The rugged mass ofBorobudur before the startofthe international rescue.

Published in 1983 by the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organization7 place de Fontenoy, 75700 ParisPrinted by Courvoisier, La Chaux-de-Fonds

© Unesco 1983

Printed in Switzerland

BOROBUDUR

To the modern tourist who thrills to see Borobudur suddenlytower into the sky from the surrounding plain like a wave ofcarved stone, it might seem incredible that this great work ofimagination and artistry should ever have been forgotten and

more unlikely still that it should once have seemed irreprievablydoomed to destruction.

Yet this was the case. Indonesia's brightest star was eclipsedfor centuries, her most exquisitely fashioned monument exposed todecay. Only a unique combination of technical skills with faith,of large-scale financing with painstaking study, of internationalco-operation with local love and pride channelled throughUnesco's international campaign to safeguard the site, ensured

the survival ofBorobudur.In fact, compared with its age, Borobudur's life as a centre of

Buddhist pilgrimage was remarkably short: about 150 years fromthe time when workers first began to drape the natural hill ofBorobudur with stone in the reign of King Saramatunga, aroundA.D. 800. With the end of the Mataram kingdom, área 930, thecentre ofgravity ofJavanese cultural and political life movedeastwards and, apart from two fleeting references in eighteenth-century manuscripts, the monument dropped out of history.Earthquake and subsidence wrought their havoc, and the junglereclaimed its own.

BOROBUDUR

To the modern tourist who thrills to see Borobudur suddenlytower into the sky from the surrounding plain like a wave ofcarved stone, it might seem incredible that this great work ofimagination and artistry should ever have been forgotten and

more unlikely still that it should once have seemed irreprievablydoomed to destruction.

Yet this was the case. Indonesia's brightest star was eclipsedfor centuries, her most exquisitely fashioned monument exposed todecay. Only a unique combination of technical skills with faith,of large-scale financing with painstaking study, of internationalco-operation with local love and pride channelled throughUnesco's international campaign to safeguard the site, ensured

the survival ofBorobudur.In fact, compared with its age, Borobudur's life as a centre of

Buddhist pilgrimage was remarkably short: about 150 years fromthe time when workers first began to drape the natural hill ofBorobudur with stone in the reign of King Saramatunga, aroundA.D. 800. With the end of the Mataram kingdom, área 930, thecentre ofgravity ofJavanese cultural and political life movedeastwards and, apart from two fleeting references in eighteenth-century manuscripts, the monument dropped out of history.Earthquake and subsidence wrought their havoc, and the junglereclaimed its own.

The deposits ofcenturies were eating into thecarvedsurfaces.

It was not until 1814 that Borobudur emerged into the light ofmodern knowledge. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, an officerduring the brief British administration, ordered an engineer officerto investigate; 2(X) men worked to fell trees, burn undergrowth anddig away the earth where the monument had been entirely buried.By 1835 Borobudur was laid bare to its foundations, the 'HiddenFoot', so-called because it had been covered in rubble for centuries.In 1890 and 1891 the entire Hidden Foot was excavated and thelong-concealed relief panels photographed before 13,000 cubicmetres of stone were replaced.

The first major restoration was carried out in the early part ofthis century by a Dutch engineer, Theodor van Erp. Under hisdirection, crumbling stupas were rebuilt, pavements laid in theterraces, carvings cleaned of lichen and moss.

His work, and what was done after his time, gave back toBorobudur much of its former glory. But it soon appeared that theyears the monument had spent concealed by earth and vegetationhad in fact protected it from the ravages of the weather, whilesome of the steps taken to clean and preserve it were actuallyhastening dilapidation. Following the Second World War whenthe Republic of Indonesia came into existence it acquired a major

Among the treasures to he saved: stone

musiciansplaying their silent melodies on

thefirst gallery.

item of the universal cultural heritage, but also one threatenedwith ruin. Scientific investigations served only to confirm thevisual evidence of accelerating decay.

The threat to Borobudur was manifold. Its foundations werelittle more than earth and waste stone material, poured around andto one side of a natural hill by the ancient builders. No mortar was

placed between the blocks composing it and these were heldtogether by gravity the same force which also tended to pull thewhole edifice down the slope where it clung.

