Chapter 18 Taxonomy:

o 3 Domainso Bacteriao Archaeao Eukarya

o Domain Archaea- Archeobacteriao Characteristics:

Live in extreme environments Love salt and acid Prokaryotes Unicellular Autotrophs Have a cell wall Immobile Mitosis

o Domain Bacteria- Eubacteriao Characteristics:

Most go without oxogen Prokaryotes Unicellular Autotrophs Cell wall has peptidoglycan Immobile Asexual Ex: regular bacteria

o Domain Eukarya o Has 4 kingdoms

Kingdom Protistia Not a plant, animal, or a fungus Eukaryotes Some are unicellular and others multicellular Autotrophs, or Hetertrophs Mobile, or immobile Most are sexual Ex: Amebas, and Paramecium

Kingdom Fungi They grow wildly, and need moist areas

Multicellular Eukaryotes Absorptive heterotroph They have chitin in cell walls Immobile Ex: mushrooms, and mold

Kingdom Planti Photosynthetic Eukaryotes Multicellular Autotrophs Immobile Sexual and asexual Have cell walls Ex: weeds, flowers, and catus

Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotes Multicellular Heterotrophs No cell wall Mobile Sexual Ex: sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

o Binomial Nomenclature- is a two part scientific name given to a species

The first name is the genus The second name is the family

Chapter 19 Bacteria:

o Prokaryotes: Single celled organisms Smallest and the most common Has 2 domains with 2 kingdoms

Bacteria- Eubacteria Achae- Achaebacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria Has peptidoglycan in cell wall Can live anywhere

Kingdom Archaebacteria Live in oxygen free environment No peptidoglycan in cell wall

Shapes: Bacilli- Rod shaped Cocci- Spherical Spirilla- Spiral and corkscrew

o Strepto- chainso Staphlo- clusters

Movement: Flagella- whip-like structures Immobile Slime secretion

Metabolism: Autotrophs- Obtain their own energy Photoautotrophic- obtain their energy from the sun

o Cyanobacteria Chemoautotrophs- take in energy directly from

organic molecules.o They use ammoniao Hydrogen sulfideo Hitriteso Sulfuro Irono Live in the deep darkness of the ocean

Heterotrophs- organisms that obtain energy from the food it consumes

o Most prokaryotes are Heterotrophs Photo heterotrophic- use the sunlight for energy, but

they also need to take in organic material as a carbon source

o Ex: Venus flytrap Obligate Aerobes- organisms that require a constant

supply of oxygen Obligate Anaerobes- must live in the absence of

oxygen.o Food Poisoning (botchism)

Facultative Anaerobes- they can live with or without oxygen

o Can live anywhereo Benefits of Bacteria in nature:

Decomposers Nitrogen Fixers Genetically engineered bacteria clean oil spills Make medicines Preservatives Antibiotics- medicines that block the growth and

reproduction of bacteria Ex: Penicillin

Help our bodies with digestiono Harmful Bacteria

Spoil food Cause disease by breaking down tissue Pathogens- bacteria that cause disease.

o Viruses

Virus- a particle that has a core of nucleic acid and surrounded by a protein cap.

Capsid- protein coat that is around the cop of the virus Bacteriophage- they are viruses that attack bacteria The Lytic Cycle:

Viruses stick to the host by adsorption Viruses inject their DNA into the host Once inside the host the viral DNA replicates The host explodes releasing the particles

The Lysogenic Cycle- a host cell makes copies of the virus. Retrovirus- Viruses that have RNA as their genetic code

They use reverse transcriptase- RNA to DNA Prions- protein infectious particle

Cause brain disease Viroids- they infect plants, and stop growth of plants.

Chapter 20 Protists

o Classifications of Protists Animal like Protists- Protozoans Plant like Protists- Algae Fungus like Protists- Slime Molds

o Animal Like Protists Heterotrophs Have 4 phlya based on means of movement Zoomastigina- Zooflagellates

Move by 1-2 flagella Live in water Parasites

Sarcodina- Sarcodines Move by pseudopods Amoeboid motion- cytoplasm ejects Phagocytosis- engulfing by amoeboid motion Ex: Foraminiferns- makes chalk

Ciliophora- Cilitates Move by cilia Ex: Paramecium

Sporazoa- Sporozoans Immobile Parasites Ex: plasmodium- causes malaria

o Plantlike Protists Phlya Euglenophyta- Eulgenophtes

2 flagella

No cell wall Eyespots Pellicle Ex: Euglena

Phlya Chrysophyta- Chrsophytes Bright yellow colored chloroplasts Ex: yellow and brown algae Store food as oil not starch

