Borja - harryfatter.files.wordpress.com · Web viewThe state-owned Philippine National Railways (or Pambansang Daangbakal ng Pilipinas in Filipino), ... PNR thesis. Retrieved March

Assessment Of The Development Of The Rehabilitation Of the Philippine National Railways In Safety and Comfort

Journal of the Assessment of the Development of the Rehabilitation of the Philippine National Railways in Safety and Comfort

1. INTRODUCTION

In developing countries like the Philippines, trains are considered as key components towards a good economic standing. The Philippine National Railways (PNR) is the oldest of all the railway systems standing today. Throughout the years, the PNR has become forlorn due to continued neglect by the government. Its efficiency suffered and its railroad coverage was limited. In 2007, the Philippine government commenced the rehabilitation of the railway system to reinvigorate commuter services in Metro Manila, restore lost services in North Luzon and repair the Manila-Bicol route, and remove informal settlers residing on the PNR right-of-way.

1.1 Background of the Study

The Philippine National Railways is the oldest railway transport in the Philippines. As decades went by, PNR became forlorn due to the negligence of the past administrations. The thought of the rehabilitation of PNR started when a lawmaker has strongly proposed the revitalization, rehabilitation and modernization of the Philippine National Railways (PNR) to help address the problems in traffic and mass transportation. In 2007, the Philippine government, under the administration of the former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, decided to finally begin the rehabilitation of the forgotten railway transport.

This research reports the findings of a thorough study to explore and assess the development of the said restoration after a decade. Emphasis is placed on the safety and comfort features that the PNR offers inside and outside the train, including the stations. Also central to the study is the exploration of the possible improvements that they can augment to the progress they made over the years.

To assist in the possible enhancement of the PNR, it is required to understand the responsibility, staffing, collection, policies and procedures, and funding to what can and cannot be done. This study has incorporated questionnaire surveys, both online and onsite to 100 random respondents with varying age, gender and current status in life. 1.2 Statement of the Problem

There is now ample research on the rehabilitation of PNR (Conlin 2016, Bird 2016, Oxford 2008, Desiderio 2016). Senate President Franklin M. Drilon was one of the lawmakers who recognized the crucial role that rail transit systems play in the everyday lives of our citizens. From the article, Moving Forward to the Next 50 Years, Drilon said, “Any stoppage of the rail service will be of huge inconvenience for our commuting public, especially for our countrymen who hail from provinces and who have to travel to Metro Manila on a daily basis”. Senator Drilon is only one of the main supporters of the rehabilitation of the underutilized asset which is the PNR. However, few researches has been reported about the development of the said railway rehabilitation.

1.3 Significance of the Study


1.3.1 PNR

This study can provide information that can further improve PNR’s tarnished reputation. It can help enhance the services and various features of the railway system. Furthermore, this study can impart knowledge as to where the PNR is lacking.

1.3.2 Commuters

The study can help the commuters by serving as their voice in the rehabilitation of the railway system. Also, if the government made action through this paper, it will help the commuters to have a safe and comfortable experience while enjoying the services of PNR.

1.3.3 Community

Again, if actions were made, the modernized and reinvigorated PNR will attract commuters, thus diminishing the people on the road who take other modes of transport. This will reduce the traffic congestion in Manila. Also, since there will be fewer vehicles on the road, the pollution brought by these vehicles will be condensed hence, this paper can also help the environment.

1.3.4 Future Researchers

Future researchers can use this study as a stepping stone for future problems that the PNR or other railway transport may face. This paper can be used as a reference as to where to start looking for problems in transports like the PNR.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

To determine the development of the rehabilitation and reinvigoration process of the PNR with regards to its comfort and safety services.

To give the government a chance to see the perspective of the commuters on whether they are satisfied with the development of the PNR.

To come up with a conclusion to satisfy the needs of the passengers of the PNR in terms of comfort and safety.

Lastly, is to provide information and output that were made through critical analysis to future researchers.

1.5 Scope and limitations of the study

The study will focus on the assessment on the current condition of the Philippine National Railways (PNR) in terms of safety and comfort in the month of March year 2017. The respondents will be coming from 100 random passengers of the PNR in España Station.