Not only was the monument in an earthquake zone which has

suffered several major seismic shocks in the time since it was built,it was also in an area where the tropical climate subjected itsconstruction and material to the severest strain.

When the sun shines, temperatures in the undulating KeduPlain of Central Java can vary by 20 degrees centigrade in a singleday. While daily rainfalls of 100 millimetres are not exceptional,during the monsoon a twenty-four-hour period can bring as muchas 200 millimetres of rain.

This was the weather Borobudur had endured for more than a

millennium. The rain which had beaten down upon it hadoverwhelmed its inadequate system of drainage, gushed through

Aflashhack to 1907, before thefirstrestorations; the Dutch engineer Van Erprebuilt the upper terraces.

its gargoyles to collect in puddles on the terraces, poured throughthe unmortared cracks to wash away the sustaining earth beneath.Whole sections of the northern halfof the lower terraces wereleaning at crazy angles; if they collapsed they could bring down thewhole monument like an avalanche.

Centuries of moisture, seeping through the porous volcanicandésite from which Borobudur was hewn, had attacked itsexquisitely carved surfaces. Brilliant white bonds of silica, forcedthere by capillary action, disfigured the joints in the stonework.Algae, generally associated with organisms causing deep damage tothe stone, had grown on the dampest blocks. Lichens, formingleprous patches on some of the statues, helped to erode the

surfaces.Some of the restoration measures taken in the past had proved

harmful: too vigorous cleaning had weakened the surfaces it was

intended to save; rebuilding in some sections had placed severe

strains on the parts still in their original state; 'protective' coatingshad promoted the production of damaging chemicals.

If Borobudur were to survive, a thorough and massive rescue

operation would have to be carried through, involving scientificknowledge, technical skill, aesthetic expertise and large sums

of money.What was at stake was something unique: a unity achieved

from complexity, an interplay of stone and sky, of ornament and

mass.

Culminating in a central stupa reaching more than thirtymetres above ground level, Borobudur rises in a highly wroughtpyramid: the Hidden Foot supporting four rectangular terraces

which bear three circular ones. The sides of the square base are

123 metres long, making its total area slightly more than a hectare.

its gargoyles to collect in puddles on the terraces, poured throughthe unmortared cracks to wash away the sustaining earth beneath.Whole sections of the northern halfof the lower terraces wereleaning at crazy angles; if they collapsed they could bring down thewhole monument like an avalanche.

Centuries of moisture, seeping through the porous volcanicandésite from which Borobudur was hewn, had attacked itsexquisitely carved surfaces. Brilliant white bonds of silica, forcedthere by capillary action, disfigured the joints in the stonework.Algae, generally associated with organisms causing deep damage tothe stone, had grown on the dampest blocks. Lichens, formingleprous patches on some of the statues, helped to erode the

surfaces.Some of the restoration measures taken in the past had proved

harmful: too vigorous cleaning had weakened the surfaces it was

intended to save; rebuilding in some sections had placed severe

strains on the parts still in their original state; 'protective' coatingshad promoted the production of damaging chemicals.

If Borobudur were to survive, a thorough and massive rescue

operation would have to be carried through, involving scientificknowledge, technical skill, aesthetic expertise and large sums

of money.What was at stake was something unique: a unity achieved

from complexity, an interplay of stone and sky, of ornament and

mass.

Culminating in a central stupa reaching more than thirtymetres above ground level, Borobudur rises in a highly wroughtpyramid: the Hidden Foot supporting four rectangular terraces

which bear three circular ones. The sides of the square base are

123 metres long, making its total area slightly more than a hectare.

The ascent to enlightenment:one ofBorobudur'sfourstairways.

Restoration begins andscaffolding hides

the upper levels.

New concretefoundations were needed to correct

theperilous outward lean ofthe lower levels.

The rectangular terraces above ground level carry no less thanthree kilometres ofwalling carved into 1,300 panels ofbas-reliefsand bear 432 statues of the Buddha, while 72 fretted stupas on thecircular terraces above each also contain a statue of the Buddha.