Phlya Bacillariophyta- Diatoms Have silicon in cell walls Ex: Diatoms

Phlya Pyrrophyta- Dinoflagellates Luminescent Ex: Red tide Photosynthetic or heterotrophic

o Algae Rhodophyta- Red Algae

Ex: Coralline Phaecophyta- Brown Algae

Ex: Sargassum Cholorophyta- Green Algae

Photosynthetic pigments in cell wallso Fungus like Protists

Acrasiomycota- cellular slime molds Work together as one organism Ex: Cellular slime molds

Myxomcota- Acellular slime molds Single structures with many nuclei Ex: acellular slime molds, fungus

Oomycota- water molds Decomposers Ex: Phtophthora infestans- attacks potatoes Responsible for the Potato Famine

Chapter 21 Fungus:

o Structures of Fungus:o Stolons- stem like hyphaeo Rhizoids- anchor the fungus to the groundo Hyphae- this filamentso Myecilium- composed of many hyphae tangled together by a

thick mass.

o 4 Phyla of fungi- they are classified by their spore-producing structures.

o Zygomycota- Common Molds Ex: cheese, bread, and meat molds

o Ascomycota- Sacfungi Ascus- a reproductive structure that contain spores. Ex: Saccharoymces- yeast Reproduce by budding

o Basidomcota- Club Fungi Mushrooms- fruiting body Gills house the spores

o Deuteromycota- Imperfect Fungi They haven’t yet had a reproduction phase of their life Ex: Penicillum notatum- grows in fruit and is the source for

penicillino All fungi are heterotrophico They are Saprobes- organisms that obtain their energy from

decaying mattero Plant parasites

Corn smut Mildew

o Human parasites Athlete’s foot Yeast infections

o Mycorrhizae- when plants and fungi use each others roots 80% of plants use this It is necessary for plant growth

o Lichens- symbiotic relationship between fungus and plants Not single celled organisms

o Beneficial uses: Decomposers Produce medicines

Ex: penicillin Food Fermentation in baking and brewing

Chapters 22- 25 Plants

o 2 major plant groups: Bryophytes Tracheophytes

o Bryohpytes- lack vascular tissue to carry water and minerals Lack true root, stem, and leaves Get water through rhizoids

Have a waxy covering called Chitin to reduce water loss Groups of Bryohpytes:

Mosses Liverworts Hornworts

Used to make peat mosso Tracheophytes- contain vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

Have leaves, roots, and stem 2 groups of Tracheophytes:

Seedless plants Seed plants

Seedless Vascular plants Club mosses

o Grow in damp woods and produce spores called strobili

Horsetails- also produce strobili Ferns – have underground stems called rhizoids

Seed Plants Found everywhere Cones or Flowers Pollination Protect embryos by seeds 2 main groups

o Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gymnosperms- “cone bearers”- produce seeds that

are exposedo Cycads- palm like plantso Gingkoes- oldest seed plants

Gingko biloba o Conifers

Most are evergreens Pollen is carried by wind, animals,

insects, and rain Angiosperms- are flowering plants

o Seeds are protected by fruito Reproductive organs in flowerso 2 groups of angiosperms:

Dicots Monocots

o Dicots- plants whose seeds contain 2 cotyledons

Ex: bean, and peanut plant Broad leaves with branched veins Vascular bundles arranged in a circle

o Monocot- plants who contain 1 cotyledon “seed leaf” that stores energy for the embryo

Long narrow leaves with parallel veins

Xylem and Phloem tissue are scattered throughout in vascular bundles through the stem

Ex: corn Flower Parts

Female Structures: Carpelo Stigma- sticky top parto Style- supports the stigmao Ovary- at the base of the style where eggs are

producedo Eggs (ovules) - female reproductive cells.

Male Structures: Stameno Anther- top part where pollen is producedo Filament- supports the anthero Petals- colored parts which attract pollinators

or insectso Sepals- tiny, green leaves at the base of the

flower that surrounds and protects the bud.o Epiphytes- not parasites, they live on other plants but have there

own source of energy Ex: Spanish moss

o Roots- absorption of nutrients Anchor plants into the soil Storage of food 2 root systems:

Taproot- one main root Fibrous- frayed roots

o Stems- produce leaves and flowers, support the plant, transport nutrients and water, and the storage of food.

