/v r \ -x

BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO

W^l^ TAP MOT

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG VIET NAM

B 6 GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO

TRAN DINH SU (Tdng Chu bien) H 6 N G DAN - N G U Y I N DANG MANH - D 6 NGOC THONG (dong Chu bien)

HOANG DUNG PHAN HUY DONG - NGUYEN VAN HIEP N G U Y I N T R Q N G HOAN - N G U Y I N DANG NA - NGUYEN THANH THI

PHUNG VAN TIJU - NGUYEN THI H 6 N G VAN

NGU VAN 1 1

N A N G C A O TAP MOT

(Tdi bdn ldn thii hai)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC Viei NAM

Ban quyen thuoc Nha xu& ban Giao due Viet Nam - B6 Giao due va Dao tao

01-2010/CXB/750-1485/GD Ma sd: NHI 1ITO

VAO PHU CHUA TRINH

(Trich Thucmg kinh ki sir )

LE HUtJ TRAC

•

•

K^T QUA CAN DAT

Thdy dugc su cdm nhan ciia Le Hitu Trdc ve cudc sdng cua chua Trinh.

Hieu dugc dgc diem biit doan trich.

phdp ki su cua

" uy quyen vd

tdc gid qua

Tiiu DAN

Le HOM Tr^c (1724 1791) 1 danh y loi lac, nh^ van tai hoa, ngUdi l^ng LiSu X^, huyfen Oi/dng Hao, phO Thi/png H6ng, trifn Hai Di/ong (nay thuoc huydn Yen MT, tinh Hi/ng Yen), biet hidu Hai ThU'ong Lan 6ng^^^ Ik con thir bay cua quan Hull thj lang bo C6ng ndn L i HiJu Trie c6n co tdn \k Chidu Bay. Tuy sinh ra, ldn Idn d qud cha, nhimg khi gan ba mifoi tudi, 6ng ve s6'ng tai que me thuoc XIJT Bau ThLfOng, xa Tinh Dienn (nay thuoc xa Son Quang) huyen Hifong Son, tinh H^ TTnh,

Oa c6 m6t thdi Ld HuTu Trac theo Ld HOu Trac (Nguyen Tien Chung ve) nghe vo. Sau, dng nhan thay "ngoai vide luydn cau van cho hay, mai li/di gi/om cho sac, c6n phai dem h^t tam li/c chiJa bdnh cho ngifdi". Jit3ay, tac gia di sau vao nghien ciJu y hoc, due kd't thdinh bo sach gdm sau mifoi sau quyen vdi nhan de Hai Tlii/ang y tdng tam Ifnh. Quyen cudi cung (quyen vl) cua bo sach nay la mot tac pham van hoc dSc sac: Thuang kinh kf sU.

(1) Thucfng kinh ki su: Ki su d6i kinh dd. (2) Hdi Thucmg Ldn dng: 6ng ludi d dft Thupng H6ng, Hai Duong.

Thuang kinh ki si/ danh d iu sir phat trien mdi ciia the kf Vidt Nam thdi trung dai. Tac gia ghi lai nhiimg cam nhan cOa ban thSn tridflc hien thifc v l canh vat va con ngifdi m^ minh t in mat chifng kien ke tif khi nhSn dUOc Idnh tridu ve kinh dd chiJa bdnh cho the tiJT Can ng^y 12 thang gidng nam Nhim Dan (1782) cho ddn luc xong vide, ve tdi nha d HifOng Son ngiy mdng 2 thang 11 (tdng cong l i 9 thing 20 ngiy).

T ic pham md dau bang canh u nha d HUOng Sdn, difa ngifdi doc vao thd gidi mong ma cua mot an sT linh ddi. Bong cd ehr ' tridu vao kinh. Cuoc sdng dm dem bi. phi tan. Lan 6ng buoc phai Idn di/dng. Cic sif vide euTdien ra theo thdi gian va de nang Idn tam trang t ic gia.

Sau khi ddn kinh dd, Le HQU Trie difpe mdi den d nhi ngUdi em cOa Quin Huy. Tidp dd t ic gia bat dau v io phij chua de khim bdnh eho the tCr Cin. Ooan trich thuat lai vide Le HOfu Trie vao phu chua Trjnh.

*

M6ng 1 thang 2. Sang tinh mo, t6i nghe tie'ng go cvra r^t gSp. T6i chay ra mcf cvta. Thi ra m6t ngUod d^y td quan Chanh ditcmg ' vifa noi vufa thd h6n h^n :

- Co thanh chi tridu cu vao ! Quan truydn mSnh^ ^ hidn dang 6 nha cu ldn con, con vang I6nh chay d6'n dSy bao tin. Linh d dinh da dem cang d^n don cu b ngoai cfta. Xin cu vao phu chdu ngay.

T6i ben svta sang ao mu chinh ti, \tn cang vao phu. Tdn My i6 chay dang tnrd'c het ducmg. Gang chay nhu ngUa I6ng, t6i bi xoc m6t me, khd khdng noi h^t. Chung tdi di cvta sau vao phu. Ngirdi truyin mdnh dSn tdi qua m 'y Mn cita niia, theo dudng bdn trai ma di. Tdi ng£ng d^u ldn : dau dau cung la cay cdi um turn, chim kdu riu rit, danh hoa dua tham, gid dila thoang thoang mui huong. Nhflng day hanh lang quanh co ndi nhau lidn tidp. NgUdi gifl cita truyin bao rdn rang, ngudi cd vide quan qua lai nhu mac cM. Yd si canh gifl cita. cung, ai mudn ra vao phai cd the .

Tdi nghl bung : Minh vdn con quan, sinh trudng d chdn phdn hoa, chd nao trong c&i thanh minh cung da tflng bid't. Chi cd nhflng vide d trong phu chua Ik

(1) Chi: chi^u chi ciia vua, d day la chi^u chi cua chua Trinh Stoi. (2) Quan Chdnh du&ng : chiic quan diing diu trdng coi moi vi6c trong phu chua ; 6 day chi

Quan Huy. (3) Quan truyen menh (cung goi la quan tniyen chi): quan chuyfin lam nhi^m vu truydn mSnh 16nh

cua vua cho bd tOi; d day la quan truydn chi ciia chua.

(4) The: nhu giSy ra vao cdng sd ngay nay.

minh chi mdi nghe ndi thdi. Budc chan dd'n day mdi hay canh giau sang cua vua

chua thuc khac han ngudi thudng ! Ben ngam mdt bai tho di ghi nhd vide nay :

Linh nghin cica vdc dong' nghiem nhgt,

Cd trdi Nam sang nhdt Id ddy !

Ldu titng gdc ve tung mdy, .

Rem chdu, hien nggc, hong mai dnh vdo.

Hoa cung thodng nggt ngao dua tdi,

Vudn ngu nghe vet noi ddi phen.

Que mila, cung cdm chua quen,

Khdc gl ngu phii ddo nguyen thud ndo !

Di dugc vki tram budc, qua ma!y Mn cita mdi dd'n cai did'm "Hau ma quan tiic

truc"^ \ Dilm lam bdn mdt cai hd, cd nhflng cdi cdy la lung va nhflng hdn da ki la.

Trong didm, cdt va bao Ion luon vdng, kilu each that la xinh dep. Quan Chanh

dudng mdi khi d trilu ra thi nghi d da'y. Tha'y tdi, dng bao quan truyin chi:

- Chiiu qua, tdi da tau ldn. Thdnh thucmg cho phep cu vao dl hdu mach

Ddng cung thi tiJt ^

Ong cung vao vdi quan truyin chi, bao tdi di theo cung md'y ngudi tiiu hoang

mdn . Di bd dd'n mdt cai cifa ldn, thi vd, quan si tha'y tdi an mac cd ve la liing,

mudn gifl lai. Quan truyin chi ndi :

- Cd thdnh ehi tridu.

(1) Vdc ddng: dich thodt ^ tif chfl "kim qua" - cdi mic, mdt loai vu khi thdi xua. (2) Ddo nguyen : ia[y f trong Ddo Hoa nguyen ki (truySn Suoi Hoa ddo) cua Dao Tidm thdi Ddng

Tah (Trung Qudc), kd chuyfin mdt ngudi ddnh cd lac ddn sudi Hoa dao. Sau dung hai chii "dao nguyen" dd chi thd gidi t h ^ tifin.

(3) Nguyen bai tho duoc vidt theo thd th^t ngdn bat cii Dudng ludt. 6 day ngudi dich da chuydn sang tho song thdt luc bdt.

(4) Die'm : ngdi nhd ddng dd diing chdn nghi ngoi hoac chd dgi ; diem "Hdu md qudn tuc true" : noi qudn hau ma ludn c6 mat dd doi sai phdi.

(5) Thdnh thuomg: tit dimg dd chi nha vua, d ddy chi chiia Trinh Sam. (6) Ddng cung: noi d ciia thdi tii - ngudi se ISn ndi ngdi vua ; the'tue: ngudi se ldn nd'i ngdi chiia, d

ddy Id Trinh Cdn. (7) Tieu hodng mdn : ten goi quan hoan thdi xua.

Ho ben dl cho tdi di. Qua day hanh lang phia tay, dd'n mdt cai nha ldn that \h cao va rdng. Hai bdn la hai cdi kidu dl vua chua di. Dd nghi trUOng diu sofn son thd'p vang. CJ gifla dat mdt cdi sap thdp vang. Trdn sap mac,mdt cai vdng dilu. Trudc sdp va hai bdn, bay ban ghd', nhiing dd dac nhdn gian chua tufng thdy. Tdi chi dam ngudc mdt nhin rdi lai cui ddu di. Lai qua mdt cfla nfla, din mdt cai ldu cao va rdng. O day, cdt diu son son thdp vang. Tdi hdi nhd quan truyin ehi, dng ta ndi:

- Ta vfla di qua nha "Dai dudng''. Nha dy goi la "Quyln bdng", cdi gdc ndy goi la "Gdc tia" Vi thi tfl "dung tra" d ddy, cho ndn goi nd la 'phdng tra". (Sd Id d day kidng danh tfl "thud'c" ndn goi thud'c la "tra").

Bdy gid trong 'phdng tra" cd bay, tdm ngUdi. Thdy quan Chdnh dudng din, tdt ca diu dflng day. Quan Chdnh dudng ngdi ghi trdn. Moi ngUdi ngdi theo thfl tu. Quan Chdnh dudng bao tdi ngdi vao gifla. Luc ddu tdi khdng hiiu, sau mdi bilt dd la cdc vi luong y cua sau cung, hai vidn duge du vao vide hdu tra, ngay ddm chdu chuc d ddy. Thdy tdi, ho diu nhin nhau. Cd ngudi cui xud'ng hdi nhd. Quan Chdnh dudng cudi:

- Oi nay la con dng Lidu Xd d Dudng Hao vao ngu cu trong Huomg Scm, lam thud'c hay cd tid'ng, nay vdng thdnh ehi vao kinh.

Bd'y gid cd ngudi chit khan lugt tau, cudi va bao tdi:

- Cu cd bid't tdi khdng ?

- Tdi la ke d noi qud mua, lam sao bid't dugc ede vi d noi trilu dinh ddng due nhu thd' nay ?

- Tdi la ngudi An Vidt, huydn La Son, d nha, tdi vdn nghe tid'ng cu nhu sdm ddng bdn tai, nhung chUa hi duge gap.

Bdy gid tdi mdi bid't dng ta lam gido quan d An Vidt, tdn la Chflc, dugc dng Nguydn Kidm ngudi Tidn Diln lam Thu trd'n dl cfl lam thdy thud'c chdu ehuc d day. Sau dd, lai dugc lam thudc d Bd Binh, gifl chflc Tham ddng. Tdi ndi:

- Chd d cua tdi khdng xa chd d cua ngai bao nhidu. Tdi mdy ldn mudn dd'n thdm nhung philn mdt ndi la khdng cd dip.

Dang dd cdu chuydn thi quan truyin mdnh din ndi nhd vdi quan Chanh dudng. Quan Chdnh dudng dung ddy, bao tdi:

(l)DS nghi trucmg: cdc loai dd diing theo nghi thiic cdp bdc quy dinh cho vua chtia.

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- Ta hay vao dn ccmi sdng mdt Idt da.

Tdi theo dng, di theo con dudng eu trd vl dilm "Hdu ma" Ong ndi:

- Thdnh thugng dang ngu d ddy, xung quanh cd phi tdn chdu chuc, ndn chua thi yit kiln. Ta hay tam ra ngoai.

Ong san mdm com cho tdi an. Mam Vang, chen bae, dd an toan la ciia ngon vat la, tdi bdy gid mdi bilt cdi phong vi eua nha dai gia. An xong, thd'y mdt vidn quan hdu cdn chay lai mdi quan Chanh dudng vao va bac) tdi di theo. Ddt nhidn, thdy dng ta md mdt chd trong man gdm rdi budc vao. O trong td'i om, khdng thdy cd cfla ngd gi ea. Di qua dd nam, sdu ldn trudng gdm nhu vdy, dd'n mdt cai phdng rdng, d gifla phdng ed mdt cai sdp thIp vang. Mdt ngudi ngdi trdn sap dd ndm, sdu tudi, mac do lua dd. Cd md'y ngudi dflng hdu hai bdn. Gifla phdng la mdt cdy nin to cam trdn mdt edi gid bang ddng. Bdn sdp dat mdt cai ghi rdng son son thd'p vang, trdn ghi bay ndm gdm. Mdt edi man la che ngang sdn. O trong cd md'y ngUdi cung nhdn dang dung xum xit. Den sap chid'u sdng, lam ndi mau mat phdn va mau do dd. Xung quanh ldp Idnh, hucmg hoa ngao ngat. Xem chflng Thdnh thugng thudng thudng vdn ngdi trdn ghi rdng nay, nay ngudi rut lui vao man dl tdi xem mach Ddng cung cho thdt ki.

Tdi nin thd diing chd d xa. Quan Chdnh dudng truyin Idnh cho tdi lay bd'n lay. Thi tfl cudi:

- Ong nay lay kheo !

Quan Chdnh dudng lai truyin mdnh :

- Cu gia yd'u, cho phep eu ngdi hdu mach.

Tdi khum num dd'n trudc sdp xem mach. Xem xong, nghe trong man ed tilng ndi nhd:

- Cho dng ta xem ea thdn hinh nfla !

Mdt vidn quan ndi thdn ^ dflng chdu dd'n bdn sdp xin phep thi tfl. Thi tfl dung ddy, cdi do, dflng bdn giudng cho tdi xem. Tdi xem Id tdt ca lung, bung va chdn tay mdt lugt. Quan Chanh dudng lai truyin mdnh bao tdi lay ta rdi di ra. Tdi dflng day lay bd'n lay. Thdy quan Chdnh dudng bao mdt tiiu hoang mdn dua tdi ra 'phdng tra" ngdi. Mdt Idt sau, dng dd'n hdi:

(1) Quan ndi thdn: quan hdu cdn trong cung cSaa.

- Cu xem mach nhu thi nao ? Ndn dung thfl thud'c gi thi cu cfl vid't mdt td trinh ldn.

Rdi dng lai tid'p :

- Bdnh da nfla ndm nay. Trudc kia gdy ldm, nay da hcfi ed da, cd thit, ban ehdt yd'u, bdnh da ldu ma khdng bd dugc, vi dung duong dugc thi ndng, ma dung dm dugc thi trd^ \ Cd khi phai dung nhiing vi phat tdn mdi xong !

Ong bao quan Ta vidn dem nhiing don thudc dang dung d6i cho tdi xem. Nguydn khi dng dl cfl tdi va ndi mdy edu nay la cung cd y mudn tdi bid't chflng. Ong cung cd bid't thud'c, tuy kiln thflc vl thud'c chua sdu, nhung hi ban dd'n thudc la cfl mudn dung thfl thud'c cdng phat. Ong thudng ndi: "Cd bdnh thi trudc hit la phai dudi bdnh. Khi da dudi cdi ta di rdi hay bd, thi mdi la cdi phep dung dan nhd't" Nhung theo y tdi, dd la vi thi tfl d trong chdn man che trudng phu, dn qud no, mac qua dm ndn tang phu yd'u di. Va lai, bdnh mac da ldu, tinh khi khd hit, da mat khd, rdn ldi to, gdn thdi xanh, tay chdn gdy gd. Dd la vi nguydn khf da hao mdn, thucmg tdn qud mflc. Nd'u chi lo dung thfl thud'c edng phat khac bdc ^ ma khdng bid't rang nguydn khi cang hao mdn ddn thi chi lam cho ngUdi thdm yd'u. Bdnh thi nay khdng bd thi khdng dugc. Nhung sg minh khdng d ldu, nlu minh lam cd kit qua ngay thi se bi danh Igi nd rang bude, khdng lam sao vl nui dugc nfla. Chi bang ta dung thfl phuong thud'c hoa hoan, nd'u khdng trung thi cung khdng sai bao nhidu. Nhung rdi lai nghi: Gha dng minh ddi ddi chiu cm cua nude, ta phai dd'c hit ca ldng thanh, dl nd'i tid'p cdi ldng trung eua cha dng minh mdi dugc. NghT di nghi lai mdt hdi, tdi mdi ndi:

- Tdi thd'y thdnh thi gdy, mach lai tl, sdc '' -' Thi la dm duong diu bi tdn hai, nay phai dung thudc thdt bd dl bdi dudng ti va thdn, cd't gifl cai can ban tidn thidn^ va lam ngudn gdc cho cdi hdu thidn^^\ Chinh khi d trong ma thang thi bdnh d ngoai se tu nd tidu ddn, khdng tri bdnh ma bdnh se md't.

(1) Duong duac: thud'c cd tmh ndng ; dm duac: thud'c cd tiiih lanh ; fre : li dong khdng luu thdng. (2) Vi phdt tdn : vi thud'c cd tac dung lam cho ngudi bfnh dd m6 hdi.

(3) Thud'c cdng phat khdc hdc : loai thud'c diing dd chiia bSnh cho mau khdi nhung rdt hai ddn sdc khoe ciia ngudi benh.

