2. Thoracic and Abdominal Pelvic Membranes

Thoracic membranes: Walls of right and left compartments are lined

with parietal pleura (“pariet” = wall; “pleur” = rib) Lungs are covered with visceral pleura (“viscera”

= organs in a body cavity) Pleural cavity – fluid-filled “space” between the

parietal and visceral pleural membranes Heart is surrounded by pericardial membranes

(“peri” = around; “cardi” = heart) Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium Pericardial cavity

Fig. 1.7a

Fig. 1.7b

Fig. 1.8

3. Organ Systems

a. Body covering - Integumentary Systemb. Support and Movement:– Skeletal System – support– Muscular System - movement

c. Integration and Coordination:– Nervous System – brain, spinal cord, nerves, and

sensory organs– Endocrine System - all the glands that secrete

hormones

3. Organ Systems (cont.)

d. Transport: Cardiovascular System – flow of blood Lymphatic System – transports tissue fluid back to

the bloodstreame. Absorption and Excretion:

Digestive System – receives, breaks down, and absorbs food

Respiratory System – moves air in and out, and exchanges gases between blood and the air

Urinary System – removes waste from blood; maintains water and electrolyte balance

f. Reproductive System – produces offspring

Anatomical Terminology

Describes:1. Relative Positions of body parts to each

other2. Body Sections – cutting or sectioning the

body along various planes3. Body Regions

Relative Positions

1. Superior – above (or closer to the head)2. Inferior – below (closer to the feet)3. Anterior (ventral) – toward the front4. Posterior (dorsal) – toward the back5. Medial – middle (closer to the R-L midline)6. Lateral – side (further from the R-L midline)7. Proximal – closer to a point of attachment8. Distal – further from a point of attachment9. Superficial – near the surface (shallow)10.Deep – more internal (further from the surface)

Fig. 1.7a

Fig. 1.7b

Body sections are divided by planes

Body Sections1. Sagittal Plane

1. lengthwise (head-to-toe) 2. divides body into left and right sections3. Median – along midline; midsagittal

2. Transverse Plane1. horizontal2. divides body into superior and inferior sections

3. Coronal Plane1. Frontal2. Divides body into anterior and posterior sections

Fig. 1.11

Body Regions of the Abdominal Area

1. Epigastric Region – upper middle portion2. Left and Right Hypochondriac Regions – to the

sides of the epigastric region3. Umbilical Region – middle portion4. Left and Right Lumbar Regions – to the sides of

the umbilical regions5. Hypogastric Regions – lower middle portion6. Left and Right Iliac Regions – to the sides of the

hypogastric region

Fig. 1.13a