Types of Stems: Herbaceous- soft green and juicy

o Supported by water pressure Woody

o Bark protects the stem from water loss.o Made by xylem cells

Buds- protect the meristem the makes new stems Nodes- places on the stem that leaves are attached

o Leaves- the structure of photosynthesiso Pg 595o Transpiration- loss of water through the leaves

Chapter 26-29 Invertebrates

o Phylum Porifera- sponges (pore bearer)o Aquatic and Marine

o Ex: spongeso Filter feederso Simplest animalso No bilateral symmetryo Sessile- no movemento Ocsulum

o Phylum Cnidaria- Cnidarians( stinging cells)o Aquatic and some marineo Ex: jellyfish, coral, sea anonomies, Hydriao Nerve neto One moutho Tentacles

o Phylum Platyhelminthes- Flatworms ( flatworms)o Terrestrial and Aquatico Ex: Tapeworms, flukeso Hermaphroditico 2 eyespots

o Phylum Nematoda- Round worms (threadlike)o Parasitico Ex: Heartworms, parasites, pin wormso Bilateral symmetryo Intestinal openingso Hermaphrodites

o Phylum Anneldia- segmented worms (ring segments)o Terrestrial and aquatico Ex: leaches, earthwormso Parasitico 2 openings mouth and anuso Circulatory systemo Cuticle skino Setae

o Phylum Mollusca- Molluscs (Mollusks)o Terrestrial and aquatico Ex: slugso Soft bodieso Mantle- folded tissue

o Phylum Arthropoda- Arthropods (jointed appendages)o All habitats water and lando Ex: insects, spiderso 3 pairs of legs

o Phylum Echinodermata- Echinoderms (spinney skin)o Marineo Ex: starfish, sand dollars, sea cucumberso Radial symmetry

o Spinned skino Water vascular systemo Regenerates limbs

o Body Symmetry:o Anterior- front regiono Posterior- hind endo Dorsal- top or back sideo Ventral- Stomacho Lateral- next too, or side

Chapters 30-34Fish

A. Characteristics1 Use gills for respiration or gas exchange2 Integumentary System consists of scales and mucus3 Appendages are paired fins for movement4 Ectothermic- animals that rely on the environment to warm their blood in their

bodies5 Lateral line- sense that allows fish to detect changes in the environment, water

temperature, and vibrations of food and other fish.6 Closed Circulatory System with a heart pumping blood through vessels7 Swim bladder- internal organ that adjust buoyancy.8 Most exhibit external fertilization- eggs fertilized outside of the mother

a. Breeding is called spawningb. Females lay spawns in the waterc. Males deposit sperm on them

B. Classes of fish1. Jawless Fish (Agnatha)- oldest and most primitive

a. Don’t have a well defined headb. Lack vertebrae and keep notochord as adultsc. Ex: Lamprey

2. Cartilaginous Fish (Chondrichthyes)a. Have skeletons of Cartilageb. Ex: Sharksc. Most Sharks are predators- hunters

a. Exception- Whale Sharksd. Rays that flat bodies and poisonous spines

3. Bony Fish (Osteichthyes)a. Have 3 body sections:

a. Headb. Bodyc. Trunk

b. Sensitive to smellc. Most bony fish are ray-finned

a. Ex: lungfishes, coelacanth

d. Bony fish have a 3 or 4 chambered heart

Chapters 30-34

AmphibiansA. Characteristics

1. Vertebrates2. live in water as larvae and on land as adults3. Breathes with lungs as adults and gills as larvae4. Moist skin with mucus glands5. Lacks scales and claws

B. No “typical type of species” so we will look at structures found in frogs1. Feeding and digestion

a. As larval tadpoles, they are herbivores/ filter feedersb. As adult frogs they are meat eatersc. As the frog develops into an adult the digestive track gets bigger

2. Respirationa. Gills and skin of larvab. Lungs- in adult

3. Circulationa. Heart is 3 chamberedb. Circulation is 2 loops

4. Excretiona. The urines routeb. Goes through the Blood- then to the Kidney- then to the uretur- the

urinary bladder- cloaca- then out of the body5. Reproduction

a. External reproduction1. the sperm fertilize the eggs outside of the female.

b. Male’s thumb stimulates the eggs to be resealed from thefemale.