These respondents will be given questionnaires online and onsite. They will be profiled based on their age, gender, profession, regularity of riding the PNR and the purpose of their trip. The study will also cover the situations when riding the train and their behavior during the trip. The study will not cover the other aspects of the PNR services including the railway design and possible improvement of the system alone.

1.6 Definition of terms

1.6.1 Rehabilitation – the act of restoring something to its original state1.6.2 Assessment – the act of judging or deciding the amount, value, quality, or importance

of something, or the judgment or decision that is made.1.6.3 Safety – Relative freedom from danger, risk, or threat of harm, injury, or loss to

personnel and/or property, whether caused deliberately or by accident. 1.6.4 Comfort – a state of physical ease and freedom from pain or constraint.1.6.5 Developing Country – A developing country, also called a less developed country or

an underdeveloped country, is a nation or a sovereign state with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The related literature used in this study contains facts from different sources that supported the statement of this research. However, little is written in detail about the information that was needed to fulfill the objectives of the paper. Studying relevant literature helped the researchers to understand more fully how safety and comfort play a big role in the PNR’s line of service.

2.1 Rail Transport in the Philippines

The Philippine railway network consists of one commuter rail service provided by the Philippine National Railways (PNR), and multiple light rail systems operated by the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRT) and Metro Rail Transit Corporation (MRT). Within the last century, there were operating intercity rail lines extending from Manila both north and south, as well as on Panay and Cebu islands. Studying these rail transports provided the researchers a background of their study. It also gave them something to compare and contrast the PNR to in order to bring more evaluation and analysis to the paper.

2.2 Philippines as a Developing Country

There are three types of countries in this world, third world, developing and developed. A developing country, also called a less developed country or an underdeveloped country, is a nation or a sovereign state with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. Philippines, as a developing country assisted the researchers in finding a solid foundation of information. According to one of many sources, investopedia’s


Top 25 Developed and Developing Countries, the Philippines is not a developed country but is very much a developing country.

2.3 Philippine National Railway

The state-owned Philippine National Railways (or Pambansang Daangbakal ng Pilipinas in Filipino), operates two commuter rail services in Metro Manila and the Bicol Region that ranges a fare matrix from 10-45 pesos. There are five train accommodations in PNR which are Mayon limited, Sleeper Coaches, Mayon Limited Ordinary, Bicol Express and Mayon Limited De Luxe Executive Lounge. Depending on how you want to be comforted you may choose from these but they are just limited to Mayon and Bicol stations. A usual rain is the commuter train where there are just coaches on the side. There are 20 % discounts and privileges for first coaches for senior citizens. There are proper train riding habits for the safety and comfort of the passengers. They are the prohibition of foods, guns, firecrackers and the likes, chemicals that have unpleasant odor, unpacked bottle of any form of liquids, smelly food, and live animals. To ride the PNR, you need to get a ticket first from the ticket booth, show the ticket to gate inspector and ride the train. Upon reaching the final destination of the passenger the ticket will be collected to the gate inspector.

2.4 Development of Philippine National Railway

The Philippines signed two memorandum of understanding (MOU) in Germany to develop Philippine National Railway System (Philippine News Journal, 2005). It states that both parties will collaborate in undertaking the necessary research on the technical, environmental, financial and economic viability of the establishment of Philippine National Railway network. The memorandum aims to formulate the master plan which includes the basic implementation concept and standards for the development of the Philippine national railway system and its operations.

Many test runs were conducted to ensure the safety of the train service prior to the resumption of its operations (Agcaoili, 2015). Philippines were given used train cars with couches from Japan by year 2011 (Montecillo, September 2011). Thus there were additional trips and time interval would be lessened. Macaraig (2014) elucidated that senators Cynthia Villar and Ralph Recto call for the 25-year extension of the PNR after the agency promised reforms, including the improvement of services and assets. They proposed a bill to extend the operation of the PNR by 25 years. In separate speeches, Villar and Recto stressed the need not only to extend the life of the PNR, but also to ensure that the rail system becomes a viable alternative for commuters struggling with heavy traffic and overloaded buses and trains.

On July 2015, during the administration of the President Noynoy Aquino, Philippine government commenced the bidding for public-private partnership deal: P170.7-billion ($3.78-billion) South Line of the North-South Railway Project or NSRP (Dela Paz, 2015). On November 27 of same year, Japan government signed a billion loan agreements for a 36.7-kilometer railway. According to Dela Paz, the PPP project is "still under evaluation" by concerned agencies and has not yet been approved by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Board.