However, despite the feat of engineering which its constructionmore than a thousand years ago must have entailed, it is notthrough scale alone that Borobudur lays claim to belong to theuniversal cultural heritage. Its outstanding feature is its brilliantharmonizadon of form and significance.

The form of Buddhism that established itself in Indonesia wasMahayana, the Great Vehicle, which has broad objectives andwhich also extended to Nepal, Tibet, Mongolia, China, Korea andJapan. In Java it mingled with the old Hindu-Javanese Tantrismin which it was customary to recite magic formulae. It is thiswhich is the tradition ofBorobudur and which is reflected both inthe ornament and the arrangement of its soft-coloured stones.

Each level of the man-made mountain ofBorobudurcorresponds to one of the three spheres, or Dhatus, into whichBuddhist teaching divides life: Kamadhatu, the sphere ofdesire;Rupadhatu, the sphere of form; and Arupadhatu, the sphere offormlessness.

The lower terraces, with their exquisitelysculptedpanels, were threatened by collapse.

The base, or Hidden Foot, represents Kamadhatu andits 160 reliefs depict worldly desires and pleasures as well as

their punishments. Some scholars found these reliefs so alluringthat they suggested that they had been covered to conceal themfrom the eyes ofpilgrims in search of enlightenment; anothertheory, more prosaic but supported by evidence of modern soilstudies, is that the stones were heaped around the base of themonument to serve as a second foundation after subsidencehad been detected.

However, it is the second stage, Rupadhatu, or sphere ofform, made up of the next four rectangular terraces, which has

posed some of the most intriguing questions for researchers.

The hundreds of carved panels on the terrace walls and facingbalustrades are sermons in stone which folk-knowledge may havemade eloquent to the early pilgrims; modern scholarship has hadto deduce their significance by relating them to ancient Buddhistscriptures. This kind of study has demonstrated that Borobudur'sarchitects planned it to provide Buddhist pilgrims with a spiritualexercise recognizable to the Catholic who has progressedthrough the Stations of the Cross, to the Muslim who has madethe circuits of the Kaaba, or to the Hindu who has taken the seven

steps around the holy fire which is austere and mystical butpractical at the same time.

Entering by the eastern gate of the four monster-headed arches

which give access to the terraces, the pilgrim turns to his left andbegins his ascent, keeping the monument always on his right.Borobudur's architecture then leads him in an upward spiral whichmakes clear the significance of the old name for the holy hill:Bhumisambarabudhara, the mountain of the accumulation ofvirtue in the ten stages of the Bodhisattva.

The base, or Hidden Foot, represents Kamadhatu andits 160 reliefs depict worldly desires and pleasures as well as

their punishments. Some scholars found these reliefs so alluringthat they suggested that they had been covered to conceal themfrom the eyes ofpilgrims in search of enlightenment; anothertheory, more prosaic but supported by evidence of modern soilstudies, is that the stones were heaped around the base of themonument to serve as a second foundation after subsidencehad been detected.

However, it is the second stage, Rupadhatu, or sphere ofform, made up of the next four rectangular terraces, which has

posed some of the most intriguing questions for researchers.

The hundreds of carved panels on the terrace walls and facingbalustrades are sermons in stone which folk-knowledge may havemade eloquent to the early pilgrims; modern scholarship has hadto deduce their significance by relating them to ancient Buddhistscriptures. This kind of study has demonstrated that Borobudur'sarchitects planned it to provide Buddhist pilgrims with a spiritualexercise recognizable to the Catholic who has progressedthrough the Stations of the Cross, to the Muslim who has madethe circuits of the Kaaba, or to the Hindu who has taken the seven

steps around the holy fire which is austere and mystical butpractical at the same time.

Entering by the eastern gate of the four monster-headed arches

which give access to the terraces, the pilgrim turns to his left andbegins his ascent, keeping the monument always on his right.Borobudur's architecture then leads him in an upward spiral whichmakes clear the significance of the old name for the holy hill:Bhumisambarabudhara, the mountain of the accumulation ofvirtue in the ten stages of the Bodhisattva.

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This aerial view, taken during reconstruction,shows Borobudur'splan ofcircle on square.