(4) Mach te, sdc : mach nhd va dap nhanh.

(5) Tien thien: cdi bIm sinh cua con ngudi khi cdn trong bao thai, ngdy nay goi Id gien di truydn. (6) Hdu thien : cdi do nudi dudng, duoc hinh thanh sau khi ra ddi.

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Ong td y kid'n ndi di ndi lai mdy ldn, nhung tdi vdn cfl giai thfch mai. Ong ndi:

- Cu da cd chu y nhu th i thi cu cfl vilt ra thanh phucmg thud'c dl dang ldn.

Tdi vang Idnh vilt td khai rang :

"Chdu mgch, thdy sdu mach te, sdc vd vo luc, hitu quan yeu, hitu xich Igi cdng

yeu horn. Ay Id ti dm hu, vi hod qud thinh, khong giii dugc khi duang, nen dm hod

di cdn. Vi vdy, ben ngodi thdy co tru&ng, do Id tugng trUng ngodi thi phii, ben

trong thi trdng. Nen bo ti thd thi yen. Nay phong dung : bgch trugt (mgt lgng ) ,

thuc dia (ha ddng ) , can khuang (hai ddng), ngU vi (mdt ddng). Sdc cho dgc, mdi

mdt ldn udng mdt thia trd dieu vdi nudc sdm sdc ddc. Udng khi lUng bung.

Tieu thdn Le Hitu Trdc phung ke"

Tdi vilt xong dua ldn. Ong nhin ki mdt hdi, xem ed y ngai. Cdc thdy lang ngdi

dd'y cung mud'n xem. Ong khdng eho, dflt gidy vao tui do, cudi:

- Phucmg thud'c va ldp ludn cua cu khdc chung ta nhilu.

Ong bao mdt ndi thdn mang td gid'y vao. Mdt lat sau, dng dflng ddy bao tdi di

theo, trd vl did'm "Hdu ma" Ud'ng tra mdt Idt, dng ndi vdi tdi:

- Cu di xa xdi vd't va, gid hay tam vl nghi. Cd ba con ban be mdi mgc cung

khdng dugc di ddu. ^ chd thdnh chi xem nhu thi nao.

Tdi tfl gia, ldn cdng vl dinh Trung Kidn. Trong vdng mUdi ngay, ban be trong

kinh diu din tham hdi, thudng tinh nhu thi.

(Theo LE HUU TRAC, Thugng kinh ki sU, ban dich ciia PHAN VO, NXB Van hoc, Hd Ndi, 1971)

HUdNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Cho bid't Ld Hiiu Trdc dung bao nhidu ldn tfl thdnh chi, thdnh thugng, thdnh

the trong doan trfch ? Nhiing tfl dd dung d l ehi cdi gi, chi ai va dung y cua

tac gia ?

(1) Lang: don vi trong lucmg thdi xua, tuong duong vdi 40 gam. (2) Ddng: bing mdt phdn mudi lang (4 gam).

2. Trong doan trfch, tdc gia kl ra rd't nhilu ngudi phue vu, tfl quan qudn din ngudi hdu. Dilu nay ggi cho anh (ehi) suy nghi gi vl uy quyln eua chua Trinh Sdm ?

3. Dl dd'n dugc noi d cua thi tfl Can, Ld Hflu Trac phai di qua nhiing noi nao ? Quang canh va cdch bai tri tiing noi tdc gia di qua ggi cho anh (chi) suy nghi gi vl cudc sd'ng cua chua Trinh ?

4. Dung lai khdng khf khdm bdnh cho thi tfl Cdn trong phu chua Trinh. Chu y tdi su hdi ha, tdp ndp cd ve trang nghidm nhung hai hude qua each kl eua ngUdi tudng thudt.

5. Theo anh (chi), cdch vilt kf cua Ld Hun Trac cd gi ddc sac ?

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Anh (ehi) hay dung lai hinh tugng nhdn. vdt Ld Hiiu Trac qua doan trich Vdo phu chiia Trinh.

TRi THLTC Dpc - HIEU

Ki trung dai Viet Nam

K/l i loai hinh v in xudi tif sif dung de ghi chep ve con ngu'di, sif vat, phong eanh,... Ki cda Viet Nam khi da dang, phong phu v i thifc sif ra ddi v io the kl XVIII. Ta cd thd coi Cdng dU tiep ki cua Vu Phifong £i% (thd ki XVIII) l i t i c pham md dau eho the ki 5 Viet Nam. Tidp theo la hing loat t ic pham ki khic nhif Cat Xuyen tiep but eua Tran Tidn, Thuang kinh kf sU cua Ld Hiiu Trie, S ic hanh tung kf cua Ld Qu^nh, Vu trung tuy but cija Pham Dinh Ho,... Ddn thd ki XIX, nhOmg t ie phdm ki vidt ve phifdng Tiy bat dau xuat hidn. T ic pham dau tidn l i Tay hanh kien viin kiluac ciia Li Van Phifc, sau dd la NhU Tay nhat kiciia nhdm t ie gia Pham Phu Thuf,...

Thuang kinh kf sU l i t i c pham ki doe d io dUoc Ld HQu Tr ie hoan thinh v io thing 8 1783. 6 dd, t i c gia da kdt hdp nhieu hinh thifc nghd thuat eua ki nhif: du ki, nhi t kf, hdi ki, ki phong canh, kf ghi ngifdi, ghi vide,... Phai thifa nhan rang, ddn Thuang kfnh ki sU, the ki van hoc dfeh thifc cija Viet Nam mdi that sif ra ddi. Dpc xong t i c pham, ta thdy hinh tifdng nhin vat t i e gia hidn Idn ro r ing, sinh dong. Ddy l i mdt thi nhin, mot an sT thanh cao, mot danh y loi lac da tif dat minh ra ngoii vdng cifdng toa v i mdi khi nghe tdi hai chOr "cdng danh" thi sd ddn "difng ca tdc g iy" bdi da mac v io rdi thi "trdi cifu cung khdng thoit difdc". Ngoii ra, ta cdn thdy Ld Hiiu Tr ie l i ngifdi luc n io cung dau d i u mot ndi thifdng cha me, ydu que hifdng, nhd ban be than thich ddn khdng cam difdc nifdc mit .

10

DOC THEM

CHA TOI

(Trich Ddng Dich Trai ngon hdnh luc^^^)

DANG HUY TRU"

TIEU DAN

DSng Huy Trfl (1825 1874) hieu Tinh Trai va Vong Tan, tif la Hoang Trung, ngifdi lang Thanh Ltfdng, xa Hifdng Xuan, huyen Hifdng Tra, tinh ThCfa Thien - Hue. 6ng hoat ddng tren nhieu ITnh vifc : giao due, van hoa, kinh te, quan sif, vSn hoc,... va tren ITnh vifc nao cung de lai da'u an khdng md.

Nim 1843, khi mUdi tam tudi. Ding Huy TrCf do ci^ nhan. Song trong khoa thi An khoa*^' nim 1848, mSc dij da do tien sT, xdp thif bay nhifng vi pham huy* dng da bj danh trifdt va bj tifdc ludn ca hpc vj cCf nhan. Du vay, DSng Huy Trur vin khdng nan Idng.

La ngifdi dit nen mdng cho tif tifdng canh tan. Ding Huy Trfl hoat ddng chinh tri - xa hdi v i v in hoa khdng biet met mdi. Noi gifdng dng, sau niy Nguyin Trifdng To, Nguydn Ld Trach,... dang thif dieu tran va ra sufc van ddng nham ddi mdi da't nifdc. Dang tide rang tu. tudng tan tidn cCia cac dng khdng difpc nha vua bay gid de y.

Ding Huy Truf sang tac rat nhieu. 6ng da de lai khoang mdt ngin hai trim bai thd v i nhieu t ic phim khac nhif Viet sCf thanh huan dien Nom, Sach hgc vS'n tan, Dong nam tan mi luc,... v i mdt sd ghi chep tan man khac.

Nim 1867, trong luc bj d'm khi dang cdng can d Quang Ddng (Tmng Qudc) Ding Huy Tnjf nhd tdi que nha, hoi tudng ve ngudi cha dang kinh cCia minh va vidt ndn Dang Dich Trai ngon hanh luc. Day la tac pham Wkha dpc dao cCia dng.

(1) Ddng Dich Trai ngdn hdnh luc : ghi chep vi ldi ndi va viSc lam cua Dang Dich Trai. Dich Trai Id itn hieu ciia Ddng Van Trpng, thdn phu Dang Huy Tni.

(2) An khoa : Thdi Nguyin, ngoai khoa thi chinh thiic cd dinh ki, gap nhiing ngay le ldn, nha vua thudng md thfim ki thi, cung ldy dd nhu ki thi chfnh thiic, gpi la An khoa.

(3) Pham huy : pham nhihig diiu c&n khi vie't bai thi. Xem them chu thfch (2) va (3) trang 14.

11

Miia thu nam Quy Mao , tdi theo cha cung ngUcri anh con bac tnl&ng Id Dang Huy

S din trudng Phu Xudn^^^ di thi.

Chiiu hdm trudc ngay yIt bang cdng bd' k i t qua, tdi di xem hat d phu An Phong,

Hdng Bao.

Din khi xudng danh, ngUdi ddu tidn dugc goi la Ld Vinh Khanh ; ngUdi thfl hai la

NguySn Dang Hanh. Xudng din ngudi thfl ba, tilng loa no i : C3")

- Ngudi xa Bac Vong ... Tilng loa chUa dflt thi si tfl da kdu ldn :

- Tien sinh ho Dang dd rdi. Ngudi nhu thi , dd nhu th i la hgp vdi dilu trdng mong

cua moi chiing ta. Chiing ta may ma dugc xip bdn dudi tidn sinh ciing la phuc r6i.

Khoa nay, ngoai ba ngudi ho Dang nha tdi di thi, trong xa cd Dang Van Minh d

giap^ ^ Ddng, Truong Van Nguydn va Ld Van H6i d gidp Tdy.

Cha tdi daiig tfl td'n cam ta moi ngudi thi tilng loa chgt xudng d in tdn t d i :

- Dang Huy Trfl...

Moi ngudi ngac nhidn :

- La nhi ! Cha khdng dd ma con lai dd. Do s l mdnh chang ? [...]

Lai ndi, Idii xudng danh thi tdi cdn duong d chd xem hat, y dinh la d l din tdi se di coi

bang tu tai xem cd tdn minh hay khdng. Quan chdrn thi luc dd khdng thdy tdi ldn linh mii

do phai sai quan vd cuoi voi tmyIn loa goi. Cac em nhd vdi chay bao tdi mau vl . V l din noi

thi thdy cha tdi da chudn bi bdn ngudi ban va giao cho anh Trdn HuyIn Phu, con cd thfl hai

dua tdi vao trudng thi. [...]

Tdi bai Knh mii ao trd ra. Si tfl bay tinh di xem bang luc dy thdy cha tdi dua vdo cdy

• xoai, nudc mat udt ao. Moi ngudi ldy lam la hd i :

- Con dd cao la vide dang mflng, sao cu lai khdc nhu gap vide chang lanh vdy ?

Cha tdi nd i :

- Cd gi dang vui ddu. Dd dat cao la d l danh cho ngudi cd phuc dflc. Con tdi tiiih tinh

chua gia dan, chua cd dflc nghidp gi. Luc ddu ngM cho han di thi, chang qua la mud'n cho

(1) Ndm Quy Mao: 6 ddy la nam 1843.

(2) Tru&ng Phu Xudn : trudng thi d Hud luc bdy gid.

(3) Gia dinh Dang Huy Tni vdn d Thaidi Luong, khi di thi dng lai ddng ki qud 6 Bdc Vpng.

(4) Hg Ddng: mpi ngudi tudng la Dang Van Trpng.

(5) Gidp : don vi hanh chfnh thdi xua, nhd hon thdn.

(6) Tii tdi: hpc vi dudi cfl nhdn. Dang Huy Trii khidm tdn, f ndi rang minh chi ddng dd tu tdi thdi.

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han quen vdi tilng trdng trudng thi md thdi, may ma dd dugc tu tai thi d nha day tre ciing

dii milng com manh do, chang may nfla thi ciing khdi phai di phu phen, binh dich , ddu

ddm cd tham vong dugc du yin vua ban. Nao ngd, mdi mdt ldn di thi lai trung thfl ba. Dd

la do trilu dinh nudi dudng, td tdng tich dflc, gia dinh giao due ma dugc thi. Chi sg rdi lai

kidu cang, tu man, Ich ngdi day gilng coi trdi bang vung, phuc dau chang thdy, hoa da

san chd. Cd nhdn da nd i : "Thilu nidn dang khoa nhdt bdt hanh da \"^^\ Thuyin nhd kham

sao ndi trong tai ldn ! Tdi lo lang la vi thi . Nhin ldn, tdi ddi on tac thanh cua thidn tfl, lai

cam kich cdng vun trdng cua td tidn, chi sg con tdi khdng bao dap dugc ngMa nang on

day ndn khdng cdm ndi nudc mat.

Ndi rdi, nudc mat vdn fla ra, ban be khuydn giai mdi thdi. Moi ngudi lai ndi :

- Cha nhu thi , con nhu th i du ro nin nip giao due cua gia dinh. "Bi sac tu phong" ,

vdn Id dao trdi vdy.

Rdi v6 vai tdi vd nd i :

- Vi tdn khoa hay cd' gang cho thdn phu khoi lo.

* * *

Khoa tM H6i mua xudn nam Dinh Miii nhdn tfl tudn dai khanh cua dflc Hiln

td Chuong Hodng d l Thidu Tri, vua cho md An khoa. Tdi di tM. D l tM kinh ngMa do

cMnh vua ra. Ca hai vi Gidp, At khdng mdt tM sinh ndo lam dugc du cdc de, tdi ldm

du va dugc bdy phdn. Cdn bdi van ddi sach thi khdng sat d l ldm. Cac quan chdm tM la

Phan Thanh Gian, TrUOng Qud'c Dung dem quyln tM ddng vua, vua xem lai vd ndi :

"Khdng nd vi mdt d vlt md bd" va cho tdi dd. Tdi dugc xip thfl bay. Khoa dy d l tM rdt khd.

(1) Thdi xua, ai dd tfit tii tdi trd ldn thi dupc miin di linh, di phu. (2) Cdu ndy ldy f cua Tnnh Di (1033 -1107) ngudi thdi Bac Tdng : Con ngudi cd ba diiu bdt hanh:

tudi tr6 md dd dat cao la diiu bdt hanh thii nhdt; dua vao uy thi ciia cha anh di dupc quan cao Idc hdu Id diiu bdt hanh thii hai; cd tdi cao, gidi van chuang Id diiu bdt hanh thii ba.

(3) Bi sdc tu phong: mat ndy hon Hu mat kia kem di. Ddy la quan nidm ciia ngudi xua, hon cdi nay thi kim cdi khdc, dupc cdi ndy thi mdt cai kia,...

(4) Thi Hdi: khoa thi do triiu dinh td chiic, thudng ba nam md mdt ldn, thf sinh phai dd thi Huong mdi dupc du. Ngudi dd ki thi Hdi dupc hpc vi tiin si.

(5) Ndm Dinh Miii: 6 ddy Id nam 1847. (6) Tit tudn dgi khanh : ngdy milng vua bdn muoi tu6i. (7) Ngdy xua, tmdng thi thudng chia thdnh ttog Id, gpi Id VJ ddnh thii tu Gidp, At, Bmh,... cho ndn

d ddy Gidp Id mdt. At Id hai. (8) Phan Thanh Gian (1796 - 1867), ngudi Bin Tre, dd tiin sT nam 1826 ; Truong Qudc Dung

(1797 -1864), ngudi Hd TMi, dd tiin si nam 1829. Hai dng diu lam giam khdo khoa thi nam 1847.

13

Trong cMnh bang* -* tam ngudi dd cM cd mdt minh Nguyin Van Hiln, ngUdi Mi Chdnh,

huydn Phong Diln, trung ca tam trudng, dd Hdi nguydn, cdn diu cM dat nhi trudng. Tdi

vi lam dugc ca sdu de kinh ngMa, dat dilm sd cao ndn dugc xip trdn Nguyin Dflc Tu,

ngudi An Thu, Quang Tri.

Tin tdi tM Hdi dd bao vl . Cha tdi lai rdt nudc mat vd nd i :

- Bdc d6 dai khoa at phai la ngudi phuc phdn ldn. Con tdi dflc dd ra sao ma dugc nhu

vdy, cM lam cho tdi thdm lo ldng.

Vdo tM Dinh, d l ciing do vua ra. Lam din doan ca nggi cdng dflc, tdi diing hai chS

phong dd", khdng nhd "phong dd" la ddng dm vdi "phong dd dia phu". Din bai van sach,

doan ndi vl 'co dai lam hai lua nOn" tdi dung bdn chfl "nha midu cM hai" , khdng d l y

rang "nha midu" la ddng dm vdi "Gia Midu", md Gia Midu la qud huong cua nha vua

(Juan gidm khao la Ha Duy PMdn, ngudi Hoang Dao, Thanh Hoa, la Hidp bidn dai

hoc Sl tdu ldn vua, tdi liin bi trudt tiln si va each ca bang cfl nhdn khoa trudc, chd khoa

sau cho tM lai.

Ki tM Dinh nam dy vao ngay 26 thdng 4. Dung hdm dd, tfl cudi nha bdn trai didn C:dn

Chanh bdo tin dfl : bdc ngu y Dang Van Chvcc^"^^ mdt [...]. Tdi tM vfla bi danh hdng trong

ki tM Dinh [...]. C^ nha lai cang budn cho tdi. Ridng cha tdi cho rang vide tdi bi trudt ca

tien si va cfl nhdn nhu khdng cd chuydn gi ddng k l , cM thd ddi vd nd i :

- Nay chat chdn tay tdi, roc thit xuong tdi cung dugc, tdi cM thuong anh tdi thdi! Cdiig

vide cua Trfl khdng dang kl . KM ngudi ta ddy du lam tM trdi gat bdt di cho bdng. Gia dinh

ta cue ki thinh man rdi, vide Trfl gap phai nhu vdy la phuc cho nha ta ma ciing la cdi may

ldn cho ban thdn Trfl. Song, sau con s&n set, mUa mdc lai cd thi tudi nhudn. Trfl nlu cd

gang chiu khd hpc vin cdn nMlu M vong. Ridng anh cua ta ra di la ra di mai mai. Tfl nay vl

sau cd mudn chum ddu vao nhau ma han huydn cung khdng thi nao dugc nfta rdi.

