sunburn for 150
minutes
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM LAB – DAY 3
1. Continue working on the lab
2. Completed lab is DUE AT THE
END OF THE BLOCK
3. Use your time wisely!
Vocab Matching
BR
1. Review HW
2. Webquest
HW – study for
quiz
Exam - Monday
Skin Review BR
1. Review HW
2. Quiz
3. How to study and
EARN 5 bonus
points
HW – study for exam on
Monday