Borders Negative Case

7/25/2019 Borders Negative Case

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CASE TOHONO (SWS)


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1NCArizona state police disregard federal directives specicall on i!!igration" t#e$ll contin%e doingatever t#e &antElizabethEr&in '11 (Arizona lawmakers want to ignore PresidentObama's executive orders, ar !!, "#!$ %&" P,htt&))www*abc!$*com)news)state)arizona+lawmakers+want+to+ignore+resident+obamas+executive+orders, Accessed )!%)!$,resident *arac+ O,a!a #as signed so!e ,ig e-ec%tive orderslatel* T#e.ve i!pacted g%ns and i!!igration , two iss%es Arizonansclearl care a,o%t/ -ut the aroach some lawmakers are taking to kee us.rom en.orcing those rules has some /uestioning i. the lan is even legal01T#e legislat%re &ants to prevent enforce!ent of e-ec%tive ordersand prevent enforce!ent of federal agenc polic directives,1 saidattorne2 3avid Abner with 4na 5 6oberts 7aw 8irm* Ho%se *ill 023 sas

%nless t#ose orders #ave ,een voted on , Congress and signed intola&" Arizona &o%ldn.t #ave to follo& t#e!/ 45t.s politicalgrandstanding/ T#ere.s not#ing of s%,stance to t#is/ 5t.s sill,1 Abnersaid* 19ell, un.ortunatel2, it's a waste o. time, somewhat ridiculous* :n .actver2 ridiculous,1 said ;ouse inorit2 7eader -ruce 9heeler* 9heeler votedagainst the bill* ;e said the riorities o. what gets


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0NC No Solvenc

Arizona &ill ignore t#e federal it$s #appening in t#estat%s 7%o &it# g%ns and i!!igration t#at$s Er&in

No solvenc T#e 8e-ican govern!ent and ,oardercontrol are in ca#ootshtt&))townhall*com)tisheet)katieavlich)"#!?)#%)")border+atrol+agents+would+not+surise+me+i.+cartels+rented+cover+b2+mexican+militar2+helicoter+n!@$%$?%4atie avlic#une " 091'B Cdate with >orrection& -order >ontrol Agents&>artels a2 ;ave 6ented >over .rom exican ilitar2 ;elicoter inDhooting incident Pavlich is an editor at ownhall*com and Few Gork imes-est Delling author*

1exican militar2 are o.tentimes working hand in glove with thecartels* he exican militar2 has routinel2 crossed the border in areasthat -order Patrol agents are activel2 tracking or seizing drug loads*:nevitabl2 the exican militar2 claim the2 got lost, that the border wasnot clearl2 marked, or in extreme cases Hre on agents to cover theirretreat,1 Fational -order Patrol >ouncil Dokesman Dhawn oranexclusivel2 tells To&n#all/ 1AIo, AJ -order Patrol agents have had

several incidents like this over the 2ears where the2 have taken shots.rom the exican militar2* he cartels' resources are nearl2 limitlessand it would not surrise me i. the2 1rented1 the cover b2 the exicanmilitar2 helicoter in this incident*1

A -order Patrol agent stationed in Arizona, who asked to remainanon2mous, backed u oran's statements sa2ing the exican militar2regularl2 works with cartels on the border and has been doing so .or2ears*

he exican government has aologized .or the shooting, but has notexlained wh2 the helicoter was in the area*

:a%ndr list T#e To#ono ,oarder is a +e site fori!plosions on do!estic sec%rit

Darah Singletonanuar2 099;Associate Pro.essor in the 3eartment o.Political Dcience at 6esearch institute at 9estern 9ashington Cniversit2Fot our borders& :ndigenous eole and the struggle to maintainshared lives and cultures in ost+K)!! Forth America(htt&))www*wwu*edu)bri)Hles)"##KLanL9PLFoL?*d.On the oosing side, government o=cials might argue that theinterests o. tribes must be overridden b2 the even stronger interest theublic has in domestic securit2* uch o. the "%# miles o. the
http://townhall.com/tipsheet/katiepavlich/2014/06/27/border-patrol-agents-would-not-surpise-me-if-cartels-rented-cover-by-mexican-military-helicopter-n1856546http://townhall.com/tipsheet/katiepavlich/2014/06/27/border-patrol-agents-would-not-surpise-me-if-cartels-rented-cover-by-mexican-military-helicopter-n1856546http://townhall.com/tipsheet/katiepavlich/2014/06/27/border-patrol-agents-would-not-surpise-me-if-cartels-rented-cover-by-mexican-military-helicopter-n1856546http://townhall.com/tipsheet/katiepavlich/2014/06/27/border-patrol-agents-would-not-surpise-me-if-cartels-rented-cover-by-mexican-military-helicopter-n1856546http://townhall.com/tipsheet/katiepavlich/2014/06/27/border-patrol-agents-would-not-surpise-me-if-cartels-rented-cover-by-mexican-military-helicopter-n1856546http://townhall.com/tipsheet/katiepavlich/2014/06/27/border-patrol-agents-would-not-surpise-me-if-cartels-rented-cover-by-mexican-military-helicopter-n1856546


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international borderthat abuts :ndian reservations has been shown tobe /uite orous, and the result has been a concentration o. border+related illegal activit2* an2 :ndian reservations are currentl2 gralingwith crime rates that are nearl2 double those on non+ :ndiancommunities, with .ew obvious signs o. success (Perr2 "##?* 9hile no

serious terrorism threats have been discovered on reservations, itseems likel2 that this is not because such threats have been thwarted,but rather that the2 have 2et to be attemted* :. we assume thatdiscouraging terrorism and drug tra=cking or diminishing the numberso. immigrants that enter the C*D* illegall2 are, either individuall2 or incombination, necessar2, imortant ublic olic2 goals, then it is nothard to see wh2 the idea o. relaxing border crossingre/uirements toaccommodate tribal re.erences strikes man2 eole as irrational* hislack o. conHdence in the tribal law en.orcement caacities is no doubtart o. what lies behind 3;DMs aarent usuration o. the tribal role inensuring domestic securit2*

Cartel artel NiolenceDreading o 6ural CD As Police >rack 3own :n -ig >itieshtt&))latino*.oxnews*com)latino)news)"#!?)#@)!")mexican+drug+cartel+violence+sreading+to+rural+us+as+olice+crackdown+in+maIor)

A blood2, bullet+riddled bod2 slumed inside o. an DCN on a lonel2stretch o. road* 8ive eole shot execution+st2le inside a sarsel2.urnished aartment* 3rug disutes turning into violent kidnaings

and brutal deaths*hese stories have become commonlace in Fuevo 7en, ichoacn,Dinaloa and other exican states, but the2Mre not .rom exico* he2Mre.rom /uiet areas in innesota, Oregon, Douth >arolina and across resto. the C*D* as exican drug cartels Q and grous a=liated with them Qmove deeer into the countr2 and bring with them their violent tactics*9hile most law en.orcement agencies want to make clear that thelevel o. violent crime currentl2 embroiling exico is not likel2 to sreadto the C*D* an2time soon, o=cials .rom both local and .ederalorganizations sa2 that the reach o. that countr2Ms .eared drug cartelshas sread north and with it, at least to some degree, so has the

violence*:n recent 2ears the 3OMs Rdrug tra=cking organizationsS havechanged their tactics and become bolder, 7t* Terr2 Adcock o.OregonMs arion >ount2 DheriUMs O=ce told Fox News Latino* hemen and women involved in toda2Ms Rdrug tra=ckingS kill or makeother drug tra=ckers disaear without .ear o. conse/uence* : haveersonall2 investigated homicides and violent incidents directl2 relatedto 3OMs and have seen the destruction the2 have caused to .amilies in
http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2014/08/12/mexican-drug-cartel-violence-spreading-to-rural-us-as-police-crackdown-in-major/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2014/08/12/mexican-drug-cartel-violence-spreading-to-rural-us-as-police-crackdown-in-major/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2014/08/12/mexican-drug-cartel-violence-spreading-to-rural-us-as-police-crackdown-in-major/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2014/08/12/mexican-drug-cartel-violence-spreading-to-rural-us-as-police-crackdown-in-major/


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our communit2*One such case was the murder o. 6ogelio ;ernndez+3avalos, who waskilled at oint+blank range in the .ront seat o. his 8ord Exedition inanuar2 o. "#!"* he arion >ount2 DheriUMs O=ce investigation .oundthat ;ernndez+3avalos, a native o. Dinaloa, exico, was urortedl2

moving about V# ounds o. heroin ever2 two weeks and is believed tohave been executed b2 a exican cartel .or either stealing .rom hisbosses or attemting to branch oU on his own*:n the last .ew 2ears, Oregon has become a hotsot .or drug tra=ckingand cartel+related violence as tra=ckers use the :nterstate+$ corridorto run drugs .rom >ali.ornia u to 9ashington Dtate and even intoNancouver* ust like on the East >oast with the :nterstate+K$ corrider,these drug organizations are Hnding it easier to oerate in more ruraland suburban areas as law en.orcement o=cials in maIor cities crackdown on organized crime grous*he main reason .or moving to these areas is that the olice in cities

and along the border have become much more sohisticated inHghting the cartels, Teorge 9* Tra2son, an exert on exicoMs drugwar and a olitics ro.essor at the >ollege o. 9illiam and ar2 toldFNL* 9hen 2ou donMt deal with that t2e o. crime da2 in and da2 out2ouMre not going to have the exertise in combatting the cartels*O=cials at the 3rug En.orcement Administration said that the incursiono. exican cartels and their rox2 grous in the C*D* is nothing new* Austice 3eartment reort .rom "#!! .ound that exican+based cartelswere oerating in more than !,### C*D* cities between "##K and "#!#and have exanded .rom mariIuana and cocaine tra=cking to heroinand methamhetamine as well as taking art in human smuggling

oerations*exicoMs Dinaloa cartel, the countr2Ms largest and headed b2 the nowincarcerated oa/uWn El >hao Tuzmn, oerates in ever2 region o.the C*D*, according to statistics comiled b2 the Fational 3rug:ntelligence >enter*exican drug tra=cking organizations have been in control o. ever2maIor drug market in the C*D* .or a long time, 3EA sokesman 6ust2Pa2ne told 8F7*Pa2ne added that the cartels tr2 to kee the violence in the C*D* to aminimum to detract .rom an2 unwanted attention .rom lawen.orcement authorities*

he exican drug war has not silled into the C*D*, Pa2ne said*he2Mre not here to cause havoc* he2 know itMs bad .or business andthat the2 have to be well+behaved*9ell+behaved .or cartels and gangs, however, is a relative term and .orregions o. the countr2 not used to violent crime, a brazen act o.gangland violence can send shockwaves through smaller communitiesand regions not traditionall2 thought o. as strongholds o. cartel activit2*he Dinaloa >artel allegedl2 hired members o. the D+!V street gang


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to carr2 out torture oerations in innesota and a series o. murders inNirginia have been attributed to drug cartel .euds* Authorities in rural6ockingham >ount2, Forth >arolina said that !$ drug cartel associateshave been arrested there in the last three 2ears, including the arrest o.two alleged cartel associates whose home was Hlled with !,#%# ounds

o. mariIuana, more than X%##,### in cash and an A6+!$ assault riount2 DheriU DamPage told 8F7* 9hat haens at the border doesnMt sta2 at the border*:t makes its wa2 to m2 count2 rett2 soon*Niolent crime related to the cartels ma2 occur in the C*D*, but most lawen.orcement o=cials and exerts agree that the main worr2 .orAmericans is the drugs Q not the violence Q that the cartels bring withthem* Dtill, man2 sa2 that is something to be concerned about*Ever2 American needs to be concerned about drug tra=ckingorganizations being in the C*D*, Pa2ne said, and where the2 are and

where the mone2 goes*


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CASE *O=)


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Cartels


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1NCAlt ca%se? ne& dr%g cartel is ca%sing c#aosAcosta 1@AleIandro Acosta, Niolent new drug cartel alarming authorities in exico,