Mdy ngay sau, vide tang bdc tdi hoi thu, cha tdi mdi khuydn nhu td i :

- Da vao tM Dinh tM khdng cdn danh trugt nfla, tfl ddi Ld din nay nhu t h i da ldu md

nay con lai bi ddnh trugt. Nhung thdi. Nhdn vide sai ldm tdi ldi cua con, Tao qudn tdu ldn

TMdn tao. Am ti tM hanh Idnh phat, tude ca khoa danh cua con la de ren luydn cho con

ndn ngudi. Con khdng dugc vi t h i ma thodi cM. Ong Pham Van Huy d TMdn Lde, dng

Mai Anh Tudn d Thanh Hod trudc ddy cung da tflng bi each cfl nhdn. V l sau, mdt ngUdi

(1) Thdi Nguyin, ngudi ta chia tiin si lam hai bang : chihh bang vd phd bang. Chi nhiing ai dd chinh bdng mdi dupc khac tdn vao bia Van Miiu d Hui, dd phd hdng thi khdng dupc nhu vdy.

(2) Nha mieu chi hai: cai lam hai lua non. (3) Gia Mieu : que cua cac vua triiu Nguyin ; bdi vdy cdu 'nha midu chi hai" cd thi hiiu Id "cdi

lam hai ciia Gia Mieu". (4) Ddng Vdn ChUc: anh Dang Van Trpng, bac mdt ciia Ddng Huy Tni.

14

dd hoang gidp, mdt nguci dd tham hoa. Budi sang mdt, budi cMlu lai thu vl, han la sau kM bi cdch, cac dng dy da nd luc tu tinh, cho ndn da sdy chdn nga ma lai dflng ldn dugc. Tdi hoc, phdm hanh cua con cdn kem cae dng dy mudn ldn. Ngudi ta ai chang cd luc mdc sai ldm, quy la d chd bilt sfla chfla.

(Theo ban dich cua nhdm TRA LINH, trong sach Vdn xudi tu suViet Nam th&i trung dgi, tdp hai: Ki,

NXB Giao due, 2001)

HUdNG DAN DOC THEM

1. Doan trich cd mdy su kidn cMnh ? Hay tdm tat ndi dung tiing su kidn.

2. Phdn tfch ldi dap cua thdn phu Dang Huy Trfl kM mpi ngudi hdi: "Con d6 cao la vide

dang miitng, sao cu lai khdc nhu gap vide chang lanh vdy ?" Theo anh (chi), cdu

"TMlu mdn dang khoa nhdt bdt hanh da" ddi vdi ngay nay dung hay sai ? Vi sao ?

3. Hay cM ra trnh trilt li trong ldi ndi cua Dang Dich Trai trudc vide con trai bi danh trugt

tiln si va bi tude ca hoc vi cfl nhdn.

4. Trilt ll vl vide dd - trugt trong thi cfl cua thdn phu Dang Huy Trfl ggi cho anh (chi) suy nghi gi vl vide thi cfl cua ban thdn ?

5. Ndu y nghia doan kit : "6ng Pham Van Huy d Thidn Lde... quy la d chd bilt sfla chfla"

TRI THLfC OOC - HIEU

T^ thuat

Bi i Cha tdi thuoc loai van tu thuat. Tu thuat i i mot trong nhifng thd t i i cOa kf. 6 Viet Nam thdi trung dai, ki chi thifc sif ra ddi tCf thd ki XVIII khi ngifdi cam but ^ thflc v i tif khang djnh difdc cai tdi c i nhan eua minh.

Kf tif thuat thifdng difdc dung de kd lai cudc ddi, nhifng ki nidm, nhflng sif kidn Idn t ic ddng ddn t im tif, tinh cam, nhin thufc xa hoi cua ban thin ngifdi cam but v i ngi/di cam but thifdng dung dai tfl ngdi thfl nhdt dd xifng hd trong t i c pham. Mdt ydu cau nghidm nhat difdng nhif bat budc ddi vdi t ie gia ki tif thuat trung dai l i ti'nh trung thifc, khdng hif cdu. Bdi vay ta khdng ngac nhidn khi thdy Ding Djch Trai ndi : "Thid'u nidn dang khoa nhat bat hanh da", nhifng khi bidt tin Ding Huy Trfl bj trui't ca tidn sT v i cfl nhin, dng lai thd d i i v i khuyen nhij con : "Da v io thi Dinh thi khdng cdn dinh trifdt nfla, tfl ddi Ld ddn nay nhif thd da lau m i nay con lai bj d inh trifpt. Nhifng thdi" R5 ring Ding Djch Trai chi t i n thinh vide tridu dinh dinh trifdt hpc vj tidn sT cCia Ding Huy Trfl nhUng khdng h i i Idng ve vide tridu dinh trudt ea hpc vj eCf nhin ciia con dng.

15

NGON NGlT CHUNG VA LCII NOI CA NHAN

KET QUA CAN DAT

Hieu dugc cdc khdi niem ngdn ngii chung vd ldi ndi cd nhdn:

Cd y thiic hgc ngdn ngit chung vd trau doi ldi ndi cd nhdn.

I - NGON N G C C H U N G

Ngdn ngfl chung la ngdn ngfl dugc mdt cdng ddng xa hdi sfl dung thdng nhdt dl giao tiep. Vdi ngudi Viet, ngdn ngfl chung la tieng Viet, "thfl cua cai vd cung lau ddi va vd cung quy bau cua ddn tdc" (Hd C!hi Minh).

Ngdn ngfl chung bao gdm he thdng cac dan vi, cac quy tdc, cac chudn muc xac dinh ve ngfl dm - chu vilt, tfl vitng va ngu phap. Vl nguydn tac, moi thanh vidn cua ddn tdc, cua cdng ddng phai cd vd'n hiiu bilt tuong tir nhau vl ngdn ngfl chung ; cd nhu vdy, viec dung ngdn ngfl chung di giao til'p mdi dugc diln ra thudn Igi, thdng sUd't.

Mud'n cd vd'n hieu bilt vl ngdn ngfl chung, nhdt thiet phai thudng xuyIn hoc hdi. Cd hai each hgc hdi chu yeu : mgt la hgc qua giao tilp tu nhidn, hang ngay ; hai la hgc qua nha trudng, sach vd, bao chi.

Qua giao tiep tir nhidn, hdng ngay con ngudi hgc ngdn ngfl chung theo kenh ldi. Dd la ngdn ngfl chung tdn tai d dang mdt bien thi dia phuong cu thi. Vd'n hiiu biet tich luy dugc nhd each hgc nay thudng cd tinh chd't kinh nghidm ; cung vdi vd'n hiiu bie't d'y la stl hinh thanh va phat trien hai ki nang quan trgng : ndi va nghe.

Qua nha trudng, sach vd, bao chi,... con ngudi hgc ngdn ngu chung tdn tai vdi tu each ngdn ngfl van hoa. Vdi ngdn ngfl van hoa, hgc theo kdnh ldi (qua ldi giang d ldp, qua ldi phat bilu d cac hdi nghi, hdi thao, diln thuylt,...) vdn rd't cdn thiet. Tuy nhien, cdn tha'y rang hgc ngdn ngfl chung theo kdnh chfl cd vai trd circ ki quan trgng. Hon nfla, vdi kdnh chu, cdn cd nhiing bai hgc ridng, nghiem cdn ve ngdn ngfl chung (cac bai Tilng Vidt trong sach giao khoa NgU vdn). Vd'n hieu bilt tich luy dugc nhd each hgc nay rd't phong phu, da dang va

16

thudng cd tinh chdt khoa hgc ; cflng vdi vd'n hiiu bilt d'y la su hoan thidn hai Id nang ndi va nghe, ddc bidt la su hinh thdnh phdt triln va hodn thien hai Id ndng quan trgng khdc : viei va dgc.

Tdm lai, phai bilt hgc hdi sudt ddi d l cd kiln thflc ddy du vl ngdn ngfl chung, d l hoan thiSn cdc ki nang sfl dung ngdn ngfl, nhd't la ki ndng viei vd ndi - hai ki nang cd vai trd quylt dinh dd'i vdi vifc tao ldp ldi ndi ca nhdn.

n - LCJl NOI CA NHAN

Mdi ngudi diu vdn dung ngdn ngfl chung tao ldp n6n cac vdn ban vilt va ndi dung d l giao tilp. Nhiing vdn ban vilt vd ndi dd la ldi ndi cd nhdn. Nhu vdy, ldi ndi cd nhdn la san phdm cua mdi ngudi khi sfl dung ngdn ngfl chung lam cdng cu giao tilp trong tinh hud'ng cu thi. Do dd, mdi vdn ban ndi vd vilt thudng mang ddu dn cd nhdn cua ngudi tao ldp nen nhu thdi quen ca nhdn trong phat dm, dung tfl, diln dat. Trong van chuang nghd thudt, ddu d'n cd nhdn d'y dugc trau chudt thdnh ldi ndi cd phong cdch nghd thudt. Nha vdn Td Hoai giai bay : "Tfl luc mdi cdm but vilt mdt cdu, mudn dinh cho nd la lam mdt viec nghd thudt, thi trong con ngudi minh da phai trai hai ldn nghi. Mdt ldn nghT ra cdi y d'y, mdt ldn nam ld'y cai y d'y ma tim chfl nghia de ddt but xud'ng. Trong sdng tao nghd thudt, ta phai vugt hai ldn sang tao. Luc ddu khdng md'y ai cd y thflc d'y. Nhung ddn ddn v l sau, vilt cang quen, thi ca thdi quen ldn luong tdm ngdi but minh da tim ra cdi ldn sdng tao thfl hai. Tfl khi bid't nhu th i thi vide tim chfl nghia dd'i vdi tdi trd thanh mdt cai ham md kich thich, trd thdnh nhiing cdi khd, cdi khd, cai sg. C!dm but vid't khdng luc nao khdng lo. Mdt chfl phai la mdt hat nggc trdn trang ban thao, phai la hat nggc mdi nhdt, cua minh tim dugc, do phong each vdn chuang minh ma cd dugc. Trang sdch ma khdng cd nggc, trang ban thao khdng cd chfl thdn, khdng cd tinh hoa thi cdi hdn tac phdm, tfl tu tudng dd'n nhdn vdt, tdt ca bao nhidu udc vgng, khdt khao ta gfli gam vdo sdng tac bid't ld'y gi ma sdng dugc. Khdng cd chfl nudi nd, nd trdng rdng rdi chit heo di. NghT dd'n sdng tdc ngheo nan, cdi cgc, bao gid cung gidt minh"^^\ Nhu vdy, thdng qua ldi ndi ca nhdn, nhflng "hat nggc mdi nhd't" d'y gdp phdn lam phong phu thdm ngdn ngfl chung, thuc ddy ngdn ngfl chung phdt triln.

LUYEN TAP

1. Hay cho bid't vi sao phai dl ra ydu cdu hgc ndi trong cdu tuc ngfl Hgc dn hgc ndi hgc gdi hgc md. Theo anh (chi), ndi dung hgc ndi bao gdm nhung gi ?

(1) Giit gin su trong sdng cua tie'ng Viet, NXB Giao due, 1977.

17 2 - N G 0 V A N 1 1 / 1 ( N C ) - A

2. Cho bilt y kid'n cua anh (chi) vl ndi dung cua cac cdu tuc ngfl, ca dap sau ddy :

- Chim khdn keu tieng rdnh rang Ngudi khdn ndi tieng diu ddng di nghe.

- NgUdi thanh tieng noi cung thanh Chudng keu khe ddnh ben vdnh ciing keu.

- Ddt xdu trong cdy khdng khiu Nhiing ngudi thd tuc ndi dieu phdm phu.

^ LUYEN TAP PHAN TICH DE, LAP DAN Y CHO BAI VAN NGHI LUAN XA HOI

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Biet phdn tich mdt devdn nghi ludn xahdi.

• Biet tim -y vd lap ddn y cho bdi van nghi ludn xdhdi.

Cho cdc dl vdn sau :

De 1. Trdi dd't se ra sao nd'u thid'u di mau xanh cua nhiing canh rtmg ?

De 2. C!ac Mac ndi: "Mgi tilt kilm, suy cho cung la tilt kidm thdi gian". Anh (chi) hay giai thich vd lam sdng to cdu ndi trdn.

De 3. Tfl vdn ban Cha tdi cua Ddng Huy Trfl, anh (chi) hay phat bilu quan nidm cua ban thdn vl vide do - trugt trong thi cfl.

1. Phan tich de

Vdi mdi dl van trdn, anh (chi) hay xac dinh :

- Ndi dung trgng tdm ;

- Cac thao tac ldp ludn chinh ;

- Pham vi tU lidu cdn huy ddng.

18 2 - N G 0 V A N 1 1 / 1 ( N C ) - B

Anh (chi) cdn dgc kT dl bai, tim nhihig tfl ngfl quan trgng, huy ddng kien thflc da hgc vl dl van nghi ludn dl xac dinh cac ydu cau ca ban cua mdi de. Chdng han, vdi Dl 3, tfl ndi dung cua van ban Cha tdi cd thi xac dinh trgng tdm cdn triln khai: Vdn de dd - trugt trong thi cfl va su thanh dat cua mdt con ngudi.

2.Tlmy

a) Vdi Di 1, sau khi da xdc dinh dugc ndi dung trgng tdm cua dl, ngudi vid't cdn tim eac y ldn, y nhd cho bai nghi ludn. Vide tim y cd thi dugc thuc hidn bdng each dat ra cac cdu hdi va vdn dung hiiu bilt cua ban thdn de tra ldi. Chang han :

- Rflng mang lai cho trdi ddt nhiing gia tri va Igi ich gi ?

- Hidn nay, mau xanh cua rflng dang bi huy hoai, tan pha ra sao ?

- Nguydn nhdn va hdu qua cua thuc trang trdn ?

- Cdn cd nhiing giai phap nao de gin gifl mau xanh cua rflng ?

- CThung ta cd thi lam gi de gdp phdn gin gifl mau xanh cua rflng ?

Vdi mdi y tim dugc, cd thi ddt tilp cac cdu hdi dl chia tach thdnh y nhd han. Chdng han : Rflng mang lai cho. trai dd't gia tri va Igi ich gi vl cdc phuang didn kinh tl, mdi trudng, sflc khoe cdng ddng ?

b) Vdi Dl 2, cd thi dat nhiing cdu hdi nhu sau de tim y :

- Thi nao la tilt kidm ? Tai sao chung ta cdn phai tilt kidm ?

- Ngudi ta thudng tilt kidm nhiing gi trong cudc sdng ?

- Tilt kidm thdi gian la gi ?

HI thd'ng y trdn ddy chua hoan chinh, hay dat tid'p cac cdu hdi de tim them cac y khac theo ydu edu cua dl.

c) Bang each ddt cdu hdi, hay tim eac y cho Di 3.

3. L$p dan y

a) Sau khi tim y cdn sdp xip cac y theo mdt trinh tu nhdt dinh. Vdi mdi de vdn cd thi cd nhilu each khac nhau dl xdy dung dan y. Chang han, d Dl 1 cd thi ldp ddn y nhu sau :

J^dbdiidatwSmdi)

19

Gidi thidu khai quat ndi dung trgng tdm cua dl : vai trd va gia tri cua rflng trong cudc sdng con ngudi.

Thdn bdi (giai quylt vdh dl)

Phat triln ndi dung trgng tam da ndu b phan md bai:

- Gia tri, Igi ich ldn lao ma rflng mang lai cho con nguoi :

+ La la phoi duy tri su sd'ng trdn trai ddt;

+ Tiem an bao nhidu tai nguydn quy bau ;

+ Dem lai ve dep binh ydn cho cudc sdng.

- Mau xanh ciia riing dang bi de doa :

+ Riing dang bi chay, bi chat pha, khai thac bfla bai;

+ Nguyen nhdn : su bat can va nhdn thflc ndng can, vu Igi cua chinh con ngudi.

- Nhflng giai phap de gin gifl mau xanh cua rflng :

+ Kl hoach ldu dai;

+ Nhflng vide trudc mdt cdn lam.

Ket bdi (kit thuc vdn dl)

Nhiing cam xuc, mong udc cua ban than vl mdt trai ddt mai mai mau xanh.

b) Tfl dan y trdn, anh (chi) hay :

- Bo sung, dieu chinh hoac xdy dung mdt dan y theo each cua minh.

- Lap dan y cho Dl 2 va 3.

20

LE GHET THUONG

(Trich Truyen Luc Vdn Tien)

NGUYEN DINH CHIEU *

KET QUA CAN OAT

Hieu dugc tu tudng ghet hdn qudn, bgo chiia, thuong ngudi hien tdi ciia tdc gid qua ldi dng Qudn trong doan trich. Thdy dugc nghe thudt truyen cdm bdng cdch diing diep ngit, thdnh ngU, tieu ddi, tii: ldy trong dogn trich.

TIEU DAN

Truyen Luc Van Tien la tac pham Idn ci\a v in hpc Viet Nam, difpc nhan

dan, die biet la nhan dan Nam Bd yeu chudng. Nguyin Dinh Chieu sang tac

Truy&n Luc Van Tien v io khoang sau nim 1850, khi dng md trudng day hoc.

