Booklist

The following list contains a selection of books that are mainly intended for reference by teachers and lecturers, though some are written for non-specialists and may be suitable for class-room use. Books with accompanying cassette tapes of spoken data are marked with an asterisk *.

1 Variety, change and the idea of correct English

Tony Crowley, The Politics of Discourse: The Standard Language Question in British Cultural Debates (Macmillan, 1989).

David Crystal, Who Cares about English Usage? (Penguin, 1984). John Honey, The Language Trap: Race, Class and the 'Standard English' Issue in

British Schools (National Council for Educational Standards, 1983). John Honey, Does Accent Matter? (Faber, 1989). James and Lesley Milroy, Authority in Language: Investigating Language

Prescription and Standardisation (Routledge, 1985). W. H. Mittins eta/., Attitudes to English Usage (Oxford University Press, 1970). W. R. O'Donnell and L. Todd, Variety in Contemporary English (Allen & Unwin,

1980). Randolph Quirk, The Use of English, 2nd edn (Longman, 1968). E. H. Ryan, Attitudes towards Language Variation (Arnold, 1982). Peter Trudgill, Accent, Dialect and the School (Arnold, 1975).

2 Dialects and Standard English- the past

Charles Barber, Early Modern English (Blackwell~ 1976). A. C. Baugh and T. Cable, A History of the English Language (Routledge, 1978). G. L. Brook, A History of the English Language (Blackwell, 1963). David Burnley, A History of the English Language: A Source Book (Longman,

1992). Dennis Freeborn, From Old English to Standard English (Macmillan, 1992). Geoffrey Hughes, Words in Time (Blackwell, 1988). Dick Leith, A Social History of English (Routledge, 1983). Simeon Potter, Our Language (Penguin, 1950).

255

Varieties of English

3 Dialects and Standard English- the present

G. L. Brook, English Dialects (Blackwell, 1963). A. Hughes and P. Trudgill, *English Accents and Dialects (Arnold, 1979). K. M. Petyt, The Study of Dialect (Blackwell). David Sutcliffe, British Black English (Blackwell, 1982). Loreto Todd, Modern Englishes: Pidgins and Creoles (Routledge, 1984). Loreto Todd, Some Day Been Dey: West African Pidgin Folk Tales (Routledge,

1979). P. Trudgill and J. Hanna, *International English (Arnold, 1982). Martin Wakelin, Discovering English Dialects (Shire Publications, 1979).

4 Regional accents and Received Pronunciation

Gillian Brown, Listening to Spoken English (Longman, 1977). A. C. Gimson, An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English, 3rd edn (standard

reference text) (Arnold, 1980). Peter Roach, *English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course, 2nd edn

(Cambridge University Press, 1991). J. C. Wells, Accents of English: 1 Introduction; 2 The British Isles; 3 Beyond the

British Isles (Cambridge University Press, 1982).

5 Spoken English and written English

D. Crystal and D. Davy, *Advanced Conversational English (Longman, 1975). Michael Stubbs, Language and Literacy (Routledge, 1980).

6 Learning to talk

M. Fletcher and P. Garman, Language Acquisition: Studies in First Language Development (Cambridge University Press, 1979).

Paul Fletcher, A Child's Learning of English (Blackwell). J. and P. de Villiers, Early Language (Fontana, 1979). Katherine Perera, Children's Writing and Reading (Blackwell, 1984 ).

7 Variety and style in spoken English- 1: grammar and vocabulary

D. Crystal and D. Davy, Investigating English Style (Longman, 1969). Michael Stubbs, Discourse Analysis (Blackwell, 1983). Max Atkinson, Our Masters' Voices: The Language and Body Language of Politics

(Methuen, 1984).

8 Variety and style in spoken English- II: conversation

Deirdre Burton, Dialogue and Discourse (Routledge, 1980). David Langford, Analysing Talk (Macmillan, 1993). Ronald Wardhaugh, How Conversation Works (Blackwell, 1987).