2.5 Problems Faced by the Philippine National Railways


Camus (2014) explicated that the PNR was once Luzon’s premier railway operator with over 797 kilometers linking La Union down to Bicol but decades of neglect and damage from natural calamities gradually slashed its coverage. Damaged railroad tracks resulting to derailment of trains in different stations was one of the frequent reasons of the affected PNR operations. According to Paul De Quiros, PNR spokesperson, noted that the PNR has been replacing wooden railroad ties with more stable but expensive concrete ones. He said that most of the railroad ties used by PNR were already concrete but specific figures were not immediately available. Because of this, train operations of the PNR were suspended last May 5, 2015 (Newsinfo, 2015). The tracks from Tutuban in Manila to Calamba in Laguna were subjected under inspection.

2.6 Moving Forward to the Next 50 Years

In one of the fastest marathon sessions of the Philippine Congress, the 50-year charter of the Philippine National Railways was extended just in the nick of time by another 50 years with the signing of RA 10638 by President Benigno Aquino. Senate President Franklin M. Drilon was one of the lawmakers who recognized the crucial role that rail transit systems play in the everyday lives of our citizens. "Any stoppage of the rail service will be of huge inconvenience for our commuting public, especially for our countrymen who hail from provinces and who have to travel to Metro Manila on a daily basis," he said.

Drilon (2014) added that it is important then for the government to ensure that the PNR continues to be a convenient, dependable and time-saving transit system for our people. He hoped that a sound and feasible modernization plan for Philippine railways will soon be legislated and prioritized by the government saying that the rail service, once it is improved, will make a cheaper alternative mode of transportation which could aid in the decongestion of traffic in Metro Manila.

Senate President Pro Tempore Ralph Recto saw that one of the solutions to the worsening traffic situation in the country was improving and using available resources such as the PNR. Recto was the principal author and co-sponsor of the bill seeking the continuing operation of the PNR and hastening the rehabilitation and modernization of the country's rail-way lines and stations. He recognized that the condition of the rail-way system had greatly deteriorated, and that it would need a considerable amount to rehabilitate and modernize. He saw the need for PNR's charter extension as a means to decongest traffic in heavily populated areas including Metro Manila and other provinces. Recto (2014) said, "It is time to maximize the underutilized asset that is the PNR".

According to the senator, when the rail system operates at its, maximum potential by adding more trains, it can remove at least 14,000 cars on the road. About 70,000 people reportedly avail of the services of PNR daily. He added that the government should shell out "budgetary support" to the PNR to refurbish its 50 coaches. He also noted that the government could make use of partnerships or official development aid or even the government's own funds.


"The passage into ensures the continued operation of the cheapest form of transportation for Filipinos. Compared to jeepneys and buses that charge P2 per kilometer, PNR provides the cheapest mode of transportation to our people by charging only 71 centavos per kilometer," she noted.

The PNR's Bicol-bound trains have always been vital in the region's economic growth and development. This is why Representative Leni Robredo has been coordinating aggressively with PNR so the Manila-Bicol trip could be restored the soonest time possible. (Its tracks were damaged by several typhoons.

2.7 Foreign Railway Safety Policies and Procedures

There are even brochures distributed in New Jersey Transit on their safety policies. It indicates there the passenger safety tips, explained train evacuations and emergency instructions. They also have different exit options, emergency exit locations and detailed functions of parts of the emergency exit doors and windows. Foreign rail systems provide training for crews on emergency. The safety features of their rail transport includes slip-resistant flooring, glow in the dark markings for exit paths, and handrails to climb up and down. They also have a new feature called Passenger Emergency Intercom (PEI) system that lets them talk to crews of the train in another location.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents how the data were gathered, who are the respondents and what are the materials used in conducting the research.

3.1 Type of Research

The type of research that are used in this study is Descriptive research which is a study designed to depict the participants in an accurate way. Thus descriptive research is all about describing people who take part in the study (study.com).