Tic pham dupc sang t ic tren cd sd cac md ti'p cCia v in hpc dan gian va truyen

trung dai ke't hdp vdi mdt sd tinh tidt cd that trong cudc ddi t ic gid. Truydn

dupc luu truyen sau rdng va cd nhieu dj ban. ^

Truydn ke ve Luc Vin Tien, mdt chang trai v in vd song toan, tren dudng

di thi da danh tan bpn cudp, c l ^ Kieu Nguyet Nga. Nguyet Nga nguyen lay

ching de trd nghTa. Cung tren dudng di thi dUpc tin me chet, chang phai ve

chju tang v i thUdng khdc me den mu hai mat. Chang bj Trjnh Ham ghen tai,

Ifla ddy xud'ng sdng roi bj cha con Vd The Loan trd m i t : trudc kia hfla ga con

gai cho, sau tha'y Luc Van Tien bj mij thi bdi Udc, bo chang trong hang nui.

Nhung chang dupc ngudi td't v i than cflu, cud'i cung mat chang sang ra, thi dd

Trang nguyen, dupc cfl di danh giic 6 Qua, cljfu nudc.

Nguyet Nga chung thu^ vdi Van Tien nhifng bj Thai sU bat di cdng cho

giic. Ning khdng chju, nhay xud'ng sdng tif tfl, nhifng dUpc cijfu sdng. Sau dd,

ning bj cha con Bui Kidm ep duyen, phai bo trd'n. Cud'i cijng. Van Tien thang

trin trd ve gip lai Nguyet Nga, cung ning kdt duyen vp chdng.

Doan trfch Le ghet thuang (tfl cau 473 de'n 504) ndi ve cudc trd chuyen

gifla nhan vat dng Quin va mi'y nho sT tre tudi. Do la luc Van Tien ciJng ban

vuong Tfl Trifc di thi, vao quan trp gip Trjnh Ham va Biji Kiem cung la sT tfl.

(*) V6 cudc ddi vd su nghidp van hpc cda Nguydn Dinh Chiiu, xem bai Nguyin Dinh Chieu a trang 35.

21

Trjnh Him de nghj bdn ngUdi lam thd, so t i i cao thap. Trjnh Ham, BCii Kidm

thua t i i lai nghi Lue Van Tidn v i VUdng Tfl Trifc gian lan. 6ng Quin nhan do

mdi bin ve Id ghet thUdng cl ddi .

* * *

1. Qudn rdng : "Kinh siif^^ dd titng,

Coi roi lai khien long hdng xdt xa.

Hdi thdi ta phdi ndi ra,

Vi chung hay ghet cung Id hay thuang".

5. Tien rdng : "Trong due chua tudng,

Chdng hay thucfng ghet, ghet thuang le ndo ?".

Qudn rdng : "Ghet viec tdm phdo^ ',

Ghet cay, ghet ddng, ghet vdo tdn tdm.

Ghet ddi Kiet, Tru me ddnv ',

10. De ddn den ndi sa hdm sdy hang.

GhjetddiU,Le}''^ dadoarP,

Khien ddn ludng chiu ldm than mudn phdn.

Ghet ddi NgU bd^ phdn vdn ,

Chuong be ddi trd ldm ddn nhgc nhdn.

15. Ghet ddi thiic quy ^ phdn bang' ',

Sdm ddu tdi ddnh ldng nhdng^ rdi ddn.

(*) 6 phdn Van hoc, di tidn theo doi, ngudi bidn soan thudng danh sd thfl tu ddng tho hoac chia doan van ban.

iX) Kinh sic: sach kinh va sach sfl ciia nho gia. (2) Viec tdm phdo : vide vd v&i. Trong bSi cd nghia la vide xang bay cd hai cho dan. (3) Kiet, Tru me ddm: vua Kidt cudi ddi nha Ha, vua Tru cudi ddi nhji Thuong. Hai vua tan ac, hoang

dam, bi nhan dan oan ghet ma mat ngdi. (4) U, Le: U Vuong va Ld Vuong ddi nha Chu lam nhidu vide bao ngupc. (5) Da doan: lam chuydn ldi thdi. (6) Ngii bd : nam vua chu hdu thdi Xuan thu ddi nha Chu. Cac vua ndy y th6 nudc 16n, mudn

xung ba ndn keo be keo canh, xlii nudc n^y danh nudc kia, khdng chd, 1 ^ dt nh^ Chu, gay chidn tranh hai dan.

(7) Phdn vdn: d day y ndi ldn xdn, rdi loan (khac vdi tfl "phan van" trong tidng Vidt hidn dai). (8) Thiic quy: ddi suy loan cudi nha Dudng, chidn tranh lidn midn, nhan dan rdt khid. (9) Phdn bdng: chia lia dd nat. (10) Ddu: ddu hang. (11) Ldng nhdng: y ndi tinh thd rdi bdi, kdo ddi; gd khdng ra.

22

Thuang Id thuang dUc thdnh nhdrv \

Khi ncd Tdng, Ve luc Trdn, luc Khudng' .

Thuang thdy Nhan Tvr dd dang,

20. Ba muai mdt tuoi, tdch ddng cdng danh.

Thucmg dng Gia Cdt tdi Idnh,

Gap can Hdn mgt dd ddnh phui pha .

Thuang thdy Ddng Tu cao xa,

Chi thdi cd chi, ngdi md khdng ngdi.

25. Thuang ngudi NguyenLugng ngUi ngUi,

Ld be giup nudc Igi lui ve cdy.

Thucfng dng Hdn Dii: chdng may,

Sdm ddng ldi bieu, tdi day di xa.

Thuang thdy Liem, Lgc dd ra.

(1), (2) Dice thdnh nhdn : chi Khdng Tfl, ngudi nudc Ld, sdng d thdi Xuan thu, tifng di cic nudc Tdng, Vd, Trdn,... lim each thuc hidn dao ciia minh ma khdng dupc. Khudng Ik tdn dp, noi dng da tflng bi vay ham.

(3) Nhan Tic: Nhan Hdi, tdn tu Ik Tfl Uydn, hpc trd dflc hanh nhdt cua Khdng Tfl, mdt khi mdi ba muci mdt tudi.

(4) Gia Cdt: Gia Cdt Lupng, tdn tu Ik Khdng Minh, ngudi ndi tidng muu lupc. Ong mdt ldng giiip Luu Bi khdi phuc co nghidp nha Hdn, lihung ddn khi chdt (nam muoi tu tudi), su nghidp vdn chua hodn thanh.

(5) Hdn mgt: thdi nha Hdn suy vi, tfle vdo khoang thdi Tam qudc phan tranh. Can Hdn mgt cdn cd nghia la luc van nhd Hdn da hdt.

(6) Phui pha : \i6ng phi. (7) DSng Tic: Ddng Trpng Thu, nhd nho ndi tidng thdi Han, tai cao hpc rdng, dupc tdn lam "Dai

su" mdt thdi. Ong tiing lam Giang Dd tudng thdi Han Vu Dd, dd xudt nhidu kd sach cho nha vua, nhung bi bat giam, suyt bi gidt hai, sau dupc xa tdi. Ong lai lam Td tudng cho vua Lidu Tay, sau sp tai hoa, cdo bdnh vd nha, vi thd ma ndi "ngdi ma khdng ngdi".

(8) Nguyen Luang : tdn tu ciia Dao Tidm (cdn cd tdn la Uydn Minh). Ong la nha van thdi Tah, tinh thanh cao, hpc rdng, tho van l6i lac. Dang lam quan, vi khdng chiu quy luy quan trdn, dng bd vd nha, tu ldm rudng dd sdng.

(9) Hdn Du : nhd van ndi tidng thdi Dudng, vi dang bidu khuydn vua Dudng ditng tin dao Phat ma bi gidng chflc va ddy di xa.

(10) Liem, Lgc : Liem, tfle "Lidm Khd tidn sinh" (ngudi dung nha hoc "Lidm Khd fliu dudng") tdn Id Chu Ddn Di. Lgc, chi hai anh em Tnnh Hao, Trinh Di, qud 6 Lac Duong. Ca ba ddu la tridt gia ndi tidng thdi Tdng, cd ra lam quan, nhung do quan didm bao thu, khdng dupc vua \k phdi "Tan ddng" tin diing, ndn lai ud vd day hpc.

23

30. Bi ldi xua dudi ve nhd gido ddn \

Xem qua kinh sif mdy ldn,

Nita phdn Igi ghet, niia phdn Igi thuang".

(Theo Tha vdn Nguyen Dinh Chieu, NXB van hpc. Ha Ndi, 1971)

HUdNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Cdu ndi cua nhdn vdt dng Quan "Vi chung hay ghet cung la hay thuang" cho thd'y gifla thuang" va ghet cd mdi lidn quan vdi nhau nhu thi nao ?

2. Ldi dng Qudn ndi vl kinh sfl cho thd'y dng ghet loai ngudi nao, vi li do gi ? Qua dd, cd thi hiiu thuc chd't tu tudng cua dng Quan la gi ?

3. Ong Quan thuang nhung ai, nhflng ngUdi d'y cd dac dilm chung nao ? Dilu dd cho thd'y dng quan tdm dd'n nhiing ldp ngUdi nao trong xa hdi ?

4. Nhflng chuydn sfl sach Trung Qud'c ma dng Quan ndi din cho thdy nha tha suy nghl gi khi vid't Truyin Luc Vdn Tien ?

5. Chi ra cac phuang tidn ngdn ngfl trong ldi cua dng Quan nhu : didp ngfl, thanh • ngfl, tiiu dd'i, tfl lay. Phdn tich tac dung cua chung trong vide tao ndn gigng

didu truyin cam cua dng Quan trong doan trich.

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Khai quat tu tudng nha tha dugc thi hidn trong doan trich Le ghet thucmg.

TRI THQC Dpc - HIEU

Giong dieu trong tic pham van hoc

Sac thi i cam xuc cua Idi van dUdc tao ndn bdi c ic phifdng tidn ngdn ngfl nhu tfl xUng goi (ning,

ching, ta, td, han, thj, anh, chj,...), danh t f l tfnh tfl, ddng tfl, thinh ngfl, bidn phip tu tfl,... cung bieu

hidn mot thi i dp, tinh cam chu dao nhUydu, ghet, mia mai, chd nhao,... Ching han, giong didu cam

thUdng, gipng didu trio phung, gipng didu khinh bac, gipng didu ngpi ea,...

(1) Gido ddn: day dan.

24

Dpc THEM

CHAY GIAC

NGUYEN DINH CHIEU

TIEU DAN

Chay giac la bai thd the hien Idng yeu nudc ndng nan cCia Nguyin Dinh Chieu dupc vie't vao thdi diem nen ddc lap dan tdc cua Viet Nam bj de doa mdt each nghiem trpng. Thifc dan Phap tan cdng Oa Nlng, do vap phai sif khang cif manh me cua quan trieu dinh nha Nguyin va gip mdt sd dieu bat Ipi khac, lien quay vao Sii Gdn, tran tdi sdng Ben Nghe* ', nhan luc quan ta phdng bj Id la ma ha ddn Gia Dinh roi tfl dd danh loang ra cac tinh mien ddng va mien tay Nam Bp. Nguyin Dinh Chieu tuy mu loa nhung theo ddi rat sat tinh hinh da't nUdc. Ong vd ciJng dau ddn trUdc nhifng tham canh ma quan cudp nudc da gay nen cho ddng bao ta va rat that vpng ve sif hen yeu, bit life cua trieu dinh.

* * (2)

Tan chg vica nghe tieng sung Tdy ,

Mot bdn cd the phut sa lay .

Bo nhd IS tre laxo chay ,

Mat d bdy chim ddo ddc bay .

Ben Nghe ciia tien tan bgt nudc,

Dong Nai tranh ngdi nhudm mdu mdy.

Hoi trang dep loqn rdy ddu vdng.

Node ddn den mdc nqn ndy ?

(Tha vdn Nguyin Dinh Chieu, NXB Van hpc, Ha Ndi, 1963)

(1) Ben Nghe : tdn cu ciia sdng Sai Gdn, cung la tdn cii cua viing Sai Gdn. (2) Tdy : chi thuc dan Phap. (3) Cd the: ban cd dupc bay sdn nhu mdt bai toan dd hdc hidm sao cho vi6c thdng thua dupc phan

dinh chi qua mdt vai nudc di. (4) Y ca cau : Quan ta niing thd va ddt nudc ta dang lam vao mdt cue didn bi dat, gid'ng nhu ngudi

choi cd thd da bi so say mdt nudc quydt dinh va dflng trudc nguy co that bai. (5) Laxa chgy : chay trong trang thai hdt ho hdt hai, hoang mang, mdt phuong hOfdng. (6) Ddo ddc bay : bay mdt each hoang loan, ngo ngac, khdng thd tu dinh hudng. (7) Ddng Nai: tdn sdng, cung la tdn mdt vdng ddt. (8) Trang: tfl chi ngudi, ddng vdi sdc thai trang trpng, tdn kinh (vf du : trang nam nhi, trang hdo hdn).

25

Hl/dNG DAN DOC THEM

1. Neu chu dl cua bdi tha. Nhdn xet vl tinh thdng nhd't cua cdc chi tilt, hinh anh trong bdi.

2. Canh chay giac da dugc midu ta cu thi vd xfle ddng nhu thi ndo trong hai cdu 3 - 4 ?

3. Phdn tfch nhiing cung bdc, sdc thdi khdc nhau cua ndi dau md tdc gia bilu Id trong bdi tho.

4. Giong didu d hai cdu cudi cua bdi tha thi hidn tinh cam gi ? (Cliu y nghd thudt sfl dung tfl trang, tfl nd cua tdc gia).

5. Ndu suy nghi vl tinh cam ydu nudc cua nhd tha Nguyin Dinh (Thilu dugc bdc Id trong tdc pham.

LUYEN TAP VE NGON NGiT CHUNG VA LCfl NOI CA NHAN

KET QUA CAN OAT

Biet phdn tich, ldm ndi bat cdch tdc gid van dung ngdn ngU chung vdo viec tgo lap tdc phdm vdn chuang.

1. Phdn tieh nhtmg doan va bai tho sau ddy, lam rd net ridng cua mdi tac gia trong vide sfl dung ngdn ngfl d l bilu hidn canh vdt va con ngudi.

- Hoa ddi nguyet, nguyet in mgt tdm,

Nguyet long hoa, hoa thdm tdng bdng.

Nguyet hoa, hoa nguyet triing triing,

Trudc hoa dudi nguyet trong long xiei ddu !

(Doan Thi Didm - Ban didn Ndm Chinh phu ngdm)

- Guang nga chenh chech ddm song,

Vdng gieo ngdn nudc, cdy long bdng sdn.

26

Hdi dudng Id nggn dong ldn,

Gigt suang gieo ndng, cdnh xudn la dd.

Mdt minh ldng ngdm bdng nga,

Rdn dudng gdn vdi ndi xa bdi bdi.

(Nguydn Du - Truyen Kieu)

- Tieng sudi trong nhu tieng hdt xa, .

Trdng long cd thu, bdng long hoa.

Cdnh khuya nhu ve, ngudi chua ngu,

Chua ngu vi lo ndi nudc nhd:

(Hd Chi Minh - Cdnh khuya)

2. Phdn tich each Nguydn Tudn sfl dung cac bidn phdp tu tfl qua doan trich sau ddy :

- Chua bao gid cd Ta thdy rd cdi dau khd ngdm ngdi ciia tieng ddn day budi

ndy. Tidng ddn ham hue, chiing nhu khdng thodt hei dugc vdo khdng gian. No

nghen ngda. Hem kit cdi u udt vdo tan bin trong long ngudi thdm dm. Nd Id mgt

cdi tdm su khdng tiii radugc. Nd Id mdt ndi u kin buc dgc bung bit. Nd gidng nhu

cdi trgng hudng than thd ciia mdt cdnh ngd vd tri dm... Nd Id niem vang ddi qudn

qugi cua nhdng tiing chung tinh. Nd Id cdi du ba cua be chiiu did chdn sdng. Nd

Id can gid chdng Igt ke mdnh thua. Nd Id su tdi phdt chiJCng tdt phong thdp vdo cit

cudi thu ddm de mUa dm vd nhUc nhdi xuong tuy. Nd Id cdi Id lay nhdo lia cua Id

bd cdnh. Nd Id cdi li thi ciia ndm vd danh hiu hiu nggn vdng so le. Nd Id cdi oan

udng nghin ddi cua cudc sdng thanh dm. Nd Id su khdn ngn khdn ddn cua chi ta

con phim....

(Chda Ddn)

3. Phdn tfch d l lam rd each sfl dung bidn phdp tu tfl so sdnh cua tflng tdc gia

trong nhiing cdu, doan trich sau ddy :

- Tiing sudi trong nhu tieng hdt xa.

(Hd Chf Minh - Cdnh khuya)

- Tiing hdt trong nhu tiing nggc tuyen.

(Thd Lit - Tie'ng ggi hen sdng)

(1) Liim ke't: thu gom lai, kdt tu lai.

27

- Con gap Igi nhdn ddn nhu nai ve sudi cd

Cd ddn giing hai, chim en gap mda

Nhu dUa tre tha ddi long gap sda

Chii'c ndi ligdng bdng gap cdnh tay dua.

(Chd Lan Vidn - Tie'ng hdt con tdu)

- Cdn xa ldm mdi dih cdi thdc dudi. Nhung dd thdy tiing nudc reo gdn mai

Igi reo to mdi lin. Tii'ng nudc thdc nghe nhuld odn trdch gi, roi Igi nhuld van xin,

roi Igi nhu Id khieu khich, gigng gdn md chi'nhgo. Thi'rdi nd rdng len nhu tieng

mgt ngdn con trdu mgng dang long ldn giita rdng vdu rung tre nda nd Ida, dang

phd tudng riCng Ida, riXng Ida cdng gdm thet vdi ddn trdu da chdy bdng bung.

(Nguyen Tuan - NgUdi ldi dd Sdng Dd)

BAI VIET sd 1 (Nghi ludn xa hdi)

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Van dung nhdng hieu bii't ve de vdn, ludn diem vd cdc thao tdc lap ludn dd hgc d ldp 10 de vii't bdi vdn nghi ludn ve mgt hiin tugng ddi sdng.

• Bii't trinh bdy vd diin dgt cdc ngi dung bdi vii't mgt cdch sdng sua, dung quy cdch.

