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Body Systems that Regulate Body Functions
Nervous System
What is the function of the nervous system?
Overview of a vertebrate nervous system
Structure of a vertebrate neuron
What are the functions of: dendrites, axons, synapses?
The main parts of the human brain
Heart rate & Breathing
Balance, Movement
Thinking, memory, learning
Homeostasis
“Master Gland”
REVIEW
Create a flow map to explain the series of events that happen from when you hear a loud noise to when you turn your head.
Receptors in ear receive sound information
Hormones & The Endocrine System
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Definitions
• Hormones– Chemical messages – Regulate activity of other cells– Help maintain homeostasis
• Endocrine glands– Secrete hormones
Endocrine System
Types of Hormones
• Protein hormones– Polar– Can they go through the cell membrane?
• Steroid hormones– Made from cholesterol– Can they go through the cell membrane?
Hormones are Chemical Signals
How does a protein hormone regulate a cell?How does a steroid hormone regulate a cell?
Selected Hormones & Glands
How can hormones maintain homeostasis?
NegativeFeedback
Adrenal Glands & Stress
• “Fight or Flight” – Immediate Stress– Epinephrine & Norepinephrine – hormones– Prepare body for emergency action
• Increase heart rate• Increase blood glucose level
• Long-term Stress– Cortisol & Aldosterone – hormones– Makes more energy available to body– Suppresses immune system– Increases blood pressure
Time for a yoga class?
ReviewCreate a Thinking Map of your choice to summarize what hormones do and how they work.
Immune System
What is the function of the immune system?
First Line of Defense
• Blocking germs from getting in in the first place
– Skin– Mucous membranes– Low pH in stomach
Second Line of Defense
• Attacks invaders when they get in
• Not specific – kills all cells that aren’t supposed to be there
Phagocytotic WBC InflammationFever
Third Line of Defense
• Specific – attacks a specific invader (antigen)– Examples – cold, flu, measels
• Made up of white blood cells– Cytotoxic T cells– B cells– Helper T cells
• Antigens – cause a specific immune response
Helper T-Cells1. A macrophage (phagocytotic WBC) eats an invader2. It wears surface proteins of the bacteria 3. The Helper T-Cell that can fight this infection recognizes the surface protein4. The Helper T-Cell organizes B Cells and Cytotoxic T-Cells
** Helper T-Cells are Coordinators **
Cytotoxic T-Cells
Kill infected cells by causing them to lyse (pop open)
B CellsMake antibodies; Antibodies prevent invader from infecting new cells
Lock and key fit
(Invader)
Memory & ImmunityAntibodies and Memory Cells “remember” an infection so you only get sick once.
HIV attacks Helper T-Cells
Very low Helper T CellCan’t fight infections
• Cause immunity without sickness
• Cause specific immune response; build up of antibodies
• Examples– Killed microbes– Parts of microbes– Weakened microbes
Vaccines
Review
Think of an analogy to compare and contrast the non-specific and specific immune responses.
Create a Thinking Map to summarize the function of the Immune System.