256

Booklist

9 Variety in written English -I: reporting the news

Dwight Bolinger, Language the Loaded Weapon: The Use and Abuse of Language Today (Longman, 1980).

Roger Fowler et al., Language and Control (Routledge, 1979). Roger Fowler, Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press

(Routledge, 1991 ). G. Kress and R. Hodge, Language as Ideology (Routledge, 1979). G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (University of Chicago Press,

1980).

(In chapter 9, the analysis of newspaper reporting derives from R. Fowler et al., Language and Control, chapters 6-8.)

10 Variety in written English- II: style

David Birch, Language, Literature and Critical Practice: Ways of Analysing Text (Routledge, 1989).

N. F. Blake, Non-standard Language in English Literature (Blackwell, 1981). N. F. Blake, Shakespeare's Language: An Introduction (Macmillan, 1983). Ronald Carter (ed.), Language and Literature (Allen & Unwin, 1982). Ronald Carter and Walter Nash, Seeing Through Language: A Guide to Styles of

English Writing (Blackwell, 1990). R. Chapman, The Language of English Literature (Arnold, 1982). Roger Fowler, Linguistic Criticism (Oxford University Press, 1986). G. Leech and A. Short, Style in Fiction (Longman, 1981). Walter Nash, Language in Popular Fiction (Routledge, 1990). Walter Nash, Rhetoric: The Wit of Persuasion (Blackwell). John Stephens and Ruth Waterhouse, Literature, Language & Change: From

Chaucer to the Present (Routledge, 1990). Michael Toolan, Narrative: A Critical Linguistic Introduction (Routledge, 1988). Katie Wales, A Dictionary of Stylistics (Longman, 1989). Henry Widdowson, Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature (Longman, 1975).

11 The language and sound patterns of verse

Derek Attridge, The Rhythms of English Poetry (Longman, 1983). Geoffrey Leech, A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry (Longman, 1969).

(In chapter 11, section 11.5, the distinction between spoken stress and metrical beat is taken from Derek Attridge, The Rhythms of English Poetry.)

12 Language and 'politically correct' usage

Deborah Cameron, Feminism and Linguistic Theory (Macmillan, 1985). Jennifer Coates, Women, Men and Language (Longman, 1989). D. Graddol and J. Swann, Gender Voices (Blackwell, 1989).

257

Varieties of English

General language study and linguistics

Jean Aitchison, Language Change: Progress or Decay? (Fontana, 1981 ). Anthony Burgess, Language Made Plain (Fontana, 1975). Ronald Carter (ed.), Linguistics and the Teacher (Routledge, 1982). David Crystal, What is Linguistics? (Arnold, 1968). V. Fromkin and R. Rodman, An Introduction to Language, 3rd edn (Holt, 1983). Richard Hudson, Invitation to Linguistics (Robertson, 1984 ).

English Grammar

Textbooks: Dennis Freeborn, A Course Book in English Grammar (Macmillan, 1987). G. Leech, M. Deuchar and R. Hoogenraad, English Grammar for Today

(Macmillan, 1982). David Young, Introducing English Grammar (Hutchinson, 1984).

Reference grammars David Crystal, Rediscover Grammar (Longman, 1988). R. Quirk et at., A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (standard

reference grammar) (Longman, 1985). R. Quirk et at., A Grammar of Contemporary English (Longman, 1972).

The following textbooks are based on A Grammar of Contemporary English:

G. Leech and J. Svartvik, A Communicative Grammar of English (Longman, 1975). R. Quirk and S. Greenbaum, University Grammar of English (Longman, 1973).

