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What’s the cell wall made of? Fibers of carbs and proteins made in the cell In Plant cells: Composed of cellulose This is what makes wood and paper
Cell membranes (also called plasma membranes)…Surround all cellsFlexible barrier that separates the inside
and outside of the cellOften referred to as a “mosaic”
• Outside layers –Made of phosphate molecules
–Are Polar – mix with water –Hydrophilic (“water-loving”)
–Form two layers like two pieces of bread
• Inside layer –Made of lipids (fat)–Water resistant
• Non polar, don’t mix with water• Hydrophobic (“water-fearing”)
Function of cell membrane
• Selective permeability• Selective = only some things allowed in or out
• Permeability= has small holes in it
• Without selective permeability the cell would have no control of what comes in and out and would die
Phospholipid bilayerTwo layers of lipidsSprinkled with : glycolipids, carbohydrates,
cholesterol and Transport Proteins Flexible yet strong
Prokaryotic Cells
• No true nucleus• No membrane
bound organelles• DNA is small and a
ring• Has free ribosomes• Most primitive of life
forms, but also the most sucessful!!!
Eukaryotic Cells• “True” cells• Membrane bound
nucleus• Membrane bound
organelles• Complex organization• Make up all life except
Bacteria
The Eukaryotic Organelles
• In the following slides, you will get the low down on the organelles found in animal and plant cells.
• You will be responsible for knowing each organelle, knowing what its job is, and being able to identify it on a diagram!
Cell Wall
• Only in plant, bacteria & fungi cells• Outside of the membrane• Is stiff gives shape and support
Cell WallRigid Cell Boundary
• NOT IN ANIMAL CELLS!
• Made of cellulose,chitin, or peptidoglycans
• Retains shape and withstands internal and external pressure
Cell wall
Nucleus The “Brain” of the Cell
• It directs the manufacture of proteins and other important chemicals
• Contains the nucleolus is key in the production of RNA
• It is surrounded by a semi-permeable membrane
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
nucleolus
Endoplasmic Reticulum*The cell’s internal Transport
Highway• A membrane encased
transport and manufacture system
• Rough ER has ribosomes and manufactures proteins
• Smooth ER manufactures lipids for membranes
Ribosomes*Protein Assembly Sites
• Small 2-part structures made of rRNA
• Site of Protein synthesis (building) using blueprint from the DNA
• Can be free, or attached to the ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
The Golgi Apparatus*Postal Service of the Cell
• Receives unfinished products from the ER
• Refines them to final form
• Packages them and tags them for proper delivery
• Ships them out of the cell
Vacuole*The Storage Closet of the Cell
• Storage for chemicals made by the cell
• Storage of food particles brought into the cell
• Water storage• Water level control
(Plants and Protists in particular)
Lysosome*Clean-up/ Digestive crew
• Small organelles filled with enzymes
• Digestion of lipids, carbs, and proteins
• Breakdown of worn out cell parts
• Removal of toxic chemicals
Mitochondria*Power Plant of the Cell
• Convert chemical energy from food into ATP (Energy for the cell)
• Have their own ribosomes
• Have their own DNA
Chloroplasts*Solar Generator Supreme
• Convert solar wave energy to the chemical energy of sugar
• Have their own ribosomes
• Have their own DNA
Cytoskeleton
• A network of protein filaments that give shape to the cell
• Base for movement in cells
• An internal monorail system to move things within a cell
• Base for the centrioles used in cell division
Centrioles
• Made of microtubules• Important during cell division• Located in the cytoplasm near the nucleus