Tham khao cac dl van sau ddy :

De 1. Suy nghi cua anh (chi) vl phong trao ung hd quy "Vi ngudi ngheo"

De 2. (Juan nidm cua anh (chi) vl ld'i sd'ng gian di cua mdt con ngudi.

De 3. Anh (chi) nghi gi khi nhin nhung canh riing tid'p tuc bi tan pha ?

De 4. CXidc sd'ng se ra sao nlu ngudn nudc sach ngay cang vai can ?

28

r^ :f(l) y ^

VAN TE NGHIA SI ' CAN GIUOC

NGUYEN DINH CHIEU

(2)

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Hieu dugc ve dep bi trdng md gidn di cua hinh tugng

ngudi nghia sT ndng ddn Cdn Giudc vd thdy dugc thdi do

cdm phuc, xdt thuang cua tdc gid ddi vdi hg.

• Nam dugc gid tri nghi thudt (tinh chdt tru tinh, thu phdp

tuang phdn vd viic sii dung ngdn ngd) ciia bdi vdn ti'.

Khu di tfch md va den thd cu Do Chieu d ap 3 xa An DiJc (Ba Tn, Ben Tre)

(Anil: Thong tan xa Viet Nam - Van Khanh)

(1) NghTa sT: ngudi cd chf khf, khdng quan hi sinh vi vide nghia nhu ciiu ngudi, cilu nudc.

(2) Cdn Giudc: vdng ddt nay la huydn Cdn Giudc, tinh Long An.

29

TIEU DAN

Nam 1858, thifc dan Phip nd sung xam lupc nUdc ta. Sau khi chidm dUdc

thinh Gia Djnh v io dau nam 1859, chung bat dau mot qu i trinh md rdng tan

cdng ra c ic vung l in can nhU Tan An, Can Giudc, Gd Cdng,... Nhan dan Nam

Bd vd cung cam phin v i sue sdi tinh than chdng giac. Ddm 16 - 12 - 1861,

dung ram thing 11 nam Tan Dau, mac du "ehi l i dan dp, dan l in", "ngoai eat

ed mdt manh i o vai", "trong tay cam mdt ngpn tam vdng" nhifng nhOtig nghTa

sT ndng dan da qua cam tap kfch ddn giac d Can Giudc, tidu diet dUdc mdt sd

quan quan eua giac v i tdn Tri huydn tay sai. Khoang hai mUdi nghTa sT

hi sinh. Ti'm gUdng oanh liet dd da gay nen niem xijc ddng Idn trong nhan

dan. Do Quang, Tuan phu Gia Dinh, giao cho Nguyen Dinh Chieu l im bi i van

te de dpc tai buoi truy dieu cac nghTa sT hi sinh trong tr in niy,

Vdi ndi dung chin that v i tinh cam xdt xa vd han, bi i van td cd mdt sufc

truydn cam manh me, dUde Bp Le cCia tridu dinh Hue eho sao v i truyin di

khap nude de ddng vidn tinh than chien dau eua ngUdi dan chdng thifc din Phip.

* * *

Hdi di!

1. Sung giac dd't rIn ; long ddn trdi to.

2. Mudi nam cdng vd rudng, chua at cdn danh ndi nhu phao ; mdt trdn nghia danh Tdy, tuy la md't tid'ng vang nhu mo.

Nhd linh xua :

3. CXii cut lam an '; toan lo ngheo khd.

4. Oiua quen cung ngua, ddu tdi trudng nhung^ '' ; chi bid't mdng trdu, d trong langbd^^ ,

5. Vide cud'c, vide cay, vide bfla, vide cdy, tay vd'n quen lam ; tdp khiln, tdp sung, tdp mac, tdp cd, mat chua tflng ngd.

(1) Cui cut ldm dn: lam an le loi, thdm lang mdt each tdi nghidp.

(2) TrUcmg nhung: bai chidn trudng.

(3) Ldng hd : lang xdm (cd ban chep: lang hd).

30

6. Tilng phong hac^ ' phdp phdng han muai thang, trdng tin quan nhu trdi han trdng mua ; mui tinh chidn^ ^ vdy va da ba nam, ghet thdi mgi nhu nha ndng ghet cd.

7. Bfla thdy bdng bong che trang ldp, mud'n tdi an gan ; ngay xem d'ng khdi chay den si, inud'n ra can cd.

8. Mdt md'i xa thu ^ dd sd, ha dl ai chem rdn dudi huau ^ ; hai vdng nhdt nguylt ehdi loa, ddu dung lu fco dd ban chd.

9. Nao dgi ai ddi ai bat, phen nay xin ra sflc doan kinh ; chang them trd'n ngugc trdn xudi, chuydn nay dd'c ra tay bd hd .

Khd thuang thay!

10. Vd'n chang phai qudn ca qudn vd , theo ddng d linh diln binh ; chang qua la ddn dp ddn ldn, mdn nghia lam qudn chidu md .

11. Mudi tam ban vd nghd, nao dgi tdp ren ; chin chuc trdn binh thu, khdng chd bay bd.

12. Ngoai cdt cd mdt manh do vai, nao dgi mang bao tdu , bdu ngdi ; trong tay cdm mdt nggn tdm vdng, chi nai sam dao tu \ ndn gd \

(1) Phong hgc: ldy tiif mdt cau chQ Hdn ("ETiong thanh hac Id, thao mdc giai binh"), y ndi su hdi hdp lo lang, nghe tidng gid thdi hac kdu, thdy cay cd cCing tudng la giac dudi danh. 6 day, "tidng phong hac" cd nghia la bidt tin kd dich ddn.

(2) Tinh chien: tanh hdi, chi bpn thuc dan Phap. (3)Va'yva:daydinh. (4) Bdng bong: b day chi nhfing budm vai trdn tau, thuydn ciia thuc dan Phap. -(5) Xathu:c6 xe va chfi vidt, do cau "Xa ddng quy, thu ddng van", ngWa la xe cd true banh dai

bdng nhau (quy: ddu xe di); sdch vidt cimg mdt thfl chfi, y noi mdt ddt nudc thdng nhdt. (6) Chem rdn dudi huau (ldy tfch Luu Bang diet nha Tdn chidm ldy giang son): ca vd "Mdt mdi

xa thu... chdm ran dudi huou", y ndi: ddt nudc ta mdt dai sao lai dd cho nhiing ke nhu Luu Bang chidm doat.

(7) Dogn kinh : (kinh : ca voi) chem dflt ca voi. (8) Bd hS: bat hd. Y can nay la ra sflc danh giac bao vd ddt nude. (9) Ca, ve: cac don vi quan ddi thdi xua. (10) Ddng: ddng ddi cha dng (eo ban chep la vdng). (11) Diin binh : luydn tap vide binh. (12) Chiiu md : chieu la mdi, vdi; md \k cdu, tim. Qudn chieu md : quan tinh nguydn. (13) Bao fd'M: bao dung dao. (14) Bdu ngdi: bdu dung ngdi thudc nd. (15) Dao tu: dao ludi dai. (16) Ndn go : ndn ciia Ifnh ngay xua.

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13. Hoa mai danh bdng ram eon cui, cung dd't xong nha day dao kia ; guom deo dung bang ludi dao phay, cung chem rdt ddu quan hai ng.

14. Chi nhgc quan quan gidng trdng ki trdng giue, dap rao ludt tdi, coi giac cung nhu khdng ; nao so thdng Tdy ban dan nhd dan to, xd cfla xdng vao, liiu minh nhu chang cd.

15. Ke ddm ngang, ngudi chem ngugc, lam cho ma t r ^ ma ni ^ hdn kinh ; bgn he trudc, lu 6 sau, trdi kd tau sdt tau ddng sung nd.

Oi!

16. Nhiing lam long nghia ldu dung ; dau bie't xac pham vdi bd.

17. Mdt chac sa trudng rdng chu hanh , nao hay da ngua bge thdy ; tram nam dm phu d'y chfl quy , nao dgi guam hum treo md '.

18. Doai sdng Can Giudc, cd cdy md'y dam sdu giang ; nhin chg Trudng Binh , gia tre hai hang luy nhd.

19. Chang phai an cudp an gian day tdi, ma vi binh^ danh giac eho cam tdm; vd'n khdng giu thanh gifl luy bd di, ma hieu luc^ ' theo qudn cho dang sd.

Nhung nghl rdng :

20. Tdc dd't nggn rau an chua, tai bdi ' cho nudc nha ta ; bat cam manh ao 6 ddi, mdc md chi dng cha nd.

(1) Hod mai: mdi Ifla diing de cham siing ; cdn cd nghia la mdt loai siing bdn bang mdi dd't Ifla.

(2) Md td : theo tieng Ma Lai la canh sat.

(3) Mani: chi Ifnh md d Phi-lfp-pin (Mani: Ma-ni-la, thii dd cua Phi-lfp-pin).

(4) Mc phdm : xac cua ngudi trdn tuc.

(5) ChUhgnh : hgnh la may, ca i au y ndi d chd'n sa trudng chi cd may ma dupc sdng.

(6) Quy : ve, 6 day nghia la chdt (tridt If nha Phat: "sd'ng giii, thac vd").

(7) Guam hilm treo md : Idy tfch thdi Xuan thu, Quy Trat trdn dudng di sfl qua nudc Tfl, Vua nudc Tii rdt thfch thanh kidm cua chang. Quy Trat hfla se trao kidm nhung khi vd thi vua Tfl da chdt. Quy Trat ben treo kiem trudc md vua Ttr ngu y rdng minh khdng qudn ldi hfla.

(%)ChgTrudng Binh: nay Ik cha Ch\Gm6c.

(9) Luy : nudc mdt.

(10) W m/;: lam Ifnh.

(11) Hieu luc : mdt hinh phat thdi xua, bat ngudi cd tdi phai lam nhiing cdng vide nang nhpc hoac nguy hiem.

(12) Tdi boi: vun ddp,

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21. Vl ai khiln quan qudn khd nhgc, an tuylt nam suang ; vi ai xui ddn luy tan tanh, xidu mua nga gid.

22. Sd'ng ldm chi theo qudn ta dao^ \ quang vua huong^^\ xd ban dqc^^\ thdy lai thim budn ; sdng lam chi d linh ma ta, chia rugu lat, gam banh mi, nghe cang thdm hd.

23. Tha thac ma dang edu dich khai ', vl theo td phu cung vinh ; han cdn ma chiu chfi ddu Tdy, d vdi man di ^ rdt khd.

Oi thai thdi!

24. Chua Tdng Thanh nam canh ung ddng lanh, tdm long son gfli lai bdng trang ram ; ddn Lang Sa ' mdt khdc dang tra hdn, tui phdn bac trdi theo ddng nudc dd.

25. Dau ddn bd'y ! Me gia ngdi khdc tre, nggn den khuya leo let trong llu ; nao nung thay ! Vg yiu chay tim chdng, can bdng xl ddt dd trudc ngd.

Oi!

26. Mdt trdn khdi tan, nghin nam tilt rd.

27. Binh tudng nd hay ddng sdng Bin Nghe, ai lam ndn bd'n phia mdy den ; dng cha ta cdn d ddt Ddng Nai, ai cflu dang mdt phudng con dd

(l)Td dgo : 6 day chi dao Thidn Chua. Bdy gid bpn cudp nude Ipi dung dao Thidn Chua dd chia re nhan dan ta va mupn cd di truydn dao dd do tham. Cac chf si cua ta chua nhan ro dau Id ke theo dich, dau la ngudi theo dao chan chfnh ndn chii truong bai xfeh.

(2) Vda huang : binh huong.

(3) Bdn ddc : ban thd.

(4) Dich khdi: khang khai chdng lai ke thu.

(5) Td'phu : dng ndi. 6 day chi td tidn.

(6) Man di: tfl dung vdi sdc thai midt thi. 6 day chi bpn giac Phap.

(7) Chiia Tdng Thanh : cdn gpi Id chua Tdn Thanh, nay thudc dp Thanh Ba, xa Mi Lde, huydn Cdn Giudc.

(8) lfng : phai chiu.

(9) Lang Sa : tfl diing dd chi quan Phap.

(10) Ddt dd: vdt vo vdt vudng.

(11) Con dd: fl day chi nhan dan.

33 3A-NG0VAN11-NC,T1

28. Thac ma tra nudc non rdi ng^'\ danh thom<ldn sau tinh chung ^ diu khen; thac ma ung dinh midu dl thd, tie'ng ngay trai mudn ddi ai ciing md.

29. Sd'ng danh giac, thac cung danh giac, linh hdn theo giup ca binh, mudn kid'p nguyen dugc tra thu kia ; sd'ng thd vua, thac cung thd vua, ldi du day da ranh ranh, mdt chu dm du din cdng dd.

30. Nudc mdt anh hung lau chang rao, thuang vi hai chfi thidn ddn ; cdy huang nghia sT thdp them tham, cam bdi mdt cau vuong thd .

Hdi di thuang thay!

Cd linh xin hudng.

(Theo Tha vdn Nguyin Dinh Chieu, NXB Van hpc Giai phdng, Thanh phd Hd Chf Minh, 1976)

Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Dua vao phdn Tri thdc dgc hieu, hay xac dinh bd cue va nlu y chinh trpng mdi phdn eua bai van tl.

2. Hay giai thich cdu md ddu "Sung giac dd't ren ; long ddn trdi td" Cdu van nay cd y nghia nhu thi nao dd'i vdi tu tudng cua bai van t l ?

3. Hay phdn tieh nhiing net dae sdc cua hinh tugng ngudi nghia sT ndng ddn trong bai van tl.

4. Thai do cam phuc va nilm xdt thuong vd han cua tac gia dd'i vdi ngudi nghia si ndng dan da dugc didn ta nhu thi nao ?

5. Hay phdn tich tinh chdt trft tinh, thu phap tuong phan va vide sit dung ngdn ngfl trong bai van tl.

6. Hay ndu chu dl cua bai van tl.

(1) Roi na: xong np. Roi nghia la xong (tidng dia phuong). (2) Chung : mpi ngudi. (3) lfng : trong cau nay cd nghia la duac (khac nghia vdi chii ung b trdn). (4) Ldi du : ldi day bao. (5) Am : tap dm. Thdi phong kien ai cd cdng lao thi con chau dupc phong mdt chflc nho hon bd goi

la tap dm. (6) Thien ddn : viia chi ngudi hien la ngudi hieu dao If cua trdi ddt; vfla chi ngudi dan thudng (dan

den, con dd). Vuang tho : ldy trong Kinh thi cd y trach nhd vua : dudi gdm trdi dau cQng la ddt cua vua, trong bd'n bd ai cQng la bd tdi ciia vua, thd ma dan chung, ddt dai dy lai bi ddng quan vuong dd roi vao tay giac.

34 3B-NGCrvAN11.NC,T1

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Theo anh (chi), hinh tugng ngudi nghia si ndng ddn trong bai Vdn te nghia si Cdn Giudc cd vi tri nhu thd' nao trong su nghidp sang tac cua Nguydn Dinh Chiiu va trong lich sfl van hgc trung dai Vidt Nam ?

TRI THCfC DOC HIEU

Van te'

1. Thdi xua, trong thii tuc td le trdi dat, niii sdng thudng cd b i i v in cau chiic. Loai vin dd thudng cd tdn gpi l i tevan, ki^ ' van hoic chuc^ ' van. Ve sau, khi chdn cat ngudi than ngudi ta cung dung i/in fd^dd tudng nhd ngudi da mat.

VSn fd^ndi chung la loai v in dpc khi te, ciing ngudi chet (trong mdt sd tofdng hpp die bidt cung diing de td ngudi sdng); bdi vay nd cd hinh thflc te- hudng. Ching han : md dau bang Nam, thang, ngay... kinh mdi vong linh ngudi nio dd ; ket thiic bang 6 ho, ai tai (Hdi d i ! Dau ddn thay !). Ve hinh thflc, v in td cd the l i v in van, tdn v in, bien vin.

2. Mdt bai v in td thudng cd c ic phan : Lung khdi (cam tudng khii quat ve ngudi chd't), Thfch thuc (hdi tudng cdng dflc cOa ngudi chdt), Ai van (than tide ngudi chet), Ket (neu len y nghTvi Idi mdi cOa ngUdi dflng te ddi vdi linh hdn ngudi chet).

NGUYEN DINH CHIEU

KET QUA CAN OAT

Hieu dugc cudc ddi vd tdc phdm ciia Nguyin Dinh Chieu, nhdn rd vi tri cua nhd tha trong lich sd vdn hgc ddn tdc -ngudi mdddu ddng vdn tha yiu nudc cud'i thi'ki XIX. Thdy dugc su kit hgp vdn chuang bdc hgc vd vdn hgc ddn gian, nghi thudt sdng tgo hinh tugng vd ngdn td gidu sdc truyen cdm trong tha vdn Nguyin Dinh Chieu.

I - CUOC DCJI

Nguyin Dinh Chiiu tin tu la Manh Trach, hiiu Trgng Phu, sinh ngay 1 7 1822 tai qui me, lang Tdn Thdi, huydn Binh Duong, phu Tdn Binh, tinh Gia Dinh

(i)A:j:tdie. (2) Chdc : cdu chuc.

35

(nay thudc Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh). Thdn phu dng la Nguyin Dinh Huy, ngUdi Thfla Thidn, lam thu lai trong dinh Tdng trd'n Ld Van Duydt tai Gia Dinh. Thdn mdu la ba Truong Thi Thidt.

Nam 1833, Nguyin Dinh Chieu dugc cha dua ra Hul an hgc. Nam hai muai md't tudi (1843), dng vao Gia Dinh thi dd tu tai ; nam hai muoi lam tudi, ra Hul chudn bi thi tid'p thi dugc tin me md't (1849). Trdn dudng trd vl chiu tang, dng d'm nang lai thuong khdc me ndn bi mu ca hai mat. Ong hgc nghl thud'c vdi mdt thdy cuu ngu y, sau dd trd vl qud vfla day hgc vfla bdc thud'c.

Nam 1854, Nguyin Dinh Chiiu dugc mdt hgc trd ga em gai cho. Dd la ba Ld Thi Diln, ngudi C^iGiudc.