CBS NEWS, htt&))www*cbsnews*com)news)violent+new+drug+cartel+alarming+authorities+in+mexico), #$)#V)!$))D6awaleneration &as s#o&ing oB its po&er &it# a spas! of violence t#at+illed seven people and forced do&n a !ilitar #elicopter in &estern8e-ico"anal2sts said Daturda2* alisco state was relativel2 calm the da2 a.ter gunmen set Hre to cars, buses, banksand gasoline stations and trade gunHre with soldiers and olice* T#e violence er%pted aftersec%rit forces la%nc#ed a ca!paign against t#e cartel rida/ Statea%t#orities re!ained on alert in and aro%nd Dalisco.s capital of%adala6ara" &it# #eav police patrols and fe&er people t#an %s%alon t#e streets Sat%rda* exico's government is going head+on against the cartel, whose leader,Femesio Oseguera >ervantes, alias 1El encho,1 is one o. the countr2's richest drug lords, tra=cking to Euroe, Asia,Australia and Douth A.rica, said ose 6eveles, author o. several books on drug tra=cking* ;e said the government has hadto act against the cartel, with the urgenc2 intensi.2ing when gunmen .or the cartel ambushed a state olice convo2 and

killed !$ o=cers in Aril* 1Evert#ing points to an increase in violence ,eca%set#ere #asn.t ,een a cartel t#is strong in t#e state since t#e 1;39s,16eveles said* T#e Dalisco state prosec%tor iss%ed a state!ent on #isT&itter acco%nt conr!ing a !inor o%t,%rst of violence Sat%rda int#e resort cit of %erto allarta" ere t&o cars and a ,%siness&ere ,%rned* 1:. the oeratives continue, t#e sa!e t#ing co%ld #appen all overagain,1 rosecutor 7uis >arlos FaIera said* he C*D* consulate in TuadalaIara on 8rida2 urged American citizens in thearea to remain indoors*:t said on its website Daturda2 that the situation in the region was now 1under control,1 butwarned that clashes could astaYeda, director o. the exican :nstitute o. :ndustrial Proert2* he institute estimates thatexico lost ?@#,### Iobs because o. irac2 and .alsiHcation in "##K, the latest 2ear .or which statistics are available* 8orexamle, the .aking o. brand+name aarel cost the clothing industr2 XK*$ bill ion* he .ootwear industr2, which has seen# ercent o. businesses close in recent 2ears, must comete with the "## million airs o. counter.eited brand+nameshoes that enter the countr2 illegall2 each 2ear* 9ith intellectual roert2 o. all kinds at serious risk o. irac2 or.alsiHcation in exico, the countr2 loses its cometitive edge in attracting national and .oreign investment, Amigo said*exico droed six laces to Fo* %% in the 9orld Economic 8orumMs "#!#+!! reort on global cometitiveness, .alling
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/violent-new-drug-cartel-alarming-authorities-in-mexico/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/violent-new-drug-cartel-alarming-authorities-in-mexico/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/violent-new-drug-cartel-alarming-authorities-in-mexico/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/violent-new-drug-cartel-alarming-authorities-in-mexico/


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behind Panama, >osta 6ica and Crugua2* he hand o. organized crime in irac2 is evident, exerts sa2* he cartel logosoing u on movies, music and so.tware discs are obviousl2 not registered trademarks, but itMs their own brand,according to a government o=cial who asked not to be named .or securit2 reasons* :. someone .rom 7a 8amilia shows u,enters Ra storeS and sees that the discs donMt carr2 the butter of t1e :ote 1olds a 6aGority in congress5 %1e P itself, 91ic1 ca6paigned on a refor6ist platfor6,is also far less 6onolit1ic t1an in t1e past5 -rguably, t1e nstitutional e:olutionary Party (P) is far 6ore institutional t1an re:olutionary, and t1e

expectations should !e for continuit' and sta!ilit'5 Beyond t1e contro:ersy surrounding t1e last t9o Presidential elections,

Mexico has achieved a successful transitionfro6 one&party rule to a credible 6ulti&party syste65 Nonet1eless, t1e ne9go:ern6ent faces a nu6ber of significant c1allenges5 %1e federal go:ern6ent is far too dependent on oil re:enues fro6 PetrHleos *e of t1e Gobs created in t1elast decade5 ocal and state aut1orities are largely unaccountable for t1e 6oney t1ey spend, and along 9it1 t1e police and Gudiciary, are t1e sourceof per:asi:e corruption5 Erug Iiolence2 -n e


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0NC Alt Ca%se

iolence is increasing no& and &ill contin%e for t#eforseea,le f%t%re t#e aB can$t resolve it a ne& dr%g

cartel called eneration is &rea+ing #avoc in a displa ofpo&er !eans it$s not deterred , govern!ent action t#at$s Acosta

T#e 8e-ican govern!ent can$t control t#e!:eveille 1@3avid 7eveille, A heavil2 armed 'aramilitar2' cartel unleashes violence inexico's second+biggest cit2, PRI WORLD, htt&))www*ri*org)stories)"#!$+#$+#@)heavil2+armed+aramilitar2+cartel+unleashes+violence+mexicos+second+biggest+cit2, #$)#@)!$He calls Dalisco Ne& eneration a para!ilitar organization t#at 4#as

roc+et la%nc#ers" grenade la%nc#ers and &as even ca%g#t!an%fact%ring its o&n assa%lt riJes at a clandestine factor in%adala6ara last ear/4 T#e gro%p is also &illing to c#allengea%t#orities 4in al!ost &arli+e sit%ations/4 iolence in Dalisco" one of8e-ico.s !ost econo!icall i!portant states" #as ,eco!e a #%gec#allenge.or exican President Enri/ue PeYa Fieto, who has ledged to bring eace to the countr2 .ollowing 2earso. brutal drug gang violence* -ut ucker sa2s 1t#ere is ver little condence in t#egovern!ent.s a,ilit to ens%re peace in t#e region"4even with .ederal .orcesdelo2ed in the state* A civic grou called Paz T37, or Peace TuadalaIara, lans Z>aminataPor7aPaz, a walk .or eace todraw attention to the general breakdown o. securit2 in the cit2* A number o. celebrities and athletes have exressed theirsuort, including 6eal adrid star avier ;ernandez, who was born and raised in TuadalaIara*
http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-05-08/heavily-armed-paramilitary-cartel-unleashes-violence-mexicos-second-biggest-cityhttp://www.pri.org/stories/2015-05-08/heavily-armed-paramilitary-cartel-unleashes-violence-mexicos-second-biggest-cityhttp://www.pri.org/stories/2015-05-08/heavily-armed-paramilitary-cartel-unleashes-violence-mexicos-second-biggest-cityhttp://www.pri.org/stories/2015-05-08/heavily-armed-paramilitary-cartel-unleashes-violence-mexicos-second-biggest-cityhttp://www.pri.org/stories/2015-05-08/heavily-armed-paramilitary-cartel-unleashes-violence-mexicos-second-biggest-cityhttp://www.pri.org/stories/2015-05-08/heavily-armed-paramilitary-cartel-unleashes-violence-mexicos-second-biggest-city


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0NC No Solvenc

ategor2:d\!?#K!E]:>O >:G Q iudad uarez

b2 the O>3A, a .ederation o. center+right arties in the Americas* T#e dr%gs t#at t#eQ mainl2 exican Qcartels s!%ggle into t#e Lnited States incl%de !ari6%ana" cocaine"#eroin" !et#a!p#eta!ines and Ecstas/8e-ico prod%cess%,stantial a!o%nts of !ari6%ana and crstal !et# and s!aller7%antities of #eroin/ So%t# A!erica is t#e so%rce of t#e cocaine t#at

8e-ican gangs s!%ggle into t#e Lnited States* Tarcia 7una said that organizedcriminal grous Q in articular, the cartels Q are a risk .or ublic and national securit2 in the hemishere* ;e said thataccording to Hgures comiled b2 international entities, the roduction o. cocaine in >olombia, Peru and -olivia has

remained stable over the ast nine 2ears at an average o. about K## tons annuall2* ;e said that in 099M t#eolesale price of cocaine &ent fro! K0"1;3 per +ilogra! inColo!,ia to K10"@99 en it arrived in 8e-ico" and fro! t#ere roseto K;M"'99 per +ilo in t#e Lnited States and K191"';9 in E%rope/arcia :%na ac+no&ledged t#at 8e-ico no& #as a do!estic dr%gpro,le! and t#at 8e-icans spend an average of K'1 !illion perear on illegal dr%gs* he secretar2 said that the criminal organizations are taking advantage o. thehenomenon o. globalization to exand their activities through the oening u o. the Hnancial markets and technological

develoment/ He also e!p#asized t#at organized cri!e is participatingnot onl in t#e s#ip!ent of dr%gs ,%t also in traFc+ing in &eapons

and !igrants" s!%ggling ot#er ite!s" !one la%ndering" ve#iclet#eft" +idnappings?for?ranso! and e-tortion* E8E


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=elations


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1NC

=elations are resilient? !%ltiple areas of colla,oration

Wood 13unan 9ood, 3irector, exico :nstitute, 9oodrow 9ilson :nternational >enter.or Dcholars, DE>C6:G >OOPE6A:OF :F E]:>O& E]A:F:FT ;E FE]DEPD :F ;E C*D*+E]:>O DE>C6:G 6E7A:OFD;:P,htt&))www*.oreign*senate*gov)imo)media)doc)9oodLestimon2*d.,#%)!@)"#!V))D6awal;owever, &e can point to a n%!,er of areas ere &e can e-pect fr%itf%lcolla,oration* 8irst, in t#e area of prevention and violence red%ction"t#ere is a!ple roo! for contin%ed cooperation"similar to that which took lace underPillar :N o. the erida :nitiative* he work o. rebuilding communities, o. investing in social rograms, o. engaging with civilsociet2 in crime revention and in the Iustice s2stem has attained signiHcant success in laces such as -aIa >ali.ornia and

the exerience o. working with CD agencies there rovides a model .or .uture eUorts* Decond, t#ere is li+elto ,e a receptive attit%de fro! t#e 8e-ican a%t#orities &it# regards

to t#e iss%e of policing standards* As t#e process of %nifing policeco!!ands across co!!%nities in t#e states of 8e-ico contin%es"and as police professionalization re!ains as +e topic" t#ere is !%c#t#at t#e LS #as to oBer* hird, t#e creation of t#e gendar!erie &illli+el involve t#e second!ent or per!anent transfer of !ilitarpersonnel into t#e ne& force/:n order to avoid the it.alls o. having troos adot a olicing.unction, there will be a need to train these individuals in olicing, criminal Iustice and investigation techni/ues* Again,

t#e LS #as signicant and i!portant e-perience in t#is area/ -e2ond theseareas, co%nter? !one la%ndering actions and intelligence gat#eringand s#aring contin%e to provide potential areas for colla,oration/exicoMs new anti+mone2+laundering laws re/uire immediate imlementation Q over the ast $ 2ears, a mere @Vindividuals were convicted o. mone2 laundering in exico, while we know that more than X!# billion is laundered a 2earwithin the countr2* he movement o. mone2 back .rom the Cnited Dtates is an issue that needs to be addressed and highlevel talks are needed on that issue* On intelligence sharing : erceive a more di=cult road ahead* rust issues and theabsence o. mutual understanding, combined with the centralization o. ower over securit2 olic2 in the :nterior inistr2,mean that the rogress o. the ast $ 2ears is b2 no means guaranteed* At this oint in time it is vital that we adot a long+term ersective, that atience and good Iudgment revails, and that we do not burden the new relationshi with the

exectations o. the old* 7astl2, : have been asked to co!!ent on t#e recent visit ,resident O,a!a to 8e-ico" to !eet &it# resident ea Nieto/ T#ere can ,e little do%,t t#at t#e visit &as a #%ge s%ccess" ,ot# inter!s of ,%ilding a relations#ip &it# t#e 8e-ican president on apersonal level" and in convincing t#e 8e-ican p%,lic t#at t#erelations#ip &it# t#e Lnited States is a positive one* :n articular, the seechgiven b2 the President at the Fational Anthroological useum received ver2 .avorable ress and attention* On a more

substantive level" t#e agree!ents ,et&een t#e t&o presidents on ed%cationand t#e econo! #ave in6ected ne& vigor into ,ilateral aBairs"#elped greatl , t#e opti!is! over t#e prospects for i!!igration

refor! #ere in Was#ington/Alread &e are seeing ,enets in ter!sof spill over into ot#er areas t#e %pco!ing 5nter?arlia!entarro%p !eetings in Was#ington in t#e all" as &ell as t#e ,ilateraltal+s on energ sc#ed%led for Octo,er" pro!ise to f%rt#er revitalizet#e relations#ip/