6. Nervous system is well developeda. Nictitating membrane keeps eyes moist and protectedb. Tympanic membranes are eardrums

7. Integument- skin is smooth and moist8. Ectothermic- can not generate their own body heat

C. Undergo metamorphosis1. Aquatic larval stage to terrestrial adults

a. Ex: tadpole to a frog 2. Examples: Salamanders, Frogs and Toads, and Caecilians

Chapter 30-34 Reptiles

o Reptiles were the 1st vertebrates to live their entire life on land.o Characteristics:

o Vertebrates

o Dry, Scaly skin that protects from water loss.o Have lungs for gas exchangeo Terrestrial eggs- laid on land

Covered eggs- with shellso Ectothermic- can not generate there own body heato Carnivores and herbivoreso 3 chambered heart and 2 loop circulationo Presence of a cloaca

Excretory, digestive, reproduction functionso Developed organs of sense an vibration (snakes)o Reproduction is by internal fertilization

Oviparous- lay eggs that develop outside of the female.o Ex: Turtleo Ovoviviparous- young are born alive after they hatch from an

egg inside the female.o Ex: snake, lizard

Viviparous- bear their young aliveo Ex: mammals

Chapter 30-34Mammals

o Mammals are the most advanced and complex group of animalso Characteristics:

o Have hair or fur on their bodieso Endothermic- they generate there own body heat

Hair, high metabolism, sweat glands, and fat control the body temperature

o Most are viviparous- bear young alive and care for themo Young are fed milk from the mother’s mammary glandso Use lungs to breatheo Highly developed brainso Young are cared for by their parents until they are capable of

living on their owno Communicate by:

Sound, touch, visual displays, and odorso Orders of mammals:

Monotremes- lay eggs Oviparous- lay eggs that develop inside the mother. Ex: platypus, anteaters

Marsupials- young are born before development is complete and crawl into the mother’s pouch where they feed on milk until fully grown.

Ex: Kangaroos, Koalas, and the one in North America is the possum

Placental- young develop fully in the mother’s body and young are born alive.

o Have a 4 chambered heart

The Human SystemsChapter 35

The 11 Systems of the Body

o The Muscular System Structures

Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle

Function Produce voluntary movement Circulates blood through the digestive system

o The Nervous System Structures

Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral nerves

Function Recognizes and coordinates the body’s response to changes in

its internal and external environment.o The Respiratory System

Structures Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Brochi Broncholes Lungs

Function Gas Exchange

o The Integumentary System Structures

Skin Hair Swat Glands Oil Glands

Functions Serves as a barrier against infection and injury Helps regulate body temperature Protects the body from radiation

o The Digestive System Structures

Mouth Pharynx Esophogus Stomach Small and large intestines

Functions Converts food into simpler molecules

o The Excretory System Structures

Skin Lungs Kidneys Urethra Urinary Bladder Urethra

Function Eliminates waste products from the body

o The Skeletal System Structures

Bones Cartilage Ligaments Tendons

Functions Supports the body and protects the organs Allows movement Stores mineral reserves Provides a site for blood cell formation

o The Circulatory System Structures

Heart Blood Vessels Blood

Functions Bring Oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells Fights infection Removes cell waste Helps Regulate body temperature

o The Endocrine System Structures

Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenals Pancreas Ovaries (female) Testes (male)

Functions Controls growth, development, and metabolism Maintains homeostasis

o The Reproductive System Structures

Male Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Urethra Penis

Female Ovaries Fallopian Tube Uterus Vagina

Functions Produces reproductive cells In females it nurtures the developing embryo

o The Lymphatic System Structures

White blood cells Thymus Spleen Lymph Nodes Lymph Vessels

Functions Helps protect the body from disease Collects fluid loss from blood vessels and turns the fluid into the

circulatory system

Chapter 36 the Muscle and Integumentary System

The Skeletal System:

Endoskeleton-internal skeleton

o Contains 206 bones Five Functions:

o Supports the bodyo Protects internal organso Provides for movemento Stores mineral reserveso Provides a site for blood cell formation

Bone Formationo Osteocytes- mature bone cellso In a young embryo, most of the skeleton is

cartilageo Cartilage hardens into bone by the addition of

Osteocytes and mineralso This process is called Ossificationo Some Cartilage does not change to boneo The bone growth occurs in the ends of the

long bones, and in the mandible Bone Structure

o Bones Contain Osteocytes, minerals, blood vessels, and nerves

o Periosteum- tough layer of connective tissue on the outside of the bone

o Compact Bone- the outer layer of connective tissue on the outside of the bone.

o Harversian Canals- Contain blood vessels and nerves channels in the bony layer that contain blood vessels that feed Osteocytes

o Spongy Bone- strong area of the boneo Marrow- filling inside of the bone; tissue in

the center where blood vessels are made in red marrow and in yellow marrow stores fat

Some Bones like the ankle, phalanges, and wrist do not contain marrow.

