-LEC 18 Plant of the day: Theobroma cacao. Malvaceae family Super asterids group:

o Santalales o Berberidops o Carophyllales o asterids

Santalaceae family general characteristics: o chemical compound: Polyacetylenes o roots lacking root hairso jointed stems break at nodeso parasitic :

roots modified to form haustoria Haustoria – specialized roots that penetrate other plants and

absorb water and nutrientso Flowers:

Inconspicuous 3-5 tepals. Greenish & drab

o Fruit : viscous berryo Example : Christmas mistletoes

In FL lives the Phoradendron serotinum. lives on laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia)

Caryophyllales group is divided into 2 clades: o Caryophyllineae

Cactaceae caryophyllaceae

o Polygonineae Polygonaceae Droseraceae Nepenthaceae

Caryophyllales group synapomorphies: o Free-central placentationo Betalains. is one of the first applications of chemistry to systematicso carnivoryo Associated with harsh environments:

High salt soils Extreme deserts Nutrient poor soils

o Alternative photosynthetic pathways: C4 – adaptation to high light and high temperatures CAM – stomata open at night to reduce water loss

Caryophyllaceae family general characteristics: o Has a notch in the apex of petalso Swollen nodeso Leaves :

Opposite Connected at base

o Flowers: Free central placentation 5 petals, often notched

o Fruit: capsule, opening by valves/teetho Examples:

Carnation Chickweed Catchfly

Cactaceae family general characteristics: o Live in N & S Americao Are generally fleshy succulent stemso Have long shoots and short shoots:

Long shoots = the photosynthetic leaves Short shoots = the spines

Spines are modified leaveso Areoles – woolly cushions that produce a spine or a cluster of spineso Glochids – bristles at the base of a spineo Leaves are reduced o Inflorescence:

Solitary flowers Showy

Sessile o Flowers:

Spiral Tepals Tepals amount is numerous Gradual transition from sepal-like to petal-like parts Stamens epipetalous.

Epipetalous – petals combined with stamens Inferior ovary

o Fruit : berryo Examples:

Prickly pear cactus Dragon fruit Peyote

Polygonaceae family general characteristics: o Poly- = manyo -Goni = knee or jointo Swollen nodeso Ocrea – sheathing stipuleso 5 tepalso Fruit:

Achene or nutlet Often angled fruit

o Examples: Buckwheat Sorrel Rhubarb Knotgrass

-Lec 19: Plant of the day: Trip to the Atlantic Rainforest Sandy soil = nutrient poor Pigments:

o Betalains : in most Caryophyllaleso Anthocyanins : in all other plants

Caryophyllales group is divided into 2 clades: o Caryophyllineae

Cactaceae caryophyllaceae

o Polygonineae Polygonaceae Droseraceae Nepenthaceae

Carnivores usually live in mineral poor soils. So they trap animals to obtain nitrates.

Types of traps: o Passive pitfall = pitcher plants o Fly paper = Drosera o Steel trap = Dionea

Carnivory evolved 4 times (In Oxalidales, Lamiales, Ericales, and Caryophllales)

Nepenthaceae & Droseraceae share synapomorphy of carnivory Nepenthaceae family characteristics:

o Are Old World pitcher plantso The pitcher is a modified tendril of the leafo All pitchers have the same basic zones to the pitcher:

1. Hood – stops rain from diluting the digestive chemicals inside2. Slide Zone – Highly develop cuticle3. Digest Zone – Area of digestion

o The pitcher evolved 3 times (In oxalidales, Ericales, Caryophyllales) Droseraceae family characteristics:

o have modified hairso Drosera = sundewso Dionaea muscipula = Venus fly trap

Has 3 hairs on each side Hair = trigger hair Trap will close if one hair is hit twice OR if 2 hairs r hit in

succession Asterids clade synapomorphies:

o Ovules with a single integument (Most has 2)o Thin walled megasporangiumo Chemical compound: Iridoids

What 2 clades r sister to core asterids?? Cornales & Ericales Cornales clade consists of:

o Cornaceae o Nyssaceae o Hydrangeaceae

Cornaceae family characteristics: o Leaves opposite, simple, entireo Flowers : sometimes subtended by showy bracts

Flowers can have showy bracts OR be bractlesso Fruit : a drupe. Has a distinctive “stone”

Nyssaceae family characteristics: o Nyssa = tupeloo Tupelos make honey

Hydrangeaceae family characteristics: o Has showy marginal flowers (enlarged petal-like sepals)

Ericales clade consists of: o Ericaceae o Sarraceniaceae o Roridulaceae

Ericaceae family characteristics: o Lives in acid soilso Sometimes parasitic herbso Petals: 4 to 5 connate. cylindrical to urn shapedo Stamens: 8 to 10. Free. With awns or spurs\o Anthers:

Become inverted during development Opens by pores

o Examples : Vaccinium: blueberries & cranberries Calluna = heather Erica = heath Rhododoendron Kalmia

Sarraceniaceae family characteristics: o Are new world pitcher plants. In W & E North America, South Americao Have an umbrella shaped style for catching pollen

Roridulaceae family characteristics: o In South Africao Examples:

Roridula: Fly paper trap Why did carnivory evolve?? Because there are not enough minerals in the

soils of their habitats. They needed nitrates from their trapped animals

What are the different kinds of traps?? Passive pitfalls, steel traps, sundews, and fly paper traps.

What structures were modified?? The tendrils in pitcher plants, the hairs in sundews, and the leaves in steel traps

How many times did carnivory evolve?? 4 times

-LEC 20: