Vasile Boroneant ' Arheologia minelor din Romnia ciMeC- 2000 www.cimec.roColectiv deCoordonator: Irina OBERLNOER-TRNOVEANU Dan MATEI, Florela VASILESCU Tehnoredactor: Eduard HAZU Copyright Vasile ciMeC -Institutul de Memorie PreseiLibere1, C.P. 33-90 713411 ROMNIA Tei./Fax:(01) 224.37.42 http://www. cimec.ro E-mail: cimec@cimec.ro ISBN 973-99088-0-2 www.cimec.roArheologie minelor din Rom!mis- CUPRINS CUPRINS Cuvnt introductiv.............................................. VII- XXIV Foreword. . . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . . ... .. . . .XXV - XXXVI naturale ............. .... ............... ................................. 1 antropice .. .......................................................... 93 Avene ............................... .. .......................................... 108 sub..... .............................................. 109 ........................................................................ 113 Mine ......................... ..................................................... 117 Cariere ........... ... .. .......................................................... 132 ............................................................................ 147 Saline ... ................. ..... ......................................... ........ .. 150 ........................................................................... 161 Index ............................................................... 291 Indexul minelor, carierelor salinelor ................................................................ 297 Index de ............................................................. 315 327 www.cimec.roArheolog'a p e t e r i l o r iminelor din Romnta- CONTENTS CONTENTS RomamanForeword........................................VII- XXIV EnghshForeword... .. ........................... .......XXV - XXXVI Natural Caves.. ............................................................ 1 Anthropic Caves.........................................................93 Swallow-holes.. ... ............... ... ........ ................. ....... ....108 Rock Shelters ................................................................ 109 Rocks .......................................................................... 113 Mines ............................................................................ 117 Quarries ........................................................................ 132 Clay Pits ......................................................................147 Salt Mi nes ..................................................................... 150 F1gures .......................................................................... 161 Listof Figures ...... . .... ..........................291 Index of caves, shelters, mines, quarnes and salt mines.................................. 297 Page Index .................................................................... 315 Afterword ....................................................................... 327 www.cimec.roArheologia minelor dinRomlmia - CuvAnt introductiv Cuvnt introductiv Scurt istoric al problemei Cercetarea sub a este unuldintrecelemaiinteresantedomeniiale de caracterarheologic,istoric,geologic,geografic,paleontologic,speologie etc. Esteunanimrecunoscut acesteaauoferitceldintromulurn perioada inspecialinepoca daraceea,n epoca in vreme desau nanotrmpul caracteruluilortainic,ntunecosgreuaccesibilaufost obiectulsausunt subiectulunorartistrce, magice religioase lanceputurilesales-afolositde destnci naturale, a saua amenajat saustnci.Unele sunt recunoscutecatemple aleartei preistorice sauistorice au fosttransformatenveritabilemuzeeprin speciale.Altelechiar aufostretrasedinfluxuldevizitareturisticalmareluipublicnvederea demaladirlecarepot leinchipinvoluntar lor. Pentruacesteas-auamenajat altele, napropiere. ncareaufostreproduseidentictoatedincele (Lascaux,Altamira) .Esteunexemplumuzeografic deatentrecetrebuieacordat unurmonument rupestru. Suntnaturalesaucreatedemnaomulurcumarficeledin BanatuluisauDobrogeacareaufostlocuitedehaiducrsaun scoppastoral nudeputineorininteresmilitar-strategic. acestea trebure inatentra cumam i n acestdomeniudecercetares-au delanceputprinefortul conjugatal dindiferitedomemr.n ntreceiale numetrebuie figurezelalocdefruntecndseiain esteAlexandruOdobescucareinvaraanului1871 .a avutrdeeaa ChestionaruluiArheologrc,pecare1-atrimis tuturordinvechiulregatalRomnieispreastan profesorilor,iubitorilormonumentelor trecutului nostruistoric.afostvenindchrarn an.faptcei-apermis elaboreze., ProiectuldeCampaniepentru ExploratiuniArheologiceinDrstnctul i ncare propuneacer-cetarea religroase nstncadin VII www.cimec.roArheologie mine tor dinRomania Cuvnt mtroductiv dinacestareal.EsteceldintiproiectromnescdeacestgenOdobescu pusnaplicareplanulRezultatelenua lepublicedar elese tezaurizateinfondulce-i numelelaBibliotecaAcademiei Romne auconstituit sursa deinformare in redactareaMarelui Geografic alRomniei. Interesul deaflatepeValea sauinaltelocuriale provinciiloristoriceromnedinsecolulalXVIII-leaestemamfestat de carele-auvizitatsaudescris. ntre peFAloysio Marsigli, F.Griselini . Din primaa secolului alXIX-lea lainceputulprimului mondialsuntde in principal : E. A.Bieltz,K. F. Peters, G. Teglas.Majoritatea dintre aufostdede interioarelor custalactite stalagmite, punndbazelespeologieica deasemenea, privindspeologia incadrul se caG. Munteanu-Murgoci Emil naturalist oceanolog,fondatoral Biospeologiei.Acestadin cucolaboratorul P.AChapuisatransferatlaClujCentrul de Biospeologice. Emil laClujprimulinstitutdespeolog1e dinlume, la20aprilie1920,care, dincauza Transilvanieide nurmaDictatului de la Vienadin1940, sela Cercetarea seabiaina douaa deceniului aldinveaculnostru.1956 centrul speologicese se lanjurulInstitutuluideSpeologiedesub conducereaprofesoruluiC. LaCluj o de profil. cercetareao de dezvoltare.UnmomentImportantlconstituie n1965a cluburilordespeo-amatoridinprincipalele din cumarfi Cluj,Arad,Oradea,BradetcAcumareloco dezvoltare a de speoturism UnrolnuntotdeaunapozitivI-auavut decomori deguanodin careperealizareapnmelor ale valorilor Istoricealeau pricinuitdistrugerialegalenilor depunenlorincareseaflauvestigii arheologice de SpeoturismultrebuietratatcuUnele aunceput aspectdedepoz1tedeconserve alimentaredetotfelul ,iar stalactitele valoroaseleconcretiunicalcaroaseaufostJefuite,cavest1giilearheologice, Istorice fosile, pecarelesunt plint cu"amintiri www.cimec.roArheo/ogia mine/or dinRomnia- Cuvnt introductiv Problemele naturale antropice prin Legea monumente/ar istorice a siturilor arheologice Caurmareaacestei credem este ntocmireaunei primare,aunuirepertoriupebaza seelaborezeediteze o a Monumentelor Rupestre dinRomnia, a acelor care ninteriorullor depuneri de cuvestigiiarheologice ruine, a locuiriilor de om. Monumentelerupestretrebuie sebucuredeLegiiMonu-mentelor Istorice a Siturilor Arheologice. Este ntocmireaunei privindstarea monument sauconstatarea nucumvamonumentula fost distrus ntre timp, estevizitabil nce s-a valorificarea cetrebuieluatecucaracterde pentruprotejarea,restaurareasupravegherealor. estecuattmaicuctunelesunt cudegradarea,distrugereasausuntsolicitatepentruvalo-rificare Subliniemfaptul Institutul., Emil din Cluj ,cu ajutorulCercurilordespeo-amatori ,auncursdeefectuareproiectulde cartare prin a (laintrare, ntr-unlocferitdeintemperii,sescriecuvopsea incifrearabe).OperaseCadastrul din Romnia. Primapartedejas-aterminat cuprinde8.500deobiective. Un aproape egalde avene, vor ficuprinsentr-unal doileavolum,ceafieditat.Estedefaptul numai3% dintreobiectivelevizitatedespeologiaufost de arheologi , dincredem este stabilireactmai a uneistrnse ntrespeologi , speo-amatori arheologi , pentru activitatea se printr-oconsultare participare Arheologilorlerevinesarcinadea vizita restul a se asupralor. Sesimtenevoia unei dinpunct de vederearheologic a acestor monumente. n trebuiefie incluse antropice, indiferent decaracterulrocilor ncareaufost ar trebui 1. stnci A. naturale locuite sau amenajate de om. a. b. c. d. Menhire etc. IX www.cimec.roArheologis minelor dinRomAnia CuvAntintroductiv 8. de om (antropice). a. Biserici. bSch1turi . cTerase amenajata. d. Il.Alte categorii den sau subterane executate de om. A. Mi ne: a)deaur argint. b)decupru. c}de d)saline. e)altecategoni deminiere 8. Cariere: a)de b} de nisip c)de d) de caolin etc. C.subteranemilitaresaucivile{tuneluri ,aeroporturi, cazemate, etc.). III.Rezervatiinaturaledeinteresistorico-arheologic stiintific,in cadrul lor ambiental. a.arheologice. b.istorice. c naturale. Pentru realizareaacestui proiect este nevoie de. 1) inobiectivepentruelementelordencadrare 2)Elaborarea graficefoto,video 3)Redactareastudiuluidocumentar informativasupra obiectiv,un inventar aldescopenrilor. 4)Ordonarea elaborareaproiectuluidecercetare valorificare de protejare a acestora. 5)lnventarrereamatenalelorarheologice,1stonce de alte cebuna admtnistrareapatnmoniuluimobil1mobilal monument 6)Elaborareaunei privindorganizareade n care locdezbateripublicecu deobiecteproven1tedin dtnmine(flondedintoatecategoriiledemonumente 7)Introducerean preumversitar universitaraunorcursuri X www.cimec.roArheotog1a mine lor dinRomnia- Cuv6nt mtroducllv sau care seocupedeprotejarea,consolidarea conservarea tuturorcategoriilordemonumentepentruacreaconvingereacaviitoare le vizita nealterate n stare. naturale stingereadin aluiAlexandruOdobescu speciale privindcercetareannuaumaiexistatn Imediat primul mondial,nRomniaMare,preocupareaprin efortulunor caMartonRoskanTransilvania, ConstantinS. nOltenia,NicolaeN. n Basarabia. tragicalluiN. ncursulanului1940,princedarea Basarabiei , a luiM.Roskadea seretrage nUnganala celuidealdoilea mondialau cadintre numai C.S. continuedindomeniul rupestru aldoilea mondial.Astfel ,n1951 ,ncolaborarecu deantropologieaInstitutuluideEndocrinologiea de din acestareia laMuieriidelaBaia deFier pecarele apoidin1953cuMuzeul de cuInstitutul de Arheologietransformarea sa, n1956, n institut)C.S. cuCorneliuC.Mateescu nacest domeniu grupeze n jurullor tineri,care o deinitiere,devinde ai InstitutelordeArheologie desaunmuzeele n1954 echipadecercetare ncepeactivitateancadrularheologic Cerna- Olt.Suntexploratetoatedepeambelemalurialerurilor Cerna Olt.n1964C.S. cuocaziaconstruirii Hidrocentraleidela deFier ncepeinvestigarea dinValea ntindelaVeterani substncaCuina Turcului,continundcuClimente1siIldinCazaneleMari.D1n facparteM.Davidescu,Roman,V. lis-au nanii AL FI.AlexandraBolomey, ElenaTerzea, V.Sencu,Negrea, AlexandrinaNegrea Cu ocaziearheologiceceledintiobiectede datnddinepipaleolitic(mileniileXI-IX),ceadinticu nculoaredin delaGauraChindieidelaPescari , acumCoronini , Severin. extinderii s-a extins problematica, din nevoia actmaimultordatenecesareproblemeiajungndu-sela concluzia elenuputeaufi dectprincolaborareinterdis-Auintratnnumai unelesubterane sauamenajatedeomcuscopurimilitarecumarfiforturile, XI www.cimec.roArheotogia mmetor din-introductiV cazemateleantenoarepnmului dinaldoilea mondial ,liniilede fort1ficatie,valunlede altedin Ar trebuinviitor seacordeimportanta sistemuluide de depelitoralul Negre, edificateinperioada pentru