258

Index

abbreviating 204 Abbreviation Bill 247 abstract noun 197 accent 59

boundaries 66 London 73 Northumberland 71

accents and social variables - section 4.8,

75fT social evaluation of- section 4.7,

73fT the 'incorrectness' view 73 the impreciseness view 74 the ugliness view 74

Accent, Dialect and the School 20, 21 Acceptability Test 9, 11, 16 acceptable 82 action (see also process) 111, 184,

187 active voice 185 actor 111, 184, 190 adjective 115, 197, 204, 208

predicative 208 as process 217

'Adventure of the Speckled Band, The' (Conan Doyle) 209

adverb 6, 13, 44, 204 adverbial 110, 132, 134, 176, 202

oftime 126 advertisement 219 affected 111, 185, 190 agent 111, 166, 185, 190 agentive phrase 186

agreement 33 Alford, Dean 17 Alfred, King 25 alliteration 233 alphabet 90

Roman 91 alphabetical system 90 alveolar 101 ambiguity 14, 174,249 American usage 4 Anagrams (Queneau) 205 Analysis of Sentences (1859) 82 and 33, 83, 125, 126, 134 Angles 22 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 25 answer 109 anti-racism 234 apposition 134, 176 archaic 33, 197 aren't I 12 aren' tlain' tlamn' t 12 Arte of English Poesie, The (George

Puttenham) 29 as, used as relative pronoun 44,213 ascertaining 37 ash /re/, letter 25 Ashington dialectal accent 70 Asides (Queneau) 205 asking questions- section 7.3.1, 137fT aspect 110

perfective 126 progressive 58, 126

assimilation 96, 100 consonant 101

259

Index

associative 167, 183 assonance 233 attitudes to English usage today -

section 1.3.2, llff attribute 190 authentic II auxiliary verb 110, 203

be 116 do 116

'bad English' 2 'bad grammar' 10 'Badger' (John Clare) 231 base form 41, 53, 138 BBC English 2 be 46,125,133,202,203,208

omission of 133 be going to 133 beat and off-beat 224 because 126 Bede 22,23 behaviour, verbal 193 beneficiaries Ill bias 165, 176 Bible 29

King James 197 Bislama 56 black 245, 246 blank verse 228, 231 -bod for -man 250 -body as a suffix 250 borrowed foreign words 96 boundaries

accent 66 dialect 66 socio-political 66

boundaries of regional variation -section 4.3, 63fT

Brighter Sun, A (Samuel Selvon) 215 Britannia 22 Britons 22 Brittany 22 broadsheet 17 5 but 139 by-phrase 185, 186, 218

Cameron, Deborah 252 Canterbury Tales (Geoffrey Chaucer)

27

260

Canterbury Tales (Geoffrey Chaucer) 27

capital letter 82, 90, 220 catenative 127, 204 Caxton 28, 29, 49 Celtic/Celts 22 chairman 249 chairperson 15 change in verb forms 42 change of meaning 30 Chaucer 27 Cider with Rosie (Laurie Lee) 206,

208,222 circumstances Ill Clare, John 231 class, social 212 clause

comment 141 main 82 noun 212 passive 166, 186 qualifying 176 relative 203, 212 reported 176 subordinate 171

clause-complex 83, 124, 144 cliche 198 Cockney (Queneau) 206 Cockney dialect in Dickens 213 cognate languages 6 coherence (fitting-in)- section 6.4.2,

118ft' collective noun 184 collective we 143 collocations 33, 131 colloquial 2, 146, 172, 176, 181, 198 command 33, 138 comment clauses 141 commentary, unscripted- section 7.2

129ft' comparative 14, 44, 116

double 44 complement 110, 132 complex prepositions 47 complex sentences 126 compounding 204 Comprehensive Grammar of the

English Language, A 10 concord 33

concrete noun 197 conjunct 126 conjunction 33, 204

coordinating 83 connotation 167, 183, 202, 245, 246,

254 Conservative 167 consonance 233 consonant 61

elision 101 spellings- section 5.5.3.1(b) 93, 96 assimilation and elision of- section

5.5.4.1, 100fT consult with 5 contact language 51 context - section 8.2.5, 159fT context bound 131 context of situation 84 continuant 72 continuer 83, 120, 126, 134 contrastive stress 41 conversation analysis - section 8.1,

151fT coordinated 82

phrase 14 coordinating conjunction (ccj) 83, 124 coordinator 132, 134 count 115 counterpoint 224 couplets 231 creole 51 Creole English- section 3.3, 51fT cripple 239 'Cut Grass' (Philip Larkin) 229

Daily Mirror Style (Keith Waterhouse) 175, 197

Danelaw 25 dead 15 declarative 109

clause 131 mood 137

deconstruction 190 default assumption 251, 252, 253 definitions of Standard English 49 deixis 120 deletion 83

of clause elements 132 demonstrative pronoun 48, 214

demoted 224 descriptive grammar 10 determiners 116, 204 deviance, grammatical, in verse -

section 11.4, 230fT deviant 221 deviate 196 diacritics 67, 91 dialect 23, 59

Index

and accent differences- section 4.1, 59fT

boundaries 66 in literature- section 10.4, 212fT present-day 40 regional 212 and Standard English: the past

ch. 2, 22fT Dickens, Charles 213 Dictionary, Dr Samuel Johnson's 29 Dictionary of Modern English Usage

(H. W. Fowler) 252 digraph 32, 92 diminutive 183 diphthong 62, 67 direct object 4, 46 Disability Etiquette 239 discourse 77, 78, 200, 221

and conversation skills - section 6.4, 117fT

discourse function 138 disjunct 5, 16, 204 distancing clause 163 Dittmar, Norbert 49 do as auxiliary verb 33 'Doctor Fell' (nursery rhyme) 225 double comparative 44 double letters 96 double negative 15, 41,203 Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan 209 duple rhythm 225

Early Modem English- section 2.6.3, 31fT

elision 96, 100 of consonants 101 of vowels 102

ellipsis 83 enclitic 250 Englalond 22

261

Index

Englisc 22 enjambement 228 -erl-orl-ar as suffixes 254 -ess 252,253 eth /C'J/, letter 25 etymology 34 Evans, Harold 164 Exercises in Style (Raymond

Queneau) 199 existential there 132 eye-dialect 213

facsimiles 37 falling rhythm 225 feedback 76 female/feminine suffixes - section

12.3.6, 252fT feminine 247

gender 53 feminism 234 Feminism and Linguistic Theory 1985

(Deborah Cameron) 252 filler 142 final letter <e> 32 finite 116 foot 224 for to 48 For ze Frrensh (Queneau) 206 foregrounding 196, 208, 224, 230 form 76 formal 84 Fowler, H. W. 252 free verse 224, 229 fricative 98, 101 full stop 82, 220 function 76

word 132, 204

gan 48 gender 15,75,247

feminine 53, 247 masculine 53, 247 neuter 53, 247

gender-specific nouns- section 12.3.4, 251fT

generalisation 236 generic 247, 249, 253 generic masculine - section 12.3.1,

247fT

262

'German constructions' 5 get, getting 13, 146 Glaswegian Scottish 19 glottal stop 68, 73, 74 'God's Grandeur' (Gerard Manley

Hopkins) 232, 233 'good accent' 2 'good English' 1, 16

grammar 2 handwriting 1 punctuation 2 spelling 1

Good Samaritan, parable 30, 198 got/ got to 146 grammar 2, 61,217

descriptive 10 prescriptive 10 proscriptive 10

grammatical 82, 122, 200 role 110, Ill, 115 structure 159

grammatical skills- section 6.3, 109fT

handicap 238 Hardy, Thomas 215, 226 have got to 13 he and I 14 head word 134 headlines- section 9.1, 164fT hiccough 98 his 202 hisself 44, 125 History of the English Church and

People (Bede) 22, 23 homophones 65, 75,96 Honey, Professor John 20 hopefully 5, 16 Hopkins, Gerard Manley 230, 232,