Two Parts on the Endoskeleton

o Axel Skeleton- Supports the central axis of the body

Ribs and Sternumo Appendicular Skeleton- the bones of the

arms and legs, a long with the bones of the pelvis and shoulder areas

Joints- A place where one bone attaches to anothero Tendons- are connective tissue that attaches

to the muscles to the boneo Ligaments- hold the bones together in a joint

and attach bone to bone.o Types of Joints:

Fixed Joints- allow no movement. They are inter locked and held together with connective tissue

Ex: Places where bones and the skull meet. (Sutures)

Semi-movable joints- allow small amounts of movement

Ex: Joints between adjacent vertebrae

Freely Movable Joints- permit movement in one or more directions

Hinge joint- back and forth motion as in the elbow

Ball and socket joint- allows circular motion as in the shoulder and in the knee cap

Pivot Joint- one bone rotates around another as in the cranium on the atlas vertebra

Saddle Joint- bones slide against each other like wrist and ankle

Synovial Fluid- forms a thin film on the cartilage that covers the bony surfaces that form the joint

Bursa- reduces friction between the bones of a joint and also acts as a tiny shock absorber

Arthritis- the inflammation of the joints Sprain- injury to the ligaments by over

extending

The Muscular System:

Skeletal muscle (also called Voluntary Muscle)- has stripes called striationso These muscles are attached to bone to

move the bodyo Work in pairs

Flexor- bends the joint Extensor- strengthens the joint

o Smooth Muscle also called involuntary muscle

These are muscles you have no control over

Internal movement or contractions such as the digestive system

o Cardiac Muscle- only found in the heart combination of skeletal and smooth muscle

o Muscle Structure Each skeletal muscle is called a muscle

fiber (muscle fiber) Muscle fibers are made of the proteins

actin and myosino How muscles work:

Insertion- point where the muscle is attached to the moving bone by tendons

Origin- point where a muscle attaches to a stationary bone

During movement, the insertion moves toward the origin of a muscle

The Integumentary System:

Consists of hair, nails, and skin Has four functions:

o Protects against diseaseo Retain body fluido Regulates body temperature

Skin- is the largest organ in the bodyo Epidermis- the outer layer

Several Layers Outer layer is dead skin cells Cells contain a protein called keratin

that gives a rough texture and makes it water proof

o Dermis- inner layer of skin Composed of:

Collagen fibers Blood vessels Nerve endings Glands Sensory receptors Smooth muscles Hair follicles

The nerves present give the sensation of touch

Blood releases heat and helps maintain body temperature

Lymph helps fight disease A layer of fat below the dermis stores

food for energy and serves as insulation and protection for the body.

o Hairs are produced by cells at the base of the hair follicle- deep pockets in the skin

o Hair Shaft- extends beyond the skin and is made of keratin

o Oil glands- are in the skin and prevent the shaft from drying out

Nails- protect the ends of the fingers and toeso Form from- cells deep in the epidermiso Nails are made mostly of Keratin

Exocrine glands in the skin release secretions through tubes called ductso Sweat glands release- water, salts, urea,

and keratino Oil Glands secrete- sebum which softens

skin Melanin- controls the color of your skin and is a

pigmento Protects from UV radiation.

Biology Notes The Body Systems

Organizations of the Body

o Cell- Basic unit of lifeo Tissues- groups of cells that perform a single function

o Epithelial Tissue- cover the body surface (externally and internally)o Connective Tissue- connects body parts and provides support to the bodyo Nervous Tissue- transmits impulses throught the bodyo Muscle Tissue- provides movement by contracting and relaxing

o Organs- groups of different tissues that perform a single functiono Organ systems- groups of organs that perform a single closely related functiono The 11 organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis- stable internal conditions

The Nervous System

o The Nervous System- controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to the internal and external environment

o Two parts of the Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cordo Central Nervous System- relays messages, processes information, and analyzes

information Consists of the brain Brain and spinal cord are surrounded by: Bones

Bones- cranium and the vertebrae Cerebrospinal Fluid- acts as a shock absorber that protects the

Central Nervous System Three Meninges:

o Dura mater is the outer layero Cerebral Spinal Fluido Arachnoid layer is the middle elastic layero The inner third layer is the piameter