lltoralulurneventualitateaunUlatacmilitar"I mperialist" sauceledinzonadecuIugoslavia,dinperioadadeconfruntare dintreideologia tactica acomunismului det1p stalimstdepeteritonul noastre cel dinIugoslavia,detip titoist.Nua1ntratn noastredar necesttatea inventarierii studierii subteranedeobservare supraveghere asuprapartizanilord1n din Toate acestea,inclusivforturilededepecentura dela JilavaPantelimonetcsuntacum dinuz, caracterul secret.Deeletrebuie ne nviitor,lepentru a crea cmpdeinvestigare nvederea corecteaistoriei dinpenoadeteamint1te Ctevaconsideratiise1mpunasupraobiecttvetorprezentatenlucrareade npnmulrndasupra naturale, sub a locuitedeomsaupe acestaarealizat de npenoadasau Eleaufost prezentatepebazadatelordejapublicate,ndecantitateacalitatea Din prezentarealorpareca tratare.Ne-am cadatele coordonateleprincipale,geo-speologice,cualtttudini ,temperaturimed11anuale,umiditate,acolounde acesteaauexistat,pentrucaceicaredoresc seocupedeelenmod special daseama aprec1a delocuirende latitudine,altitudine, rezultndclar elesuntgrupate narealelecarsticecalcaroase. Numainrarecazurielese peplatouri nalte,ce defaptvechileteraseale sauprincipatelor cursun dedepe teritonul faptul lipsescdoveziledelocuiredinpaleoliticulinferior, suntfoarterarecetedin paleoliticulmijloctu,suntmaifrecventeceledin paleoliticulsuperior dinmezolitic, destuldefrecventecetedinneolitic. O repopularea se ntoatearealelede n perioadadetreceretaepocabronzului nprimapartea epociibronzului destulderar, nprimaafierului.in epoca sunt matlocuite,inciudafaptului uneledintreelesunt n izvoarele tstorice,cumar ficeledinperioadaluiBurebista, cnd nmuntele KogaionoficiaDeceneu, preot apropiat reg.elui.recentepar a le identificapeacesteanpintenulcalcarosVrtoaoeledela de Munte, jud.Hunedoara. Ctevaaufostlocuite nepoca inspecialcetedin Dobrogeade laLimanu GuraDobrogei . O atract1ede-a lungulistorieiau constituit-odincareizvorauapetermale,ntrecareceledemai XII www.cimec.roArheologie minelor din Romnia - Cuvnt introductiv importantesuntceledela Herculane,cu devindecarea unor aleorganismuluiuman. Cunoscute exploatatesunt cele delaGeoagiu dinepoca precum altele, mai renumite. Veterani Aiciaufost de V. DinuV.Rosetti N. numeroase fragmenteceramiceromanecu DRPDIERNA, monededin opentrualimentareacua garnizoaneimilitareromane acolo. Pefundulacesteias-au deasemeneanumeroasematerialearheologice. func- de nepocacnds-a amenajatocu rndurideziduride unport militar.nepocase deasemeneaointensificarea locuirii ,un maredenepocatrzie,ntimpul domniilor fanariote laluiTudor Vladimirescuauservitdrept haiducilor apoi ,nperioada spreeles-a ndreptat din Tncele acumdesprenaturale,unfaptdeosebitdin punctdevedereistoric,secuvineafisubliniat:anume eleaufurnizat celemaiimportantedateprivind numitulpaleolitic dezvoltatn Meridionali din Banatului.Acestea unprocesistoricpetrecutnpaleolitic, unmodde legat deuncomportamentpropriu demateriaprinutilizareacu predilectiea cuartuluinprelucrareauneltelor specific zonelor nalte, alpine ale (BaiadeFier,Nandru)ntimpulultimeiWOrm. Tn acestea,peunelteledinlefoloseau peceledinsilex, oscorn probabildelemn. Eraulocuitedeo carevnantrealtele ursul de( Ursus spelreus) culege a fructe de Poatetotdeo aclimatului poate,de se marea amaterialuluiarheologicdinvremeaculturii maiinteresanteste n abronzului ,n descoperirile dela se despre unor sanctuare n Este,deasemenea,desubliniat, totdeo nepocabronzuluifinal nceputulepociifierului , Fundul delaBozioru,jud. Faptuleste justificatde unor aleunorfiguriincizate:pumnale, vrfuride lnciziilesunt peinterioriai Elesuntaproapeidenticecuceledin depestnciledela ValCamonica,Brescia-ltaliasaudinprovinciaGaliciadinSpania,datnd din Despreca decultamintesc izvoarele scrisedinepoca localizaten noastre. estecazul Ceiris deV. PrvanlaGuraDobrogei deV. laLimanu, cultulorientalalzeuluiMithraspracticat nnepoca este www.cimec.roatestatpeteritoriul noastredeizvoarelescrise,demonumentele eptgrafice.Asemenealocuridecultsuntdepresupusafiatestaten AdamdinDobrogea nVeteranidinCazanele undes-a semai tunelulprelungdelaintrare,ce desparte laterale,specificacestuicult.Nuaufost banchetelenumtte"praespia"(ieslele) ,deoareceaufostcu distrusedemorminteledinepocaamenajateaiciZidulmedianse este sub Regretabileste faptul ode altar cu ninterior a fostulterior de vizitatoriiPrintrelocuitenepoca ndeVeterani deja totinzo'1a deFierafostdescoperitzidulde npreabinecunoscutaGauracudelaPescari-Coromni ,careadevenitsubiectde columbace. Legendaspune aici , n s-aascunsbalaurulcucapetepe care1-aucisIavanlorgovan,unHerculesalBanatului . Legendamaispune dinsngele dincapetelebalauruluis-a muscacare periodicpelocalnicicaurmarea luiIavan. Este atestatistoric depeambelemalunalefluviului ,romnesciugoslav,sufereaperiodicdeinvaziaacesteiinsectecareleucidea animalele. Aufostlocuite nepocanzona aOrientali , peste 30dedepeValeaHomorodului ,dinpreajma Covasna, cercetatedecolectivulcondusdeTraianOrghidan. Multe altedealtitudinesenBanat, pe Nera, n pe a Unmareimpactasupra arheologiceI-auavut deguanodelaCtoclovina, JUd. Hunedoara, nprimeledeceniialeveaculuinostru apoiceledin Muierilor, delaBaia deFier. Deacestea s-auocupat de alearheologiei paleontologieicadr. Francisc Rainer, C. S. Dardu Dineleprovin vestitele cramideHomosapiensfosiliscare faptul arealulgeograficin carese afostlocwtde acestantimpulpaleoliticului superior. ncadrulacestor descoperiri , estedesubliniat ndin aufost urmeleacestuiom impregnaten nIzbucdinBihor.Cutoate deaceste descoperiris-auocupat demareprestigiucaC. 1. Viehmannelesuntcunoscutenlumea dtn depe conttnent cunoscute putinmediatizatesuntcunculoare delaPolovragi , Vaideei ,Muieriidinjud. Gorj,Umanu jud. neoliticului ,epoci1metalelor medievaleAcestea secelorde vrstadepeintregcontinentul.Nici pictatenculoarenuaulipstt dinpeisajulcarpatic. Elenuse la XIV www.cimec.roArheologia mine lor din Romnia - Cuvnt tntroducllv valoareacelordinzonaacontinentuluiprintratare Temelesuntngeneralepoca modulderepre-zentaresuntaltele,estealta.Trecuseglaci- seintrase in climatulcaldpostglaciar, ncare eraalta.Oameniiputeau circuleliberi. Imaginile ne olumecuoaltaideologie,ceacarese dezvoltase anii11 000a. Ch. carezultat a acestor Elesunt pedeplinreflectate in dinGauraChindiei- Coronini , Severin. perioadeiistoricecuprinsentre aproximativ6000a.Ch. secoleleXI-XIIaleerei Motiveletemelese inrudesc cucele tratate n din din Bulgariadar cuceledinPeninsula saudepeAlpilor. decaracter pecarele se nrudesccuceledin catacombeledinepoca cu dinarta dinbisericile dinprimulmileniual ereinoastre. sub estemare n dar a celor cu descopeririarheologicesaufaunisticeestemic. Faptulsepoate lipseide pentrucercetarealor. potcapinaCuina TurculuidinCazaneleMari ,localitateaDubova, zona deFiereste celmaiimportant obiectiv deacest gendin din partea continentului.ApelelaculuideacumularealeHidrocentraleiPortile deFier1 I-auacoperit.naintede niveluluilacului lainundabile,ntre1964-1969,afostcercetatintensde o condusadeC.S. Descopeririledeaiciau constituit constituie o pentruistoria a continentului. aupusn numeroase arheologicecese succeddinmileniulalXl-lea ncontemporaneitate.Noutateaeste aceea aupusin ocese de radio-carbon,studiulfaunelor florei ,apieselordescheletuman,a resturilorarheologice,ntremileniileXI IXa. Cha fost clisurian,apoidintr-oconfuzie privind uneltelede sale,Romanello-aziliansau Romanellian.Problemele,ulteriors-aurezolvat.este acumnunumainacestdar nctevadinzona, n depeOstrovulBanului.Unfaptesteimportanteaa duratpeste2500deani esteprimacare, aici , a cunoscuto o dezvoltarecoborndpeparcursulcelor mileniide cu debitului dinaflatepeetajulnaltalcheilorfluviuluin deschisdepemal , napropiereaapei.Fenomenula fostposibiltocmaica urmarea climaticededinclimatulrecetrecereainclimatulnou,maicald, alholocenului.Numaidin din CuinaTurculuiprovineunbogatinventardepeste30.000deuneltede silex dinalterocidecaractermicrolitic piesedinos, corn, XV www.cimec.roArheologie mmefor din Romnia- CuvAnt introductiv podoabe,obiectedecult,dentualreligios de cuorna-mentare arteimobiliarepostglaciareeuropene. Prinacestedescoperin princeledtnctvihzatla cese nzona SchelaCladovei-LepenskiVir, nmileniile VII-VI , culoarul alzonet deFiersearealelordezam1slirea vechiloralelumiiantice.descindedinomuldeCro Magnoncareapopulat. cumdescopenriledindela Ctoclovtna BatadeFter,dinvremeapaleollticuluisuperior.Aceste descopeririaufostrepedeintegrate ntratateledespecialitateelaborate in centreleuniversitare dinlumea de om (antropice) Unlocimportant ineditpentruistoria noastrel antropice. Elesuntopera ceaulocuitacest geografic n perioada sauchiar se nDobrogea,dar nalte alearculuicarpat1c.Estede mentionatinprimulrndlabirintdelaLimanuncare,pe caracterulsauntortocheat,se osenede dedimenstuni difente n deziduri de mortar saucoloanedin ziditepealocuripentru tavanelor, picturinculoare cucaracternaiv.este cucea Ceiris(Keiris)de literatura deJa deacestea suntde la Basarabi-Muriatlar.Eleaufost pentruaofen localen barbari prigonitorilor Unele dintre ele mormmte,de cult,de UnaltgrupdeantropiceilconstitUieceledin a explorareainceputin1881 ,Ilustrului Alexandru Odobescu.Elalansat, cumammai un.,chestionar"care s-aadresatintelectualilor delasate din depentregcuprinsul (in deatunci)deafurniza n cutoatevestigiilearheologicedin nua ntrziats-adovedit nparte a o serie de deom.ntreprinsede la cares-aasociat pictoruldeorigineH.Trenck iubitoriai trecutuluiistorical deatunci de el ,austabilit acestea curentuluiortodoxisihast.Acunoscutonfloriren intre secolele XVI XX a avut n zonalemaivechi. au ndeaici de fiind de detoatezilele, sprea seputearuga naufunc ionat cabiserici, schituri , chilii , metohuri,locuri de popas cucrucisau icoane etc. ulterioareaueleaufostvizitatenanumite de untivoievozi , doamne, domnite, pentrua se sprea se de nclipede grea ncercare ntreaceste XVI www.cimec.roArheologie minelor dinRomAnia- CuvAnt mtroducttv AgatonulVechi Nou,BisericaIosif,SchitulDionisie(zis etc.Sunt careaufostlocuitesau dehaiduci,sauderesturileunor armatenvinse, cumarficeleale EterieiluiAlexandrulpsilanti.Uneledintreacesteaerausituatenapro-piereaunorizvoarecu deboli.nudepartede Boziorusauacesteadinurmacunoscute nprezentcalocuride pentruanumitemaladii.Aiciauvenitspreasetrata mari ale politice 1.Ghica, N. Mareparte dintreeleaufostdistruse cutremurelorde repetate, fiind situatenapropiereacentruluiseismicdin.zonaVrancea.Din eleausuferitrefacerisau Adeseapeacestor saunafaralorse textebiblicesaudevaloare nlimba cucaractereslavone, altele suntsemnemagice saudeorientaresau grupare deeste caracteruluieitainic, retras, reflectnd maiaparte ale - auconstituit,prin caracterullor locuride pentrude-alungul veacurilorpeacestemeleaguri.MaideosebitesuntceledepeValea dinCheileTurziidinapropierea deJos. AltelesuntpeValea lallidiajud.Severin acesteadin se npreajmaunorvechibiserici dinsecoleleXII-XIVsauceledelaMraconianzonaCazanelorMiciale sub unde a o nsecolele XV - XIXdecare s-aocupat istoriculN.Stoica de O parte dinauCelecares-au sunt nculoarefiguride cu motive vegetalesauanimale. Carierele de nisip lut nepoca seo a valonlorpecarele stncile,diferiterocicareauoferitmateriepentruconstruirea templelor, palatelorcivilesaureligioase.adrumunloretc.Se deasemenea, pecareleofereauunelerocideafi transformatenoperede Pentruaceste apareunlocde careestecunoscutacumsubdenumireadeacestoraesteImpresionantdemarepeteritoriul noastredinepoca Nune-am ocupatcuacestprilejdectdecelecareauavut nepocile istoriceapusesauacelorcarecontinuatactivitatea nepoca ntreacestealesubliniemi nmodspecialpeceledela Babadag.peceledinapropiereaTomisului ,Callatisului, castrelordelaDrobeta,Mehadia,ApulumPota1ssasaudela Basarabi-Murfatlar.Peunoradintreelese sculptate lisenchinau deacolooameniiliberi.sclavisau XVII www.cimec.roArheologia mmelor dmRomaniaintroductiv estecazulceleide la undese unrelief reprezentndu 1 peHerculesSexanusAltele,cumarficeadincarieradelaBasarabi-Murfatlar,prezentausau nst1lnaturalistnaivsaucu Peunoradmtreacestecarieresemai urmelevechilormetode tehnrc1deexploatare,cons-tltUindu-seinmonumenteistonce.Matenadmele aconstituitobiec ulschimburilordintrepopulatiiledin saude aprov1z1onarecumatene pentrumanie urbane.ncadrul acestorcanere atelierede descriitoripe (lapiCIZI), desarcofagiimpodobitecu sau contemporane.Uneledintreeleauconstituitobiectulunorcomenzi specialeDealeivaloarealordecentrude asupra nvecinate.napropiereaunora dintre acestea auex1stat n pentrudepozitarea operelor realizate, a uneltelor saua pazeiNutoateacesteasemai intacte. Deaici necesitateainventaneriilor,a scopurilorpentrucareaufost create neces1tatea unorde protejare conservare. Ma1putmmareluipublicestecarieracadematene pentruextragereapietreipentruconfectionareauneltelorNereferimla aceleacareauservitdreptsursedeprocurareasilexului(cremenei). obsid1anei,cristaluluide sauaaltorrocidemai utilizareStudierea lor a reprezentat un 1mportant cmpdelucrupentru caresauocupat sede uneltelorde sau dinpaleolitic,mezoltttc.epoca bronzulUI a f1erulu1 Uncapitolcompletneglijat acumesteacelaprivindroluljucatde canereledelut nisip.Lanoiaufostconsideratecaun.dardela Dumnezeu".alnaturii. caaerul apaSepierdeadinvedere lafiecare margine de se cteo cteunmal dincare locuitorii niciunbirsauimpozitputeausaupot iala alegere.ctdoresc, nevoi,conform Eleste.ca lemnul. materialulde intoateDinacestmot1vnepermitem ntreaga cao alutului lemnului. nup1erdemd1nvedere fiecare se cteunizvor.cteo cteosau nucumvasatulestenconjuratdeacesteaNu acum despreacestesursedemateneSubliniemdoar lorcutitludeexemplificare. lorestetotattactal bamaimult, in maimansunt cte sauchiar maimulte. Sa/inele (minele de sare,ocnele) Cutotulin termenisepuneproblemacndestevorbadesprealte categoriidemateriiprime,cumecazulmetalelor a careseaflau XVIII www.cimec.roArheologie mine lor dtn- Cuv6nt mtroducliv departede dintrecareunele, cadeexemplusarea, suntabsolutnecesare Acestea inlimbajulcurentdenumirea deocne, sausaline.Eleaujucatunfoarteimportantrolin oamenilor,indinamica Progresulinacestdomeniude activitate este strnslegat dedinamica Eleaugenerat la inceput dezvoltareaa schimbulintre - trocullocal- apoi schimbulntre mai - Peacesteas-au dezvoltat de transportterestrusaupe puncte organizatededesfacere,deacestora, cutume cares-autransformat nlegi.Pe traseullor s-austabilit care audus la unorcivile careauevoluat spre formeprestatale apoi statale,n ladezvoltarea npuncteledemareinteresa unor industrii,lanceputartizanale apoidecaracterextins,ajungndu-sela industrialideazi.Exploatareaacestoraacunoscutodezvoltare mereu dinpreistorie nepocametalelor,iarnadoua afieruluidetipulLaTenedacic,peteritoriul noastre,aunor organizatecumarficeledelaGeneleMaridinOlteniadepe valeaGitului,OcnaDejului , Uioara, petraseulaltor ruri.nordinea lor, apar in sauliteraturaExtragerea metalelor O alta aromnesc o constituiemetalelenobile, aurulargintul ,precum metaleleutilecaarama(cuprul),fierul ,plumbul , antimoniu!etc. Exploatarealor maisaumai a stat n dedezvoltare n politica- a dinarealullordeexploatare. Obiecteledeaur argint sauinarheologice efectuate de-alungul vremurilor nedauposibilitatea avemo imagine ct dectaproape devaloarealor realitatea a momentului.Se cu statuluidac, aceste audat austimulatactivitatea deschimb. Generalizarea unuisistemdelegatdeetno-culturaleaduslainvidia vecineiarin laluptadintreele,dintre aetniei statuluidac acelorlaltedin 'nfelul acestas-aajunslarivalitatea dintredaci romani.Publicarea chiar sumare, despreacestemtnecredem vacontribuila mai maia roluluijucat de miniere ntimpulregatuluidac, ntimpul romanenDacia, nintelegerea cauzelorcareaudusla popoarelormigratoare, a roluluijucatdepoporulnea-latinromn,destatelevalahenepocame-procesuluiareocuprinderefoartepentru de dezvoltareaminerituluitrebuie dezvoltareatehnicilortehnologiilordeextragere prelucrareaacestormetale.Tn XIX www.cimec.roArheologia mine for dinRom!Jma- Cuv!Jntintroductiv cudezvoltarealor esteatelierelor debaterea monedelor,a schimburilormonetare,aroluluijucatn economice.Procesulaavutsocio-economice,antrennd nointreeconomiceetno-culturale nepoca de expresie Sepecaleontremuncitori, mine teritoriullordedezvoltare.Peelesenasc conexe, careau politicadestatnepoca sau bazateperelatiileexistente caracteristice dinfiecareexprimateteritorial.nepocaeleaudusla gruparea capitalului , la unor economice sauale lor.Nupoatefiacestproces nuavemoct dect asupra miniere din fiecareeste mult de cerate din n mineledeaur dela Major,undesunt oseriedeprivind din exploatarea Se asupracaracterulUImuncii,asupramijloacelortehnicedelucru. Cercetareaaacestorminene-afurnizat asuprainstalatiilorminiere,rudimentarelanceput intr-o de-alungulepocilor istorice. in urmaacestor aufost delemnpentrucelorcaremunceaunsubteran, deexemplu,laBuciumurile,jud.Hunedoara.Dinarheologice avem despredescoperireaunorpivede pentruzdrobirea minereului.Ele, cualteunelteca:ciocane, sfredele, aceetc.neo imaginectdect asuprastadiului dedezvoltarea de ninteriorulunormines-au deiluminat,unelempodobiteartistic,operede Tot arheologicene despreactivitateadetransport, despreutilizareaforteiumanenactivitatecuajutorul a troculu,mnuitesa'upurtatede sclavi,femeisaucopii. din epoca nmineera apei, prinamenajate n curezervoarepentrucaptareaapeisauaunorbazinepentru minereului.nantichitatese delemnpuse ndeaparurilor, cucaresezdrobeaminereul.Dinantichitate nepocaaufostfolositedeoaiesaustofepentru colectareaparticulelor finedeaur. Aurul , eratopitnretorte decaolin.Treptat,muncain auriferese apar specifice profesiilegatede minelor,deprelucrarea produsuluifinit,deadministrarea comercializarealui.Secunoscdin antichitate,nepoca munc1toriproveninddindiferite zonede aImperiuluiRomancareaufost n Dacia, pentruadezvolta impulsionaaceste Sechemau (prustae) aufost dmprovinciile traco-ilirtce, ibertce nepoca suntcunoscutedinTransilvania, cumuncitorispecializati dinAlsacia,Flandra,Cehia, Slovacia, saudinalte aleEuropei.' n Moldovasunt XX www.cimec.roArheologra minelor drnRomAnia- Cuvtmt introducltv n De nzonele minieresaucunisipuriauriferesauargintiferes-auperpetuat specializate npract1careaacestor meseri1. Unlocimportant1-aavutexploatareaaramei aaltormetaleutileca antimoniu!,cositorul , caaliajede nbronzului.Erau deplumb, mercur etc. care,dinprodussecundar, unlocbinemeritatntehnologiadeprelucrare valorificare n industriilelaa dezvoltareaucontribuit.Despre amploarea roluljucatdeexploatareacupruiUJpeteritoriul noastre vorbesctoatetezaureledepiese dinbronz descopente nTransilvania n toatecelelalteprovinciiistorice,incompunerea unelte,arme, podoabe,uneledintreelerealizateintr-o carefac dovada,cuceledeaur, aartisticea care aupe romnesc. sunt.deexemplutezauretedela Hinova,Pietroasele,-Apaetc. Laacestease numeroaselepiesedescopenten arheologice din toateculturile prezente peteritonul Exploatarea fieruluia constituit una dintre min1erede Ea areoriginea nprimaepocaafieruiUIo dezvoltarenantichitate.inepoca Dinvreme suntbinecunoscuteintrealtele, delaGhetar Teliuc.din Hunedoara,celedela dincentrulTransilvaniei ,dela Berzov1a.dinBanat,delaBa1adeFier Polovrag1dinOlten1aetc Cercetareaa pusn tezaurede obiecte din fiera nuaucunoscut n epoca atestndcontmuareavechilor Sunt cunoscute topoare, securi , greble,plugun alteuneltefolos1ten precum instrumentespecializatepentruactivitateademmerit,delucratlemnul. nateliere nepoca omaredezvoltareuniformitateepocaluiBureb1sta DecebalEstede prisos aprezentaroluljucatdeacestmetalndezvoltarea Unmomentdestagnareestemarcatdeperioada barbare,de Daciei ,dintimpul Aurelianla ntemeierea stataleneolatinedepeteritoriul Perioadaestedeo a min1ere a tehnologiei deprelucrareafierului acelorlaltemetaleutile. Serecurgelafolosirea unorminereurifoarte deintereslocal .nacordcupotentialul econom1c al ascunsedin barbaren luncilorsaude-alungulruriloracopente lafirulapeide Tnaceste aufostfolositepentruproducereametalului deoxizidefierdin rurilorsaudin deoxizidefierdincalcare.Fenomenulestegeneralizatpe ntregcuprinsul fosteiDacii , cu zonelor de ncaremmereul Arheolog1a - 2XXI www.cimec.roArheologia mmelor din- Cuvnt introducti v maiputeafiexploatatlazi.NoilearheologiceprivindsecoleleV -XIdin caVadul Dridu, Noi- Chitila,Dulceanca,Iulia,AltnTepe,Hlincea,Buhalnitafac dovadaacestei naceste s-au defier, tu'rtede materialtopit,cuptoarepnmitivederedusminereulpe folosind Aceasta adaptarea la date. deextragereafieruluiseproducecaurmarea redescoperirii vechi , a descopeririiunor noi.Pot fidateinacestcazcaexemplureluarea minieredelaTeliuc, Ghelari dinalte in care se exploata fierul in epoca Unexemplunceeace descoperireaunor noi a folosiriiunornoiformeadministrative tehniceinvalorificarea dinfier poatefidat cazul delaCladova, Arad, unde njurul unor de fier noudescoperite se ateliere cu oactivitate n decnezisauvoievozi. Teritoriul esteprotejatcuvaluride specificemomentului intemeieriinoilor statalemedievale.cudezvoltarea atelierelordeprelucrareafieruluidinminereuricomplexe,inparalel ,se activitateadeextragere prelucrareametalelorutile plumb precum a argintului) . procesuluidedezvoltareaminerituluitrebuieperceputn cu in antichitatea surselor dematerie a topicii reliefului.Trebuie avemnvedere aveauoimagine foarteasupra acestor nemijlocite pecare o nspecialdinactivitateade Pebaza au pututcalitateaunor rocia doar lear fi foarteutilepeviitor. Pentruepocabronzului primaafieruluiesteremarcabilfaptul zonelencareseaflau miniere,nisipurile aurifere,acumcunoscute, suntcele in carese ceamai mareatezaurelor deobiecte podoabedinaur, argint bronz. Prezenta lornacestezonenueste npreajmalor arheologiceauscosla atelierelorncares-au lorneface cu formalor, ornamentele, n timpideologia,riturile ritualurile religioaseale dincare parteprecum forta lor.dinsecolelealXVIII-lea alXIX-lea,aceste problemei-aupreocupatpe faptcareaduslaefectuareaunor analize cantitative calitativeasuprach1micea depozitelor cu scopuldeadeterminaprocentajeledemetaleraresauutileaflaten lor.nultimavreme,preocupares-aintensificat, avnddreptscop obiectelorn nde minereurilornmineledincareprovin.Rezultatulacestora XXII www.cimec.roArheo/ogia mine lor dmRomnia- Cuvntmtroduct1v ipotezele deistorici ,arheologi ,etnologicam carpaticauexistatunulsaumaimultefocarede inventivitatecareau dezvoltarea mersul depe continent, auexistatpermanente presiuniexercitatede dinjur.Eleaugenerat unor deschimb, culturale,ideologice maialesdetransfertehnologiccualtecentreale lumiivechidinCaucaz, OrientulApropiat, BazinulMediteranean, CentrulVestulEuropei. Procesuldedezvoltareal demineritamersnpascutoate celelaltecaracteristiciale umanedepecontinent,in cu climatuluidinpostglaciar,avndsensclardinspre sudulsprecentrul nordulcontinentului.ncadrulacestuiproces, lent,pedimensiuneaistoriei ,s-auprodusoserie de bazatepe teritoriilor,a localepetrecutensnul preexistente, npascu sporuldemografic,cu microclimatelor.Incadrulacestuiproces roluljucatdeculoarul - oaEuropei- prin cares-autransmisprocesuldeexpansiune reverberatii leavutela contactulcuaceste nacestcontextfluviulaavut'unrolistoric comparabilcuacelaal Nilului ,Eufratului ,acoastelorfertileale continentuluiEuro-asiatic. nacestcontextsubliniem unrolimportant n procesuldedifuzarepeteritoriulcontinentuluieuropeanI-auavut coasteleMediteranei,ale Negrecareprindescoperirile acum cunoscutenereperele n aacestuiproces.ntre acesteprincipaleculoareauexistatpermanente stabilitecu ajutorulcursurilordeapecele culoareocolindculmile de ariispecializati aufostobiectelor, armelor, podoabelor ca expresiea ideologiilor tehnicilor epocilor istoriceparcurse. 1n cu e1s-adezvoltat activitateadebatereamonedelor. Acestea, n muzeelordin depretutindeni, mndriaartei metalelor. lucrarepoateficaundocumentararheologic, istoric, geografic antropo-cultural.Eadoveziindubitabileprivind n nostru istoric geografic.O ca peunnceputcarevatrebuicontinuat,completat preluatde din specializatedin Muzeelor,Ministerul Culturii , Tehnologiei.Acesteatrebuie spre promovareleginscopul siturilor monumentelor arheologice, a naturii.Este ncepereauneipropagandenvederea tuturor categoriilor de monumenteluaten Fiecarepopor,etnieare sedocumenteze, apereoriginea, n istoric ncares-a format XXII I www.cimec.roArheologie minelor din Rombnie -introductiv Concluzii minele,carierele,salinele,suntsursealere- ale materiale, ale artistice, laicesaureligioaseEle criterii argumentepentruconservarea,restaurarea reconstituirea epocilor istorice parcurse acumdeumanitate. deprefaceri , denoutatea spirituluiuman, sensul umane. Minelemai operealenaturii ,descoperitedeom cu depozitelorsubterane.Eleinsele de mineri ,de dinepoca tezauredemare1nterespentruvizitatontmuzeelor.Ele de asemeneaizvoare de pentru epocilor viitoare. Dr. Vasile www.cimec.roArheolog! a minelor din Romania- Foreword Foreword Short history of the problem Exploringsheltersunderrocks,cavesandrockyformahons1soneofthemostexciting aspedsofascientificinvestigationofarchaeological,historical,geograph1cal, palaeontological or speological nature. Itiswellknownthatthethreecategorieswementionedabovewereusedasfirsthuman sheltersinprehistorictimes,especiallyduringtheicingpenods,butalsoafter that,during winters or when looking for shade during hot summers. Owing to their hidden, dark andhard toreach character they constituted the object of artistic,magic or religious activities.Even at theverybegmningof Christianity,caves,sheltersor naturalrockyformationswereused, dug into orcreated.Some of thecavesarerecognizedastruetemplesof theprehistoric or historic art,oemgturnedintorealmuseums.Amongthese,somewereclosedtothegreat public m order to proiect them fromthe damages that could have been caused - involuntarily - damages that couldhave put in danger their preservationFor thelr protection copies were setupnearby,wherethemteriorswereattentivelyreproducedtorecreatetheoriginals (lascaux,Altamira).Itisnothingelsethanagreatexampleof thecareandattentionthat shouldbe given to such monuments. Caves are natural or artificial - forexample the ones in the and Banat mountains or in Dobrogea- whichwereinhabitedby outlawsor shepherds- andnot veryrarely,evenused formilitarypurposes- andespeciallytheseonesshouldhaveourattention.Aswehave alreadyshown,theJnvest1gationsinthisparticularfieldwerecarriedonfromthevery beginningbyalargerangeof differentspecialists.Inourcounty,amongthenamesthat shouldbementionedwhendiscussmgthismattersAlexandruOdobescu,who,inthe summer of 1871hadthegreat Jdeaof sendinga Questionnaire toalithemayors,teachers, priests,loversofhistoricalmonumentsandnationalpasi10theOldKingdomof Romania. Thereactionwasprompt,ashereceivednumerousanswersthatveryyear,thusenabling h1mtoelaboratethe"ProjectfortheArchaeologicalResearchCampaigninthecountyof throughwhichheintendedtoinvestigatealithecavesandreligioussettlements shelteredtnrocky environments withinthatparticular areaIt was thefirst Romanian project of thekind.Odobescumanagedtoput it into practice.Theresultswerenotpublished,but theystillexistinlhecollectionbearinghisnameintheLibraryof theRomanianAcademy andwerethema1ninformationsourcewhenthecomprehensiveRomanianGeograph1cal Dictionary was drafted. Duringthe18thcenturyforeigntravellersalsoshowedinteres!forthecavestocatedinthe Danubevalleyorother places WllhintheRomanianprovincesandevenleftus descriptions of them.Amongthemisworthmentionmg F.AloysioMars1gliandF.Griselini.StartingWlth thefirsthalfof the19thcenturyanduptotheFirstWortdWar,important namesareE.A. Bieltz,KFPeters,G Themajorityofthemwerethrilledbythelocationofthe caves,by thebeautyof theinteriorsdecoratedwithstalactitesandstalagmites.thusbeing thefirstonestoputthebasesofscentificspeleologyOfnolessimportancearethe researchesconcermngphys1calspeleology,representedbypersonalitiesasG.Munteanu-MurgociandEmil naturalist,oceanologist,imllatorofBio-Speleology.Himself, togetherwithhisSw1sscollaboratorP.A.Chapws,transferredtoClujtheInternational Centrefor Bio-SpeleologicalResearch.Emil also set up al Cluj the first Institute of XXV www.cimec.roArheologie mine lor dinRomfmia Foreword SpeleologyintheWorld,rnApril20,1920,institutronthatfollowtngtheoccupationof TransylvanrabyHorthy'sarmyaftertheDictateof Viennain1940resumeditsacllvityin As a generalrule,theinvestigation of caves got organized only during thesecond half of the six1hdecadeofourcentury.In1956thecentreforspeleolog1calstudresmovedto Bucharest, concentrated aroundtheInstitute of Speleology, under the direction of Professor C. InCluja specialized department was leftA new stage followed after that yearAn 1mportant moment wasmarkedbythecreation, in1965, of cave-amateur clubsm themain townsof thecounty:Bucharest. Cluj , Arad,Oradea,Brad,etc.Thecave-tourism got developed too. A lot of attention shouldbepaid tothe IaUer. Treasurehuntersandpeopleexploitingtheguanodepositsincavesdidnoiplay aposit1ve role- it isfa1rlytruethatthey formedthefirst collect1onsandhelpedin makmg thebeautyof theplacesknownbutattimestheydamagedthegalleriesandthesedimentssheltering archaeological traces and fossilfauna. Cavetourismshouldbecarefullytreated. Many of the cavesstartedlookinglikedeposits of empty lins andfoodremams,stalactites or valuable limestone concretions were taken away aswellasthearchaeological,h1storicalandfossilremains.Theirwallsaredirty,covered with graffiti andsignatures Recording and protecting natural and artificial caves throughtheLaw of historical monuments and archaeological sites Asa consequenceof thepresentsituation wecons1dernecessary tostart up a pnmary list, aninventory,basedonwhichwecouldelaborateandpublisha"Recordof thecave-like monumentsinRomania'',comprisingthecavesshelteringdeposttsofarchaeologtcal remains, or ruins - consequences of human habitations. The cave-like monuments should beunder the protection of a Law forh1storicalmonuments andarchaeologicalsites.Foreachmonumentthereshouldbeadescription,alsostating whether it hadbeendamaged intime, if it canbe visited andunder what circumstances, the measuresthatshouldbetakenforils protection, preservation. restorationandsurvey. The operationmustbeextremelyurgentassomeofthemaremanadvancedstateof degradation or are of a high tounst interes! We wouldlike tounderline that theInstitute "Emil inBucharest andCluj , helped by thecave-amateurclubsarecurrentlyrunningaprojectforthemappingandnumberingof eachcave(outside, onashelteredplacethenumber willbemarkedwithredpaintinArab figures)Theworkcontainingthemapsandnumberswillbeentitled"Asurveyofthe Romaniancaves".Thefirstvolumeisready,comprisingover8500objectives.As1milar number of caves, shelters androck format1onswill appear ina second volume, wa1tmgtobe published. It is tobe rememberedthatonly 3% of thecaves inspected by speleologists were alsoseenbyarchaeologists, a further cooperation betweenthem. thespeleologistsandthe cave-amateursishopedforsothattheactivitywillresul!inamutualconsultaionand participation. It isfor thearchaeologJsts tomspect therestof the caves andgive a verdict Itis a grea!needforanarchaeologicalrecordingofthesemonuments. Therecordshould includeboththecavesandtheanthropicsites, regardlessof thetypesof rockstheywere dug into. The recordshouldconsist of: 1.Caves and shelters,rocks (rocky formations). XXVI www.cimec.roArheologie mine lor din- Foreword A.lnhabited natural caves and shelters, or artificial ones. aCaves bShelters. cRocks - rockyformations. d. Menhirs etc. B. Human created shelters (anthropic). a. Churches. b. Herm1tages c. Trimmed terraces dCaves 11.Other types of works duq in the rocks or in the underqround. artific:ially c:reated. A.Mlnes. a. Goldand Silver mines. b. Copper mines. cCoalmines. dSalt mines. eOther category of mines B. Quarries: aRock quarries bSandandgravei quarries. c. Soil quarries. dKaolin quarries etc. C. Military or c:ivilianunderground works (tunnels, airports, pili boxes etc.). III. Naturalparks of historical-archaeoloqical and sclentlfic interest, in their own environment. a. Archaeological parks b. Histoncalparks c. Natural parks Thenecessary steps in order toput theabove-mentioned into practice are: 1.lnvestigat1onsmsidetheproposed object1vesm order toobtain1nformationallowingus to frame it chronologically andculturally 2. Elaborating thegraphic, photographic andvideo documentation. 3. Draftingthe documentary study on each objective andaninventory of ali discoveries. 4.Regularactivity.elaborationofaresearchprogram,andatouristicandscientific exploitationof thes1te 5.lnventoriesofthearchaeologicalandhistoricalmaterialsaswellasotheractivities resultmginabetterrecordingandadministrationof themobileandimmobileheritageof eachmonument. 6.Settingupalegislationconcerningtheassociatlonsandfoundationsfacilitatingpublic discussions withthecollectorsof objectsfromcaves, minesandalitheother categoriesof above-mentioned monuments. 