Econo!ics" regional instit%tions" and de!ocrac c#ec+:atin insta,ilit
http://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Wood_Testimony.pdfhttp://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Wood_Testimony.pdf


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Coll 10(Alberto 6*, Pro.essor o. :nternational 7aw Q 3ePaul >ollege o. 7aw,8ormer >hairman o. the Dtrategic 6esearch 3eartment Q C*D* Faval 9ar>ollege, 8ormer 3ean Q >enter .or Faval 9ar.are Dtudies, 8ormer Princial3eut2 Assistant Decretar2 o. 3e.ense, he 6eal 7atin American 6evolution,>hicago >ouncil on Tlobal AUairs, $+!,htt&))"#!"summits*org)commentaries)detail)collL" ))67

9ith the T@ gathering in >am 3avid and the FAO summit in >hicago, it is eas2 to lose sight o.one o. the ke2 revolutionsin global aUairs over the ast H.teen 2ears& the rise o.7atin America* Cntil not long ago, 7atin America was s2non2mous withinstabilit2 , revolution, andeconomic stagnation* 8or much o. the >old 9ar, two highl2destructive .orces dominated 7atin American olitics* One was the tendenc2 o. its ower.ul militaries toblock an2 rogressive re.orm b2 installing reressive regimes, man2 o. which went on to commit aallinghuman rights atrocities in the name o. Hghting communism* he other was the enchant o. 7atin AmericaMselites .or rotectionism, oulism, and revolution as anaceas .or the regionMs ills* he results wereolitical conhina, :ndia, aiwan, Douth 4orea,

and Dingaore, which had been backwaters onl2 a .ew decades earlier* Toda , 7atin America isaneconomicall2 d2namic region with a growing voicein international aUairs* D2mbolicall2

enough, the une meeting o. the T"# grou o. world economic owers will take lace in exico, and three7atin American countries^-razil, exico and Argentina^now count among its highl2 sought+a.ter ranks*Elsewhere, the latest new member o. the Organization .or Economic >o+oeration and 3eveloment(OE>3^the mostl2 Euroean and Forth American grou o. democracies committed to a .ree marketeconom2^is >hile, invited to Ioin in "#!# on the basis o. its imressive economic er.ormance and

olitical stabilit2* Deveral develomentshel to exlain 7atin AmericaMs resurgence *he Hrst is olitical* 9ith notable excetions such as Nenezuela and arts o. >entral America,olitical institutions have !at%red and democratic racticeshavestrengt#ened* :n most countries, the militar2 has retreated .rom olitics, cedingsace to avigorous civil societ2* here wereover thirt2 militar2 cous inthe regionbetween !K$ and !K@$* :n the ast decade there was onl2 one(in ;onduras*

=elations #ig# no&? increased trade and T negotiations8ceag%e 1@4ezia ckeague, !+$+"#!$, 1he -usiness hat -uilds Forth AmericanProserit2,1 US News & World Report,htt&))www*usnews*com)oinion)blogs)world+reort)"#!$)#!)#$)ena+nieto+obama+meeting+ke2+.or+us+mexico+relations))D6awalAt a minimum, re,alancing in favor of econo!ic opport%nities #ass%cceeded in positivel c#anging t#e tone of t#e ,ilateralrelations#ipin wa2s that tough securit2 and migration challenges could not* As Obama acknowledged during aress con.erence rior to visiting exico in a2 "#!V, 9eMve sent so much time on securit2 issues between the Cnited

Dtates and exico that sometimes : think we .orget t#is is a !assive trading partnerresponsi,le for #%ge a!o%nts of co!!erce and #%ge n%!,ers of6o,s on ,ot# sides of t#e ,order/ *ot# t#e L/S/ and 8e-ican privatesectors +no& t#e val%e of t#is relations#ip G not onl trading

prod%cts" ,%t also designing and prod%cing t#e! toget#er* ore than X!billion dollarsM worth o. goods crosses the border ever2 single da2* he Cnited Dtates sells more to exico than it does to-razil, 6ussia, :ndia, and >hina combined* oreover, it is estimated that ?# ercent o. the value o. Hnal goods imorted

.rom exico consists o. C*D* content, a much higher roortion than an2 other trading artner* Over the last two 2ears, averita,le conveor ,elt of ca,inet secretaries ,et&een t#e t&ocapitals #as de!onstrated t#e degree of interest in t#e trade andinvest!ent agenda/As t#e ea Nieto ad!inistration p%s#edt#ro%g# land!ar+ do!estic refor!s" fro! energ toteleco!!%nications" t#e t&o govern!ents esta,lis#ed or reinforced
http://2012summits.org/commentaries/detail/coll_2http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2015/01/05/pena-nieto-obama-meeting-key-for-us-mexico-relationshttp://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2015/01/05/pena-nieto-obama-meeting-key-for-us-mexico-relationshttp://2012summits.org/commentaries/detail/coll_2http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2015/01/05/pena-nieto-obama-meeting-key-for-us-mexico-relationshttp://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2015/01/05/pena-nieto-obama-meeting-key-for-us-mexico-relations


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e-isting ,ilateral !ec#anis!s to provide strategic direction to 6ointecono!ic?co!petitiveness initiatives* C*D* Nice President -iden launched the C*D*+exico;igh 7evel Economic 3ialogue in Detember "#!V and will host the second iteration o. the annual meeting tomorrow*Attended b2 several cabinet secretaries .rom both countries, the dialogue created a sace .or an ongoing conversationaround three illars& romoting cometitiveness, boosting economic growth and innovation, and .ostering cooeration atthe regional and global levels* Other new bilateral dialogues .ocus on educational exchange and entrereneurshi

romotion* 8e-ico #as also elevated econo!ics on t#e trilateral agenda

&it# Canada/ At the most recent Forth American 7eaders Dummit hosted b2 exico one 2ear ago and atsubse/uent ministerial gatherings, the three governments have made substantial rogress in areas such as commerceand energ2* ost imortantl2, 8e-ico and Canada #ave ,een part to t#e Trans?acic artners#ip negotiations since 0910" follo&ing intenselo,,ing , t#e pro?trade 8e-ican govern!ent/ Once concluded, the rans+PaciHcPartnershi will oUer the best vehicle to ugrade the Forth American 8ree rade Agreement, now more than "# 2ears old*

S%c# s%!!its" !eetings and negotiations a!o%nt to !ore t#an anoverdose of acron!s/ T#e are tac+ling nitt?gritt o,stacles to t#ecross?,order ,%siness t#at %ndergirds Nort# A!erican prosperit* :t isthis economic realit2 that lends imortance to PeYa FietoMs tri to 9ashington, the Hrst .oreign visit to the 9hite ;ouse in

the new 2ear* As 8e-ico &or+s to i!ple!ent its refor!s in 091@" t#eLnited States #as a strategic opport%nit to capitalize on t#e t&oco%ntries$ increasingl %nied and co!petitive econo!ic space *

ort%natel" t#e ,ilateral !ec#anis!s created over t#e last t&oears #ave laid t#e fo%ndation for contin%ed cooperation on t#e!assive trade and invest!ent agenda, though rogress will re/uire sustained senior+levelattention and close engagement with the rivate sector and civil societ2* Sec%rit concerns cannot,e ignored and &ill onl #%rt t#e econo!ic agenda if t#e are notaddressed* Get as securit2 dominates the headlines .ollowing the PeYa Fieto+Obama meeting, letMs not .orget thatthe bilateral relationshi is a stronger one thanks to the rebalancing that both countries have achieved*


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0NC =elations =esilient

*ilateral eBorts on ed%cation" t#e econo!" and a ,etter,order relations#ip prove relations resilient t#at$s Wood

No relations i!pact? t#is t#e end of t#eir article at !ostt#e 8e-icans &ill get a little %pset ,%t t#ere$s no!ilitarization1AC =%eda 1anuel 6ueda, a .oreign corresondent .or Hve 2ears, roducing text, radioand N reorts about 7atin America .or Forth American media outlets*>urrentl2, : am the exico corresondent .or 8usion, a news channel .or2oung Americans Hnanced b2 Cnivision and A-> Fews* , exico Dlams C*D*-order -uildu Plan,ABC News,htt&))abcnews*go*com)A->LCnivision)Fews)mexico+slams+us+immigration+

re.orm+bills+roosed+border)stor2[id\!K?K$K?, %)"V)!V))D6awal19e have things we can shut down, too,1 said e2er, who suggested that inretaliation" t#e 8e-ican govern!ent co%ld !a+e it #arder for L/Sco!panies to invest in t#e co%ntr" or cancel la&s t#at ena,le L/S/citizens to ,% propert in 8e-ico/ 8eer said t#at ile t#ose!eas%res !ig#t #ave a s!all i!pact" t#e co%ld 4send a signal4 tot#e L/S/ govern!ent about exico's disleasure with the border .ence*Dergio Agua2o, a law2er and human rights activist, had a more moderatesuggestion* ;e said t#e 8e-ican govern!ent s#o%ld serio%sl lo,,t#e L/S/ congress and A!erican societ in general for policies t#at,etter s%it t#e co%ntr.s interests, Iust as :srael currentl2 does through arobust lobb2ing resence in 9ashington* Agua2o said that when it comes to

lobb2ing, exico has an advantage that :srael did not have& ore than V#million exican+Americans who alread2 live in the C*D* and make u !#ercent o. the countr2's oulation* hat segment o. the oulation, headded, tends to s2mathize with exico's interests*

=elations#ip is resilient? t#eir ev is #pe over s!all iss%esO$Neal 9;Dhannon 4* OMFeal, senior .ellow .or 7atin America Dtudies at the >ouncil on8oreign 6elations, a nonartisan .oreign+olic2 think tank and membershiorganization, CD+exico relationshi remains strong, AR!E"PLACE,htt&))www*marketlace*org)toics)world)us+mexico+relationshi+remains+strong, #$)!%)#K))D6awal62ssdal& Tive us a sense, would 2ou, o. the state o. the economic relationshi between the Cnited Dtates and exico*O'Feil& he economic relationshi with the C*D* and exico is reall2 /uite strong* Since NATA ca!e intoeBect 1@ ears ago" trade ,et&een t#e t&o nations #as tripled/ Andit.s t#e !ost i!portant trading relations#ip in !an &as for ,ot#co%ntries++ or articularl2 .or states in the Cnited Dtates* Do it.s t#e t#ird?largest tradingpartner for t#e Lnited States and it.s t#e second?largest destinationof L/S/ e-ports* Do it's /uite imortant* 62ssdal& And 2et all &e.ve ,een #earingin the lead u tothis tri b2 the resident is& dr%g violence" t#e prospect of 8e-ico as a failedstate" #o& NATA reall #asn.t &or+ed o%t for 8e-ico * ;ow do 2ou exlain that
http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/mexico-slams-us-immigration-reform-bills-proposed-border/story?id=19495974http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/mexico-slams-us-immigration-reform-bills-proposed-border/story?id=19495974http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/us-mexico-relationship-remains-stronghttp://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/us-mexico-relationship-remains-stronghttp://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/mexico-slams-us-immigration-reform-bills-proposed-border/story?id=19495974http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/mexico-slams-us-immigration-reform-bills-proposed-border/story?id=19495974http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/us-mexico-relationship-remains-stronghttp://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/us-mexico-relationship-remains-strong


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diUerence[ O'Feil& Gou know, L/S/?8e-ico relations goes t#ro%g# its patterns/ Andas #appens in !an relations#ips" o% foc%s on t#e co!plaintsrat#er t#an t#e positives"at least in the discussion* Do t#at.s reall at.s#appening #ere/ We.re foc%sed on t#e violence ?? ic# is reall" and#as increased in t#e last several !ont#s ?? ,%t in !an &as" t#ereal s%,stance of t#e relations#ip and t#e positives fall , t#e

&aside in t#ose so%nd ,tes/


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0NC 5nsta,ilit Pentral America's 1Forthern riangle1

(Tuatemala, ;onduras, and El Dalvador had more murders in "#!# than the entire Euroean Cnioncombined* Niolence in 7atin America is strongl2 related to overt2 and ine/ualit2* 9hen combined with theinsatiable international aetite .or the illegal drugs roduced in the region, it's a noxious brew* As strongl2argued b2 a number o. rominent regional leaders ++ including -razil's .ormer resident, 8ernando ;*>ardoso, and >olombia's .ormer resident, >esar Taviria ++ a strateg2 based on demand reduction, rather

than sul2, is the onl2 wa2 to reduce crime in 7atin America* Alt#o%g# so!e fear t#e8e-ican dr%g violence co%ld spill over into t#e so%t#ern LnitedStates" :atin A!erica poses little to no t#reat to international peaceor sta,ilit / T#e !a6or glo,al sec%rit concerns toda are t#eproliferation of n%clear &eapons and terroris!/ No co%ntr in t#eregion is in possession of n%clear &eapons ?? nor #as e-pressed aninterest in #aving t#e!/ :atin A!erican co%ntries, on the whole, do not#ave !%c# #istor of engaging in cross?,order &ars / ouncil o. 7atinAmerican Dtudies 7atin American Essa2s, 7atin America's civil wars& con


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rise* ore seciHcall2, this aer .ocuses on the .ollowing central /uestions regarding 7atin America's civilwars& ;as the resolution o. these con


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0NC =elations Hig# No&


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CASE *O=


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=acialized iolence


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1NCTHE> CAN$T SO:E THE 5O:ENCE EO:E ACE ONCETHE>$=E 5N THE COLNT=>+ 3OFM DAG :77ETA7 ::T6AFD

Di!enez 93>ristina imenez, co+.ounder and anaging 3irector o. the Cnited 9e 3reamFetwork, Exloited& he Plot o. the Cndocumented 9orker,AL"ERNE",htt&))www*alternet*org)stor2)K?#V)exloited_VALtheLlightLo.LtheLundocumentedLworker, #@)!!)#@))D6awal9e all know that %ndoc%!ented &or+ers are v%lnera,le to a,%se ande-ploitation, but under this administration, t#e a,%ses and violations of #%!an"la,or and civil rig#ts #ave ,eco!e o,scenel &orse/A recent clear examle&:owa's meatacking lant raid* uch has been written about the unIust and abusive meansused b2 the ustice 3eartmentand ;omeland Decurit2 to deort these workers and their .amilies* -ut a recent Hnding reorted b2 the Few Gork imes is

even more usetting+ Agriprocessors" t#e raided !eatpac+ing plant" #ired%ndoc%!ented i!!igrants as o%ng as 1* A!ong t#e 3; detained"!ore t#an 09 &or+ers &ere fo%nd to ,e %nder?age/-ut this is not all* T#eo%ng i!!igrants declared t#at t#e &ere e-ploited" !istreated",eaten" and a,%sed/ So!e of t#e! &or+ed 1M #o%rs a da" si- das a&ee+/ And i. 2ou think the2 were making some mone2 b2 getting aid overtime, 2ou are wrong* Overti!e&as rarel paid/As soon as the2 come to the Cnited Dtates, undocumented workers start deseratel2 seeking.or Iob oortunities to sustain and rovide a better li.e .or their .amilies+the ver2 reason .or migrating* And o. course,

e!ploers are !ore t#an #app to ta+e advantage of t#e availa,ilitof t#is v%lnera,le and desperate pool of &or+ers/>onvenientl2, e!ploerscreate lo&?7%alit 6o,s t#at i!!igrants are forced to ta+e ,eca%set#eir i!!igration stat%s prevents t#e! fro! getting or de!andinggood 6o,s* 9hile working, %ndoc%!ented &or+ers end%re %nfair treat!entand &ages ,eca%se t#e fear ,eing red or reported to i!!igration/

he existence o. this under class o. workers aUects working class Americans more than we think* Cndocumented workers'

lac+ of rig#ts and v%lnera,le sit%ation in t#e &or+place ena,lese!ploers to drag do&n la,or standards" leaving fe&er decent 6o,savaila,le and forcing all &or+ers regardless of citizens#ip ori!!igration stat%s to eit#er accept t#e sa!e lo& 7%alit conditionsand &ages or ,e e-cl%ded fro! la,or sectors t#at !ainl #ire%ndoc%!ented &or+ers* his labor d2namic is evident at Agrirocessors, the nation's largest kosherlant*

:ac+ of acco%nta,ilit and 6%dicial lenience !ean t#ere$sno enforce!ent !ec#anis! for *order atrol restrictions a,%ses &ill contin%eOrtega and O$


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A ghost is haunting Fogales*` ;is .ace stares out .rom sho windows* :t islastered on handbills and ainted on walls under the shadow o. the C*D*+exican border .ence here* >andles and doves are stenciled onto steel ostso. the .ence itsel. in his memor2, each a romise not to .orget the night, 1'!ont#s ago, when teenager Dose Antonio Elena =odrig%ez &as s#ot19 ti!es in t#e ,ac+ and #ead , one or !ore *order atrol agents

ring t#ro%g# t#e fence into 8e-ico/ Si!ilar specters #a%nt ot#er,order to&ns in Arizona" Te-as and California" &it# t#e fa!ilies oft#e dead c#arging t#at *order atrol agents ti!e and again #ave+illed 8e-icans and L/S/ citizens &it# i!p%nit/ An Arizona =ep%,lic

investigation #as fo%nd *order atrol agents o %se deadl force

face fe&" if an" ublic reperc%ssions" even in cases in ic# t#e

6%stication for t#e s#ooting see!s d%,io%s/ Since 099@" on?d%t*order atrol agents and C%sto!s and *order rotection oFcers#ave +illed at least '0 people" incl%ding at least 1 A!ericans/T#ese deat#s" all ,%t fo%r of ic# occ%rred along or near t#e

so%t#&est ,order" var fro! strongl 6%stia,le to #ig#l7%estiona,le/ C* oFcials sa agents o %se e-cessive force aredisciplined/ *%t t#e &on$t sa o" en" or at discipline" &it#t#e e-ception of a s#ort ad!inistrative leave / 5n none of t#e '0

deat#s is an agent or oFcer p%,licl +no&n to #ave faced

conse7%ences G not fro! t#e *order atrol" not fro! C%sto!s and

*order rotection or Ho!eland Sec%rit" not fro! t#e ustoms and -orderProtection o=cers resond to con


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t#ro&ers" T#e =ep%,lic fo%nd/he vast maIorit2 o. rockings take lace ina .ew, well+known, mostl2 urban sots along the border* -ut the -order PatroldoesnMt re/uire agents working in those areas to carr2 or use less+lethal

alternatives*` And en agents %se deadl force" investigations ,

C* and t#e *5 can ta+e ears to ,e released" et can ,e

perf%nctor" and are tpicall opa7%e/ he 6eublic reviewed nearl2!,%## use+o.+.orce cases b2 the -order Patrol and >-P between "#!# and a2"#!" ^ some !",### ages o. documents that it took the agenc2 nearl2 a2ear to release* he 6eublic also examined man2 other documents relatingto use+o.+.orce deaths and use o. Hrearms b2 agents since "##$* (>-Pincludes both -order Patrol agents, who work between orts o. entr2, and>ustoms and -order Protection o=cers, who work at orts o. entr2* heinvestigation oUers the most comrehensive look to date into the use o. .orceb2 >-P and the -order Patrol, which, with roughl2 ?V,### agents and o=cers,comrise the countr2Ms largest law+en.orcement bod2*` -order Patrol agentsdo .ace dangers* O. the "" who died in the line o. dut2 in the last nine 2ears,most died in vehicle or training accidents* 8our died in direct conongress,.ound that man2 agents donMt understand their use+o.+.orce olic2* -e.ore thereort was ublicl2 released, 3;D and >-P o=cials blacked outrecommendations that agents being assaulted with rocks should resond with

less+lethal alternatives*` *order atrol C#ief 8ic#ael is#er insisted

agents &ill contin%e to %se deadl force against roc+ t#ro&ers"

,eca%se roc+s are potentiall deadl &eapons/

E-tre!ists and private citizens %se deadl force against,ro&n people an&a t#e plan can$t preventDen+ins 019(ack, Denior 6eligion 6eorter .or hinkProgress, 9hat :tMs6eall2 7ike o >ross he C*D*+exico -order, hinkProgress, 8ebruar2 !#th,"#!$, htt&))thinkrogress*org)immigration)"#!$)#")!#)V%!@K%)deh2dration+scorions+vigilantes+reall2+like+cross+border) ))67
http://thinkprogress.org/immigration/2015/02/10/3617896/dehydration-scorpions-vigilantes-really-like-cross-border/http://thinkprogress.org/immigration/2015/02/10/3617896/dehydration-scorpions-vigilantes-really-like-cross-border/http://thinkprogress.org/immigration/2015/02/10/3617896/dehydration-scorpions-vigilantes-really-like-cross-border/http://thinkprogress.org/immigration/2015/02/10/3617896/dehydration-scorpions-vigilantes-really-like-cross-border/


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Even if a traveler is fort%nate eno%g# to ,eat t#e ele!ents and

escape nat%re$s &rat#" t#ere is still anot#er" far !ore dangero%s

t#reat to evadeU ot#er #%!ans/Pausing .or a moment during our walk across the acumba, orones stooedto ick u an emt2, broken water Iug*

orones oints out a gash in a water Iug, ossibl2 sliced oen b2 anti+immigration activists*>6E3:& A>4 EF4:FD);:F4P6OT6EDDorones ointsout a gash in a water Iug, ossibl2 sliced oen b2 anti+immigration activists*hese holes are .rom an animal, robabl2 a co2ote, he said, holding u the

Iug and ointing to various tooth+sized unctures near the lid* ;e then drewhis Hnger across a long, slender gash that stretched along the middle o. the

Iug* -ut this might be .rom something else ^ a kni.e* We nd e!pt&ater ,ottles o%t #ere &it# gas#es li+e t#is V 8in%te!en &ill co!eand slice t#e! open/IHe added t#at people &ill so!eti!es &rite c#illing !essages on

,%sted 6%gs" s%c# as +ill t#ese people/I

T#e so?called 8in%te!en" originall for!ed in 099@" are a loosecollection of ar!ed anti?i!!igration activists o see !igrants as at#reat to A!erican societ and reg%larl patrol t#e ,order loo+ing tointercept crossers/ :ed , political activist Da!es Di!I ilc#rist andna!ed after t#e 8in%te!en of t#e A!erican =evol%tion" t#e gro%p$s&e,site sas it is dedicated to protectingI t#e ,order , r%nningvol%nteer sco%t patrolsI and oBering assistanceI to *order atrolagents/Although members o. 8in%te!en gro%ps #ave not et ,een fo%nd

g%ilt of co!!itting violence against ,order crossers" t#eir

ve#e!ent anti?i!!igrant stance #as ca%sed clas#es &it#

i!!igrants and Hispanics living in t#e Lnited States * 5n 0911"S#a&na orde" fo%nder of 8in%te!en A!erican


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he acumba deserthe acumba desert*-ut while t#e 8in%te!en are c%rrentl !ore of an e-istential t#reatto !igrants G t#eir alleged sa,otage of &ater s%pplies" if tr%e"constit%te an indirect attac+ on t#e liveli#ood of !igrants G peoplecrossing t#e ,order do face real violence at t#e #ands of t#ose o

live along t#e &all/ =anc#ers often enco%nter i!!igrants crossingt#eir land" for e-a!ple" and so!e #ave ,een +no&n to respond totrespassers &it# deadl force/ 5n 099;" one ranc#er reportedl #eld11 i!!igrants at g%npoint and t#reatened to set #is dog loose ont#e!" and anot#er s#ot 0 !en on #is propert in 0911 ,eca%se #et#o%g#t t#e &ere ,order crossers/Dome ranchers have even organizedteams o. eole to hunt .or immigrants, although most insist their intention isonl2 to sto them and alert -order Patrol, not hurt eole*