233 Housman, A. E. 230 Humphry Clinker (Tobias Smollett)

99 hypothesis 104

I (pronoun) 141 iambic 231

pentameter 228, 231, 232 ideograms 90 ideology 164, 176

idiolect 146, 148 if 126 imitation 104 imperative mood 33, 109, 137 look 115 impersonal 218

pronoun 142, 144 implication 163 incidentally 149 indefinite pronoun 247 indirect object 46 Indo-European 42 infinitive 43, 53

complement 15 phrase 13

inflections 25 informal 84, 146, 148, 221 informants 16 information structure 159 initial <h> 99 initial adverbials 124 Initial Teaching Alphabet (IT A) 97 initiator 170 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

67 interrogative mood 33, 109, 115, 137 interrogative tag 138 interviewee's responses- section

7.3.3, 141fT interviewer's questions- section

7 .3.2, 139fT interviews, television - section 7 .3,

137fT intonation 90 intransitive 47, 172, 185 irregular verb 42 isochrony 223 isoglosses 66 isophones 64, 66

Jamaican Creole English 55 John of Trevisa 23, 28

Keats, John 232 Kentish (OE dialect) 23 King James Bible 31, 197 Kipling, Rudyard 215 'Krishna Mulvaney' (Rudyard

Kipling) 215

language 76 trap 20 non-standard 212

Index

Race, Class and the 'Standard English' Issue in British Schools (John Honey) 20

language use and racism - section 12.2, 243fT

language use and sexism - section 12.3, 246fT

language used to describe people with disabilities -section 12.1, 234fT

Language Trap, The (John Honey) 21 Larkin, Philip 229 larynx 73 lateral, consonant I 0 I

release I 01 Latin 91 Latinate 198 Lawrence, D. H. 214, 229 lay 47 Le Marte Darthur (Sir Thomas

Malory) 49 learn 45 Lee, Laurie 206, 208, 222 legal English 216 Leonard, Tom 18 letters to the editor- section 1.2, 3fT,

section 12.1, 239fT lexical, item 131

repetition 120 word 204, 208

lexis 61, 122 lie 47 line in verse 227 lingua franca 56 linguistics 122 linking adverbs (adjuncts) 132 linking verb 202, 208 listener role - section 8.3.1, 160fT literariness 221 literature, language of- ch. 10 part 1,

196fT location 115 London

accent 73 dialect (Middle English) 29

look! 147 Lord's Prayer in Bislama 58

263

Index

loudness -section 8.2.1, 157fT; 61, 70, 90

main clause 82, 116 main verb 33 male/masculine suffixes - section

12.3.5, 251fT Malory, Sir Thomas 49 man and -man 15, 249, 250, 251, 252 management of multi-party talk-

section 8.3, 160fT Manual of Our Mother Tongue, A 9,

10 masculine gender 53, 247

generic - section 12.3.1, 247fT -master as a suffix 254

meet up with 13 meetwith 5 Mercian (OE dialect) 23 metaphor 184, 198, 208 metre - section 11.2, 224fT micropause 77 Middle English - section 2.6.2, 30fT Milton, John 231 minim letters 99 minor sentence 202 modal auxiliary verb 133, 139, 140,

160, 170,218 modification, vowel I 02 modifier II 0, 134

noun 208 monosyllabic 250 mood: declarative 137

imperative 33, 137 interrogative 33, 137

morphology 2 mother tongue 51 multiple negative 15, 41

NALGO 246, 248 narrative 212 narrator 200 ne (OE negative) 41 negative 116

contracted 12 double/multiple 15, 41, 203 prefix 41 question 139

neuter gender 53, 247

264

never 48 New Hebrides islands (Vanuatu) 56 New Hebrides News 57 news headlines - section 9.1., 164fT noht (OE) 41 nominalisation 170, 218 non-count 115 non-finite 34, 116 non-standard 40, 125

language 212 normal non-fluency features 77, 134 Norman Conquest- section 2.4, 26fT Northumberland accent 71 Northumbrian (OE dialect) 23 Notation (Queneau) 199, 200 noun 204, 208

abstract 197 clause 212 collective 184 concrete 197 gender-specific -section 12.3.4,