7.lntroducmginthepre-universityanduniversityeducatlonlessonsorcoursesexplaining thenecessityfortheprotection, consolidationandconservationof alitypesof monuments, andtheir preservation for future generations. XXVII www.cimec.roArheolog1a mmelor dinRom/mia- Foraword Caves, natural shelters, rocky formations. AfterthedeathofAlexandruOdobescu,spec1alpreoccupationsconcerningthe archaeological research in caves cea sedtoexist. It was onty after lhe First World War, when withinGreaterRomania,theideawasrebornthroughpassionateinvestigators:Mrton RoskainTransylvania,C.S. inOltenia,NicolaeN. in Bassarabia. Thetragic endof Nicolae duringtheyearof 1940 whenBassarabiawasyielded totheSovietUnion,theunfortunatedecisionofMartonRoskatolve10Hungaryafterthe endofSecondWorldWar,resultedinonlyC.S. continuinghis invesligatonsinthecavestudy.Thus,in1951, withthecollaborationof theAnthropology DepartmentoftheEndocrinologyInstituteoftheMedicalUniversityinBucharest.he resumedtheexcavationsinMuieriiCaveatBaiadeFier,tobecontinuedshortlyafter,in 1953,withtheNationalMuseumof Antiquitiesandfrom1956 on,after the change10name of the latter, with theInstitute of Archaeology. C.S. together withCorneliuN.Mateescuenlivenedthearchaeological movement inthisfield,gatheringaroundthema group of youngpeoplewho,after a period ofinitiation,becameresearchersofArchaeologyandSpeleologylnstitutesorinvarious museums.In1954theinvestigatonteamstartedtheactivityontheCerna-011 archaeologicalsite.Allthe cavesalongthebanksof CernaandOlt rivers wereexptored.In 1964,asaconsequenceoftheconstructionofanewwater-poweredplant.tronGates1, C.S. startedinvestigatingthecavesontheDanubevalley,firstat VeteranicaveandtheshelterundertherockatCuinaTurcului,followedbythecaves Climente1 and11,inCazaneleManregion;theteamconsistedofM.Dav1descu,Roman,Vasile sooncompletedw1thAlexandru Florea AlexandraBolomey,Elena Terzea, VSencu, Negrea, AlexandrinaNegrea and many others.Onth1sparticularoccas1onthearchaeologicalexcavationsexposedthefirstart objectsdatingtotheEpipaleolilhic(111h9thmillenniums),thef1rstcavesinthecountry holding artistic representations in redpaint al Gaura Chlndei at Pescari, nowadays Coroninl. county. Theextensionofthearchaeologicalsitesleadstoanextensionof theresearchfield,the need for more data resulting into a multt-disciplinary collaboration. Payingattentiontohumancreatedundergroundworks- formllitarypurposes- asthe pillboxes,forts,fortlfiedlines,earthenwallsandothers,goingbacktoFirstWorldWaror SecondWorldWar wasnoiaccidental.Moreattentionshouldbegivenm thefuturetothe for!lficationsystembuiltontheBlackSeacoas! during the communis!period,todefend the coastintheeventualityof an''imperialist"attack,or tothefortsfromtheborderareaWlth Yugoslavia- goingbacktothet1meswhentwotypesofcommunismwereopposmgeach other- the mternationalStalinist one InRomania and theparticular national oneof Tito.Itis asubjectnotcoveredinthepresentbook- butweseethenecessityofrecordingand studyingtheundergroundsystemforobservationandsurveyofthepartisansinthe mountains,fromthesamecommunis!period.Alithese,plusthedefencefortsaround Bucharest,atJilava,Pantelimonetc.nowoutofuseandnolongerofasecretnature-should bestudied in order to prepare the fieldfor the specialists, for a correct understanding of history in the mentioned period. Some considerations arenecessary in what the objectives presented in the present work are concemed.First,thenaturalcaves,sheltersunderrocks.rockyformationsinhabitedby humansormerewallswherehumancreatedartrepresentationsduringtheprehistoricor historic t1mes.Wepresentedlhembasedonthedataalreadypublisheddependngonthe informa!lon,quahtyandquantity.This iswhy,attimesthepresentationseemsunevenWe triedtoincorporatelntothepresenteddatathemaingeo-morphologicalcoordtnates, comprisingaltitudes.annualaveragetemperatures,humidity- wheretheyexisted- so peoplehavingaspecialinterestcouldappreciatethehabitationconditionsfunctionof XXVIII www.cimec.roArheologia minefor dinRomania- Foreword latitude,longitude,altitude,scatteringarea,resultingobviouslyfromtheirlocationin limestoneareas.Onlynafewcasesmonumentsarelocatedonhighplateaus- mfaci ancient terraces of valleys or riverbeds in the country. OneshouldnotethattherearenoLower Palaeolithichabitations,veryfewfromtheMiddle Palaeolithic,more frequent fortheUpper Palaeolithic andtheMesolithic andplentyenough fortheNeolithic.Arepopulationofthecavesistobeobservedinaliareasduringthe transillonperiodtotheBronzeAge,duringthefirstBronzeAgeandhabitatronisquiterare for thefirsttronAge.DuringtheOacianperiod,cavesarelessinhabitedinspiteof the fact that somearementioned Inhistoricalsources - theones duringBurebista's reign- when on theKogaionmountainDeceneuwasofficiatingreligiousrituals.Recentresearchestendto identifytheareatothelimestonehillofVrtoapele, deMunte,countyof Hunedoara. AnumberofcaveswereinhabitedevenduringRomantimes,especiallytheonesin Dobrogea,atLimanuandGuraDobrogei. Throughout ali the histonc ages anattraction was exertedbythecaveswiththermal waters- amongthemost important are theonesalHerculane- withhealingpropertiesforcertainaffections.Wellknownandexploitedarethe onesatGeoagiu knownfromRomantimes,andmanyother lessimportant o nes. TheVeteranicavehadastrategicallymilitaryfunction.Vasile DinuV.Rosetti andN. foundtherealargenumberof potteryfragmentsandRomanbricks, inscribedDRPDIERNA,coinsfromthesameperiodandawell,providingwatertothe stationed garrison. Onthe bottom of the well archaeological remainswere also discovered. Thecavepreserved itsdefence andshelteringroleduring theMrddle Ages whena precinct wascreated,endowedwithtwofortrfiedstonewallsandamilitaryport.Thehabitationwas thenmoremtenseatthatpartculartimebut then.a largenumber of caves werernhabited duringthelateMiddleAges.FromthePhanarioteperioduntiltherevolutionofTudor Vladimirescu.afterthattheyservedasshelterstotheoutlawsandthen,duringthe communis! periodtheydrew theattent1onof partisans. Towhatwehaveexplainedsofarittsworthaddingoneveryimportanthistorcalfact:the natural caves provided the most important information on the so-called Ouartztte Pa!aeolithic developed in the caves from the Middle Carpathians and the Banat mountains. They present tothe hlstorlansa processtakingplacedurngthePalaeolithrc,a typeof life connected toa certainbehaviourtowardstherawmaterial,whenmainlythequartzwasusedfortool-processing,revealinga wayof life specific tothehigh alpine areas of the Carpathians (Bala deFier,Nandru)dunngtheWi.irmglaciation.Flint.bone,tusksandprobably woodentools wereemployed.Thecavesshelteredapopulationhuntingmarnlythecavebear(Ursus spelaeus) but who was also picking fruit. Maybeacoolingoftheclimateoranincreaseoftherainquanttyfavouredahigher occurrenceofthearchaeologicalmateralsduringthe culture:evenmore interestingisthatduringthesameBronzeAge,thediscoveriesat wowthe existenceof somesanctuariesinsidethecaves.Weshouldmentionthatanewcultural functionality (a!theend of Bronze Age and the beginning of the tron Age} was noticed inside thecavecalled"FundulfromBozioru,countyof ThehypothesisISbacked by the existence of somerepresentationsof incised patterns: daggersplusspear andarrow tips.Theincisionsoccurontheinterior wallsof thecave.Theyarealmostidenticaltothe onesontherocksatValCamonica,Brescra-ltalyorfromGaliciainSpain,dat ngtothe sameage.WrittensourcesfromtheRomanPeriod,foundonRomamanterritory,also mentioncavesas cult places.Itisthe case of Ceiris cave,locatedby VasilePrvanat Gura Dobrogeiandby Vasileat Limanu, county of Theoriental cult of thegodMithras wasalso attestedpractrced inRorr antrmes,mentroned byseveral writtenandepigraphic sources.Sucha placeseemstohavebeenAdam'scave XXIX www.cimec.roArheo/ogia minelor dinRomnia- Foreword inDobrogeaandVeteranicaveinCazaneleMari.wheretheentrancetunnelstillexists, separatingtwosidechambers,apart1cularfeatureofthiscult.Yet.thebenchescalled "praespia"werenotfound,destroyedprobablybymedievaltombs.Themiddlewallstill existsalthoughthecavewaspartlycoveredbywaters.Itisregrettablethataninscribed altar-stone foundinside waslater destroyed by visitors ApartfromtheVeteranicave,thatwehavealreadymentioned,inthetronGatesregiona fortifiedwallwasuncovered,alsomedieval,inside thewell-knownGauracucaveat Pescari-Coronini.a legendary place due toa special kindof fly. Legendsaysthat here,inthecave,theseven-headeddragon,later killedbylvanlorgovan, aHerculesofBanat.hadhiddenLegendalsosays,that!romthebloodcom1ng!rom1ts heads.aflywasborn.andisstillpunishingthelocals,asaconsequenceoflorgovan's deedsItishistoricallyprovedthatonbothbanksoftheDanubethepopulationwas periodically sufferingtheinvasion of this insect, which was killing their animals. Manyoftheinvestigatedcaves,over30,arelocatedintheupperareasof theWestern Carpathians.ontheHomorodvalley,around countyof Covasna,themvestigatJon beingmade by theteam ofTraian Orgh1dan. Many other high-altitude caves are inBanat, on the Nera,valleys,inonandvalleys. Agreatimpactoverthearchaeologrcalresearchrnthecaveshadtheguanodeposrtsat CiocJovina,Hunedoara county,during thefirst decades of our century,andlater on the ones inside Muierii Cave,atBaiadeFier. They were studied by top personalities of theRomanian archaeologyandpalaeontologyFranciscRainer.C.S. andDardu TheselattermentionedcavesproducedtheHomosapiensfoss1lis skulls,attestingthatthegeograph1careacoveredbythecaveswasinhabitedbyth1s species during theUpper Palaeolithic.Alsois worthmentioning that inIzbuc cave.county of Bihor,weredscoveredthefootprintsofth1sfosslman.Althoughgrea!Romanian personalities investigatedthemasCantemir and1Viehmann,theyare littleknown either inthecountry or abroad. Alsohttleknownarethecavesconta1ningblackpaintedrepresentationsfromPolovragi, Va1dee1andMuieriicave,countyof Gorj , orLimanu.countyof Constanta.belongingtothe Neolilh1c,metalandM1ddleAges.TheyJOrntheonesofas1milarageontheEuropean continent. The redpainted caves arepresent in the Carpathian a rea,too. They are of course not as valuable as the ones fromtheFranco-Cantabric region,1nwhat concerns manner and imagery.Thethemesaregenerallysimilar,buttheageandtherepresentationmodalities changedandsodidtheartisticperception.Theicingperiodwasoverandthenewpost-glacialclimatehadappeared,causmgachangeinthefaunaandflora.Peoplecould circulateandthinkfreelyTheimagespresentusaworldwithdifferentideas,theones developedafter11000BC, followingexactlytheabove-mentionedchanges. They findthe1r exact mirror inthe artistic representations at Gaura Chindiei-Coronini cave, county of Severin,reflectingthehistoricalaspirationsstartingatapproximately6000BCandending around the11 th-12th centuries of the Christian era. The themes and motifs are related to the onesatMaguracaveinBulgaria, alsototheonesintheItalianorlberianPeninsulaor the Alpineheighls. TheChristian images are similar totheonesfromthecavesandcatacombs intheEarly-ChristiantimesandalsotothemuralrepresentationsfromtheChristian churches during thefirst millennium of our age. Thenumber of sheltersunder the rockis important in our country.but fewof themprovided faunalorfloralremains. It isprobable duetoa lackof interes!intheirstudy. Theshelter at Cuina Turcului is undoubtedly the most important of the kind1nthecountry or this part of the continent.It wascovered by the waters of tronGates llake. Before the rise inthe water level uptothefloodinglimits,between1964- 1969,theshelterhadbeenstudedbyC.S. Theresearchundertookhereisstitia "premiere"inthehistoryof the country andcontinent. The excavations brought to daylight a large number of archaeologJcal remains,covering a period starting fromthe11th millennium BC up topresent The novelties XXX www.cimec.roArheologie minelor dinRomlnia - Foreword broughtoutbytheradiocarbondates, thestudiesonthehuman,floralandfaunalremains, reveala civilizahongoingbacktothe11th - 9lhmillenniums. Thisparticular civilizationwas firstcalledClisurean,thenowingtoatypolog1calconfusionregardingitsstanetools,was renamedRomanello-Azillienor Romanellian.Thistypeof problems waslater solved. It was proved !hal the civlizat1onexisted not only within thisparticular shelter butalso in theopen-air site al OstrovulBanuluiAnimportant fact.1tlasted over 2500 years andit is the first one which,onceestablishedhere,evolvedanddevelopedcontinuouslyforover2.5million years,descendmginthesametimewiththewaterlevel,fromthecaveslocatedonthe upper terracesof therivergorge,totheopenspacesontheriverbankThephenomenon waspossibledue to theclimatic changes- theexil froma caldclimateandlhe passageto the warmer Holocene one.Only the settlement at Cuina Turcului provided over 30000 flint or othermicrotithicrocks,arichinventoryofbone,hornortoothpieces.garments,cult, religious and art1stic objects,bearing the geometric patterns characteristic to the post-glacial Europeanart .Throughthesediscoveriesandalsothroughtheonesfromthefollowing civitization.namedSchelaCladovei-LepenskiVir,duringthe7th-6thmillenniums,the Danubevalley,inthelronGatesregion.integratedinthearearenownedforthemost importantcivilizationsof theAncientWorldThepopulationheredescendsfromtheCro-Magnonman- who,asthefindingsfromC1oclovmaandBaiadeFiercaveshaveshown, inhabltedthemsmcetheUpperPalaeolithic.Thesed1scoveneswerequicklyintegratedin thespec1ality textbooks inthemajor universitary centresinthe world. Artificially created caves and shelters (anthropic) Theanthropiccavestakeanimportantandrathernewplaceinthehistoryof ourcountry. Theyoccurredasconsequencehumanhabitat1onsduringtheDacian,Roman,oreven medievaltimes andarelocated mainly m Dobrogea and some areas of theCarpathian arch. WeshouldmentionfirstthecavealLimanu,withanextremelycomplicatedplan,butalso witha seriesof roomsof various sizesand functionalities. rooms !hal hadbeendug into the rock,w1thceilingssupportedbywallswithnomortar,andstanecolumns,housingblack paintrepresentationsofanaivecharacter.ThecavewasidentifiedasbemgtheCeiris (Keiris)of theanclentliterature.Ofasimilar importancearethecavesat and Basarabi-Murfatlar.They werecreatedtooffer sheltertolocalChristian communitiesduring Barbarianinvas1onsandChristianprosecutions.Someofthemcontainedburials,cult chambers, Chrisllan art representations A different group 1sformedby the caves in Mountains, whose explorat1onstarted in 1881owingtoAlexandruOdobescuHestarted- aswehavealreadyshown- a Questionnaire- addressedto alithemtellectuals inV1llagesortowns throughout thecountry (withinthepolitical-administrallveorganization of the time)aimingtoprovidein formationon theexistingarchaeologicalremains. Theanswerd1dnoifailtoappear anditprovedthatin thismountain-area therewerea senesof cavesandsheltersartificialty createdbyhumans. Theresearchundertookbythescientist,joinedalsoby theSw1sspainter Trenckandother loversof country'shistoncalpast- establishedthattheybelongedtotheisihastorthodox trend. Itwasflourishingduringthat16th-20th centuriesanditrootedinpasitraditions. The monks dugtheir places topray,awayfromthe everyday llfeso theycoulddo it peacefully. Thechambers were used as churches,hermitages.cells,metochs,resttngplaces populated bycrossesoricons.Theresearchthatfollowedshowedthatthey werevisitedondifferent occasionsbysomeof thevoivodes, their wivesor by princesses,whocarnetoconfess and washoff their sinsinmoments of heavy tries. We wouldlike tomention onty some of them: theNewandOldAgaton,IosifChurch,DionisieHerm1tage(alsocalled cave,etcTherearealsocavesdugbytheoutlawsor bytheremainsof defeated armies - theone of Alexandrulpsilanti.Some of them were clase tohealing waters - Bozioru or Fisic1- renownedevennowadays for thecureof variousdiseases. Great personalities of theRomaman politicallife went !here: IonGhica,Nicolae A large part of thecaves were destroyed asa consequence of earthquakes originating in the XXXI www.cimec.roArheologia minelor dinRomAnia Foreword Vrancearegion.Thisiswhy at times theyhadtobe"rebuilt" or restored.It isnot unusualto findontheinsideoroutsidewalls,b1blicaltextsortextsofanimportanthistoricalvalue, writteninRomanianbutinSlavoniccharacters:therearealsomagica!,Christianorlay signs.Thisparticulartypeofcavesisstitivisited,owingtoitshiddenandsecluded character,housing a special dimension of theRomani anspirituality. Therockyformations-rockywallswerealwaysapointofattractionforthepopulation inhabiting thoseareas,due to their beautyandshelteringcharacter.Special are the ones in Valley,atCheileTurzii,near deJos.Someothersarelocatedon Valley,lidia,countyof placedaroundsomeoldchurchesor monasteriesfromthe12th-14thcenturies,ortherearesimilaronesatMraconia,inthe CazaneleMiciregionontheDanube,now coveredbywaters.wherea15th-19th centuries monasteryexisted,studiedbythehistorianNicolaeStoicafrom Someofthe representationsinthecavesnotongerexist.Thestillexistngonesarepamtedinred, showingsketchedsa1nts.surroundedbyhollowsorrepresentingsimplevegetaloranimal patterns. Stone, sand and clay quarries Thehistorical agebrought a new usefor the values representedby cliffsandvariousrocks, seenthenasrawmaterialsfor temples,fortresses,civilianorreligiouspalaces,roads,etc. The qualities of some rocks when turnedinto objects of art were rediscovered too. For these particulartypesof activitiesanewplaceof workisinvented- thequarry. Theirnumberis impressinginourcountry,goingbacktotheDacian,Roman,Greek-Roman,medieval. modernandcontemporarytimes.We areontydealngherewiththeonesimportantduring thehistoricalperiodsortheonesknowingacontinuoususeuptopresentdays. Among themweespeciallymentiontheonesat Babadag,theonesnexttoTomis, Callatis,theRomanfortsatDrobeta,Mehadia.Apulum,PotaissaorBasarabi-Murfatlar. Ontheir walls we foundat times representations of the workers' gods, or theones of thefreepeople orthe slavesinthe area. Sucha cave is at housing a relief of Hercutes Sexanus. Some other ones- e.g. Basarabi-Murfatlar- house figures represented in a naive-naturalwayor aChristianone.Thewallsof someof thequarriesstillpreservethe tracesoftheancienttechniquesandmelhodsofexploitation,thusturningthemintoreal historicalmonuments.Therawmaterialsextractedfrom!herewereusedasbartering objectswiththepopulationsintheareaorwerethemainrawmaterialforthelocalurban settlements.Inthosequarrieswhereworkshopsexisted,lvedartistswhoinscribedthe stone,sarcophagus manufacturers. embellishing their workswithrepresentations of gods or important personalities. Some of theart workswere special orders. Andfromhere emerges the va!ueof those caves ascentres of influence for theneighbounngpopulations. Nexttocertaincavestherewerefunctionalchambersusedtodepasitsomeof theartwork andtools or justservingasa roomfor theguardian. Fromtheir usageappear the necessity ofmakingtheirinventory,of knowmgthepurposetheywerecreatedforandthenecessity for protecting and conserv1ngthem Lessknowntothelargepublicisthequarryasasollrceforthestoneusedintool processing. WemamlyrefertothosethatservedforobtainingOnt,obsidian, rockcrystal, quartzorrocksof a lesservalueandutility. Theirstudyrepresentsanimportantwork-field for thespecialistsdealingwiththeevolutionof thestanetoolsfromPalaeolithic,Mesolithic, Bronze or lron Age. Atotallyneglectedchapterforawhileconcernedtherole-playedbytheclayandsand quarries. Toustheywerealwaysa "giftof God'',thesameasthea1randthewater. It was forgottenthateveryhumar.settlementhadapit ,abankofariverfromwherethe mhabitants,withoutanypayortaxcouldtakeclayfreely,accordingtotheirneedsand tradit1ons. Theclay, thesameasthewoodwasa rawmaterialforaliconstructions. Thisis XXXII www.cimec.roArheotogta mmetor dmRomnia- Foreword why we canconsider the whole prehistoric and historic Romanian civihzation as one of wood and clay. We should not forget that each village had nex1to it a well,a meadow ora forest , if itwasnotreallyinthemiddleof oneof thelas!two. Wedonotatmnowtoprov1demore informat1ononthe raw materials. We only used the case as an example. Thenumber of this typeofquarriesisaslargeasthenumberofthesettlementsthemselves,if itdoesnot surpass them. Salt mines Thesituationisslightlydifferentwhenitcomestoothertypesofrawmaterials,suchas metalsandsalt,locatedfarawayfromhabitations,butamongwhichsomeareabsolutely necessary tolife. Inthe everyday language they are called "ocne", or simply salt mines. Theywereex1remelyimportantforpeople'slives,fortheproductivehistoricaldynamics. Progressinthisfieldof activityisconnectedtothedynamicsof invention.Fromthevery beginningtheminesgeneratedtheunevendevelopment of settlements,thelocalbartering andthentheonew1thremoteareas- thetrade.Thesewerethefoundationsforthe communicationroads- onlandorwater,thencamethemarketplaces,theirprotection. regulationsandcustomsthatwere!atertransformedintoreallawsIntheareaof these mines, new human relations emerged, formingcivilian formations developing into pre-stately andstatelyformsofpoliticalorganization,leadingtoanullimateex1entlothecoresof industries- manufacturesfirst- andthenextendingtothesizeofpresent-daytndustrial giants. Theexploitationof thesecentresascendedfromPrehistory totheMetalAgesculminating during theSecondlron Age of theDacianLaTene type with theorganized excavations from OcneleMariinOltenia,alongtheOlt valley,OcnaOejului, Uioara. Historicalsources menhonedthemintheorder of theirappearanceandimportance,asplayinganimportant role in the historical toponimy andthe historical literature. Theexploitation of metals Other resourcesof theRomaniansoilarethepreciousmeta s: goldandsilver butalso the usefulones: copperiron,lead,antimony,etc.Their slower or moreintense explotationstiU givesameasurefortheeconomicandpoltttcal-administrativedevelopmentof thehuman communitiesfromg1venareas.Theaccidentallyfoundgoldandsilverobjectsgiveusan imageof their real1mportanceat a certainhistoricalmoment.It wasnoticedthat during the DacianStatetheyprovidedtheeconomic forcethalstimulatedtheproductiveandtrading activitiesThe generalizationof a producttonsystem based on the ethno-cultural aspiralions stimulatedtheenvyoftheneighbours.leadingtoaconflictbetweentheethniceconomic forceandthesurroundingones. Thepublicationof these typeof information - aspoor asit maybe- wouldleadtoabetter andmorecorrectunderstand.ngofthepartplayedbythe miningresources during theDaciankingdomandthe Roman occupation,of the causes that leadtothemigrations,of theroleplayedbytheneo-RomanianpeopleandtheRomanian states during the Middle Ages. A realunderstanding of theprob!em is complex.as the development of mining also meant a development of the extraction andprocessing techmques of themetals. Tightly linked to this istheappearanceofmints,moneyexchangeandtherroleinthedevelopmentofthe economicpotentialsTheprocesshadalsosocio-economicimplicationscreatingnew relationsamongeconomicethno-culturalgroupsuptothemoderntimes.Aconnection betweenworkers,minesandterritoryappearsthisway.Sideactivitiestakeplace influencingthestatepolicy duringtheDacian,Roman,mediaevalmodernor contemporary times,based on the existent and characteristic relations of each age and territory. Ouring the modemagetheyledtotheformationof capital,tothebirthof economicsocietiesor just XXXIII www.cimec.roArheo/ogia mine lor dinRomnia- Foreword groupsof suchsocieties.Thtsprocesscannotbeunderstoodunlesswehaveafairgood knowledge