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bot·a·ny ˈbät(ə)nē/ noun noun: botany
the scientific study of plants, including their physiology, structure, genetics,
ecology, distribution, classification, and economic importance. the plant life of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.
"the botany of North America"
Origin
late 17th century: from earlier botanic (from French botanique, based on Greek botanikos, from botanē ‘plant’).
Plants
s.s. Eukaryotes with external cell walls composed of cellulose, produce their own food using chlorophyll, and store excess food as starch.
Plants include green algae, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants.
l Plant Names l Anatomy l How to use Newcomb’s Wildflower Guide l Some common Plant Famlies
Plant Names
Amelanchier aborea
Phalenopsis hybrids
Moth Orchids
Rose (Rosa) Lily (Lilium) Pine (Pinus)
Clematis
Heuchera Rhododendron
Azalea
Peony Iris
Begonia
Magnolia Narcissus Echinacea
Gladiolus
Juniper (Juniperus) Cedar (Cedrus)
Gloxinia
Yucca Hibiscus
Hydrangea
Geranium Chrysanthemum Cyclamen
Crocus
Phalenopsis Amaryllis
Hosta
Fuchia Verbena
Phlox
Plant Taxonomy The science that encompasses the description, identification, nomenclature,
and classification of plants
Nomenclature The science of names
Systematics The science of identification and classification
Plant Nomenclature
l Plant s.l. names are governed by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
l The ICBN is written and controlled by the International Botanical Congress (IBC)
l The IBC meets every 6 years. Last meeting was July 2017.
The ICBN or How to Name a Plant
l The name must be unique
l The name must follow the rules of Botanical Latin as established by Stern in Botanical Latin
l The name has 3 parts – Genus, Specie, Author
l Genus and specie must agree in gender
l The name must be validly published - “Widely” available publication - Latin Description - Designation of type
The ICBN or How to Name a Plant
l The name must be unique
l The name must follow the rules of Botanical Latin as established by Stern in Botanical Latin
l The name has 3 parts – Genus, Specie, Author
l Genus and specie must agree in gender
l The name must be validly published - “Widely” available publication - Latin Description - Designation of type
l Rule of priority – The oldest name after 1753 has priority
Rule of Priority
The only valid specie name within a given genus is the oldest one.
Time zero is the publication of Species Plantarum
by Lineaus on May 24, 1753
Carl Linne
l Born May 23, 1707 in Rashult, Sweden as Carl Linne
l Received a doctorate in Medicine in 1735
l 1761 was made a noble by King Fredrick and took the name Carl van Linne
l When writing scientific works he used the name Linneaus
l Say it with authority
l Pronounce it so that it sounds pleasant
l You can use either the traditional English Latin pronunciation, reformed academic Latin pronunciation, or Church Latin pronunciation
l Pronounce all the vowels and diphthongs - a, e, i, o, u, ae, au, ei, eu, oe, ui
l When two vowels are adjacent in a word of Latin origin, the first is short
l Diphthongs are long
l The emphasis is on the next to the last (penultimate) syllable if it is long or when 2 constants separate the last 2 vowels, otherwise emphasize the next to the next to the last (ante penultimate) syllable
Pronunciation
Pronunciation
l 80% of the names are not Latin or Greek
Claytonia virginica Spring Beauty
Pronunciation
l 80% of the names are not Latin or Greek
so…..