3.2 Material

In this study we used questionnaires. The questionnaire has been formulated after a thorough reading of related literature and studies about the PNR. The questionnaire was forwarded to the research adviser for corrections and suggestions. After checking and made some adjustments, the researcher prepared the final questionnaire. The questionnaire requires information about the current condition of PNR in its safety and comfort. It used open-ended and closed questions. Open ended questions are questions that that allow someone to give a free-form answer while closed-ended questions have a limited set of possible answers. The questionnaire assigned numerical values to various attributes of people. It has also spaces provided for their comments or suggestions for its improvements. The questions were subjective in nature meaning the results are affected by the judgment of the respondent.


3.2 Data Gathering procedures

Information that was gathered used variety of data collection techniques to obtain both quantitative and qualitative results. It includes interview, questionnaires or surveys and observations. Interviews were conducted one to one in person and/or telephone and were done informally. Data gathered in this technique were qualitative. Questions were clear and were able to follow up more questions in each item. Questionnaires or surveys were distributed through online services specifically the Google forms and onsite data gathering by personally giving the questionnaire. The researchers explained every item of the questionnaires to the respondents and questionnaires were retrieved right after the respondents accomplished them.

Response from questionnaires and surveys were quantitative. The results are shown through statistical analysis and graphical representations. Lastly, the researchers used observation method. In 25 stations of train, we were able to ride in España station and observed secretly. It allowed us to examine the place and provide additional information on the study.

3.3 Respondents

The respondents in this research are the commuters of PNR with a sample size of 100 regardless of their age, gender and profession. The respondents are randomly selected so that each respondent has an equal chance of being selected. The randomly sampled respondents were asked by the researcher for consent and approval to answer the questionnaire.

3.4 Formulas used

This is the formula used in the obtaining the data, P= fn

×100 where P is the

Percentage, f is the Frequency and N is the Total Number of Respondents.

4 Discussion of results

This chapter presents the data gathered and results from the questionnaire survey distributed through online and on-hand means.

Question no. 1: What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of their gender?

Male Female0

20

40

60

Figure 1 Distribution of the Respondents according to Gender

Com

mut

ers


Figure 1 lists that fifty-five out of one hundred (55/100) respondents are female, while the remaining forty-five (45/100) are male.

Question no. 2: What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of their age bracket?

16 - 26 years old 27 - 37 years old 38 - 48 years old 49 - 59 years old 60 - 70 years old0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Figure 2 Distribution of the Respondents according to Age Bracket

Com

mut

ers

Figure 2 reveals the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age. Most of the respondents are 16-26 years old, which is fifty-four (54) of the total population; another twenty-nine percent (29) are from the 27-37 year-old bracket, eight (8) are between 38-48 years old, five (5) are from 49-59 years old while the remaining four (4) are from the 60-70 year old bracket. This result indicates that millennials are the ones riding the Philippine National Railways (PNR) in España Station

Question no. 3: How often do you ride the PNR?

Rarely Sometimes Always0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Figure 3 Distribution of the Respondents according to Regularity of Riding the PNR

Com

mut

ers

Figure 3 clarifies that thirty (30) of the respondents always ride the Philippine National Railways (PNR) in España Station, twenty nine (29) comprises the commuters who occasionally ride the PNR while the remaining forty (40) rarely ride the PNR in España Station.


Question no. 4: What is the purpose of your trip?

For School For Work For Leisure Others05

1015202530354045

Figure 4 Distribution of the Respondents according to Purpose of Riding the PNR

Com

mut

ers

Figure 4 exhibits that thirty-two out of one hundred (32/100) of the respondents ride the PNR in España Station for school, forty (40) for work, thirteen (13) for leisure and fifteen (15) enlisted that they do not use the PNR for school, work or leisure. It can be inferred from Figure 2.5 that most commuters ride the PNR in España Station for the purpose of school and work.

Statement no. 5: The PNR’S fare matrix is reasonable. (Tallied based on purpose of the trip)

Strongly Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree

0

5

10

15

20

25

Figure 5 Distrbution of the Respondents according to Percep-tion in Fare Matrix (Tallied based on Purpose of the Trip)

For SchoolFor WorkFor LeisureOthers

Com

mut

ers

Figure 5 conveys that most students agree that the fare matrix of PNR is reasonable with fifteen percent (15%) of the respondents. However, there was one student who strongly disagreed about the travel time being fast. On the other hand, the highest percentage of commuters who agree that the fare matrix is reasonable came from workers with twenty-one percent (21%) of their total population. Commuters who ride the PNR at España Station for leisure and others are neutral with both seven (7%) each. It can be concluded that fifty (50%) of the respondents agree that the fare matrix is reasonable.