Awayfrom the site, one ofBorobudur's504 statues ofthe Buddha ispatientlycleaned.

Lichen, like a leprous growth on the ancientstones, eroded their surfaces.

Engineers' awnings were constructed toprwideshadefor the workers on the stupas at theupper levels.

A Bodhisattva is one who, like the historical Buddha,Gautama, has put aside worldly passions to attain enlightenment,and Borobudur has been shaped to help the pilgrim follow thepath ofhis model. As he mounts on his quest for Buddhahood, orrelease from the cycle of reincarnation, he passes sculpted aids tomeditation. First, in the sphere of form, come reliefs of incidentsfrom the life of Gautama Buddha from his birth until his sermonat Benares in which he established the principles of his teaching;there follow a sequence ofcarved illustrations from thejaiakasabout the deeds of Buddha in his former incarnations, then a series

of Avánceos depicting Bodhisatrvas in their former lives and finally4(S0 reliefs showing scenes from the Gandivyuha and Bhadratjarion the life of Sudhana who, in his quest for enlightenment, meetsseveral Bodhisatrvas and Mai treya, the future Buddha.

Thus the pilgrim reaches the third stage, the three circularterraces bearing their fretted stupas each containing a Buddha.Here in Arupadhatu, the sphere of formlessness, the walls are freeofornament and there is nothing for contemplation but stone, skyand the central stupa, sealed and void, which crowns the wholeedifice ofBorobudur. This summit symbolizes Nirvana, the goalof every Buddhist.

One aim ofrestoration: to restore

the serene calm marking the upperterraces.

iCnowledge of, and anxiety about, the situation ofBorobudurhad been growing long before Unesco's international campaignfor its preservation was launched, and over the years proposals forit ranged from demolishing and transporting its sculptures tomuseums, to roofing over the entire structure where it stood.

Despite the many problems facing a newly independent country,the Indonesian Government gave the problem ofBorobudur highpriority; as early as 1948 it invited an archaeological mission fromIndia to carry out a survey, and in 1955 requested Unesco'sassistance; several expert missions sent by the Organization served

to confirm the view that only a thoroughgoing, large-scale rescueoperation could be of value.

For as knowledge increased, the complexity of the problem ofsaving Borobudur became more evident: not only was engineeringrequired but conservation of the stone and, above all, research intothe nature ofwhat was to be saved so that the measures

Removedfrom what had been thár homeformore than 1,000years, Borobudur's statues

ofthe Buddha await their scientific beautytreatment.

of safeguard should be on target. In the event, the disciplinesinvolved in the preliminary activities for the operation included,among others: airphoto analysis, archaeology, architecture,chemistry, conservation techniques, engineering seismology,foundation engineering, geology, geophysics, hydrology,impermeabilization technology, landscape planning, meteorology,microbiology, petrography, physics, soil mechanics, surveying andterrestrial photogrammetry.

By the time the Indonesian Government asked Unesco tolaunch a campaign for international support for restoration it wasknown that such a campaign could succeed, for the Organization'sfirst appeal, to safeguard the threatened monuments of Nubia, hadsurpassed expectations. It was also known that it would be

necessary to dismantle and rebuild Borobudur's terraces, to provideadequate drainage and clean the most disfigured of its sculptures.

The requirements of such an undertaking, it was already clear,

would be beyond the resources of Indonesia, or any developingcountry with pressing priorities to meet. Thus international helpin money, equipment and expertise was essential, althoughIndonesia pledged itself to find the major part of the expenditurefrom its national budget and, in fact, continued to do so

The way ofthepilgrim: the life ofthehistorical Buddha is told in the upperpanels;the lower ones recount his earlier lives and tales

ofother heroes.

with the participation of its national experts throughout therescue operation.

With the assurance that the restoration project could be

sustained and carried through, a vast operation that was eight years

in preparation and nearly ten years in execution could be

undertaken. During the rescue, the square terraces weredismantled and then re-erected on platforms of concrete whichwere isolated from the stone masonry to prevent harmful chemicalinteractions which research had shown were likely.These platforms were integrated into a system of filter layers andimpervious layers to keep the structure separate from the naturallydrained core of the hill ofBorobudur, while a new drainage system

was installed from the terraces to carry off the torrential rains thatfell on them.