l Say it with authority l Pronounce it so that it sounds pleasant
Plant Systematics The science of plant identification and classification
l There is no set of governing rules for Plant systematics
l The rules are enforced by public opinion
l Results in multiple valid names
Increase in Knowledge over Time Alpha, Baker 1756 Beta, Baker 1757 Gamma, Baker 1758 Delta, Baker 1765 Epsilon, Butcher 1795
*A. una, B. 1756 *B. quatra, B. 1757 *G. alba, B. 1758 *D. repens, B. 1765 *E. laxa, But 1795
A. dua, B. 1756 B. repens, B. 1760 G. griseus, B. 1781 D. laxa, But. 1790 E. nova, But. 1795
A. tres, B. 1756 B. simplex, But. 1772 E. scans, B. 1801
A. quinque, B. 1758
A. bakeri, But. 1770
Alpha, Baker 1756 Delta, Baker 1765 Theta, CM 1823
*A. una, B. 1756 *D. repens, B. 1765 *T. scans, (B.) CM 1823
A. dua, B. 1756 D. laxa, But. 1790 T. nova, (But.) CM 1823
A. tres, B. 1756 D. nova, CM 1823
A. quinque, B. 1758 D. laxoides, CM 1823
A. bakeri, But. 1770
A. quatra, (B.) CM 1823
A. simplex, (But.) CM 1823
A. alba, (B.) CM 1823
A. griseus, (B.) CM 1823
Family - Alphaceae
Family - Alphaceae
Plant Anatomy
From Hortus Cliffortianus 1735
Monocot Dicot
l One cotyledon (seed leaf)
l Multiple of 3
l Leaves with parallel veins
l Two cotyledon (seed leaf)
l Multiple of 5
l Leaves with netted veins
Monocot Dicot
l Lilies
l Spring flowering bulbs
l Iris
l Grasses, Sedges, Rushes
l Yams
l Day Flowers
l Arums, Jack in the Pulpit
l Palms
l Tropical Gingers
l Orchids
l Everything else
Simple vs. Compound
Compound Leaf
Pinnately Compound
Pinnately Compound
Aralia spinosa Devil’s Walking Stick
Spines
Hawthorne
Pyracantha Cacti
Thorns
Black Locust
Prickles
Blackberry Black Raspberry
Rose
Generalized Flower
Fused Sepals and Petals
Hypanthium
Hypanthium
Disc Hypanthium
Strawberry with extra ovaries
Peony with extra anthers
Hypanthium
Inferior Ovary
Hypanthium
Tubular Hypanthium in Dicot
Onagraceae Evening Primrose Family
Tubular Hypanthium
Tubular hypanthium in Monocot
Perfect, Male, and Female
Perfect Flowers – Flowers with both functional anthers and functional pistils
Male Flowers – Flowers with only anthers, functional anthers and non-functional pistils, or flowers arranged so only anthers can be reached by pollinator.
Female Flowers – Flowers with only pistils, functional pistils and non-functional anthers, or flowers arranged so only pistils can be reached by pollinator.
Monoecious and Dioecious Monoecious – Both male and female flowers on one plant
Dioecious – Male and female flowers on separate plants
Flower Symmetry
Radially symmetric Bi-laterally symmetric
Newcomb’s Wildflower Guide
l Requires more than flower color l Local l Plants are arranged by family l Profits go to funding research at the New England Wildflower Society
Lamiaceae Mint Family 3,500 Species
- Square stems - Leaves decussate - Flowers zygomorphic - Stamens in 2 pairs - Most are not aromatic
157
Caryophyllaceae Pink Family 2,000 Species
- Opposite leaves - Swollen nodes - Flowers arranged in a dichasia - Flowers actinomorphic - 5 sepals, petals - 5 or 10 stamens - Petals notched at tip
114
Mouse-eared Chickweed Cerastium glomeratum
Star Chickweed Stellaria pubera
Common Chickweed Stellaria media
Ragged Chickweed Holosteum umbellatum
pg. 274
Fire Pink Silene virginica
Carolina Pink Silene caroliniana
Brassicaceae Mustard Family
3,400 Species
- Flowers with 4 parts - Petals arranged in a cross - Fruit a silique or a silicle - Most are annuals or bi-annuals
109
Bitter Cress Cardamine hirsuta extremely common
Pennsylvania Bitter Cress Cardimine pensylvanica extremely rare
Ranunculaceae Butterup Family
2,500 Species
- Evolutionarily simple - Indeterminate number of flower parts - Flower parts spirally arranged - Multiple pistils - Fruit usually many achenes, rarely folicles
55
Asteraceae 32,913 Species
Unifying character: Composite flower arrangement
Robin’s Plantain Erigeron pulchellus
Daisy Fleabane Erigeron philadelphicus
Purple Kudweed Gnaphalium purpurea
Cichorium intybus Chicory
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Daisy
Senecio aureus Golden ragwort
Graminids
• Juncaceae - Rushes
• Cyperaceae - Sedges
• Poaceae - Grasses
Sedges have edges Rushes are round Grasses are hollow From the node to the ground
Graminids
Juncaceae – Rushes - Flowering stem without
nodes or leaves
Path Rush Juncus tenuis
Graminids
Juncaceae - Rushes
Path Rush Juncus tenuis
Juncus effusus
Graminids
Juncaceae - Rushes
Eleocharis obtusa
Graminids Cyperaceae – Sedges
- Leaves arranged in a triangle - Flowering stem cross section
is a triangle Nut Sedge Cyperus esculentus
Graminids Cyperaceae – Sedges
Genus Carex - Monoecious - Perigynium
Graminids • Poaceae – grasses
- Hollow Stems - Multiple leaves with swollen nodes - Leaves sheathing with ligule - Flower arrangement is a panicle of spikes