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0NC E-ploitation

:ac+ of rig#ts and oversig#t pro!pt %ndoc%!ented&or+er e-ploitation lo&ered &ages and ,ad &or+ing

conditions t%rn t#e case ,eca%se %ndoc%!entedi!!igrants are stripped of t#eir rig#ts t#at$s Di!inezAgri,%sinesses get a&a &it# e-ploitation of%ndoc%!ented i!!igrantsWals#e 1Dadhbh 9alshe, 8ield work's dirt2 secret& agribusiness exloitation o.undocumented labor, "%EUARDIAN,htt&))www*theguardian*com)commentis.ree)"#!V)Ian)V!)agribusiness+exloitation+undocumented+labor, !)V!)!V))D6awal9hile we don't 2et know how this will all la2 out, at least there will be a ath* 8or one grou o. immigrants, however Q the.arm workers who sustain our .ood sul2 Q there is reason to .ear that what awaits them is not a ath to citizenshi, but

their cemented status as indentured servants* 8ost far! &or+ in A!erica is perfor!ed

, i!!igrants" !ost of o! are %ndoc%!ented and t#ereforee-ploita,le/T#e ,ig agri,%sinesses t#at #ire t#ese i!!igrants &illtell o% t#at t#e need an %nfettered s%ppl of c#eap foreign la,or"because the2 cannot Hnd Americans willing to do these Iobs* 9hen 2ou consider what these Iobs entail Q hours o.backbreaking work in terrible and o.ten dangerous conditions, subsistence wages with little or no time oU, and none o. the

rotections or erks that most o. us enIo2 (like aid sick da2s, .or instance Q it.s #ard to see anone &it# ot#er options &o%ld s%,6ect t#e!selves to a life t#at is,arel a step a,ove slaver/ :n the !K@#s, President 6onald 6eagan signed a bill into law whichintroduced some rotections .or these imorted ser.s, under what has become known as the guest+worker rogram* heserotections include a minimum wage guarantee, housing that meets an accetable standard .or the duration o. thecontract, and a guarantee that the worker be aid three+/uarters o. their .ull a2 should should a season end earl2* ostemlo2ers would be delighted to get awa2 with all this& being able to hire low+wage workers at will, without the hassle o.a2ing disabilit2 insurance or other niceties* -ut agribusinesses Hnd the guest+worker rogram's iti.ul rotections such aburden that the2 have mounted a relentless camaign to undermine them, and .or the most art, work around them

an2wa2B the2 hire undocumented workers instead* According to a report co!piled , Eric

=%ar+ (pdf)" t#e director of researc# at t#e ederation for A!erican5!!igration =efor! (air)" as of 0992 , onl2 "_ o. &or+ers #ired ,agri,%sinesses are American citizens, "!_ are green card holders, around !_ are art o. the guest workerrogram anda opping @1 are %na%t#orized i!!igrants* :t's agriculture's worstket secret that .arm owners ro%tinel ,rea+ t#e la& , #iring %ndoc%!ented&or+ers" ,%t t#e cri!e receives tacit approval fro! la&!a+erss!pat#etic to t#e plig#t of !a6or agri,%sinesses" ic# see! toconsider c#eap la,or t#eir rig#t* :n Douth >arolina, .or instance, la&!a+ers passedt#eir version of Arizona.s draconian ,ill" and #ave !andated t#ate!ploers %se an e?verif sste! to c#ec+ t#e i!!igration stat%s ofe!ploees/8arm workers, however, were exemted .rom veriHcation/ T#e agri,%siness sector#as gotten a&a &it# e-ploitative and illegal practices ,eca%se of

ridic%lo%s t#reats" li+e t#e s%ggestion t#at s#o%ld t#e s%ppl ofc#eap la,or dr %p in t#e LS" t#e &ill o%tso%rce o%r food prod%ctionto C#ina/ T#is idle t#reat is ,ased on t#e a,s%rd notion t#at if t#e#ave to pa &or+ers #ig#er &ages" so!e#o& t#ere &ill ,e fe&erpeople &illing to do t#e 6o,s* T#e ot#er scare tactic is spreading tal+t#at if t#e #ave to increase t#eir e-pendit%re on la,or" t#ose costs&ill #ave to ,e passed on to t#e A!erican cons%!er/


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0NC *order atrol Circ%!vention

:ac+ of acco%nta,ilit and prosec%tion allo& t#e *orderatrol to contin%e a,%ses e!piricall proven t#at$s

Ortega and O$atalina 6estreo is the 7egal Assistant at the 7egalAction >enter .or :mmigration :mact, 3ocumenting Ongoing -order PatrolAbuses, :mmigration :mact, arch !"th, "#!$,htt&))immigrationimact*com)"#!$)#V)!")documenting+ongoing+border+atrol+abuses) ))67Dadl2, t#is case is not %ni7%e" and L/S/ C%sto!s and *orderrotection (C*I) of ic# t#e *order atrol is a part is nostranger to controvers/ T#ere #ave ,een several reports and

articles detailing t#e a,%se of a%t#orit , agents" t#eir disregardfor t#e rig#ts of i!!igrants and L/S/ citizens" and t#e lac+ of

acco%nta,ilit/ he website ;old >-P Accountable catalogs man2comlaints and lawsuits against >-P .rom across the countr2, in an eUort todemand accountabilit2 and transarenc2 .rom one o. the .astest growingagencies in the Cnited Dtates*` T#e &e,site incl%des cases detailing arange of a,%ses fro! conscation of propert to %se of e-cessiveforce all of ic# #ave #ad and contin%e to #ave ver real and life?altering conse7%ences for t#e victi!s/ Here are a fe& of t#eacco%nts of a,%seUA &o!an in C* c%stod tripped and in6%red #erar!/ C* ,ro%g#t #er to t#e #ospital" ere s#e %nder&ent t&o

s%rgeries and &as given pain !edication t#at !ade #er e-tre!elsleep/9hile recovering, a >-P agent guarded her hosital room, and herlegs were restrained in the bed* S#e &o+e to nd t#e C* agent se-%alla,%sing #er" and s#e &as not a,le to p%s# #i! a&a &it# onl onefree #and/ *order atrol agents ignored t#e cries for #elp of adetained pregnant !inor o ,egan to #ave a,do!inal pain ile inC* c%stod/ Agents re.used to take her to the hosital and insisted thatshe remain seated even though she was in so much ain that she needed tolie down* Agents continued to ignore her even a.ter her water broke and shebegan to bleed* Dhe was eventuall2 taken to the hosital b2 another agent,but she lost her bab2*` Anastacio Hernandez?=o6as s%Bered a #eartattac+ and died after C* agents ,eat #i! and s#ot #i! repeatedl

&it# a Taser/ Cell p#one videos ta+en , &itnesses s#o& Hernandez?=o6as on t#e gro%nd s%rro%nded , agents and calling for #elp/ Eig#tagents and fo%r s%pervisors are na!ed as defendants in t#e la&s%it/
http://immigrationimpact.com/2015/03/12/documenting-ongoing-border-patrol-abuses/http://immigrationimpact.com/2015/03/12/documenting-ongoing-border-patrol-abuses/http://immigrationimpact.com/2015/03/12/documenting-ongoing-border-patrol-abuses/http://immigrationimpact.com/2015/03/12/documenting-ongoing-border-patrol-abuses/


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0NC Civilian Circ%!vention

8%c# of t#e violence against people crossing t#e LS?8e-ico ,order co!es fro! racist vigilantes t#e &ill

contin%e post?aB ,eca%se t#e #ate ,ro&n people t#at$sDen+ins prefer recenc it$s fro! e,r%ar

ears of propert da!age and cri!e pro!pt racialized#%nts for ,ro&n people , ite people at t#e ,order t#e aB can$t resolve t#eir !otivationsXa,l%dovs+ 1'(4arla, 7atin America corresondent .or Fewsweek,;unting ;umans& he Americans aking :mmigration :nto heir Own ;ands,Fewsweek, ul2 "Vrd, "#!?, htt&))www*newsweek*com)"#!?)#@)#!)texan+ranchers+hunt+dail2+illegal+immigrants+"%#?@K*html ))67

T#e !igrants o !a+e it as far as *roo+s Co%nt tend to ,e

ad%lts" since !inors o cross t#e ,order &ill often give

t#e!selves %p to L/S/ a%t#orities" tr%sting t#at t#e &ill not ,e

i!!ediatel deported/ =anc#ers in *roo+s Co%nt co!plain of

propert da!age and tras# left ,e#ind , t#e !igrants" referred to

!ore often t#an not aro%nd #ere as illegalsI or &et,ac+s/I Oneda2 in earl2 ul2, two men and two women .rom Tuatemala who looked to bein their late teens were sotted and reorted to the -order Patrol* heir e2eswere sunken, their skin scorched b2 the relentless sun that had worn themdown as the2 walked .or three da2s in !##+degree heat* 9hen the agentsarrived, the .our looked resigned, walking over and sitting down in the small

triangle o. shade oUered b2 the -order Patrol DCN* hree more migrantsemerged .rom the brush and Ioined the grou*` 3own the road, a womansauntered near the entrance o. a ranch, her militar2 green +shirt hugging herlum curves and blending into the background* -**, as the $V+2ear+oldre/uested to be called, manages several large ranches in -rooks >ount2,oulation ,"V* Dhe said she had seen the migrants walking b2 on thehighwa2 and notiHed the -order Patrol*` : will do ever2thing in m2 ower tosend them back, she said, sitting down at a wooden icnic table next to themain house* A air o. handcuUs hung next to a Hrelace nearb2* -ehind -**were two dozen hal.+emt2 bottles o. alcohol and a sign that read, 9hen li.egives 2ou lemonsbreak out the e/uila and salt*` =anc#ers li+e */D/ seet#e!selves as t#e rst line of defense against !igrants/ *efore

calling t#e ,os"I as s#e refers to t#e *order atrol agents o!a+e %p t#e vast !a6orit of #er social circle" */D/ goes on a!an#%nt/I5t$s a cat?and?!o%se ga!e"I sas */D/ &it# a grin"driving t#ro%g# ranc# trails* ;er ;eckler 5 4och P"### istol rests in thecu holder next to her right knee* Dhe starts b2 looking .or .ootrints^the2are most noticeable on the sand tracks she has set u next to the trails thatshe smooths b2 dragging tires* W#en s#e sees a fres# set" s#e speedst#ro%g# t#e trails" nds t#e !igrants" c#ases after t#e!%ntil t#e
http://www.newsweek.com/2014/08/01/texan-ranchers-hunt-daily-illegal-immigrants-260489.htmlhttp://www.newsweek.com/2014/08/01/texan-ranchers-hunt-daily-illegal-immigrants-260489.htmlhttp://www.newsweek.com/2014/08/01/texan-ranchers-hunt-daily-illegal-immigrants-260489.htmlhttp://www.newsweek.com/2014/08/01/texan-ranchers-hunt-daily-illegal-immigrants-260489.html


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tire o%t" corners t#e! and t#en ells" a$,a6oPIGSpanis# for do&n/Gou canMt tell me this isnMt .un, she said, chewing diing tobacco andsitting its Iuice out into an emt2 lastic water bottle* ore .un thanshoing and looking at sights* As she came u to a 2ellow road sign thatread, >aution, she ointed out the Hgures o. running eole she had drawn

on it to make her .riends laugh*` W#at if t#e !igrants resist en s#e

corners t#e!Y S#e s!iles and sas t#at is one 7%estion too !an/

8in%te!en gro%ps are increasing patrol activities on t#e,orderDen+ins 1@ack enkins, "+!#+!$, 19hat :tMs 6eall2 7ike o >ross he C*D*+exico -order,1"'in(Pro#ress,htt&))thinkrogress*org)immigration)"#!$)#")!#)V%!@K%)deh2dration+scorions+vigilantes+reall2+like+cross+border))D6awalhese holes are .rom an animal, robabl2 a co2ote, he said, holding u the Iug and ointing to various tooth+sizedunctures near the lid* ;e then drew his Hnger across a long, slender gash that stretched along the middle o. the Iug* -ut

this might be .rom something else ^ a kni.e* We nd e!pt &ater ,ottles o%t #ere &it#gas#es li+e t#is V 8in%te!en &ill co!e and slice t#e! open* ;e addedthat eole will sometimes write chilling messages on busted Iugs, such as kill these eole* he so+called