To do this, more than a million stone blocks had to be

lifted by crane from the site, numbered and catalogued (a taskinvolving a computer, which was also used to control the wholeproject and to help identify some 10,000 stones which had fallenfrom the structure, including the heads of some of theBuddha statues).

All the blocks and sculptures were taken to a workshop at thefoot of the hill where the ornamented surfaces were cleaned,

sometimes simply with water or dry brushing, sometimes whenthey were encrusted with lichens by a 'face-pack' consisting of a

mixture of clay and chemicals, which was left on for a day. Overfive years, just under 200 were cleaned in this way daily, artificiallydried if necessary, and sprayed with herbicide. This operationcalled for the utmost care to preserve the natural patina andhomogeneous colouring of the stones, and for this reason no otherchemical treatment was given.

The way ofthepilgrim: the life ofthehistorical Buddha is told in the upperpanels;the lower ones recount his earlier lives and tales

ofother heroes.

with the participation of its national experts throughout therescue operation.

With the assurance that the restoration project could be

sustained and carried through, a vast operation that was eight years

in preparation and nearly ten years in execution could be

undertaken. During the rescue, the square terraces weredismantled and then re-erected on platforms of concrete whichwere isolated from the stone masonry to prevent harmful chemicalinteractions which research had shown were likely.These platforms were integrated into a system of filter layers andimpervious layers to keep the structure separate from the naturallydrained core of the hill ofBorobudur, while a new drainage system

was installed from the terraces to carry off the torrential rains thatfell on them.

To do this, more than a million stone blocks had to be

lifted by crane from the site, numbered and catalogued (a taskinvolving a computer, which was also used to control the wholeproject and to help identify some 10,000 stones which had fallenfrom the structure, including the heads of some of theBuddha statues).

All the blocks and sculptures were taken to a workshop at thefoot of the hill where the ornamented surfaces were cleaned,

sometimes simply with water or dry brushing, sometimes whenthey were encrusted with lichens by a 'face-pack' consisting of a

mixture of clay and chemicals, which was left on for a day. Overfive years, just under 200 were cleaned in this way daily, artificiallydried if necessary, and sprayed with herbicide. This operationcalled for the utmost care to preserve the natural patina andhomogeneous colouring of the stones, and for this reason no otherchemical treatment was given.

An army ofcranes was neededfor the work.

Despite the vast scale of the undertaking, re-erection of thelower terraces on their new foundations could proceed according toa timetable which allowed for the landscaping of the surroundingsin time for the re-inauguration ofBorobudur early in 1983.

The Unesco appeal, launched on 6 December 1972, met with a

wide response. Indonesia provided nearly two-thirds of the finaltotal cost of $17.2 million but the equivalent of$6.6 million incash and kind was furnished by twenty-seven countries.Government contributions came from Australia, Belgium, Burma,Cyprus, France, Ghana, the Federal Republic of Germany, India,Iran, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mauritius,the Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Qatar,Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, the United Republic ofTanzania and the United Kingdom. Other sources as well as

payments made directly to the Indonesian Government, incomefrom the sale of Unesco commemorative medals and privatecontributions through the Unesco Coupon scheme or in foreigncurrencies included the American Committee for Borobudur, theJ.D.R. 3rd Fund of New York, the Commemorative Associationfor the Japan World Exposition, the Netherlands NationalCommittee for Borobudur, the Netherlands General Lottery andthe Borobudur Restoration supporting group in Nagoya.

What the Director-General of Unesco, Amadou-MahtarM'Bow, has called 'this joint effort to preserve for futuregenerations one of the treasures of the cultural heritage ofmankind' employed some 600 people, including experts from tencountries. It succeeded despite the complexity of the technicalproblems and the constant braking effect of rising costs andinflation a success made possible only by extraordinaryfarsightedness on the part of a developing country and by an

Despite the vast scale of the undertaking, re-erection of thelower terraces on their new foundations could proceed according toa timetable which allowed for the landscaping of the surroundingsin time for the re-inauguration ofBorobudur early in 1983.