251fT modifier 208, 222 phrase 176 phrases of measurement 4 7 as processes 217 now 6

number 110, Ill nursery rhymes 224

object 30,110,115,131,170,185 pronouns 44 direct 46 indirect 46 prepositional 46

'observer's paradox' 152 off-beat 224 Old English 22, 48 Old English- section 2.6.1, 29fT Old Norse 26, 48 Old Northern French 26 omitted to 15 'On the late Massacre in Piedmont'

(John Milton) 231 'On Wenlock Edge' (A. E. Housman)

230 one 144 Onomatopoeia (Queneau) 205 operator-verb 137

orthography 77, 90 Orwell, George 197 -ough words 98 overline 167

Papua New Guinea 56 paragraph 90, 220 paralinguistic features 84, 137 parallelism 145, 197, 198, 221, 233 pararhyme 233 parody 197 participant Ill, 170, 183, 184, 187,

217 participle

past 41,208 present 208, 213

parts of speech 110 passive 166, 185, 186,218 past participle 41, 208 past perfect tense 42 past tense 30, 53

dialectal 125 pastiche 197, 198 patterns

of rhythm and sound in verse­section 11.5, 231fT

of stress and pitch I 08 pause 77, 125 - section 8.2.4, 158fT pejorative 73, 235, 236 pentameter 231 Pentateuch (William Tyndale's

translation) 37 people 146 perfective aspect 126 person 250 personal pronouns 44 Peterborough Chronicle 41 phonemic 57 phonetics 69

structure 250 phonetic transcription 67

phonological 61 environment 102

phonology 69 phrasal verbs 5 Pickles, Wilfred 20 Pickwick Papers (Charles Dickens)

213 Pidgin English -section 3.4, 56fT

pidgin language 51 pitch 61, 62, 70, 77, 90, I 06, I 08

movement 70, 77, I 09 plosive 101 plot 203 plural 30, 53

marker 115 possessive 48

'Poem' (William Carlos Williams) 229

poetry poetic licence 230 poetic prose 229

point of view 200 politeness 121

Index

political propaganda 148 'politically correct' usage- ch. 12,

234fT Politics and the English Language

(Orwell) 197 polysyllabled 198 possessive plural 48

pronoun 44, 202 post-modifier 176 post-vocalic <r> 93 Precision (Queneau) 205 pre-modifier 176, 198 predicate 110, 115, 208

marker 58 predicative adjective 208 predicator 110, 126, 131, 137, 185 prefix 30, 213

negative 41 'Prelude, The' (Wordsworth) 228 preposition 14, 15, 47, 204

complex 47 simple 47

prepositional object 46 phrase 46, 115, 202 phrases 116

prescriptive grammar 9 present

participle 208, 213 perfect tense 42, 133 progressive tense 133 tense 43, 53, 133

present-day dialects 40 presently 6

265

Index

prestige accent 18 primary stress 62, 102 pro-word 204 process Ill , 190

verbal 170 productive use of language 126 programming I 05 progressive aspect 58, 115, 126 promoted 224 pronoun 43, l4I, 160

demonstrative 48, 214 impersonal 142, 144 indefinite 247 personal 44 possessive 202 reflexive 44 relative 24, 43, 213 object 44

pronunciation 2, 6I skills - section 6.2, 105 changes in 96

propaganda, political 148 proper noun I34 Proposal (Swift) 37 proposition Ill, 125, 187, 190 proscriptive 10 prosodic 61, 90 pun I67, I73,221 punctuation 77. 90 Puttenham, George 29 qualifying clause I76