Statement no. 6: I feel safe whenever I ride the PNR (Tallied based on gender)

Strongly Agree


0

5

10

15

20

25

Figure 6 Distribution of the Respondents according to Safety of PNR (Tallied based on Gender)

MaleFemale

Com

mut

ers

Figure 6 unveils that out of fifty-five percent (55%) female respondents, one percent (1%) strongly agreed, twelve percent (12%) agreed, twenty-one (21%) felt neutral, twenty percent (20%) disagreed and one percent (1%) strongly disagreed that they feel safe whenever they ride the PNR. As for the forty-five percent (45%) male respondents, three percent (3%) strongly agreed, sixteen percent (16%) agreed, fifteen (15%) felt neutral, eight percent (8%) disagreed and three percent (3%) strongly disagreed. It can be concluded that most of the female commuters felt neutral or they disagreed because it is crowded or they feel too close to a stranger and there’s a chance of being harassed. Female commuters feel less safe riding the PNR in España Station compare to male commuters.

Statement no. 6.1: I feel safe whenever I ride the PNR (Tallied based on regularity of riding the PNR)

Strongly Agree


02468

1012141618

Figure 6.1 Distribution of the Respondents according to Safety of PNR (Tallied based on Regularity of Riding the

PNR)

RarelySometimesAlways

Com

mut

ers

Figure 6.1 conveys that for those who rarely ride the PNR in España Station, they don’t feel safe at all with nine percent (9%) of their total population. For those who occasionally ride, twelve percent (12%) each were recorded for those who are neutral and disagreed that they feel safe upon riding the PNR. Lastly, for those who always ride the PNR, eighteen percent (18%) agreed that the PNR is safe. It can be concluded that overall,


commuters perceive the PNR as safe since only thirty-four percent (34%) disagreed and strongly disagreed that they feel safe upon riding the PNR.

Statement no. 7: The service of the staff is good (Tallied based on age bracket)

Strongly Agree


02468

101214161820

Figure 7 Distribution of the Respondents according to Satisfaction (Tallied based on Age Bracket)

16-26 y/o27-37 y/o38-48 y/o49-59 y/o60-70 y/o

Com

mut

ers

Figure 7 elucidates that out of 100 respondents, five percent (5%) strongly agreed and strongly disagreed with the statement, thirty percent (30%) agreed, twenty-seven percent (27%) felt neutral and thirty-three percent (33%) disagreed. It can be inferred that most of 16-70 year-old commuters were not satisfied with the services that the PNR offers.

Statement no. 7.1: The service of the staff is good (Tallied based on regularity of riding the PNR)

Strongly Agree


02468

1012141618

Figure 7.1 Distribution of the Respondents according to Satisfaction (Tallied based on Regularity of Riding the

PNR)


Com

mut

ers

Figure 7.1 exemplifies that out of 100 respondents, five percent (5%) strongly agreed, thirty percent (30%) agreed, twenty-eight (28%) felt neutral, thirty-two percent (32%) disagreed and five percent (5%) strongly disagreed that they were satisfied the PNR’s services. Most of the regular commuters were not satisfied with the management’s services and those who use it occasionally were undecided.


Statement 8: The station needs more security (Tallied based on regularity of riding the PNR)

Strongly Agree


02468

1012141618

Figure 8 Distribution of the Respondents according to Perspective Regarding the number of Security in the Sta-

tion


Com

mut

ers

Figure 8 lists that out of 100 commuters, forty (40) answered that they rode the PNR regularly, twenty-nine (29) were occasionally riding and thirty (30) are rarely riding the PNR. From the graph, it can be concluded that most of the commuters who rode the PNR regularly and occasionally believe that the PNR needs more security guard.