of themmmgactivitles fromeach era. Our understanding was made a lot easier withthe discovery of the waxedplates from MaJordatingback toRomantimes where a lot of mformatton concerning theactivityandtechniquesisgiven.Wefoundoutabouttheworkingprocessandthe technicalmeans. Thearchaeologicalresearchmstdethismineprovtdedalotof important data onthebasic mininginstallations of thebeginnings andtheir perfections throughout the centuries. Followingtheresearch, woodenframeworksfor theprotection of themmers were foundatBuciumurile,county of Hunedoara. Wealso knowabout thegrinding stones for the ore,which together with toolshammers,pick-axes,shovels. drills,needles, offer a relatively completetmageoverthestageofdevelopmentoftheproducbonlnsidesomemmes torches for illuminating were discovered, some of them artistically ornate, realmasterpieces. Thesamearchaeologtcalexcavationsofferedinformationonthetransportationsystemor the workingforceengagedinto carryingthe baskets, handledbyslaves,women or children. Ever sinceRomantimes waterpower was used, taking advantage of theslopesand creattng reservoirs or basinsfor theore wash.InAntiquity the woodenmechanism poweredby water thatcrashedtheorewasmvented. Throughoutalithehts!oricalagesthesheephidewas usedforcollectingthefinegoldparticles. Oncethegoldobtained,itwasmeltedm Kaolin vases.Graduallyworkingoldminesspecializedandprofessionsconnectedtodiggmg mines.processingtherefinedproduc!,itsadmimstrattonandtradeappearedWeknow aboutspecializedworkerssincetimes.comingfromareaswithminmgtradt!ion withintheRomanEmpire, workerswhowerecolonizedm Daciaexactlyinordertofavour thedevelopment of sucheconomic branches.They werecalled'pirustae'andwerecoming fromthe Thracian-lllirian andlberian provinces DuringthemediaevalandmodemtimesthecoloniesfromTransylvaniaarewellknown, populatedwtthspectalizedworkersbroughtfromAlsace,Flanders,Bohemta,Slovakiaor otherpartsofEurope.InWallachiaandMotdavtathefamous Gypsiesextremely goodtnthebranchexisted. Ofcoursethatm theminingareasor areaswithgoldorslfver sands these typeof specialized communities continued lo exist. Animportant place was hold by copper and other useful metals hke the anltmony,tm,bronze alltesThere were of course leador mercury exploitations, whtch,although theyholdsecond placem importance,gaineda topplaceintheprocessing technologiesfor the activities and industriaswhosedevelopmenttheyhelped.Ontheextentandpartplayedbythecooper mininginourcountrytalkthebronzetreasuresfoundinTransylvamaandalitheother provinces,thedepositsoftools,weapons,ornaments,someofthemmanufacturedwtlh grea!art,thesameasthegoldones,bringingtheexpressionofthearttsliceratiof specialists ontheRomanianland. Such are the ones fromHinova,Pietroasele, Tothese wemay addalithe various piecesdiscovered during thearchaeologcalexcavation in alithecultures onRomamanland lronminingwasoneof themajors miningfields.ItoriginatedintheFirstlronAgeandwent throughan1ncreasmgdevelopmentduringtheAntiquity- theDacianandRomanperiods. Datingto these ltmes arewellknownthemines fromGhelar andTeliuc inHunedoara, and incentralTransylvan1a,Berzovia inBanat,BaiadeFier andPolovragtinOltenia etc. Archaeologicalexcavalionsbrought tolight deposits of iron objects whosefunctionality andshapedidnotchangeuptopresent day,attestmgthecontinuity of thepasttradiltons Axes, hatchets.rakes,ploughs and other agricultura! toolsare known,as well as specialized instrumentsusedformining,woodprocessing- alithesetoolswererecoveredfrom manufactunngworkshopsDuringtheDacianperiodagreatuniformityandcultural development was noticed during the ltmes of Burebista andDecebal.It wouldbe pomtless to continuefurther onour presentationontheroleplayedby metalsinthedevelopment of the Romanian society. Amomentofstagnationwasreachedwiththemigrations,aftertheRomanretreatfrom Dacia,duringtherufeofAurelianusanduniiithecr1,!tonoftheneo-Latinpre-stately XXXIV www.cimec.roArheologie minelor dinRomnia- Foreword politicalformations. Theperiodismarkedbya decrease inthenumber of theminingareas andtechnologiesof metalprocessing.Underthegivencircumstancesinmostcasesthe depositspoor inoxidesfromtherivergravelsor theaccumulationsof FeOfromlimeslone wereusedThephenomenongeneralizedtothewholeareaof formerDaciaexceptingthe areaswithstrongtraditionswheretheminingwasstrllexploitedonbroaddaylight.The recent archaeological excavations fromVadu Dridu, - Chitila,Oulceanca, Iulia, AltnTepe,Hlincea,broughtnew proofsin th1sdirectionInthe above mentioned sites iron slag, pieces of melted metal, primitive ovens forreducingthepoororewereuncovered.Thiswouldexplaintheadaptationofthe population totheg1venlife conditions A rebirthof theironminingappearedasaconsequenceof there-discoveryof olddeposits andalso findingof new onesWe cantakeas examples the resumingof miningactivities at Teliuc,GhelariandothersiteswheretronwasexploitedduringtheRoman-Dacianperiod. Anexamplefornewdepositsandtheusageof newperfectedtechnicalandadministrative methodsfortheironoreisthecaseofCladova,countyofArad,wherearoundthenew discoveredoresappeared,duginto the rock, workshops witha complexactivity, workshops supportedbythelocalvotvodesTheareaof thesettlementisprotectedbyearthenwalls specifictothemomentof creationof thenew medievalstates. Inthesameperiodwith!he developmentoftheironprocessingworkshops,theextractionandprocessinginsituof useful materials - copper, lead, silver commenced Theunderstanding of themintngprocess is connectedduringthe Antiqwty to a familiarity to thesourcesof rawmaterialsas wellastheforms of therelief. Wemustclearly seethat aur ancestorshadaveryclearimageoverthesepotentialsduetotheirdirectlinkmaintained mainlythroughshepherding.Basedontheirobservationstheycouldfindoutaboutthe properties of certanrocks whose qualities they could only presume useful for the future. DuringtheBronzeand firstlron Ageitisremarkable thefact thattheareas knownso far as havmgtheores, thegoldsandsandthemtnes werealso theoneswitha highfrequency of treasuries- madeupofobjectsofgold,silverorbronze. Theirpresenceexactlytnthose areasisby no means accidental.Around them, the archaeological excavations exposed the workshopsthatmanufacturedthemKnowingaboutthemmakesusunderstandeasier that their shapes and decorations reflect in thesame lime the ideas, the rites and religious rituals of thecommunillestheybelongedto, as wellasthe1reconomic forceandtraditionStart1ng withthe18thand19thcenturiesthesetypesofproblemsratsedtheinteres!of specialists, resulttnginquality andquantity analyses of thechemical compoundsof thedepostts,trytng todetermine thepercentages of rareor usefulmetalsDu ringthemost recent periodof time thisactlvitymtensifiedtakingasagoatthescattenngofthtstypeof objectsinthearea. functiontotheorecomposillonintheminestheycarnefromTheresultsbackedupthe hypothesisofthehistorians,archaeologistsandethnologistswhopresumedthatinthe Carpathianareaoneormorecentresoftechmcaland1nventivedynam1csexisted, influencingthedevelopmentandadvanceofthecivilizationsonthecontinent,thatthere existedinfluencesandpressuresexertedbytheneighbouringpopulationsThey generated thesearchforacultural,ideologica!andtechnologicaltransferexchangeconnecttonw1th other centres of the Ancient World fromCaucasus,Near East, Mediterranean Basm, Central andWestem Europe. Thedevelopment of miningwascorrelatedwilhother featuresof thehumancivilizationon thecontinent,beingdirectlylinkedtothewarmtngof theclimateduringthePostglacial , hav1nga clear directionfromthesouthtothecentreandnorthof thecontinent.Withinthis process, advancingveryslowlyasahistoricaldimens1on.aseriesof newadaptationsand assimilationstookplace.basedontheknowledgeof thearea,of thetraditronsandlocal experiencesoccurringwithinthepre-extstentpopulations,butfollowingt1ghtthe demographic increaseandtheevolutionof themicroclimate. IttSworthmentionrngthepart playedbytheDanube valley - anEuropeandiagonal - through whichthe expansionandthe contactreverberatiOns withthesetraditions tookplaceWithmthtscontext theriver playeda rolecomparabletothatontheNile,theEuphrates, of thefertilecoastsof theEuro-Asian XXXV www.cimec.roArheolog ta mine lor dinRomania- Foreword continent.We underlinethat animportant role asa channelfor thediffusionprocess onthe European continent washoldby thecoastsof theMediterraneanandBlack seas. Between thesetwowerepermanent links throughthemainwatercourses,surroundngthemountain ranges. Specialzed workerscreatedtheobjects,the weapons andtheornaments asan expression for the trad1tions,ideas andtechniques of past historicalages.Closely related appeared the coinminting. It is the coins in museums - inthe country andelsewhere - that are thepride of themetal processmg. Thepartplayedbycaves, quarries, saltminesandminesinthespecializedliteratureare underlined also by thehistorical toponimy.It is not accidental the appearance andexistence of settlementsthattooktheirnamesfromthiseconom1cactivities,tracingtheiroriginsto prehistoric timesandbecomingthroughouthistory centresof tradition,art , architectureand technique. Amongthemwewouldliketomentionnamesknowntousali . cave. Cioclovinacave,Muieriicave, Gauracu GauraHoanca,Outtawscave,Boliicave, Cremenea, Piatra, P1etroasete,Piatra Piatra Piatra Olt ,Rmnicul RmniculVlcea,OcneleMari.OcnaSibiu, Ocna Baia, BaiaMare, Baiade Baiade BaiadeFier, Herculane,Germisara,AltnTepeetc. TogetherwithhistoricaltoponymslikeTrguJiu,Trgu Cetate,Cetatea Cetateade Biserica withothertoponymsoflocalinteres!andanthroponyms theygiveusanalmostcompleteimageof thehistoricalbecomingof theethnicRomanian area, withaliilsmanifestat1onsandhistoricaldevelopment, throughoutthepresentor past bordersof thecountry. Weshouldconsider theserealitiesasgivenbythehistoricalnature noi by politics and especially not by present day politics. Thisbookcanbeconsideredasdocumentationof anarchaeological,historical , historical-geographicaloranlhropo-historicalvalue.Consultingitwefindindubitableproofsfora continuousoccupationofourhistoricalandgeographicatspace.Weconsideritonlya beginningthatneedslo becontinued.completedandfollowedbyspecialists,lhroughan actionofthespecializedinstitutons:museums,DirectionoftheMuseums,Ministriesof Culture,Education,ScienceandTechnology.Promotingalawthatwouldproiectthe historicalmonumentsandthearchaeologicalsitesisamust,alsoisthepropaganda,the usageofalimeansformonumentsprotection,restorationandconservation.Anethnical historicalbeingisinconceivablewithoutancestors,parentsandtraditions,without monumentsorahistoricalandgeographicatcradle,wthouttheperspectiveofafuture. Attentiontowardstheserealit1esisnotagiventhingof thepresentpolitics.Itisa dutyof eachhistorianfromalicountries,aliethnicsandalitimestomakeknownanddefendthe origins and thehistorical extstence. Conclusions Caves,mines,quarries,saltmines.aresourcesneverexhaustedforthestimulationof scientific research,of artcreations - lay or religious. They offer bothcriteriaandarguments fortheconservation,restorationandrecreationofaspirationsandachievementsofpast historicaltimesofhumankind. Theyreflecttherestlessnessandthedestrefornewof the human spirit; they give a reason to thehumanexistence. Theminesofferalsotruemasterpiecesof nature,discoveredbyhumansinthesametime withtheores. Objects of cotteclions themselves - theyare treasuresof great interes! for the visitors of museums. They are also sources of inspiration for the artists of futuretimes. XXXVI Dr. Vasile Translatedby Adina www.cimec.roArheologia minelor dmRomnia naturale naturale Ciurului - Izbuc Jud. Alba.sat Casa de comuna Localizare Craiului , Bazmul Negru, versantul stng alSohodolului Aceastae o deom,avndointrare.cu lungimea de1 030m.Oparte dinafostdeM Bleahu J.Bordeain1955.Ulteriora fostin spectalde1.Viehmann, careadescopento umani pepodeaua Tnziuade11noiembrie1965, la 500mdelaintrarein.Salaau fost peste280de umani insolulargtloserau pepodeaua cuamprentealelabelor de urs de Tnfundulunuidiverticuls-au de de zgrieturidelabepepereti. unei familii compuse dintr-un care aveao de1,74 m, o femeiecuo de1,57m uncopil de9- 14amAufost unei dinneohtic sau epoca bronzului S-a odeurscuo incizie,careo cuo Clurulul Izbuc Urme ale pa,llor omului palolitlc, Impregnat! pe podeua peteril Arheologie3 Datare: neolitic.epoca bronzului. 