Nam 1859, giac Phap tran vao sdng Bin Nghl, chid'm thanh Gia Dinh, NguySn Dinh Chiiu vl qud vg. Khi thuc ddn Phap danh dd'n Cdn Giudc (1861) va chiim ba tinh miln Ddng (1862), theo phong trao "ti dia" ^ dng lui vl d Ba Tri, tinh Bin Tre, tid'p tuc day hgc va lam thudc, ddng thdi tham gia khang chil'n cung vdi nhdn ddn, dudi cd cua Truong Dinh, Dd'c binh Nguyin Van La. Khi giac Phap chiim ndt ba tinh miln Tdy, Nguyin Dinh C3iilu td thai dd khdng hgp tac vdi chung. Budn rdu, dau d'm, dng md't ngay 3 7 1888.

Nguyin Dinh Chiiu la mdt nha nho tid't thao , sdng theo dao nghia cua nhSn ddn. Ong khdng chi la ngudi con cd hid'u, ngUdi thdy mdu muc, ma cdn la mdt chid'n si yiu nudc tham gia ban bac mUu lugc vdi cac chi si chd'ng thuc ddn Phap. Nguyen Dinh Chiiu cd uy tin rd't ldn trong ddn chung. Tinh trudng Bin Tre lii Pdn-sdng tim each mua chude dng, ed'p dd't cho, nhung dng tfl ehdi. Khi Nguyen Dinh Chiiu mdt, canh dong Ba Tri rgp trang khan tang.

Nguygn Dinh Chiiu (Hoang Hiep ve nam 1962, di/a theo

ki (tc va tu lieu trong gia dinh Do Chiiilj

II - Sl/NGHIEP V A N HOC

Nguydn Dinh Chiiu dl lai nhilu tac phdm van hgc cd gia tri. Tdc ph ni chinh : cac truydn tha Truyin Luc Vdn Tien, Duang Td - Hd Mdu, Ong NgU,

(1) 'Ti dia": khi giac Phap chidm ddn Nam Ki, ngucd dan or vdng tam chidm chay sang viing til do dd lanh giac. Viing ddt ngudi dan chay ddn gpi la "ti dia".

(2) Tiet thdo : khi tidt viing vang ciia ngucri sdng theo dao nghia.

36

dng Tiiu hoi ddp vi thudt chda binh (NgU Tiiu y thudt vd'n ddp) ; mdt sd bai van t l nhu Vdn ti'nghia sT Cdn Giudc, Vdn te Truang Dinh, Vdn te nghia si trdn vong Luc tinh va mdt sd bai tha Dudng ludt.

1. Quan ni^m vdn chuong

Nguyin Dinh Chiiu la nha tho cd quan nidm van chuang nhd't quan. 6ng chu truong dung van chuang bilu hidn dao li va chid'n dd'u cho su nghidp chinh nghia :

Chd bao nhiiu dgo thuyin khdng khdm, Ddm mdy thdng gian but chdng td.

(Duang TU -Hd Mdu)

Mdi vdn tha phai ngu y khen chd cdng bang :

Hgc theo ngdi bdt chi cdng, Trong thi cho ngu tdm long Xudn thu

(Ong Ngu, dng Tieu hdi ddp ve thudt chiia benh)

Van chuang phai la nhiing sang tao nghd thudt cd tinh thdm mi, dl phat huy cdc gid tri tinh thdn :

Vdn chuong ai chdng mudn nghe, Phun chdu nhd nggc bdu khoe tinh thdn.

(Ong NgU, dng Tieu hoi ddp ve thudt chUa benh)

Nguyin Dinh Chiiu cung ghet ldi van cfl nghidp gd bd. Ong vid't:

Vdn chuang ndo phdi trudng thi, Ra dihgn van mot khi budc rdng,

Trugng phu cd chi ngang tdng.

(Ong NgU, dng Tieu hdi ddp ve thudt chita benh)

'Quan dilm nay cho thd'y vi sao hinh thflc sang tac truydn tha cua dng kha da dang, phdng khoang.

2. Tam long thuong dan, yeu nudic

a) Trudc khi thuc ddn Phap xdm lugc nudc ta

Sang tdc tidu bilu nhd't cua Nguydn Dinh Chiiu trong giai doan nay la Truyin Luc Vdn Tiin. Tdc phdm nggi ca phdm chd't sang ngdi cua chang trai hg Luc, mdt ngudi con hid'u thao, mdt trang nam nhi cd If tudng, san sang qudn minh cflu ddn

(\)Xudn thu: kinh Xiidn thu do Khdng Tfl sfla lai, ngu y khen chd rd rang.

37

gap nan, danh giac 6 Qua, ehung thuy trong tinh ydu, trung thanh vdi ban be, nhidt tdm vdi chinh nghia. Truyin Luc Vdn Tiin nggi ca tinh yiu chung thuy cua Nguydt Nga, long trung thanh cua Tiiu ddng, long thang ngay cua Hdn Minh, Tfl True. Ong Quan trong Truyin Luc Vdn Tiin da nlu cao tu tudng ghet thuong cua nha tho:

Qudn rdng : "Ghet viic tdm phdo, Ghet cay, ghet ddng, ghet vdo tan tdm.

Ghet ddi Kiet, Tru me ddm, Deddn de'n ndi sa hdm sdy hang.

Ghit ddi U, Li da doan, Khiin ddn ludng chiu ldm than mudn phdn''

Di cao nghia khf, Truyen Luc Vdn Tiin cung la ban an kit tdi nhiing ke phi nghia, bd't nhdn nhu cha con Vo Cdng trao trd, vidn Thai su hilm ddc, Trinh Hdm, Bui Kidm dd't nat, phan trac, dd tidn.

Thi hidn tinh thdn dao If cdn cd Duong Td - Hd Mdu, mdt tac phdm cd tfnh ludn de. (Tac nhdn vdt Duang Tfl va Ha Mdu da di theo dao khac, bo gia dinh nheo nhdc nhung sau dugc giac ngd, trd vl vdi chinh dao.

b) Sau khi thuc ddn Phap xdm lugc nudc ta

Khi thuc ddn Phap danh chid'm nudc ta, Nguyin Dinh Chiiu liin chuyin sang ldn an manh me qudn xdm lugc, phd phan trilu dinh nhu nhugc, nggi ca tinh th& nghia khf va nhuiig tdm guong chid'n dd'u cua iihdn ddn. Ngoi but cua nha tha gan bd mdt thilt vdi cudc sd'ng cua ngudi ddn mdt nudc. Trong bai Chdy gidc, dng da ta canh "sdy dan tan nghl" khi giac dd'n vdi nilm xdt thuang vd han :

Bd nhd lu tre la xa chgy, Mdt dbdy chim ddo ddc bay. Ben Nghe ciia tiin tan bgt nudc, Ddng Nai tranh ngdi nhudm mdu mdy.

Trong bai Ngdng gid ddng (Xuc cdnh), Nguydn Dinh C^hilu vfla thi hiln s\I oan trach trilu dinh vfla bilu Id nilm mong moi trilu dinh giup ddn giu gin bd coi T*idu bieu hon hd't cho van tho ydu nudc cua dng la nhftng bai van t l nhu : Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giudc, Vdn ti'Truang Dinh, Vdn ti'nghia si trdn vong Luc tinh.

Vdn te nghia si Cdn Giudc la tac phdm xuc ddng nhdt vl ngudi anh hung ndng ddn Nam Bd. Dd la nhiing ngudi quanh nam ngheo khd, chua tiing cdm vii ldu,

38

nhung khi giac din thi xdng ldn ehiln dd'u qudn minh, bilu thi tinh thdn dung manh bdt khudt, tidu bilu cho y chf ddc ldp, tu do cua ddn tdc. Bai van khdng chi la mdt thiin anh hung ca dac sac, ma cdn la ldi bdc bach gan rudt cua nhiing ngudi ddn khdng cam chiu lam nd Id, thi danh giac dd'n cung, la ldi trach mdc thdm trdm ddi vdi thai dd ddu hang bac nhugc cua trilu dinh nha Nguydn. Chang han, cac cdu : "Chua quen cung ngua, ddu tdi trudng nhung", "tdp khidn, tdp sung, tdp mac, tdp cd, mat chua tttng ngd", "Vd'n chang phai qudn ca, qudn vd, theo ddng d linh diln binh", "Mudi tam ban vd nghd, nao dgi tdp ren ; chin chuc trdn binh thu, khdng chd bay bd",... ngoai y nggi ca tinh thdn tu giac chid'n ddu cua cac nghia si, cdn cho thdy qudn ca, qudn vd, nhiing ke dugc trang bi, tdp ren d l chid'n dd'u, le ra phai cd mat luc nay thi lai vang bdng !

Tho dilu cua Nguydn Dinh Qiilu la nhiing ang vdn bia khac sdu hinh anh eac anh hung cihi nudc :

Ldm ngUdi trung nghia ddng bia son, Didig gida cdn khdn tii'ng chdng mdn. Cam do din hdi an ddt nudc, Rdu mdy gid ven phdn tdi con. Tinh thdn hai chd phau suang tuyi't, Khi phdch ngdn thu rd ndi non,...

(Tha dieu Phan Tong)

Giai doan nay, Nguyin Dinh C!hilu cdn vid't Ong Ngu, dng Tiiu hdi ddp vi thudt chda binh, mdt tac phdm cd tfnh chd't ddi thoai. Ndi dung kl vl vide vua Tdn cat dd't U Ydn cho gidc Lidu xdm lugc dl cdu hod, nhdn ddn va si phu khdng chiu sd'ng dudi dch ngoai bang ndn rdi qud huang di lanh gidc. Hai nhdn vdt Bao Tfl Phugc va Mdng Thd Triln bd nha vao nui d dn, lam Ngu, lam Tiiu. Dugc su ddn dat cua Dao Ddn, hg tim thdy hgc dao, hgc thudc dl cflu ddi. Hai ngudi gap Ki Nhdn Su, dng thdy khdng chiu hgp tac vdi gidc, tu xdng mat cho mfl. Hg dugc thdy day cho nghl thud'c cflu ddi. Con dudng di dd'n "riing y" cua hai dn si the hidn tinh thdn gan bd vdi ddn cua Nguyin Dinh Qiilu, khac vdi ngudi dn si xua chi bid't lanh ddi. Qua tdc phdm nay, Nguyin Dinh Chiiu da thi hidn mdt tinh thdn thuang ddn va ydu nudc manh lidt.

3. Nghe thuat tho vdn giau sure truyen cam

Trong cac bai tha Dudng ludt, van t l , Nguydn Dinh Chiiu thi hidn mdt tai nghd didu luydn. V l ngdn tfl, ldi vdn cua dng mdc mac ma t l chinh, tfl dung chfnh xac, giau sflc ggi cam. Nhiing bai tha Dudng ludt cua dng cd ldi le trang nha, trau chudt mang ve dep c6 diln cua van chuang bac hgc. Chang han :

39

Mdy gidng di bdc trdng tin nhgn, Ngdy xenon nam bat tie'ng hdng. Bd cdi xUa dd chia ddt khdc, Ndng suang nay hd ddi trdi chung.

(Ngdng gid ddng)

VI hinh anh, dng cd tai lua chgn nhftng chi tilt rdt diln hinh dl dung nin hinh tugng cae nghia sT sd'ng mai trong tdm trf ngudi doc.

Ve thi loai, Nguydn Dinh Chiiu sang tac cac truyin tha trudng thidn nhu Truyen Luc Vdn Tiin (2082 cdu), Duong Td -Hd Mdu (3456 cdu), Ong Ngu, dng Tiiu hdi ddp vi thudt chda binh (3642 cdu). Tuy ndi dung dao If nho gia rdt sdu sac va uydn bac, nhilu diln cd ld'y trong kinh sir nhimg hinh thftc nghd thudt lai ddm chdt ddn gian. Clac md tip nhu danh cudp cflu ngudi dep, ke xdu dd ki, ham hai ngudi tai, ngudi hien dugc thdn cftu nan, vua ep ga ngudi dep, ngudi dep tu tfl dl khdng phu tinh, ngudi anh hung danh giac cihi nudc,... diu rdt quen thudc, ldm ndn sflc hdp ddn ddi vdi ddng dao nhdn ddn. Ngdn tft trong cac truydn tha tuy co chd chua dugc trau chudt, song ddy dd vdn ldp lanh nhiing cdu tha dep. Chang han, ta hinh anh ngudi trang si:

Vdn Tiin ddu dgi kim khdi, Tay cdm siiu bge minh ngdi ngUa d.

Hoac ta canh hoang vu vdi tdm trang cd don, mong nhd cua Nguylt Nga :

Kim Liin ai hdi Kim Liin, Ddy xe cho chi qua miin Hd Khi.

HdKhi ddu thd dudng di, Chim keu vugn hd bd'n bi nudc non.

Du la tho Dudng ludt, van t l hay truydn tho, nghd thudt cua Nguydn Dinh CJiilu diu cd cac dae dilm ndi bdt nhu : binh di, mdc mac, giau loi an tid'ng ndi thdn thudc cua nhdn ddn, ddm da ban sac ddn tdc, dac bidt la ban sdc dia phuong Nam Bd. Truyin tho cua dng kit hgp tinh c6 diln bac hgc vdi tfnh ddn gian, cd biit phap If tudng hoa khi khdc hoa nhdn vdt chfnh didn va but phap ta thuc khi miiu ta nhdn vdt phan didn.

Nguydn Dinh Chiiu la nha nho tilt thao, ydu nudc. Tinh thdn va khi tid't ciia dng toa sang trong budi hoang hdn cua chi dd phong kiln, khi chfnh - td ldn ldn. Tho van dng dflng han ve phfa nhiing ngudi ehmh nghia yiu nudc.

40

Su nghidp van chuang cua Nguyin Dinh Chiiu ndi bdt ldn ba dac dilm vl ndi dung va hinh thflc.

Trong khi nhilu nha van bac hgc trilu Nguyin cd xu hudng quay vl vdi truyin thdng Han van, coi thudng van Ndm, thi Nguyin Dinh Chiiu lai chi sang tdc bang chft Ndm, hudng vl ddng dao qudn chung.

Nguyin Dinh Chiiu la nha van ddu tidn xdy dung thanh cdng hinh anh nhiing ngudi ndng ddn trong van hgc ddn tdc, ddp td tugng dai vinh cflu vl ngUdi anh hung Nam Bd tiln phong trong cdng cudc chdng thuc ddn Phap xdm lugc.

Trong tdc phdm Nguyin Dinh Chiiu, tu tudng nho gia dugc dl cao thanh mdt thfl chfnh dao, xem ra cd ve bao thu gifla luc tu tudng giai phdng cd tfnh da manh lin tfl thi ki XVIII. Song dilu dang chu y la cac tu tudng d'y mang ndi dung dao nghia nhdn ddn, gan chat vdi y thflc trach nhidm ddi vdi vdn mdnh cua ddt nudc, do dd cd mdt y nghia xa hdi to ldn, khdi ddu cho mdt thdi dai vdn chuang sfl thi mdi sau nay.

HUdNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Hay kl ra cac su kidn ldn trong cudc ddi nha tho Nguyin Dinh Chiiu vd tdc ddng cua chung ddi vdi sang tac tha van cua dng.

2. Kl tdn cdc tdc phdm chfnh cua Nguyin Dinh Chiiu qua hai giai doan sang tdc md anh (chi) da hgc vd ndu quan nidm van chuang cua dng.

3. Nguyin Dinh Chiiu la ngudi md ddu ddng van hgc ydu nudc cud'i thi ki XIX. Hay phdn tfch cac tdc phdm tidu bilu vd ndu bdt y nghia cua chung ddi vdi lich sfl van hgc Vidt Nam.

4. Trinh bay nhiing ddng gdp dac sac vl ndi dung va nghd thudt cua Nguyin Dinh Chiiu cho van hgc Vidt Nam cud'i thi ki XIX.

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Cd y kiln cho rang Truyin Kiiu la tiiu thuyd't bang tho cdn Truyin Luc Vdn Tiin la truydn kl ddm mau sac vdn hgc ddn gian. Su phdn bidt dd cd y nghia nhu thi ndo ddi vdi vide danh gia ndi dung va nghd thudt cua hai tac phdm ?

41

LUYEN TAP VE HIEN TUONG TACH Tti

KET QUA CAN DAT

Nhdn ra hiin tugng tdch td vd ndm dugc hiiu qua diin dgt cua hiin tugng dy.

1. Dgc cdu tho sau (chu y nhftng chd in ddm) va thuc hidn nhidm vu nlu d dudi :

Mat sao ddy gio dgn suang, Thdn sao budm chdn ong chudng bdy thdn ?

(Nguydn Du - Truyen Kieu)

a) Hay cho bilt cac tfl ddy dgn, chdn chudng trong cdu tha trdn dugc tach ra theo each nao.

b) Trinh bay y kiln cua anh (chi) vl hidu qua diln dat cua hidn tugng tach tfl qua cdu tha trdn.

c) Tim nhiing cdu tho, cdu van khac cd hidn tugng tach tfl tuong tu. 2. Cho cac tfl : ddi ddu, ngdn nga, le loi, gid gin, con chdu, cha con, hdn

phdch, dn mac, nang mua. Hay tim each tach tfl dl tao thanh cac cum tfl cd nglua va dat cdu vdi mdi cum tfl dd.

3. Tim nhuug thanh ngft gom bd'n tid'ng cd cdu tao tUOng tU nhu hidn tugng tach tfl ndi trdn (vf du : ddu sdng nggn gid). Dat cdu vdi mdi thanh ngft dy.

4. Dgc cdu sau (chu y chd in ddm) va thuc hidn nhidm vu ndu d dudi. Di ddu md vol md vdng,

Md vdp phdi dd, md qudng phdi ddy. (Ca dao)

a) Trong cdu trdn, tfl vgi vdng da dugc tach ra bang cdch nao ? b) C3io bid't y kid'n cfla anh (chi) vl hidu qua diln dat cua hidn tugng tach tfl

trong cdu trdn. c) Tim nhiing cdu tha, cdu van khac cd hidn tugng tach tfl tuong tu. 5. Cd nhflng tfl lay va tfl ghep dugc dung vdi hai tid'ng tach rdi theo each :

AB -^ A vdi I vdi chd B. Vf du : - Chai bdi -^ chai vdi bdi, chai vdi chd bdi; - Hgc hdnh -> hgc vdi hdnh, hgc vdi chd hdnh.