Statement 9: The train is Clean and Odorless (Tallied based on regularity of riding the PNR)

Strongly Agree


0

5

10

15

20

25

Figure 9 Distribtuion of Respondents according to their opinion if the Train is Clean and Odorless (Tallied based

on Regularity of Riding the PNR)


Com

mut

ers

Figure 9 explains that out of 100 respondents, eight percent (8%) strongly agreed, sixteen percent (16%) agreed, eighteen percent (18%) disagreed, forty-six percent (46%) strongly disagreed, and twelve percent (12%) felt neutral in recommending people to ride the PNR. Almost half of the respondents disagreed that the train is clean and odorless


5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter includes the summary and conclusions of the results and the recommendations for better research paper. These are the summary of the data gathered:

The profiles of the respondents

Females find it more convenient to ride the train. Most of the commuters riding the train are for school and for work ranging from 16 to 26 years old.

Perception in Fare Matrix (Tallied according on Purpose of the Trip)

For people who ride in the train for school and for work, they find the price reasonable. The fare matrix is from 10 to 45 pesos. For those who ride PNR for purposes other than school and work, they find the fare matrix unreasonable.

Safety of PNR (Tallied according on Gender)

Female commuters find riding the train unsafe while for male commuters, it is safe.

Safety of PNR (Tallied according on Regularity of Riding the PNR)

To those commuters who are always using PNR as their mode of transportation, it is safe for them to ride the train while rare users of PNR feel unsafe.

Satisfaction (Tallied according on Age Bracket)

Ages 16-26 commuters are satisfied in the services of PNR while ages 29-59 are not satisfied.

Satisfaction (Tallied according on Regularity of Riding the PNR)

The commuters who always ride the train are not satisfied in the services of PNR.

Perspective regarding the number of security in the station (Tallied according on Regularity of Riding the PNR)

The commuters agreed that the station needs more security guards.

Opinion if the Train is Clean and Odorless (Tallied according on Regularity of Riding the PNR)

Commuters disagreed that train is clean and odorless

5.2 Analysis

The data were collected from 100 random respondents with varying age and gender. After asking and inquiring about their diverse experiences while using the services of the Philippine National Railway, careful analysis of the data gathered was performed. The analysis of data is a key component in assessing the development of the rehabilitation of PNR due to the solid information given by the passengers themselves. This information is required in order to put up a stable foundation of our research. Based on the results of the analysis,


although the fare matrix is reasonable, comfort and safety of the passengers are still in question. According to the breakdown of data, 61% of the passengers on average are experiencing the negative points of PNR’s services. This means that, approximately, 7 people out of 10 are not satisfied with the development of the rehabilitation of PNR’s services.

5.3 Conclusion

Ultimately, based from the critical analysis that was performed, the development of the rehabilitation process of the Philippine National Railway with respect to its comfort and safety services is perceptibly slow. Though it a convenient mode of transportation and commuter still feel safe riding the train, the facilities does not meet the needs of the commuters. Researchers concluded that in terms of safety and comfort the management needs improvement. It is still far from the expected results when the project was first launched in 2007.

5.4 Recommendations

The most important contribution of this research is to serve as a stepping stone for other students, researchers, and professionals. This paper’s cause is to provide information on a big part of PNR’s most important service factor: the security and comfort of its passengers. Provided with the data, there are recommendations to improve the study for future researchers.

This research can be used by future researchers to propose safety policies and procedures. Take into consideration the equipments and the site to provide alternative solution to the PNR’s safety deficiencies. Take into consideration the ticketing system and additional facilities for the comfort of the commuters. Provide an estimate of the cost of these facilities and explain clearly its benefits.


6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Finalizing a research paper is a difficult task yet the research was made possible through the help of several people who gave their utmost support for the completion of this work. Hence, the researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude and endless thanks to the following:

To their parents, friends and loved ones for their support, patience and guidance all throughout the course of this study;

To the commuters of Philippine National Railways in Espańa Station for their time and for sharing their opinions to make this research possible;

To Mr. John Paul Carreon, for supervising the researchers and provide knowledge, criticisms and pieces of advice towards a good research;

Lastly, the Lord, God, and our Father for providing us our needs physically, mentally, emotionally and financially.

R.A.M.J. D.G.B.L.

J.B.P.NJ.J.Z.F.P.

J.R.S.


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Documents

Borja - harryfatter.files.wordpress.com · Web viewThe state-owned Philippine National Railways (or Pambansang Daangbakal ng Pilipinas in Filipino), ... PNR thesis. Retrieved March