8in%te!en" originall2 .ormed in "##$" are a loose collection of ar!ed anti?i!!igration activists osee !igrants as a t#reat to A!ericansociet and reg%larl patrol t#e ,order loo+ing to intercept crossers/ 7ed b2 olitical activist ames im Tilchrist and named a.ter the inutemen o. the American 6evolution, the grouMs

website sa2s it is dedicated to protectingI t#e ,order , r%nningvol%nteer sco%t patrolsI and oBering assistanceI to *order atrolagents* Although !e!,ers of 8in%te!en gro%ps #ave not et ,een fo%ndg%ilt of co!!itting violence against ,order crossers"their vehement anti+immigrant stance has caused clashes with immigrants and ;isanics living in the Cnited Dtates* :n "#!!, Dhawna 8orde,.ounder o. inutemen American 3e.ense, was .ound guilt2 o. breaking into the home o. "K+2ear+old 6aul 8lores andmurdering him and his K+2ear+old daughter* 8orde, who was given the death enalt2, exlained that she had lanned to

rob 8lores to .und her militia grou* Dhe IustiHed the act b2 sa2ing that she thought 8lores ^ who, like his daughter andwi.e, held American citizenshi ^ was a drug dealer* inutemen activities have lulled over the 2ears, but ilc#ristrecentl tried to rall t#o%sands of vigilantes to capt%re t#e drovesof :atin A!erican c#ildren o ca!e across t#e ,order t#is pastear G a radical !ove t#at ca!e &it# t#e ,lessing of so!e Te-asstate la&!a+ers* T#e 8in%te!en ro6ect #as since anno%nced plansfor its largest eBort to date" a ro,%st gat#ering of g%n?toting anti?i!!igrant activistscodenamed Oeration Formand2 scheduled .or a2 !, "#!$ the anniversar2 o. the.amous American invasion o. 8rance during 9orld 9ar ::* Organizers lan to assemble thousands o. armed individuals andmilitias along the border, where the2 will encourage articiants to make their stand against an2 immigrants the2 seecross*

lan &ill ,e circ%!vented? vigilante gro%ps and O,a!a$s

e-ec%tive reso%rces


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cond%cting !ilitar operations and going on dail #%nts forillegals/I 5t is also reported t#at t#e 8in%te!en ro6ect #as ,eg%nrecr%iting vol%nteers to g%ardI t#e LS so%t#ern ,order* 9hile thesegrous are small in number, the2 are caable o. causing great harm anddanger to those who are taking the erilous Iourne2 to cross the CD+exicoborder in the hoes o. seeking a better li.e in the CD* he2 are e/uied with

semi+automatic weaons, camou


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War on Terror


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1NC

T#e 5sla!op#o,ic War on Terror is deepl ingrained inA!erican societ it aBects ever level of t#e ,ro&n and

8%sli! e-perience in A!erica" not 6%st s%rveillance polic t#e aB cannot resolve itAli 10(Gaser, *3*, Cniversit2 o. >ali.ornia, -erkele2, "#!", Dhariah and>itizenshi^;ow :slamohobia :s >reating a Decond+>lass >itizenr2 inAmerica >ali.ornia 7aw 6eview, August !st, "#!",htt&))scholarshi*law*berkele2*edu)cgi)viewcontent*cgi[article\?!%5context\cali.ornialawreview ))67!* A 3iscursive Dhi.t in :slamohobic 6hetoric` T#ere &as a clear disc%rsives#ift in 5sla!op#o,ic disco%rse after ;11/ W#at &as previo%slconsidered %naccepta,le speec# no& per!eated t#e disco%rse/on.erence o. a2ors, he stated& 7et theterrorists among us be warned& i. 2ou` oversta2 2our visa^even b2 one da2^we will arrest 2ou* :. 2ou violate a local` law, 2ou will be ut in Iail and ket incustod2 as long as ossible* 9e will use` K%* :n one articularl2 troubling

Tallu Poll shortl2 a.ter K)!!, one+third o. resondents` suorted such drasticmeasures as the internment o. Arab Americans or the secial surveillance o.Arabs living in the Cnited Dtates* Dee eUre2 * ones, he :mact o. theAttacks on America&` Americans -elieve >ountr2 Alread2 at 9ar, Accet:ncreased Decurit2 easures, TA77CP (Det* "$,` "##!,htt&))www*gallu*com)oll)?@K?)imact+attacks+america*asx*` K* Dee, e*g*,Dahar 8* Aziz, Dticks and Dtones, the 9ords hat ;urt& EntrenchedDtereot2es` Eight Gears A.ter K)!!, !V F*G*>:G 7* 6EN* VV, VQVK, ?"Q?V
http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4176&context=californialawreviewhttp://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4176&context=californialawreviewhttp://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4176&context=californialawreviewhttp://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4176&context=californialawreview


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("##K*` K@* A*+A6A- AF:+3:D>6::FA:OF >O*, sura note V@, at !"?*`KK* :d* S%c# perverse state!ents &ere not li!ited to t#e far rig#t&ing" ,%t &ere increasing in fre7%enc t#ro%g#o%t !ainstrea!!edia/ See id/ (T#ose o ta+e t#e oran serio%sl are ta%g#t to#ate t#e C#ristian and t#e De& lands ta+en fro! 5sla! !%st ,erecapt%red/ And to t#e 5sla!ist" ding in a 6i#ad is t#e onl &a one

can ,e ass%red of Alla#$s forgiveness and eternal salvation/I(/uoting` >huck >oleson, Evangelizing .or Evil in Our Prisons, 9A77 D**, une"?, "##", at A!%*` !##* :d* at !"@* ` #$+Ali (3o Fot 3elete )"K)"#!"!"&!K% A` !#?? >A7:8O6F:A 7A9 6EN:E9 RNol* !##&!#"` ever2 availablestatute* 9e will seek ever2 rosecutorial advantage/I191 Senator Sa-,C#a!,liss" a =ep%,lican Senator fro! eorgia" &ent even f%rt#er"stating t#at #o!eland sec%rit &o%ld ,e i!proved , t%rning t#es#eriB loose to arrest ever 8%sli! t#at co!es across t#e stateline/I190 er#aps t#e !ost notorio%s and destr%ctive co!!ent &asresident *%s#$s description of t#e War on Terror as acr%sade"I19 a state!ent t#at o%traged 8%sli!s aro%nd t#e &orldand led to intense da!age control eBorts on t#e part of t#e W#ite

Ho%se/1#? Alt#o%g# it &as conceiva,l 6%st an illadvised and

%nintentional state!ent , t#e resident" t#e co!!ent

nonet#eless s%ggested t#at t#e collective ene! &as 5sla! B and.urther, to some uslims, it` engendered strong notions o. the iddle Ages,when >hristian armies` embarked on numerous battles with an exressedgoal o. con/uering uslim` lands*!#$` rofessor ictor =o!ero descri,es#o& t#e %nderling r#etoric after ;11 &as re!iniscent of t#at %sedto&ard t#e Dapanese A!ericans after t#e attac+ on earl Har,or/!#%;e cites a /uote .rom Teneral 3e9itt, the chie. en.orcer o. the` internmentcams&` 8urther evidence o. the >ommanding TeneralMs attitude toward`individuals o. aanese ancestr2 is revealed in his voluntar2 testimon2` onAril !V, !K?V, in Dan 8rancisco be.ore the ;ouse Faval AUairs` Dubcommitteeto :nvestigate >ongested Areas& * * / 5 don$t &ant an of t#e! (personsof Dapanese ancestr) #ere/ T#e are a dangero%s ele!ent/ T#ere isno &a to deter!ine t#eir loalt/ The west coast` contains too man2vital installations essential to the de.ense o. the ` !#!* ohn Ashcro.t, C*D* AttM2Ten*, Preared 6emarks .or the C*D* a2ors >on.erence,` Detember !!,"##!& Attack on America (Oct* "$, "##!, available athtt&))avalon*law*2ale*edu) set!!)doILbrie.#"#*as* O. course, althoughAshcro.tMs address was targeted towards terrorists, the` bulk o. thedetentions and deortations instituted a.ter K)!! disroortionatel2 targetedAmerican` uslims* Dee in.ra Part :*-*"*` !#"* A*+A6A- AF:+3:D>6::FA:OF>O*, sura note V@, at !"@Q"K* he reort also` includes similarstatements made b2 several other elected members o. >ongress as well* 5f 5see so!eone co!e in t#at$s got a diaper on #is #ead" and a fan ,elt&rapped aro%nd t#at diaper on #is #ead" t#at g% needs to ,ep%lled over/I:d* at !"@ (/uoting 6eresentative ohn >ookse2 o.7ouisiana*` !#V* 6on Duskind, 8aith, >ertaint2 and the Presidenc2 o. Teorge9* -ush, F*G* :ED AT*,` Oct* !, "##?, at ??* :n a ress con.erenceregarding homeland securit2 olicies, -ush resonded,` T#is is a ne& +indofGa ne& +ind of evil/ And &e %nderstand/ And t#e A!erican people


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are ,eginning to %nderstand/ T#is cr%sade" t#is &ar on terroris! isgoing to ta+e a ile/I:d*` !#?* 9hite ;ouse Press Decretar2 Ari 8leisherstated two da2s later, : think what the resident` was sa2ing was^had nointended conse/uences .or an2bod2, uslim or otherwise, other than to sa2 `that this is a broad cause that he is calling on America and the nationsaround the world to Ioin* * * * RAs` toS an2 connotations that would uset an2 o.

our artners, or an2bod2 else in the world, the resident` would regret i.an2thing like that was conve2ed* :d* (/uoting 8leisher*` !#$* Peter 8ord,Euroe >ringes at -ush >rusade Against errorists, >;6:D:AF D>:*ÒF:O6 (Det* !K, "##!, htt&))www*csmonitor*com)"##!)#K!K)!"s"+woeu*html*` !#%* Dee Nictor >* 6omero, Proxies .or 7o2alt2 in >onstitutional:mmigration 7aw&` >itizenshi and 6ace A.ter Detember !!, $" 3EPAC7 7*6EN* @!, @ ("##V (citing Cnited Dtates v*` 4orematsu, V"V C*D* "!?, "V%n*" (!K?? (urh2, *, dissenting* ` #$+Ali (3o Fot 3elete )"K)"#!"!"&!K% A` "#!"S D;A6:A; AF3 >::JEFD;:P !#?$` countr2 to allow an2

aanese on this coast * * * * he danger o. the aanese was, and is nowî.the2 are ermitted to come back^` esionage and sabotage* :t makes nodiUerence whether he is an` American citizen, he is still a aanese* American

citizenshi does not` necessaril2 determine lo2alt2 * * * * -ut we must worr2about the aanese all the time until he is wied oU the ma* Dabotage andèsionage will make roblems as long as he is allowed in this ` area * * * *` !#Às described above" t#e lang%age e!ploed , eneral


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sura note K%*` !!#* >O7E 5 3EPDEG,sura note ", at !#*` !!!* Aziz, suranote K, at ?# (citing Ahmad, sura note "?, at !"%K*` !!"* :d* at ?#Q?!(citing Dusan * Akram 5 aritza 4armel2, :mmigration and >onstitutional `>onse/uences o. Post+K)!! Policies :nvolving Arabs and uslims in the CnitedDtates& :s Alienage a` 3istinction 9ithout a 3iUerence[, V@ C*>* 3AN:D 7* 6EN*%#K, %V% ("##$* ` #$+Ali (3o Fot 3elete )"K)"#!" !"&!K% A` !#?%