Queen's English - Stray Notes on Speaking and Spelling (Dean Alford) I7

Queneau, Raymond 199 question 33, 109, 138, 221

tags 12I negative 139

question-answer routines 119 questions, asking - section 7 .3.1,

137tT Quirk, Randolph 49

racism 243 realisation 72, 74 Received Pronunciation (RP) 3, 18,

62,67 receptive use of language 126

266

reduction, vowel 102 referents 160 reflexive pronoun 44 regional dialect 212

speakers 50 register 217 regularisation 43, 47 relationship between spoken and

written English - section 5.5, 89tT relative clause 34,203, 2I2 relative pronoun 24, 43,213 repetition I46 reported clause 176 reporting the news - ch. 9, 164 tT reporting verb I42 request 109 response to other speakers - section

6.4.3, l21tT rhetoric I45, 208, 22I rhotic 62, 64, 74, 100 rhyme 233 rhythm 61, 62, 70, 198

duple 225 falling 225 rising 225 triple 225

rhythm in speech- section 11.1, 223ff

rhythmic structure I 00 Rhythms of English Poetry (Derek

Attridge) 224 riddles 97 Rieu, E. V. (The Four Gospels) 31 rising duple rhythm 23I rising rhythm 225 Roman alphabet 25, 57, 9I RP (see Received Pronunciation) run-on lines 228

Sam Weller 2I3 scansion 224 schwa /~/ (mid-central vowel) I 02 Scoop (Evelyn Waugh) 205 secondary stress I 02 seem 208 segmental 61, 70

features 62 selective perception 165, 176 selective reporting 188

'Self-Unseeing, The' (Thomas Hardy) 226

Selvon, Samuel 215 semantic roles II 1 sentence 82, 90, 122, 220, 221

adverb 16 adverbial 5, 204 minor 202 structure types 109 types 109

sequences of sound 106 sexism 246 Shakespeare, William 231 shall 218 Sherlock Holmes 209 signing 76 silent

beat 224 letters 96 tress 224, 226

simile 208 simple

past tense 41, 133 prepositions 47 present tense 133, 203 RP vowels 95 vowel 62

single word utterances I 14 slang 198 Smollett 99 'Snake' (D. H. Lawrence) 229 so 126 so be it 148 social

class 75,212 connotations 74 convention 74 prejudice 75 roles 160 variables 75

Socialist 167 Sociolinguistics (Norbert Dittmar) 49 socio-political boundaries 66 solecism 47 sonnet 231 Sonnet LXV (William Shakespeare)

231 Sons and Lovers (D. H. Lawrence)

214

soon 6 sound

changes- section 5.5.4.3, 102ft' segments I 06 sequences I 07

speaker role -section 8.3.2, 161ft' speech communities 43 spelling 32, 90, 212

Index

consonants - section 5.5.3.(b ), 94 French, conventions of 99 imperfections and anomalies -

section 5.5.3, 91ft' reform 97 system 27 vowels -section 5.5.3.(a), 93 West Saxon 27

'split infinitive' 13 spoken English- section 5.1, 76 St Luke's Gospel 35 Standard English 2, 9, 19, 20, 29, 34,

39,55 definitions of 49 establishment of- section 2.5, 28

standard rhythm 232 statement 138 stereotyping 236 strapline 167 stress 61, 77, 90, 106 - section 8.2.3,

158ff contrastive 41 isochronous 223 placement 108 primary 4, 62 silent 224,226 in speech- section 11.1, 223ft'

strong verb 42 structure

surface 187 underlying 187

style 76 in newspaper rer;orting - section

9.2.1, 175ft' in non-literary texts- section 10.5.1,

216fT in novels and short stories - section

10.3.2, 206fT in spoken English- ch. 7, 122ff

stylistics 208

267

Index

stylistics 208 subject 110, 115, 131, 137, 169, 170,

171, 185 Subjective Side, The (Queneau) 201 subordinate

adverbial clause 116 clause 171

subordinating conjunction (scj) 124, 126

subordination 116, 126, 211 subordinators 132 substance 76 suffix 15,25, 33,249,251