1.1Voehmann,Tracesof the cave bears Ilie, Travaux de l' tnslltul deSpeologe . Emole Racovttza26. 1987, p73 79 2.CantemorlnnaEtude antropologquedesempnenteshumames del a GrotteCwrulut Izbuc, i n llvre du Centenaore Emole Racovotza, 1868 1968,1970, p 533 de la JudAlba, sat - comuna Localizare Bihorutui ,bazrnul inchisOcoalelelaapelor dintrebazmulOcoalele bazrnul Grda o de om, prima in1847.De atunci speologr (K FPetersA Schmidl ,AlexandruBorza,E.GRa- V.sedeea. deschideri,altitudineab- de1165m, de409m. lungimea de700m.Tnavenul adncde50m un cu diametru! de 50 m. Intrarea se face printr-o pnn care lumina in careestedinSala Mare. Sala BisericaVeche. TnSala Mare BisericaMarese stalagmite de TnPalatulSnzienelorpotfi observatestalactite stalagmitede calcar. ceau accesulintrerupt.Pemarginea se amenajatedelemnpentru accesulla peren,rncares-a unscheletdeCapraibex rare dovezidelocuiredrn estemonumental natl! rii,vizitabilnumarcuavizspecialde la Institutul de Speologie. Datare: paleolitic, epoca1ASchmodlOasBoharGebuge an den Grenze vonUngarn undS1benburgen.Woen,1963 2TRusu,GRacovoa. OComan,Contnbuton a 1'6tude du ComplexeKarsttqudeAnnalede Speologoe25,1970, p383 408 3.MarCJanBteahu, VOeu, fanNegrea,C www.cimec.roArheologie mmelor din- naturale 1Povara.1 V1ehmann, din RomSnta, 1976 4Cnst1anGoran.Catalogul S1stemattc al dmRomAn1a, 1981, 1982. 3448/ 8. de la Vrtop dela Casa de Jud. Alba,sat Casa de comuna Localizare: Bihorului,bazinul Cald,zona de platouri ntre ValeaPonorului ValeaFirii,Valea Ponorului,versantulstng. de laVlrtop - Urme ale pe podeaua o de om,cualtitudinea de310m, de210m,lungimea de 96m.Afostde1.Bucur,Iulia nmai1974.1.Viehmanna identificat amprente izolate de umani pesolulpaleoliticdmpre-musterian cucalcit.au fost intr-undiverticulblocatde unlacinterior,cu de in 2 parteasa Piciorulaveao lungimede223mm o de111 mm.Individulputea fiavutode 1,56 m.Zona in care s-au a fostcndvaointrare,cares-ablocatin vechime. depunerilordincalcit metodaU-Th, deSteinErik Lauritzen, o de80000 ani(cf.1.Viehmann)intr-opre- din paleoliticul inferior, cultura Esteceamaiveche depasumandinRomnia, acum.Amprentele sunt comparabilecuceledelaLaetoli, Tanzania,datnddeacum3600000ani. este acumcuun grilaj de fier.O afost dela locul laInstitutulde Speologie.Emil dinCluj,ca obiect de patrimoniu. Datare: paleolitic. 1Marc1anBleahu. 1V1ehmann.Ghetarul dela VSrtop, Ocrotuea Naturii 71963 21 V1ehmann. G Cantem1r Decouver1estrasologiques conservant la presence del'homme et de l'ours de caverne dans la Grotte CiuruluiIzbuc deMontsPAdurea Cra1ulu1. In Livre duCentenaareEmile Racov1tza1868-1968, 1970 3Cnsttan Goran. CatalogulSistematic al dmRomAnoa, 1981 . 1982, 341513. 41 V1ehmann, 1Bucur1 Racov11anUrmede ptctoare ale omului pretstonc Tnam RomSnta, Carst.AnuarulClubului de Speologie CEPROMIN, CluJ, 1982, p2. 37- 43 21 V1ehmann, S. E. LauntzenBPOnac.The VSrtopfootprmtand hts radtometnc ageKarst waters. lnshtSpecPubl2, 1997, p170- 172 Lucia Lucia Mare, Feciori/ar,Lucia Fetelor) Jud. Alba, sat Sohodol, comuna Albac. Localizare Metaliferi,carstul dincalcareledintre Alb Ari- Mic,Valea versantul drept. Esteo cu lo-cuire cualtitudinea de700m, de100m,lungimea de202m. pre-cteodeschiderepentrufiecare arheologiceaufostefec-www.cimec.roArheologia mine lor dinRomAms- naturale tuatedeZ.Szilardy,inaintede1905, reluatedeMrtonRoska,inaintede 1912.Z.Szilardy descoperirea dovezilordelocuire dar Roska,in efectuate, nu dectstraturi de vechi.Poatea loca-lizarea, acestei teri cu una de la CmpanL Se reluarea Materialelearheologicese inMuzeul deEtnografie alRegimen-tuluide din subinv. 11726. Datare: paleolitic. 1Cnsttan Goran,Catalogul Ststemallc al dmRomnia, 1981, 1982, 3100/29 2.BJungbert Repertoriullocaht\tlor cu descopenn paleohttce dtnTranstlvania(IV). Acta MuseiNapocensts 22-23.1985- 1986p392 Jud.Alba,sat comuna Livezile. Localizare: bazinul carstuldinCheileAiudului, Valea (probabilversantul stng). Esteo deom. MrtonRoska.inRepertorium, urmedelocuiredinpaleoliticul mijlociu,musterian cu Ursusspefaeusdinepoca bronzului.toate Arputeafi cuaceeace denumirea dela dinCatalogulSistemattcal din Romnia(3.224 p1O) . Materialelese n L1ceului Bethlen din Aiud cu nr.de inventar 2275 -2296. Datare: paleolitic,epoca bronzulUI 1CnstanGoran, CatalogulStstemauc al dmRomnia, 1981 , 1982. 2.BJungbert,Repertonul Jocalit\tlor cu descopenn paleohllce dtn Transtlvanta (IV), Acta MusetNapocensts 2223, 1985. 1986, p398. 3 Poca/a Pucula) Jud. Alba,sat comuna Livezile. Localizare: bazinul carstuldinCheileAiudului, Valea odeom. este de8.Jungbert, hartadeH.MOller-Karpe pubhcatedeH. Schroller inVorgeschichteVorschungen. 8,1933,p.74,nr.29.Dinacesteinfor- neaaufost dovezidelocuiredinneolitic eneolitic. H.MOIIer-Karpescrie ineas-audat de .urme paleolitice. Datare: paleolitic,neolitic, eneolitic. 1Hermann MOIIer-Karpe.Handbuch der Vorgeschichte,1Munchen, 1968, p150 2BJungbert. cu descoperm paleohtice dinTranstlvama(IV),Acta MusetNapocensts2223.1985 1986, p398 (lui)Sinesie Jud. Arad.satcomuna Localizare: Poiana car-stufdela malulstngal bazinul o vremelnicdeom,cuoaltitudine de60m orntrareAfost de decomori. de aufostefectuate ntre1976 - 1977,deVasile carea identificatinrnteriorfragmenteceramice neolitice,ctevapiesedesrlex,oasede animale,precum fragmenteceramice deEste efectuareaunor sondaJepentrustabchrea succesiunii strat1grafice. Datareneolitic, epoca1GHalaotFenomene endocarst1ceinca/carele deta(ValeaBulehnul Cercului de Speologte .Emil 5, 1977 1978, p111-122. www.cimec.roArheologie mine lor dm naturefe 2.Cnsttan Goran, CatalogulSistemallc al dinRomnia1981,1982. 3024/3. cuMonezi (M.Roska) JudArad, satcomuna Local izare:Poiana car-stuldela malulstngal Tns-au descoperiri monetare. Datare: probabil epoca1MartonRoska, Repertonum.ClUJ.1942,p 232, 316,r1g. 22. Gaura Scrofii (Scroafei) Jud. Arad, satcomuna Localizare: Poianacarstuldela malul stng al zona o de om, cuoaltitudine de45m o deschidere. intre 1976 - 1977,deVasile de speologiiamatoridelaClubuldeSpe-ologidinArad, Lipova, intre careVanc FilipAufostrecoltatedela materialeceramiceatipicecearputea neoliticului,culturaVinea dinpenoadadela epoca bronzului.cultura Aufost observate vetredefoc.afost de decomori Seimpuneo verificarea depunerilor pnn sondaj e despecialitate. Datare:neolitic,perioadade dela neolitic laepoca bronzului. 1GHalas'Fenomeneendocars tce Inca/carele dela Clpfloara(ValeaBuletinul CerculUI deSpeologie .EmilRaCOVIa51977. 1978, p111. 122. 2CnstJanGoran. CatalogulStstemaltc al dtn 1981 , 1982, 3021/ 2 4 lui Adi Jud. Arad, sat comuna Localizare Poianacarstuldela versantul stng alValeaFundata. o de om.cualtitudinea de50mlungime de58.5m.de terenaufostefectuatedeVasile intreanii1976- 1977, in anii de speologulamator VancFrlip,membrualClubuluide SpeologiAmatoridinLipova Arad,de S-auidentificatfragmentede cuUrsusspelaeus,cteva p1esedesilexcarearputeapaleoliticului superior, materiale ceramsce neolitice.probabilVin ea-medievale,secoleleXVI- XIXSeIm-punecontinuarea de arheologi. Datare. paleolitic, neolitic, epocame- 1.Bodrog Mtlleker,Delmagyaroszag regtsegele /erei,1. 1897, p28,43 2.G. Halaso. Fenomene endocarsllce inca/carele dela Cfjpnoara (ValeaBuletinul CerculUIde Speo1og1e.Emtl Racovo\A"5,1977. 1978, p111112de la FtllpVanc) 3Cercul de SpeologieZlndava, Arad, Asupra paleolitocului neohticuluodonlut Adt dm Pa dinaMare(judArad) , Buletmul lnformahv 4 , 1980.p. 33. 37. 4.CnstianGoran,CatalogulS1stemattc al donRomnta, 1981 1982, 3022 16 Hoanca Boului Coului sau Liliecilor) Jud. Arad, sat Moneasa. comuna Moneasa Localizare: Codru-Moma.car-stuldinbazinul Moneasa,pe versantulstngalprulMoneasa. fn dreapta laintrareainlo-calitate. Carstul din Valea Alb. www.cimec.roArheolog1a minelor dinRomnia - naturale Reprezintao locuitade om,cuoaltitudine de380m de100m,lungimede103m. ce dau intr-ocu multe de decomori .Primele aufost efectuatedeGy. CzaranRosk.a in1925.S-aexecutatunsondaj ,ocazie cucares-audescoperitsubstratul .eneolitic"ctevapiesedinsilexcareau fostatribuitepaleoliticuluimiJlociu,res-pectiv cultura precum oase deUrsusspe/aeus,unsilexatipic dinepoca Tn1965, Vasile ceram1cildinepocabronzului ,precum unsilexpaleolitic.Ma-terialeleproveninddin lui Mrton Roskase la Muzeul dinArad- oparte- laMuzeuldelstoneaTransilvanieidinCluj- parte. Datare:paleolitic,eneolit1c,epoca bronzului. 1.Marton Roska. Raportprehminalre sur les fouillesarcMologoques del'annee1924Oacoa 2, 1925 2Mrton Roska . TezaurusAntlquttatum Transl/vamcarum.Praehoslonca1.ClUJ19-42 3.C S LepafeoftlhJque en Roumame.Dacoa 5-6.1935-1936 (1 938) 3Cnstian Goran. CatalogulSostemallc al donRomnia,1981 , 1982, 36011 29. nr.1 dinPiatra cu Lapte Jud. Arad, Moneasa, comuna Moneasa. Localizare: Codru-Moma,Va-lea Alb,carstul din bazinul Moneasa. versantul drept. o de om.cuoaltitudine de325m, 25m lungime 9m. cuo deschidere.lnaufost identificate dovezi de locuire din eneolitic. Datare: eneolitic. 1GHal aso, Noi la carstufu1 Monese1Aragonll,Arad,19781 / 60. 64 28Jungbert. cu descoperm paleohllce donTransilvanoa(III),Acta 5 Museiapocensos19.1982.p543, 3.CnstoanGoran.CatalogulSrstematoc al din Romnoa,1981, 1982, 1601,p.10 nr. 2 dinPiatra cu Lapte Jud. Arad, Moneasa, comuna Moneasa. Localizare Codru-Moma.Va-lea Alb, carstul din bazinul Moneasa, versantul drept Tneste e- unorfragmenteceramicedine-neolitic. Datare eneolitic. 1GHalasoNo1contnbutitlacarstufutMonesei,Aragonot,Arad, 1978, 1 /60-64 28Jungbert. B . Repertonul cu descopenn paleohtoce donTranstlvania(III), Acta Muser Napocensos19,1982, p53 3CnstoaoGoran.Catalogul Sistematocal donRomnia, 1981, 1982, 360 /11 Piatra cu Lapte Marede laPiatra cu Lapte) Jud. Arad, Moneasa. comuna Moneasa. Localizare:Mun iiCodru-Moma,Va-lea Alb, carstut din bazmul Moneasa, versantul drept. o de om,cuoaltitudine 310m. 15 m, lungimea28m, care trei Tnaufost osemintedeUrsusspelaeus, Canislupus HyaenaspelaeaLocuiri medievale,posibil dinpaleolit1c.Se impunereluarea de arheologi Datare:paleolitic, eneolitic,epocame-1GHal ast,Noicarstulu1 Monesel,Aragonit, Arad. 1978, 1/60. 64 2BJungbert. Repertonulcu descopenn paleohtocedinTransilvania. Acta www.cimec.r