>A7:8O6F:A 7A9 6EN:E9 RNol* !##&!#"` material witnesses, but neit#ert#e e-act n%!,er nor t#e na!es of s%c# persons #ave ,eenrevealedGagain for national sec%rit p%rposes*!!V` Dimilarl2, ereas,efore ;11 resident *%s# and Attorne eneral As#croft p%,licldeno%nced racial proling tactics"11' t#eir positions 7%ic+lc#anged after ;11/11@ %,lic senti!ent on t#e iss%e follo&ed s%it"&it# over #alf of A!ericans polled approving racial proling atairports nearl t&o &ee+s after t#e attac+s*!!%` T#e govern!entG

seizing on t#e p%,lic endorse!ent of discri!inator policies to&ard

8%sli!s at t#e ti!eGi!ple!ented fo%r distinct practices of

targeting people o appeared 8%sli!IU proling airline

passengers" secret arrests" t#e instit%tion of ne& race?,asedi!!igration policies" and selective enforce!ent of generallapplica,le i!!igration la&s/11M Airlines.re/uentl2` removed uslimassengers .rom O7E, EFEG A7:EFD&3OC-7E DAF3A63D AF3 >OFD:C:OFA7` 86EE3OD :F ;E 9A6 OF

E66O6:D ?Q$$ ("##V (arguing that the actions taken b2 the .ormer`President and the .ormer Attorne2 Teneral a.ter the K)!! attacksdemonstrate their willingness to` engage in racial roHlingB see also Dharon7* 3avies, ProHling error, ! O;:O D** >6:* 7* ?$, ?%Q` $# ("##V (arguingthat the actions taken b2 the ustice 3eartment demonstrate their use o.racial` roHling tactics ost+K)!!*` !!%* Dee 3aniel Eisenberg, Airline Decurit2&

;ow Da.e >an 9e Tet[, :E, Det* "?, "##!, at` @@ (citing a :E)>FF oll inwhich over hal. o. resondents .elt it was accetable to roHle on the ` basis o.race, age, or genderB Ficole 3avis, he Dlier2 Dloe o. 6acial ProHling,>O7O67:FED, 3ec*` !$, "##!, at " (commenting on how Arab Americansbegrudgingl2 acceted racial roHling in the` immediate a.termath o. K)!!*Pro.essor onathon urle2 o. Teorge 9ashington Cniversit2 7aw` Sc#ools%!!arized t#e predo!inant national opinion at t#e ti!e in an N=intervie&" stating" T#ere are '9 !illion people t#at travel , air in


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t#is co%ntr/ We cannot stop eac# one of t#e! and !a+e anindivid%alized deter!ination of ris+/ We #ave to develop so!e tpeof prole/ T#e fact is proling is a legiti!ate statistical device/ Andit$s a device t#at &e !a #ave to %se if &e$re going to #ave a!eaningf%l sec%rit process at t#ese airports/Iorning Edition& Cse o.ProHling to 3iscover 9ould-e errorists (FP6 radio broadcast 8eb* !", "##",

transcrit available at 7E]:D (transcrits*` !!* Ahmad, sura note "?, at!"%K*` !!@* 4en Ellingwood 5 Ficholas 6iccardi, A.ter the AttackB 6acialProHlingB Arab Americans` Enduring ;ard Dtares o. Other 8liersB -acklash&

he2 Da2 he2 ;ave -ecome Nictims o. ProHling,` 7*A* :ED, Det* "#, "##!,at A!*` !!K* Dee Ahmad, sura note "?, at !"# (citing Dasha Polakow+Duransk2, 8l2ing 9hile -rown,` A* P6ODPE>, Fov* !K, "##!, at !?Q!$ and

onathan Osborne, Passenger EIections Deen as` ProHling, ACD:F A*+DAEDAF, Det* "K, "#!!, at A!* ` #$+Ali (3o Fot 3elete )"K)"#!"!"&!K% A` "#!"S D;A6:A; AF3 >::JEFD;:P !#?` T#e govern!ent alsoinstit%ted t#e National Sec%rit Entr?E-it =egistration Sste!(NSEE=SI)" ic# re7%ired i!!igrants fro! t&ent?si- co%ntriesGall ,%t one of ic# &ere 8%sli! co%ntriesGto register in a special

progra! and ,e s%,6ected to ngerprinting %pon entr into t#eco%ntr it also instit%ted ann%al reregistration re7%ire!ents*!"#uslim immigrants were` .urther targeted through the Alien Absconder:nitiative o. "##", b2 which the` government allegedl2 sought to identi.2 anddeort V!$,### undocumented` aliens who had ignored Iudicialaerwork*!"!


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>ivil 6ights as 9e 4now :t[& :mmigration and >ivil` 6ights in the Fewillennium, ?K C>7A 7*6EN* !?@!, !?@" ("##"*` !"?* :d*` !"$* 4aren >*

umlin, Dusect 8irst& ;ow errorism Polic2 :s 6eshaing :mmigration` Polic2,K" >A7:8* 7* 6EN* !!V, !!@? ("##?B see also usta.a -a2oumi, 6acing6eligion, in` AE6:>AF DC3:ED& AF AF;O7OTG KKQ!#@ (anice A* 6adwa2 etal* eds*, "##K (describing the` racialization o. uslims in the context o. the

FDEE6D secial registration rogram and its` discriminator2 imlementationtowards individuals .rom uslims countries* ` #$+Ali (3o Fot 3elete)"K)"#!" !"&!K% A` !#?@ >A7:8O6F:A 7A9 6EN:E9 RNol* !##&!#"` V*

Private Dhere :ntrusions` iolence against 8%sli!s in t#e private

sp#ere also increased precipito%sl after ;11/ Alt#o%g# !ost of

t#ese cri!es invaria,l &ent %nreported" over 1999 incidents &ere

reported &it#in t#e t&o !ont#s i!!ediatel follo&ing ;11/ !"% Asman2 as nineteen eole were murdered in` violence related to the attacks,man2 o. which Pro.essor Ahmad classiHes as` crimes o. assion*!" A#!adposits t#at t#ese private cri!es ste! fro! t#e sa!e ,ias" or

per#aps even as a logical res%lt" fro! t#e govern!ent$sinstit%tionalized racial proling policiesGt#e stereotpedot#ernessI of t#e 8%sli!/103 T#e perpetrators in t#ese #atecri!es" A#!ad arg%es" did not act &it# !alice aforet#o%g#t or acallo%s #eart" ,%t" rat#er" t#e #ad visceral reactions to t#eperceived t#reatI of t#is foreign and disloal 8%sli!/I10; 5n t#eirees" all 8%sli!s &ere ass%!ed to #ave so!e relations#ip orinvolve!ent &it# terroris!" and all people o appeared to loo+8%sli!Get#er t#e #appened to ,e or notG&ere considered8%sli!/1V# hus without .ormall2` endorsing such violence, the Dtatenonetheless sanctioned some o. its ke2` remises through its own ne.arious

racial roHling olicies that relied on the` same rimes -orn out o. raged2>reate` Nictims, CDA O3AG (Det* !!, "##",htt&))www*usatoda2*com)news)set!!)"##"+K+!!+mesaLx*` htmB 6obert E*Pierre, Nictims o. ;ate, Fow 8eeling 8orgotten, 9AD;* POD, Det* !?, "##",at A!B im 9alsh, 6o/ue Tuilt2 in Dikh urderB :nsanit2 3e.ense 8ailsB ur2 to


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3ecide on 3eath Penalt2,` A6:J* 6EPC-7:>, Oct* !, "##V, at !*` !"@* Ahmad,sura note "?, at !V#%Q# (.raming the violent henomena as amani.estation o. the eretratorsM desire to rotect their and their nationMshonor, with misog2nistic undertones*` Pro.essor Nol also re.ers to thishenomenon as extralegal racial roHling* Nol sura, note "",` at !$@#*`!"K* Ahmad, sura note "?, at !V#Q#@*` !V#* :d* at !V!!*` !V!* Dee Nol,

sura note ""* : use Pro.essor -osniakMs deHnition o. second+class citizen`described above* Dee sura note !K*` !V"* Nol, sura note "", at !$K?* ` #$+Ali (3o Fot 3elete )"K)"#!" !"&!K% A` "#!"S D;A6:A; AF3 >::JEFD;:P!#?K` a state actor directl2 assailing the rights o. uslim citizens*!VV:nterellation` constitutes an individual as a subIect and shaes our realit2 o.the individual^a` realit2 that is then acknowledged b2 the communit2 andeven the subIect` hersel.*!V? hus, Nol argues that a.ter K)!!, as a result o.being interellated` as the other, uslims were excluded .rom the in.ormal.eeling o. collective` membershi and grou solidarit2, as well as the .ormalexercise o. some o. the` legal rights that are recognized as rivileges o.inclusion*!V$` :n sum, in t#e after!at# of t#e ;11 attac+s" 8%sli!s&ere stripped of t#eir citizens#ip as identit/ T#is ,ias led to a rapid

increase in private?sp#ere violence against t#ose o appeared to,e 8%sli!/ At t#e sa!e ti!e" t#e govern!ent %sed t#is 6%sticationto initiate a n%!,er of star+ and intr%sive encroac#!ents on t#ecivil rig#ts and li,erties of A!erican 8%sli!s/ 5t !%st ,e reiteratedt#at t#e ostensi,le p%rpose of t#e legislation a%t#orizing t#esepolicies &as" in al!ost all cases" fra!ed aro%nd national sec%rit/ 5not#er &ords" t#ere &as de facto targeting of 8%sli!s %nder t#eproBered 6%stication t#at sec%rit needs at t#e ti!e tr%!pedindivid%al li,erties" rat#er t#an de 6%re targeting of 8%sli!s,eca%se t#e &ere no longer considered to ,e citizens/ Alt#o%g# t#e8%sli!?loo+ing personI &as racialized as an entit t#at peoples#o%ld fear and g%ard against" t#e +e distinction ,et&een t#isp#ase and t#e follo&ing one is t#at in t#e t#ird p#ase t#ere is anorganized !ove!ent advocating t#at t#e State s#o%ld e-plicitldeprive A!erican 8%sli!s of t#eir citizens#ip rig#ts si!pl ,eca%set#e are 8%sli!/ > / T#e resent?


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the third hase o. :slamohobia described later*` !V?* :d*` !V$* :d*` !V%* DeePew 8orum on 6eligion 5 Pub* 7i.e, Public 6emains >onEFE6 (Aug* "?, "#!#, htt&))ewresearch*org)ubs)!#%)oll+americans+views+o.+muslimsobIect+to+new+2ork+islamic+center+islam+violence`(showing that the .avorabilit2 rating o. American ` uslims among the generalublic had droed !! oints since "##$* ` #$+Ali (3o Fot 3elete )"K)"#!"