-body 250 -er!-orl-ar 254 -master 254 -wife 253 -woman 251, 253 female/feminine - section 12.3.6,

252ff male/masculine - section 12.3.5,

251ff supra-segmental features 61, 62, 70,

90 surface structure 187 Swift, Jonathan 37 syllable 90, 223 syntax 2

tabloid 175, 197, 198 tag question 12 tag, interrogative 138 Teaching of English in England, The

17 telegram 204, 205 telegraph 102 telegraphese 205 Telegraphic (Queneau) 201 television interviews - section 7 .3,

137ff tempo 61, 62, 70, 90 - section 8.2.2,

157ff Tennyson, Alfred 232 tense II 0

past perfect 42 present perfect 42, 133 present progressive 133 simple past 41, 53, 133 simple present 43, 53, 133, 203

268

thematic adverbials 132 theme/thematic 124, 126, 134, 135,

169, 171, 172, 185 then 126 there 132 thereof 217 they/them/their 143, 247 thing(s) 147 third person 203 'This is the six o'clock news- belt

up!' (Tom Leonard) 18 thorn <p> , letter 25 thou! thee 33 'Three Blind Mice' 224 til andfra 48 till 48 to and fro 48 'To Autum' (John Keats) 232 tone unit 70, 90, 220, 221 tones 70

tonic stress 70 tonic syllable 70

Tory 167 trading circuits 66 transcription, making a - section 5.2,

77 phonetic 67

transitive 4, 47, 185 verb 58

triple rhythm 225 Trudgill, Professor Peter 20 tum-taking- section 6.4.1, 117 Tyndale, William 37

'Ulysses' (Tennyson) 232 underlying structure 187 universal features 105 unreleased 101 unscripted commentary- section 7.2,

129ff unstable vowels 106 unstressed syllables 26 unvoiced 101 Use of English, The (Randolph Quirk)

49 uvula 72 uvular roll or trill 72

Vanuatu 56

variable dialectal accents 97 verb II 0, 204

auxiliary 33, 203 intransitive 172 irregular 42 linking 202, 208 main 33 modal auxiliary 133, 139, 140, 170,

218 non-finite 34 phrase (VP) 126, 131 reporting 142 strong 42 transitive 58 weak 42

verbal behaviour 193 interaction 78 process 170

verisimilitude 211 Vikings- section 2.3, 25fT vocabulary 2, 61, 122, 200 voice

active 185 passive 185, 186

voiced 101 vowel 61, 67, 72

elision 102 modification I 02 reduction I 02

vowel spellings - section 5.5.3, 92, 95 vowels

RP diphthong 95 RP simple 95 [?] 73, [re]91, [R] 73, [l] 73, [;}] 102

vulgar tongue 99

was sat 15 Watch your Language! (NALGO) 246 Waterhouse, Keith 175, 197 Waugh, Evelyn 205 we 143

weak verb 42 Wealas 22 Welsh 22 West Germanic 22 West Indian creole 52

Index

West Midlands regional dialect 55 West Saxon (OE dialect) 23, 24

spelling 27 wh-question 138 wh-word 138 what as relative pronoun 44 What the Papers Say and Don't Say

About Disability 235 while 15, 45 -wife as suffix 253 will 133,218 William, Duke of Normandy 26 Williams, William Carlos 229 -woman as suffix 251, 253 women, references to - section 12.3.2,

248 Woodlanders, The (Thomas Hardy)

215 word order 33, 185 word classes I 10 word-final 32, 74 word-initial 32, 74 word-medial 32, 74 Wordsworth, William 228 would 170 'Wreck of the Deutschland, The'

(Gerard Manley Hopkins) 233 Wright, Barbara 199 written English -section 5.1, 76 Wyclif, John 30

yes/no question 138 yogh <3>, letter 25 you 33, 141 you know 142

zero plural 53

269