Brain- contains approximately 100 billion neurons Cerebrum- largest part of the brain: brain stem and the

cerebellumo On the top of the head- Anterioro Has two cerebral hemispheres (right and left side)o The outer layer is called the cerebral cortex and is folded

to maximize surface areao The Cortex is gray matter (no mycelin sheath)

The gray matter doesn’t regenerateo Beneath the cortex are the large masses of white matter

(has mycelin sheath) that connect the cortex to the rest of the body.

o This area controls: sight, hearing, and memoryo The Right side of the brain controls the left side and the left

side of the brain controls the right side because the nerve tracts leading from the cerebellum cross in the medulla, then lead into the spinal cord

o The medulla is interior to the cortex Cerebellum- is located at the back of the head dorsal under the

cerebrumo Controls balanceo Affected by alcohol

Brain Stem- connects the cerebrum to the spinal cordo Midbrain controls reflexeso Pons- relays messages between the Cerebrum and

Cerebellum and between the midbrain and the medulla.o Medulla oblongata- controls heart rate, breathing rates

Between the brain stem and the cerebrum is the Thalamus o Thalamus- directs sensory impulses to the craniumo Hypothalamus- works with pituitary gland to maintain

chemical balance in the body. Controls: hunger, thirst, sleep, anger, body temperature

Spinal Cord- nerve tissue extending from the medulla down into the spinal column

o Contains an outer sheath of white matter and an inner core of gray matter

Remember that white matter regenerates and gray matter doesn’t

o Spinal nerves ( 31 pairs)o PNS- Peripheral Nervous System

Consists of nerves that connect the CNS with the rest of the body Divided into two systems: Somatic, and Autonomic

Somatic NS controls voluntary movement Autonomic NS controls skeletal action like heartbeat, breathing,

ect The Autonomic NS is divided into two parts:

Sympathetic NS that controls organs during stress or high activity Parasympathetic NS which controls organs during routine

conditions These two systems are opposite each other. One is always a little

more in control that the other Reflex actions are involuntary and self protective movements Reflex arc is the action of the impulse going into the spinal cord and the

response coming from there. There is NO brain involved

NEURONS

o Neurons- cells that transmit impulses as electrical signalso Impulses- electrical signalso Parts of neuron:

Cell body- main part of the neuron containing the nucleus and the cytoplasm and fibers extending from it

Axon- carries impulses away from the cell body Dendrites- short fibers that carry impulses to the cell body

o An impulse travels from the dendrite to cell body to axon only. DCBAo In some neurons, the axon is surrounded by a membrane called the myelin sheatho Myelin Sheath- white stuff

o Some neurons lack a myelin and form gray that can’t regenerate.o Nerve Impulse- flow of electricity

o An impulse begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the environment.

o The impulse travels from one neuron to the othero The impulse is carried by a chemical called a neurotransmitter across a space

called a synapse between the neurons

o Movement of the impulse: electrical- chemical- electrical Receptors- they are neurons that is carried by sensory neurons from the

receptors to the spinal cord and brain The Brain interprets the impulse and sends out a response The Response is carried by motor neurons to effectors

SENSE ORGANS

o Sense Organs- have receptors to pick up stimulio 5 different kinds of categories of sensory receptors

Pain Receptors- The chemicals released by damaged cells Thermo Receptors- Stimulated by temperature changes Mechano Receptors- detect touch/ pressure Chemo Receptors- smell; external Photo Receptors- sight, light, in our eyes

o Eye- for vision Iris- the colored part of your eye. It is a sphincter muscle Pupil- opening where the light goes in Lens- Bends the light to focus on the back of the eye called the retina Photoreceptors- light receptors

Rods- vision in dim light Cones- color light

Optic Nerve- carries impulses from retina to the cerebrum to be interpreted as vision.

The image on the retina is invertedo Ear- deals with hearing and balance

Vibrations enter the outer ear through the auditory canal From there, the hit the tympanic (eardrum) As the eardrum vibrates to a membrane it causes small bones: hammer,

anvil, stirrup to vibrate The Stirrup transfers vibrations to a membrane called the anvil window

that separates the middle ear and inner ear. Cochlea- small snail shaped tube that consists of fluid and lined with hair As fluid vibrates, impulses form and travel along the auditory nerve to the

brain Semicircular canals (3)

o Taste buds- found between bumps called papillae on the tongue and contain receptors for salty, sweet, bitter and sour.

o Olfactory glands- in the nasal passages and send an impulse to the brain from smell

o Skin- receptors for touch and deeper there are pain sensors.