!"&!K% A` !#$# >A7:8O6F:A 7A9 6EN:E9 RNol* !##&!#"` creeing threato. Dhariah and, in the rocess, more exlicitl2 threatens the` .oundationalconcetions o. citizenshi described b2 Pro.essor -osniak*!V` 8urther, whilecitizens enIo2 some .undamental level o. resect .or their` individual belie.sand ractices, this is no longer the case with regard to ` uslims, both in

Iournalism and olitics toda2*!V@ 9hereas it is widel2` recognized as sociall2unaccetable to be oenl2 disaraging toward minorit2` grous, the rivilegere


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htt&))oinionator*blogs*n2times*com)"#!#)!#)"%)islamohobia+andhomohobia*` 9right argues that making slurs against homosexuals wouldcarr2 greater olitical costs` comared to remarks made against uslims*9right evaluated Iournalist uan 9illiamsMs statements` about how he getsscared when he sees eole wearing uslim garb on a lane* 9illiams wasHred` .rom his osition at FP6 .or those comments, but he subse/uentl2

received a X" million contract with` 8ox Fews the .ollowing da2* 9right arguedthat although 9illiams robabl2 would have been Hred` had he made suchstatements about ga2s, it is highl2 unlikel2 that he would have beenrewarded with a` lucrative emlo2ment contract immediatel2 therea.ter*` !?#*Elliott, sura note V#*` !?!* Dee Pew 8orum on 6eligion 5 Pub* 7i.e, TrowingFumber o. Americans Da2 Obama :s a` uslim, PE9 6ED* >6* (Aug* !K,"#!#, htt&))ewresearch*org)ubs)!#!)oll+obama+muslim+` #$+Ali (3o Fot3elete )"K)"#!" !"&!K% A` "#!"S D;A6:A; AF3 >::JEFD;:P !#$!` moststriking about the allegations was not the artisan claims themselves,` butthe resonses that President Obama and other government leaders oUered*`Obama .elt comelled to reIect the accusations, doing his best to distance `himsel. .rom the uslim communit2 and choosing not to make an2 camaign`

stos in mos/ues or meet with an2 uslim organizations during thecamaign` (desite making numerous stos at churches and s2nagogues*!?"President` O,a!a did not state" t#at alt#o%g# #e &as not a 8%sli!"t#ere &as not#ing &rong &it# 8%sli!s per se/ 5nstead" #e reiteratedt#e ,ias , referring to t#e acc%sations on #is &e,site as as!ear*!?V 8urther, during one camaign rall2,` his aides asked two 2ounguslim women dressed in headscarves to exit the` stage area where he wouldbe seaking*!?? Arguabl2, the ervasiveness o. such` insidious discourse.rom the President heled normalize the notion to the ublic` that Americanuslims are not citizens, but indeed others*!?$


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0NC No Solvenc

5!!igration s%rveillance is onl one prod%ct of t#e ne&A!erican 5sla!op#o,ia t#e aFr!ative cannot resolve

terror tal+ , o%tla&ing one of its !an i!pacts it is toodeepl ingrained t#at$s Ali

Here$s !ore evUAli 10(Gaser, *3*, Cniversit2 o. >ali.ornia, -erkele2, "#!", Dhariah and>itizenshi^;ow :slamohobia :s >reating a Decond+>lass >itizenr2 inAmerica >ali.ornia 7aw 6eview, August !st, "#!",htt&))scholarshi*law*berkele2*edu)cgi)viewcontent*cgi[article\?!%5context\cali.ornialawreview ))67T#e ca!e rst for t#e Co!!%nists" and 5 didn$t spea+ %p ,eca%se5 &asn$t a Co!!%nist/ T#en t#e ca!e for t#e trade %nionists" and 5

didn$t spea+

%p ,eca%se 5 &asn$t a trade %nionist/ T#en t#e ca!efor t#e De&s" and 5 didn$t spea+ %p ,eca%se 5 &asn$t a De&/ T#en t#eca!e for !e and , t#at ti!e no one &as left to spea+ %p/"?$ oda25sla!op#o,ia #as colored t#e pris! t#ro%g# ic# 8%sli!s are

vie&ed/ "?% :t has created a social environment in which uslims are castas` second+class citizens whose citizenshi is neither rotected nor resectedin` societ2* he disco%rse s%rro%nding t#e t#reat of S#aria#I in t#ist#ird p#ase of 5sla!op#o,ia pervades all ot#er rational disco%rses

on t#e s%,6ect and c#allenges A!erican 8%sli!s$ notions of

citizens#ip as rig#ts" identit" and political activit indeed t#e onl

di!ension of citizens#ip t#at re!ains is

for!al legal stat%s/

AsPastor FiemllerMs .amous /uote illustrates" #istor #as repeatedl s#o&n%s t#e conse7%ences of re!aining silent in t#e face of s%c# #atredand ,igotr/ 8ore t#an a decade #as passed since t#e ;11 attac+s"and &e !%st collectivel reJect on #o& &e arrived at t#is 6%nct%reand at c#anges &e !%st !a+e* : roose a number o. olicies .ors2stematicall2 resonding to the` camaign o. :slamohobia*
http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4176&context=californialawreviewhttp://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4176&context=californialawreviewhttp://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4176&context=californialawreviewhttp://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4176&context=californialawreview


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CASE 5=TLA: WA:: (S)


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T#e :ine


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1NC

=A85N 5SSLEU T#e aFr!ative clai!s i!pacts oB ofresolving entire sste!s of ,iopolitical control if &e &in

an ris+ of alternative ca%salit t#e don$t get solvencand pres%!e neg/ 0 i!portant i!plicationsU

1/ %t c#ec+ if o% don$t t#in+ solving one instance ofs%rveillance &ill topple t#e ,iopolitical regi!e" o% don$tgive t#e! t#eir #ar!s

0/ No ne& arg%!ents t#e aB got 3 !in%tes to fra!e t#ecase and fra!ed it ,adl/ T#at$s not o%r fa%lt don$t lett#e! c#ange at t#e advocac is ,eca%se t#at &o%ld!oot o%r 1NC and ,e a voter for fairness and ed%cation/


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0NC

5f &e &in a ris+ t#at an part of t#eir internal lin+ c#ain#as an alternative ca%se" o% do not grant t#e! solvenc/


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OCASE TOHONO (SWS)


51/161

isas C


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1NCT#e Lnited States federal govern!ent s#o%ld e-tendsection 03; of t#e 5!!igration and Nationalit Act to allNative A!erican people in t#e Lnited States and 8e-ico/

T#is rig#t is e-plicitl granted to ot#er Native gro%ps att#e LS?8e-ico ,order and denied to t#e To#ono O$od#a!Nic+els 1(-r2an Fickels is a Fotes 5 >omments Editor .or the -oston>ollege :nternational and >omarative 7aw 6eview, FA:NE AE6:>AF 86EEPADDATE 6:T;D CF3E6 ;E !K? AG 6EAG& DC6N:NA7 CF3E6 CF:E3DAED DACO6G 7A9 AF3 >AFA3:AF >OOF 7A9, -oston >ollege,"##!,htt&))www*bc*edu)content)dam)Hles)schools)law)lawreviews)Iournals)bciclr)"?

L")#?L]*htm ))675n at least one instance" t#ere #as ,een a Congressional indication ofintent not onl to e-tend &ards#ip over ot#er 5ndians &it#in L/S/

,orders" ,%t also to e-tend t#e rig#t of free !ove!ent to a gro%pt#at traditionall did not in#a,it t#e lands no& ,if%rcated , t#eL/S/?8e-ico ,order/!" E-pansion of t#e li,eral a,original rig#tIconcept to free !ove!ent is de!onstrated , Congress$ treat!entof t#e Te-as *and of ic+apoo 5ndians t#is gro%p &as divided , t#eL/S/?8e-ican ,order" creating essentiall a rig#tless" landlesstri,e/!V Although granted a ear?to?ear parole stat%s , Congress

in t#e 1;@9s"1M' living conditions of t#e tri,e decreased so

dra!aticall that >ongress ultimatel2 intervened to oUer health andeducational assistance in conIunction with the exican government*!$ ost

imortantl2, Congress e-tended t#e ,enets of Section 03; to t#e

,andU [n\ot&it#standing t#e 5!!igration and Nationalit Act" all!e!,ers of t#e *and s#all ,e entitled to freel pass and repass t#e,orders of t#e Lnited States and to live and &or+ in t#e LnitedStates/I!% 7ike RPTVV$Sthe >*8*6* relating to >anadian :ndians, thislanguage awards the band the statutor2 resumtion o. law.ul ermanent

resident (7P6 status*! 9hile the exas 4ickaoo are granted free

passage rig#ts" !e!,ers of t#e To#ono O$od#a! tri,e in Arizona

are s%,6ect to t#e sa!e ad!ission and deportation re7%ire!ents as

8e-ican nationals si!pl for travel across t#eir o&n traditional

lands/ !@` >omlete discussion o. .ree assage rights .or native grous

situated on the C*D*+exican border is be2ond the scoe o. this Fote*;owever, two excellent articles have been written on the subIect, one .roman aboriginal rights ersective,!K the other .rom a human rightsersective*!@#

C solves c%lt%re t#eir 1AC a%t#or species ,ordercrossing legislation as t#e +e internal lin+1AC A%stin ;1(egan, 8all !KK!, A >C7C6E 3:N:3E3 -G ;E CF:E3DAED+E]:>O -O63E6& ;E O;OFO O'O3;A >7A: 8O6 -O63E6
http://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/law/lawreviews/journals/bciclr/24_2/04_TXT.htmhttp://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/law/lawreviews/journals/bciclr/24_2/04_TXT.htmhttp://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/law/lawreviews/journals/bciclr/24_2/04_TXT.htmhttp://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/law/lawreviews/journals/bciclr/24_2/04_TXT.htm


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>6ODD:FT 6:T;D, Arizona ournal o. :nternational and >omarative 7awRNol* @, Fo* "S, Accessed )!?)!$ >;T#e To#ono O.od#a! Tri,e s%Bers f%nda!ental #%!an rig#tsviolations %nder c%rrent policies governing t#e international ,order,et&een t#e Lnited States and 8e-ico/ he survival o. this indigenous culturedeends uon its abilit2 to ass through traditional lands .reel2, to collect raw materials .or traditional

.oods and cra.ts and to visit religious sites and .amil2 members/ C%rrent policies and la&sof t#e Lnited States den t#e To#ono O.od#a! t#ese rig#ts/ *ordercrossing legislation &ill #elp to eli!inate t#ese a,%ses* ;owever, in order tobe eUective, the legislation must allow the ohono O'odham eole to articiate in decisions regarding

regulation o. the border* T#e goal of t#e To#ono O.od#a! Tri,e is to protectits c%lt%re and ass%re its contin%ed e-istence* Aroaching the ohono O'odhamclaim .or border crossing rights as a claim .or basic human rights laces indigenous grous within the

scoe o. international rinciles* T#e ne& !ove!ents of inte!ational la& foc%son t#e %ni7%e clai!s of indigeno%s gro%ps " ic# a!o%nt not tosecession" ,%t to a level of a%tono! ic# per!its t#e s%rvival oft#eir c%lt%res / %ided , t#ese f%nda!ental international principles"t#e L nited S tates and neig#,oring nations !%st recognize t#e rig#tof t#e To#ono O.od#a! to +eep t#eir c%lt%re alive*


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0NC Solvenc

T#e 5NA e!piricall g%arantees Native peoples on t#e LS?8e-ico ,order safe passage t#at$s Nic+els ? and t#at$s

t#e +e internal lin+ to solving all t#eir i!pacts t#at$sA%stin fro! t#e 1AC Solvenc contention

C Solves Canada and t#e Da Treat proveLS E!,ass in Canada ;(Cnited Dtates Embass2 in Ottawa, last citeddate in ast tense "##K, Entering the C*D*& 8irst Fations and FativeAmericans, htt&))canada*usembass2*gov)visas)in.ormation+.or+canadians)Hrst+nations+and+native+americans*html ))67

he a2 reat2` T#e Da Treat" signed in 1M;' ,et&een reat *ritainand t#e Lnited States" provided t#at A!erican 5ndians co%ld travelfreel across t#e international ,o%ndar/he Cnited Dtates has codiHed

this obligation in the rovisions o. Dection "@K o. the :mmigration andFationalit2 Act (:FA as amended* Native 5ndians ,orn in Canada aret#erefore entitled to enter t#e Lnited States for t#e p%rpose ofe!plo!ent" st%d" retire!ent" investing" andor i!!igration/uali.2ing as an American :ndian born in >anada ` 5n order to 7%alif %nderSection 03; of t#e 5NA" eligi,le persons !%st provide evidence oft#eir A!erican 5ndian ,ac+gro%nd to t#e L/S/


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T#e rst p#ase ,egan in Dan%ar" 099M and aBected t#ose entering, air/


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T S%rveillance


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1NC5nterpretation s%rveillance !%st ,e covertaker *-, CPP, CP#(Brian, "$ur:eillance2 Concepts and Practices for Fraud, $ecurity and Cri6e n:estigation,

1ttp2//9995ifpo5org/9p&content/uploads/!03/08/sur:eillance5pdf)%urveillan

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