The Unesco appeal, launched on 6 December 1972, met with a

wide response. Indonesia provided nearly two-thirds of the finaltotal cost of $17.2 million but the equivalent of$6.6 million incash and kind was furnished by twenty-seven countries.Government contributions came from Australia, Belgium, Burma,Cyprus, France, Ghana, the Federal Republic of Germany, India,Iran, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mauritius,the Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Qatar,Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, the United Republic ofTanzania and the United Kingdom. Other sources as well as

payments made directly to the Indonesian Government, incomefrom the sale of Unesco commemorative medals and privatecontributions through the Unesco Coupon scheme or in foreigncurrencies included the American Committee for Borobudur, theJ.D.R. 3rd Fund of New York, the Commemorative Associationfor the Japan World Exposition, the Netherlands NationalCommittee for Borobudur, the Netherlands General Lottery andthe Borobudur Restoration supporting group in Nagoya.

What the Director-General of Unesco, Amadou-MahtarM'Bow, has called 'this joint effort to preserve for futuregenerations one of the treasures of the cultural heritage ofmankind' employed some 600 people, including experts from tencountries. It succeeded despite the complexity of the technicalproblems and the constant braking effect of rising costs andinflation a success made possible only by extraordinaryfarsightedness on the part of a developing country and by an

international consensus that Borobudur represents something thatgoes beyond normal political and economic considerations andbeyond the limits of time and geography.

The value of the effort can best be judged by those who are

now able to see Borobudur for themselves: a jewel set in a naturalarchaeological park, a triumph of engineering, of science, ofscholarship and of human toil, a symbol ofwhat men can achievewhen they work together.

SOURCES

Chandi Borobudur: Proceedings ofthe International Symposium.

Executive Committee for the International Symposium.Tokyo, Kyodo News Enterprise, 1981.

Groslier, Bernard P. Borobudur. Unesco Courier, June 1968.

Hyvert, Giselle. The Conservation ofthe Borobudur Temple. Paris,Unesco, July 1972. (RMO/RD/2646/CLP.)

Voûte, Caesar. The Restoration and Conservation ProjectofBorobudur Temple, Indonesia. Studies in Conservation,

Vol. 18, No. 3.

Marzuki, Yazir; Awuy, Fred D. Namo Buddhaya, Amsterdam,Indonesia Overseas Bank.

The co-operation of the Indonesian Delegation to Unesco, theAsian Cultural Centre for Unesco, Tokyo, and the NationalFederation of Unesco Associations ofJapan is gratefullyacknowledged.

The interplay ofstone mass and intricatesculpture marks eachfaçade.

international consensus that Borobudur represents something thatgoes beyond normal political and economic considerations andbeyond the limits of time and geography.

The value of the effort can best be judged by those who are

now able to see Borobudur for themselves: a jewel set in a naturalarchaeological park, a triumph of engineering, of science, ofscholarship and of human toil, a symbol ofwhat men can achievewhen they work together.

SOURCES

Chandi Borobudur: Proceedings ofthe International Symposium.

Executive Committee for the International Symposium.Tokyo, Kyodo News Enterprise, 1981.

Groslier, Bernard P. Borobudur. Unesco Courier, June 1968.

Hyvert, Giselle. The Conservation ofthe Borobudur Temple. Paris,Unesco, July 1972. (RMO/RD/2646/CLP.)

Voûte, Caesar. The Restoration and Conservation ProjectofBorobudur Temple, Indonesia. Studies in Conservation,

Vol. 18, No. 3.

Marzuki, Yazir; Awuy, Fred D. Namo Buddhaya, Amsterdam,Indonesia Overseas Bank.

The co-operation of the Indonesian Delegation to Unesco, theAsian Cultural Centre for Unesco, Tokyo, and the NationalFederation of Unesco Associations ofJapan is gratefullyacknowledged.

The interplay ofstone mass and intricatesculpture marks eachfaçade.

Borobudur's gargoyles werefearsome butinadequate against torrential rains, so amodem drainage system has been installed.

Borobudur's gargoyles werefearsome butinadequate against torrential rains, so amodem drainage system has been installed.

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