Upload
stanley-houston
View
219
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Bone Functions• Support:
• Gives shape to structures (head, chest, arms, legs, etc.)• Bones of the lower limbs, pelvis and vertebral column support the body’s
weight.
• Protection:• Fused bones of the skull protect your brain and eyes• Vertebra surround your spinal cord• Rib cage protects the vital organs of the thorax
• Movement:• Bones act as sites for attachment (muscles and tendons), allows for movement
• Mineral and Growth Factor Storage:• Bone is a reservoir for minerals (calcium and phosphate)• “deposits” and “withdrawals”
• Blood Cell Formation:• Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) occurs in the red marrow
• Triglyceride (fat) storage:• Used as a source of energy
1 2 3 4
Structure of a long Bone
Proximal epiphysis
Distal epiphysis
Articular cartilage
Spongy BoneEpiphyseal line
PeriosteumCompact boneMedulary cavity
Diaphysis Yellow Marrow
Red Marrow(Hematopoiesis )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1. A dense, fibrous membrane covering bone2. Contains blood vessels3. Essential for bone cell survival and bone formation
1
2
3
4
1
2
Bone Marrow• Yellow marrow
– Medullary cavity of long bones– Fat storage
• Red marrow – hematopoietic tissue– In children – in all spongy bone– In adults – in the spongy bone
of the vertebrae, hips, sternum, ribs, cranial bones, proximal ends of femur, and humerus
• 3. Forms red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, some white blood cells (WBCs), and destroys old RBCs and some foreign materials
• Osteomalacia– A group of disorders in which bones are
inadequately mineralized
• Rickets– Analogous disease in children– More severe (due to rapid bone growth)– Bowed legs, deformities of the pelvis, skull &
rib cage– Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or
by vitamin D deficiency
Osteoporosis Effects• Age
– Older individuals, BMD decreases as we age– Peek BMD by 25 years old
• Women – also happens in men but less often
• Postmenopausal women– Reduction of estrogen (sex hormone), estrogen helps to
maintain normal density – Smoking reduces estrogen
• Nutrition and Exercise– Diet rich in calcium and protein – Vitamin D– Avoid: caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, sodas, – Weight bearing exercises (walking, jogging, sports)
• Race• Caucasian• Asian (petite body form)
• Osteoporosis has traditionally been treated with calcium and vitamin D supplements, weight-bearing exercise, and hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT). – HRT only slows the loss of bone but does not reverse it.
• Increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and breast cancer is associated with estrogen replacement therapy
The Skull
• Find– Frontal bone– Ethmoid bone– Parietal, left and right– Temporal, left and right– Nasal– Maxilla (maxillary)– Mandible– Zygomatic – Occipital– Sphenoid– Fontanel
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Name that bone?• a U-shaped bone in the neck at the base of the tongue; the only bone
that does not touch another bone, acts as a movable base for the tongue; raise and lowers the larynx during swallowing and speech
1
• Where would you find the Axis?
• Which vertebra can be are forked?
• Which vertebra attach to ribs?
• Which are the largest?
• What is the name of the cartilaginous structure found between vertebra?
1