Cho bid't y kiln cua anh (chi) vl hidu qua dien dat cua hidn tugng tdch tfl ndi trdn.

42

Tir TINH (Bai II)

HO XUAN HUDNG

KET QUA CAN DAT

Cdm nhdn dugc tdm su bdc bdi vd niim khdt khao dugc hudng hgnh phuc Ida ddi ciui nhdn vdt trd tinh.

Hieu dugc nghi thudt tha Ndm vdi cdch dung td ngd ddc ddo, tdo bgo cua Hd^Qidn Huang.

TIEU DAN

Ve tieu sfl Hd Xuin HUdng cho ddn nay v in cdn nhieu van de phuTc tap. Theo mdt sd nhi nghidn cflu hdi dau the k! XX thi dng than sinh eCia nhi thd l i Hd Phi Dien (1704 - ?), qud 3 ling Quynh Ddi, huydn Quynh LUU, tinh Nghd An^^^. 'dng tOig do tu t i i , nhUng vi nhi nghdo ndn phai ra Ble day hpc de kidm sdng. 6 diy, dng li'y vd Id v i sinh ra Hd Xuan HUdng. Gia dinh Hd Phi Dien cd thdi sdng d Thing Long. Khi trUdng thinh, Hd Xuin HUdng cd dung mot ngdi nhi 6 g in Hd Tiy (nay thudc H i Ndi), Idy tdn l i Co Nguy^tDudng. Can cfl v io sing t ic thi thi'y b i l i mdt ngUdi ri't phdng tung. 6 i di nhieu v i giao du rdng rai vdi nhieu van nhin, nghd sT trong dd cd ca Nguyin Du, t ic gia Truyen Kiiu. Tuy nhidn, dUdng tinh duydn cua b i ed nhieu trac trd.

Hd Xuin HUdng da de lai t ip thd LUu huang kf gdm hai mUdi tU bi i thd chfl Hin v i hai mUdi siu bi i thd Ndm ; ngoii ra cdn nhieu bii thd Ndm khic

Hd Xuan Huong (Tranh san dau cOa Dang Quf Khoa)

(1) Gdn day lai cd y kidn cho rang Hd Xuan Huong la con cua Hd SI Danh (1706 - 1783) va la em hp Hd Sl Ddng (1738 - 1786).

43

truyen tung la cua b i . Thd Ndm Hd Xuin HUdng l i tidng ndi quydt Net ddi quyen huSng hanh phuc cua ngUdi phu nfl trong xa hdi phong kidn, l i tidng thd ddc dio, t io bao trong cich dijng tfl ngfl, hinh anh, ph i v9 nhilu quy pham cua thd cd dien. Hd Xuan HUdng dUdc tdn xUng l i "Ba Chua Thd Ndm" (Xuin Didu). Thd ciia b i rat dUdc Ua chudng v i da dUdc djch ra nhilu thfl tieng tren the gidi.

Bi i Tutinh niy l i mot trong ba bi i thd cdng tdn cOa Hd Xuin HUOng.

*

* *

Dim khuya vdng vdng trdng canh ddn,

Tra cdi hdng nhan vdi nudc non.

Chen rugu huang dua say Igi tinh,

Vdng trdng bdng xi'khuyi't chua trdn.

JGin ngang mat ddt, riu titng ddm,

Ddm togc chdn mdy, dd mdy hdn.

Ngdn ndi xudn di xudn Igi Igi,

Mdnh tinh san se ti con con !

(ThaHd Xudn Huang, NXB Van hoc. Ha Ndi, 1987)

nadNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Phdn tfch y nghia cua liai cdu tho ddu va gia tri bilu cam cua cdc tft ngft : don, tra, cdi hdng nhan.

2. Hai cdu 3 - 4 bilu hidn tdm su gi cua tdc gia ?

3. Nhdn xet ddc dilm vl cu phap hai cdu 5 - 6. Hinh anh thiin nhiln dft ddi trong hai cdu nay ndi gi vl cd tfnh cua Hd Xudn Huong ?

4. Thai dd cua nha tha dd'i vdi sd phdn dugc thi hiln nhu thi nao ti-ong bai tha ?

5. Hay phdn tfch nghl thudt dung tfl ngft, hinh anh gdy dn tugng manh trong bai tho.

6. Hgc thudc long bai tha nay.

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Hay nhdn xlt vl each bilu hiln chu thi trong tho trung dai qua hai bai Dgc Tieu Thanh ki cua Nguyin Du va Tu tinh (bai II) cua H6 Xudn Huang.

(1) Hdng nhan: ma hdng, chi ngudi phu nfl.

44

BAI CA NGAN DI TREN BAI CAT (5a hdnh dodn ca)

CAO BA QUAT

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Thdy dugc tdm trgng bi phdn ciia ke sT chua tim dugc ldi ra trin dudng ddi.

• Hieu dugc cdc hinh dnh bieu tugng trong bdi vd ddc diem tha CO the.

TIEUDAN

Cao Ba Quit (1808 -1855) tU l i Chu Than, que ling Phu Thj, huydn Gia Lim, tinh Bac Ninh (nay thudc ngoai thinh Ha Ndi). Di thi HUdng tfl nim mUdi bdn tudi, nim hai muOi ba tudi dd cfl nhin. Sau dd trong chin nim, cu' ba nim mdt lan v io Hue thi Hdi nhUng Idn nao cung bj dinh hong. Nim 1841, dng dUdc goi v io Hue de nhan mot chflc t ip su d Bd L l . Ching bao lau sau Cao Ba Quit bj bat giam v i chju cUc hinh tra tan trong gan ba nim vi khi l im so khao trudng thi ThCfa Thien, dng da dijng mudi den chOra nhflng chd pham trudng quy trong hai mUdi tu quydn thi dang dUdc lay dd. DUdc tam tha, Cao B i Quit phai di theo phuc djch cho mot phai doin cdng can d nudc ngoai. Khi ve nudc, dng bi thai hdi. Bdn nim sau dUdc cfl di l im giio thu d Qud'c Oai (Hi Ndi). Cud'i nim 1854, dng tham gia lanh dao cudc khdi nghTa MT LUdng chd'ng lai tridu dinh nhi Nguyin. Nim 1855, cudc khdi nghTa that bai, dng bj chet trong mdt trin dinh.

Cao B i Quit d l lai sd luong thd vin rat Idn, gan mdt nghin bdn trim bai thd v i hdn hai chuc bi i v in xudi. Ngoai ra Cao B i Quit cdn la t ic gia cGa mot sd bi i phu Ndm va hit ndi. Thd dng mdi me, phdng khoang, chu trpng tinh cam tU nhien cQa con ngUdi, dUOng thdi rat dUdc men mo. Xet ve vj tri Ijch sfl, dng l i nhi thd Idn sang t ic bang chfl Hin ke sau Nguyen Du.

Bii thd Bai ca ngin di tren bai cat, theo nhdm bien tap cudn Tha chur Han Cao Ba Quat hanh tap)

d^) dUdc xep v io loat bai "lim trong khi di thi Hdi" (Nam

(1) NXB van hoc, Ha Ndi, 1970.

45

Phiin dm:

Trudng sa phuc trudng sa,

Nhdt bg nhd't hoi khudc.

Nhdt nhdp hdnh vi di,

Khdch td li giao lgc.

Qudn bdt hgc tiin gia mi thuy dng,

Ddng son thiep thuy odn hd cdng !

Co lai danh Igi nhdn,

Bdn tdu Id do trung,

Phong tiin tdu diim hdu mi tdu,

Tinh gid thudng thieu tuy gid ddng.

Trucmg sa, trudng sa ngi cdhd ?

Thdn Id mang mang uy Id da.

Thinh ngd nhd't xudng cdng dd ca,

Bdc son chi bdc san vgn diep.

Nam san chi nam ba vgn cdp.

Qudn hd vi hd sa thugng lap ?

Dich nghia:

Bai cat dai, lai bai cat dai, Di mdt budc nhu lui mdt budc. Mat trdi lan ma vdn cdn di, Khach (trdn dudng) nudc mat la cha roi.

Anh khdng hgc dugc dng tidn cd phep ngu ki '

Cd treo non ldi nudc mai, bao gid cho hd't ta oan ! Xua nay hang ngUdi danh Igi,

Vdn tdt ta d ngoai dudng sa.

(Hi) quan rugu d ddu gid cd rugu ngon,

(Thi) ngudi tinh thudng ft ma ngudi say vd sd !

(1) Theo sach Thdn tien thdp di. Ha Hdu An liic leo niii hay ldi nudc, vdn cfl nhdm mat ngfl say, ngudi bdn canh nghe thdy tidng ngay, ma dng vdn budc ddu khdng hd trugt vdp, ngudi ddi goi dng la "tidn ngu".

46

Dich tha:

Bai cat dai, bai cat dai, bid't tinh sao ddy ?

Budc dudng bang phang thi md mit, budc dudng ghd sg thi nhilu. Hay nghe ta hat khuc "dudng cung"^^\ Phfa bac nui Bac nui mudn trung, Phfa nam.nui Nam sdng mudn dgt -* Anh cdn dflng lam chi trdn bai cat ?

Bdi cdt ddi Igi bdi cdt ddi, Di mdt budc nhu liii mdt budc. Mat trdi ddldn, chua ddng dugc, Ld khdch trin dudng nudc mat rai. Khdng hgc dugc tiin dng phep ngii, Treo non, ldi sudi, gidn khdn vai ! ^a nay, phudng danh Igi, Tdt td trin dudng ddi. Ddu gid hai men tham qudn rugu, Ngudi say vd so, tinh bao ngudi ? Bdi cdt ddi, bdi cdt ddi ai ! Tinh sao day ? Dudng bdng md mit, Dudng ghi sg cdn nhiiu, ddu it ? Hdy nghe ta hdt khuc "ducmg ciing", Phia bdc niii Bdc, nui mudn triing, Phia nam ndi Nam, sdng ddo dgt. Anh ddng ldm chi trin bdi cdt ?

(TO HUU dich, Cao Bd Qudt todn tap, tap 1, NXB Van hoc - Trung tam Qud'c hoc xudt ban, 2004)

(1) "Dudng cdng'' : dich chQ "ciing dd", nghia la hdt dudng. Xua Nguydn Tich thdi Nguy Ida thudng ngdi xe mac cho ngua keo, khdng theo dudng nao ca, ddn chd hdt dudng thi khdc ldn ma trd vd. Sau dd DTu Tm cd cau tho: "Chi cd ke khdc noi dudng hdt - Mdi bidt ta dudng khd di", 5> ndi tam trang bd tdc cua ke si trdn dudng ddi.

(2) Theo sdch Hdu Hdn thu, Phdp Chan bao vidn Thdi thu rdng : "Ndu dng cfl bat tdi ra lam quan thi tdi se di dn fl phia bdc nlii Bdc hoac b phia nam ndi Nam" - td y kidn quydt tfl ehdi khdng nhan ldi.

47

Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Bai cat dai va con dudng cung trong bai tho dugc midu ta nhu thd' nao ? Cac hinh anh d'y tugng tnmg cho dilu gi ?

2. Hinh anh ngudi di dudng trong bai tho dugc khac hoa nhu thi nao va bilu hiln tdm sU gi cua tac gia ?

3. Ngudi di trin dudng khi thi xung la "khach" (khach tfl), khi thi xung la "anh" (qudn), khi lai xung la "ta" (nga), vi sao nhu vdy ? Bai tho cd nhilu cdu hdi, cdu cam than. Phdn tfch gia tri cua chung trong vide bilu hiln tir tudng, tinh cam, tdm su cua nha tha.

4. Ndu khai quat vl tu tudng, tinh cam cua Cao Ba Quat trong bai tho.

TRI THLJfC DOC - HIEU

Tho CO the

Bai ca ngin df tr§n bai cat thudc the tha co thi. -

Thd cd the phan bidt vdi thd DUdng luat (can the) cl chd khdng gd bd v io luit. Thd cd the chi?

Hin c6 cic the ba chfl, bd'n chfl, nam chfl, bay chfl v i c ic the tap ngdn nhU ba chfl xen bay chCf,

hoic ba, nim, bay chu'xen nhau hoac xen nhilu loai c iu hdn. Sd cau khdng han che.

Vdn trong thd cd the hoic l i mdt van xuydn sudt toin bi i hoac thay ddi nhilu van, cd thd gieo

v in trie, khdng nhat thidt v in bang.

Trong thd cd the phan dau v i phan ke't thudng hd dhg vdi nhau.

Thd cd the cd mot sd dupe goi bang "ca", "hinh",... >

TRA BAI VIET SO 1

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Nam dugc ddc diem vd cdc yiu cdu ca bdn cua di vdn d Bai vid't sd 1.

• Biet cdch phdn tich di vdn nghi ludn vi mdt hiin tugng trong ddi sd'ng, nhdn ra dugc nhdng uu diem vd nhugc • diem cua bdi viet.

48

De tilt tra bai cd hidu qua, hgc sinh cdn thilc hidn mdt sd vide sau.

1. Phdn tfch dl van da vilt theo mdt sd ydu cdu :

- Di ydu cdu vid't kilu van ban nao ? Nhftng thao tac ldp luan co ban va phuong thftc bilu dat cdn vdn dung va kit hgp d day la gi ?

- Vdn dl trgng tdm ma bai vilt cdn tap trung lam ndi bdt ?

- Pham vi tu lieu dl ydu cau ? (Kiln thflc van hgc, kiln thflc ddi sdng ? Lay d ddu ? Trong pham vi nao ?)

2. Ddi chid'u gifla ydu cdu cua dl va bai lam cu the dl thdy dugc nhflng im dilm va nhugc diem cdn khdc phuc.

- VI ndi dung : Bai vid't cua anh (chi) da dap flng dugc nhiing ydu cdu nao ? Ndi dung nao cdn thid'u ? Nd'u viet lai thi se bd sung nhiing gi ?

- VI ki nang vid't bai : Dan y. each didn dat (dung tfl, dat cau,...), tnnh bay (chft vid't, chfnh ta, trich ddn,...) cd uu diem gi va cdn mdc nhiing ldi nao ?

- Thd'ng kd va tim each sua chfta cac ldi trong bai vid't cua anh (chi).

BAI VIET SO 2 (Nghj ludn xa hdi - Bai lam d nha)

KET QUA CAN OAT

• Biit vie't bdi vdn nghi ludn vi mgt tu tudng, dqo li gdn giii, gidn di nhung sdu sdc.

• Ren luyen kT ndng vii't bdi vdn nghi ludn vi mot tu tudng, dgo li ; khac phuc vd hqn che dugc nhiing sai sdt a Bai vie't sd 1.

Tham khao cac dl van sau ddy :

De 1. Nha tho Nguyin Dinh (Thilu vilt : "Vi chung hay ghet cung la hay thuang" (Truyen Luc Vdn Tien).

f

49 4A-NG1JVAN11-NC.T1

Anh (chi) hieu y tha trdn nhu th i nao ? Hay vid't bai van ban v l "le ghet

thuang" trong cudc sdng hang ngay.

De 2. Tudn Tfl (313 - 235 trudc Cdng nguydn) ndi : "Ngudi chd ta ma chd phai

la thdy cua ta, ngudi khen ta ma khen phai la ban ta, nhiing ke vudt ve, ninh bg ta

chinh la ke thu cua ta vdy".

Anh (chi) nghi gi vl cdu ndi trdn ? .

D e 3 .

Ai chiin thdng md khdng hi chiin bgi,

Ai nin khdn md chdng dgi ddi ldn ?

(T:6llvai-Ddymddi)

Vid't bai van ban vl thdng va bgi, khdn va dgi trong cudc sdng.

De 4. Suy nghi cua anh (chi) vl ldi phat bieu cua mgt nhac s i :

Nam hai muai tudi, tdi ndi : "Tdi va Md-da".

Nam ba muai tudi, tdi ndi : "Md-da va tdi".

Nam bdn muoi tudi, tdi ndi : "Oii cd Md-da".

50 .^ 4B. NGLT VAN 11-NO.

CAU CA MUA THU (Thu dieu)

NGUYEN KHUYEN^*^

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Cdm nhdn dugc ve dep thanh tfnh cua cdnh sdc mda thu, tdm hdn thanh cao vd niim Uu tucua nhdn vdt trd tinh.

• Thdy dugc su tinh te, tdi hoa trong cdch miiu td thiin nhien vd bieu Id tdm trgng cua nhd tha.

TIEU DAN

Cau ca mua thu (Thu dieu) cung vdi Uong ruau mua thu {Thu im) v i Vinh mua thu (Thu vinh) hdp thinh chCim thd thu vie't bang chuT Nom rat ndi tie'ng cua Nguyin Khuydn. Qua bai thd nay cung nhU qua ca chum thd, ngUdi doc nhan ra nhufng sac thai rat ridng cua mua thu cl ndng thdn ddng bang Bac Bo.

Ao thu Ignh leo nudc trong veo,

Mgt chii'c thuyin cdu be teo teo.

Sdng biic theo ldn hai ggn ti,

Ld vdng trudc gid khe dua veo.

Tdng mdy la ldng trdi xanh ngdt,

Ngd true quanh co khdch vdng teo.

Tua gdi budng cdn ldu chdng dugc,

Cd ddu ddp dgng dudi chdn beo. *

(Tha vdn Nguyen Khuyen, NXB Van hoc. Ha Noi, 1971)

(*) Vd cudc ddi va su nghidp van hoc cua Nguydn Khuydn, xem bai Nguyin Khuyen b trang 59.

(1) Ngd trdc: ldi di trdng nhidu true.

Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI

I. Tim hidu each tac gia trien khai y tha da dugc bao hidu d nhan di Cdu cd mda thu (Thu dieu).

1. Bai tha da thuc su nam bdt va thi hiln dugc thdn thai ridng cua mua thu d ndng ihdn ddng bang Bac Bd. Hay lam rd dilu dd qua phdn tfch cac chi tilt va hinh anh cu thd.

3. Giai nghia hai cdu tha : "Tua gdi budng cdn ldu chang dugc - Ca ddu ddp ddng dudi chan beo''

4. Co gi dac bidt trong hanh dgng cdu ca va each cam nhdn khdng gian thu cua nhan vat trfl tinh ? Kilu cdu ca d'y, each cam nhdn dy cho ta hiiu dugc gi vl tdm

su cua nha tha ?

5. Neu cam nhan vl ve dep tdm hdn cua nha tho dugc thi hiln trong bai.

6. Hgc thugc long bai tha nay.

BAI TAP N A N G CAO

Tim dgc hai bai Udng rugu mda thu va Vinh mda thu. Chi ra mdt each khai quat net dgc dao cua Cdu cd mua thu so vdi hai bai tho dd.

^^ TIEN SI GIAY

NGUYEN KHUYEN

KET QUA CAN DAT

Cdm nhdn dugc thdi dd chdm bii'm hgng ngudi mang danh khoa bdng md khdng cd thuc chd't cung thodng tU trdo ciia tdc gid.

Thdy dugc cdch sd dung ngdn ngd day hii'n hod cung nhdng sdc thdi gigng diiu phong phu trong bdi.

TIEU DAN

V io cudi the ki XIX, xa hdi nudc ta dan trd thanh xa hoi thudc dia ntra phong kien vdi nhieu thay ddi Idn, trong dd cd sif thay ddi ve che dp khoa cfl tuyen chpn nhan tai. Nho hpc suy vi, cac rudng mdi xa hdi tro nen reu ra, te mua quan ban tudc phd bie'n, lam xuat hien nhieu ke chi cd hu danh ma khdng cd thuc hoc. Va chang, ca nhflng ngudi cd tai nang thuc su va do dat cao (nhu Nguyin Khuyen) cung khdng the ddng vai trd nhu trudc trong "qud'c gia dai su". Bai thd dupc vidt ra tren co sd mdt trai nghiem tham thi'a v l c i i nhd nhing cCia thdi cudc cCing su bat luc cua con nguoi nhi nho trudc nhflng ddi hoi mdi cCia da't nudc. Bai thd, vi the, vC/a the hien thai dp cham biem lai vC/a cd chut tU trao.

Tie'n sT giay - hinh ndm dng tie'n sT lam bang giay cd du cd. bien. can. dai. Ipng xanh, ghe treo - mdt trong nhflng dd choi quen thudc cua tre em xua. thudng dUpc ban vao djp tet Trung thu. Lam loai dd ehdi nay, ngudi ta co y khoi day 6 tre em Idng ham hpc va ^ thflc phan dau theo con dudng khoa cu

CUng cd ciing bien ciing cdn dai , (2)

Cung ggi dng nghe cd kem ai. Manh gidy ldm nin thdn gidp bang , Net son diem ro mat vdn khdi . Tdm thdn xiim do sao md nhe, Cdi.gid khoa danh dy mdi hdi. Ghi'treo long xanh ngdi bdnh clioe" \ Nghi rdng dd that hod do chai!

(Tha van Nguyin Khuyen. Sdd)

(1) Bien : tdm gd son son thdp vang cd khdc bd'n chii "an tii vinh quy". Cdn dai: cdn la cai khan. dai la cai vdng deo ngang lung d ngoai ao chau. Cd, biin, cdn, dai la nhihig thii vua ban cho ngudi dd tidn sT dd "vinh quy bai td" (ve vang trd vd ll bai td tien).

(2) Nghe : tidn si (theo each gpi dan gian). (3) Gidp hdng : bang cdng bd ket qua thi cir ngay xua cd chia ra hai loai gidp hdng va dt hdn;.;. Gidp

hdng cao hon dt hang. (A) Vdn khdi: ngudi dung ddu lang van (khdi: trdi nhat). (5) Xem : ao che mia than trudc trong y phuc ciia ngudi quyen quy thdi xua. (6) Khoa danh : danh vpng cd dupc do dd dat trong thi cfl (7) Ghe treo : loai ghecd tua thudng danh cho ngudi dupc kinh trpng hoac co danh phan. (8) Lgng .xanh : thii dd dung che ddu, cd tan hinh trdn, cd diem bang vai mau xanh. thudng diroc

ddng trong cic ll rude long trpng. (9) Bdnh choe : chi dang ve oai vd cung ld'i an mac ddy tinh tnmg dien.

• ^ •>

HJdNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Xac dinh cac ddi tugng miiu ta va chdm bilm trong bai.

2. Ndu dung y chdm bidm cua nha tho thi hidn qua each sfl dung didp tfl d hai cdu

1 - 2 va each dd'i lap mdnh gidy vdi thdn gidp bdng, net son vdi mat vdn khdi d

hai cdu 3 - 4 .

3. Su xudt hidn cua cdu tho kd't vfla ddt ngdt lai vfla tu nhidn. Hay lam sang td

dieu nay.

4. Tai sao cd thi ndi bai tha cdn toat ra y tU trao ?

5. Bai tha ggi cho anh (chi) suy nghi gi vl tuang quan gifla cai danh va cai thuc, vl tu thi, thai dd cdn cd cua ngUdi cd hgc trong cudc ddi ?

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Tim thdm trong tha Nguydn Khuyin nhflng bai cd cung chu d l vdi bdi tho trdn.

Rut ra nhdn xet vl cai nhin cua nha tho ddi vdi thdi cudc, dd'i vdi nin Nho hgc

budi suy vi va ddi vdi ban than con ngUdi nha nho.

TRI THLfC DOC - HIEU

Tam sUcua Nguyen Khuyen

Nguydn Khuyen la mot trUdng hdp tieu bieu cho ngUdi nho sT thanh cdng trdn con dUdng hoc

van va hoan Id trong moi trUdng dao tao cua chd dp phong kidn. Nhifng khi dng dat tdi dinh cao

danh vpng cung la khi Viet Nam bu6c vao mot giai doan Ijch sfl day bi thUdng. Che dp phong kidn

da trS thanh mot ganh nang cua lich sfl, khdng dii kha nang dUa dan toe, di't nUdc thoat khoi hoa

ngoai xam va nd dich. He tU tifdng m i nhi thd tifng tdn thd da trd ndn ldi thdi. Loai hinh trf thufc dai

dien cho he tU tudng a'y gan nhu bo tay trUdc nhflng ddi hoi ciia thdi cudc. Nguyen Khuyen -f thifc

dupc sau sac ta't ca nhflng dieu do. 6ng ludn cam tha'y ban khoan, bift rtit vi minh khdng l im dUdc

gi hdn cho da't nU6c, khdng cd du dung khf xa than ndi "mui tdn hon dan" nhif nhilu chi sT Can

vUdng khac. Nguyin Khuyen ludn thi'y minh cd ddc v i sp mpi ngUdi khdng hieu cho minh, coi

thudng minh. Dilu duy nha't dng c6 the l im l i to thi i dp bat hdp t ic vdi ke thu dan tdc, lui v l qud S

an nham giU gin tid't thio, nhan each v i cung l i de quen di nhflng dan vat ddn dau. NhUng mudn

qudn ma khdng qudn difdc. Hdn the, tai chdn an dat, dng cfl phai hang ngiy dd'i didn vdi mudn sif

phflc tap cua cupc ddi. Khdng phai la dilu khd hieu khi ta thi'y t im sif budn v i day dift ludn chi phdi

sang t ie cua Nguyen Khuydn, dii dng cd vidt v l d l t i i gl di nfla.

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DOC THEM

KHOC DUONG KHUE

N G U Y I N KHUYEN

TIEU D A N

Duong Khue (1839 -' 1902) hieu la Van Tri, ngudi lang Van Dinh, huyen Qng Hoa, Ha Ndi, dd cfl nhan cung khoa vdi Nguyin Khuyen, do tien sT nam 1868. Con difdng lam quan cd nhieu thang tram. Cd thdi gian lam tham ta Nha Kinh lupc Bac Ki, sau lam Tong ddc Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh, dupc thang ham Thupng thu. Ong cao quan ve huu luc nam mUdi tam tudi. Tho Difdng Khue bdc Id nhieu ifu tU vd thdi cupc, nghe thuat trang nha, tinh te. Ong co nhieu ddng gdp cho the tho hat ndi va nghe thuat ca tru.

Khi Duong Khue mat, Nguyen Khuyen da vie't bai thd chif Han Van dong nien Van Dinh Tien sTDuang Thuang f/j(/(Vieng ban ddng nien la Tien sT Van Dinh Thupng thu hp Duong). Sau dd dng tif djch bai thd nay ra tieng Viet. Bai thd Ndm Khdc Duang Khue duac truyen tung rdng rai hon bai tho chif Han.

1. Bdc Duong thoi dd thoi roi,

Nudc mdy man mdc ngdm ngui ldng ta.

Nhd tit thud ddng khoa ngdy trudc,

Vdn sdm hom toi bdc cdng nhau ;

5. Kinh yen tui trudc den sau,

Trong khi gap gd khdc ddu duyin trdi ?

CUng CO luc chai nai dam khdch,

Tie'ng sudi nghe roc rdch lung deo ;

Cd khi ticng gdc cheo leo, (2) 10. Thu vui con hdt lua chieu cdm xoang

CUng CO liic rugu ngon cung nhdp, (3) Chen quynh tuang dm dp bdu xudn.

(1) Ddng khoa : thi dd. (2) Cdm xoang : cung dan va dieu hat. (3) Quynh tuang : rupu ngon (nghia ban ddu la nudc trong chen ngpc quynh - mot thiJ ngpc quy).

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Cd khi hdn soan cdu vdn,

Biet bao dong bieh , dien phdn trUdc sau.

15. Buoi duang ciCu cdng nhau hoan ruin,

Phdn ddu thdng ' chdng ddm tham trdi;

Bdc gid tdi cUng gid rdi,

Bie't thoi, thoi thi thi thoi mdi Id !

Mudn di lqi tudi gid them nhdc,

20. Trudc ba ndm gap bdc mgt ldn ;

Cdm tay hdi hei xa gdn,

MiCng rdng bdc hay tinh thdn chua can .

Ketuoi toi cdn han tudi hdc,

Toi lqi dau trudc bdc mdy ngdy ;

25. Ldm sao bdc vgi ve ngay,

Chgt nghe, tdi bdng chdn tay rung rdi.

Ai chdng biet chdn ddi la phdi,

Sao vdi vdng ddmdi len tien ;

Rugu ngon khong cd hqn hien,

30. Khong mua khong phdi khong tien khong mua.

Cdu tha nghi dan do khdng viei,

Viet dua ai, ai biet md dua.

Giudng kia treo cUng hSng hd \

Ddn kia gdy cUng ngdn nga tie'ng ddrr

35. Bdc chdng d, ddu van chdng d,

Toi tuy thucmg, lay nhd ldm thUcmg ;

Tudi gid hqt le nhu suang,

Hoi ddu chude lay hai hdng chita chan !

(Tha vdn Nguyin Khuyen, Sdd)

(1) Ddng bieh : vach phfa ddng, noi dd sach va ngdi dpc sach - theo didn Ddng hich do thU, tdy vien hdn mdc (Vach phia ddng dd sach, vudn phia tay dd but muc).

(2) Dien phdn : sach ndi vd dao ldn cua vu tru va dao lam ngudi. (3) Duang cidt: chvc ldy trong Kinh dich, chi thdi tai dch, hoan nan. (4) Ddu thdng : cii ddu, cai thang - dung cu va la don vi do ludng ngay xua. Phdn ddu thdng:

phan lam quan hudng luong bdng theo cac mflc khac nhau do tridu dinh quy dinh. (5) Chua can : chua he gi. (6) Ca cau nhac didn Trdn Phdn thdi Hau Han sdm chiec giudng danh ridng cho ngudi ban than Ik

Tfl Tri, khi ban ddn thi dem giudng xud'ng, khi ban vd thi treo cdt di. (7) Ca cau nhdc didn Ba Nha - Chung Tfl Ki, hai ngudi ban tti am. Ba Nha rdt gidi dan. Chung

Tfl Ki chi nghe tidng dan cua Ba Nha ma nhu nhin thdu cdi ldng ngudi choi. Khi Chung Tilt Ki mat, Ba Nha dap dan khdng gay niia vi cho rang thd la thidn ha da hdt ngudi hidu dUpc tieng dan cua minh.

56

Hl/ONG DAN Dpc THEM

1. Bdi tha cd the chia thdnh mdy doan ? Y chinh ciia mdi doan Id gi ? Neu nhan xet ve bd cue ndy.

2. Qua hai cau md ddu bdi tha, sir dnh t l trong each diln ta ndi dau cua tdc gia khi dot ngdt nghe tin ban mdt da dugc thi hien nhu the ndo ?

3. Ldm r5 niem xiic dong ciia tdc gia khi dn lai nhflng ki nidm ve mot tinh ban than thiet, man ndng trong doan tho tfl cdu 3 den cau 18.

4. Tim hieu net ddc biet trong cdch nha tho noi vl viec ban tfl gid coi trdn d doan tho tfl cdu 19 din cau 28.

5. Dl diln ta cam gidc hdng hut, trdng vdng ciia minh d cdc cdu tfl 29 den 34, tdc gia da diing thii phdp nghe thudt gi ? Chi ra hieu qua ciia vide sfl dung thu phdp nghe thuat do.

LUYEN TAP VE TRU6NG TlT VUNG • • •

VA Ttr TRAI NGHIA

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Cling cd kie'n thdc vi trudng tit vung vd tif trdi

• Bii't van dung kie'n thdc tren vdo viec dgc vd ldm vdn.

nghia.

hieu vdn hdn

1. Dgc nhiing cdu sau ddy va thuc hidn nhidm vu ndu d dudi:

- Chua. quen cung ngua, ddu tdi trudng nhung ; chi biet rudng trdu. a trong ldng bo.

Viec cudc, viec cdy, viic bda, viic cdy, tay vdn quen ldm ; tap khien, tap

siing, tap mdc, tap cd, mdt chua titng ngd.

(Nguydn Dinh Chieu - Vdn te nglua si Cdn Giudc)

- Ldm sao bdc vgi vi ngay,

Ch0 nghe, tdi bdng chdn tay rung rdi. (Nguydn Khuyen - Klidc Duang Khue)

57

a) Phdn nhdm cac tfl ngfl in dam trong hai cau trdn cua Nguydn Dinh C3iilu theo trudng tfl vung va ggi tdn trudng tfl vung dd. Vide sfl dung mdt loat tfl theo cac trudng tfl vung khac nhau nhu vdy cd tac dung gi vl mat didn dat ?

b) Phan tich hidu qua nghe thuat cua vide dung nhimg tfl cd chung trudng tfl vung trong bai Khdc Duang Khue cixa Nguydn Khuydn qua cau tho trdn.

2. Dgc nhiing cdu sau day va tra ldi cdu hoi ndu b dudi:

- [...] ndo sg thdng Tdy bdn dgn nho, dan to, xd cda xdng vdo, liiu minh nhu chdng cd.

- [...] bgn he trudc, Id d sau, trdi ke tdu sat, tdu dong sdng nd.

- Thd thdc md ddng cdu dich khdi [...] ; han cdn md chiu chu ddu Tdy [...].

- Sdng ddnh gidc, thdc cUng ddnh gidc, linh hon theo giup ca binh, mudn kiip nguyen dugc trd thu kia ; sdng thd vua, thdc cdng thd vua, ldi du day da rdnh rdnh, mgt chudm du din cdng do.

- Dau ddn bdy ! Me gid ngoi khoe tre, nggn den khuya leo let trong liu [...].

(Nguygn Dinh Chidu - Vdn te nghia sT Cdn Giudc)

- Thuang dng Hdn DU chdng may, Sdm ddng ldi bieu, tdi ddy di xa.

y (Nguydn Dinh Chieu - Truyen Luc Vdn Tien)

- Kinh yeu td trudc de'n sau, Trong khi gap gd khdc ddu duyin trdi ?

- Cdm tay hoi hit xa gdn, Mdng rdng bdc hdy tinh thdn chua can.

(Nguydn Khuyen - Khdc Duang Khue)

- Nghe vua chi phdn phdn minh, Ndng liin quy xudng tdu trinh sdu ndng.

(Phgm Tdi - Nggc Hoa)

- Cdnh ndo cdnh chdng deo sdu, Ngudi budn cdnh cd vui ddu bao gid!

(Nguydn Du - Truyen Kiiu)

a) Xac dinh nhihig cap tfl cd quan he trai nghia.

b) Vide sfl dung nhflng cap tfl cd quan he trai nghia nhu vdy cd tac dung gi vl mat diln dat ?

3. Viet mgt doan van ngdn. Xac dinh nhiing tfl cflng trudng tfl vung trong doan van ay.

58

/v'

NGUYEN KHU YEN

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Hieu hodn cdnh lich sic phdc tap vd phdm cdch con ngudi Nguyin Khuyen - mgt nhd nho tdi hoa, coi trgng danh tiit.

• Thdy dugc cdc thdnh tuu vdn hgc chu yi'u cua nhd tha, ddc biit Id tha trdo phung, tha vi ddn tinh ldng cdnh vdi mgt ngdn td thudn Viet dieu luyen.

I - CUOC DCJI

Nguydn Khuyin (1835 - 1909) hidu la Qui San, qud lang Va, xa Ydn Do, huydn Binh Luc, tinh Ha Nam. Ong xudt thdn trong mdt gia dinh cd nhilu ngudi dd dat, lam quan to dudi trilu nha Mac, nha Ld. Nhung dd'n ddi dng than sinh thi ngheo tung, sd'ng bdng nghl day hgc d lang qud. Luc nhd, dng tdn la Nguydn Thdng, nha ngheo, cd chi cham hgc. Dudng cdng danh tuy cd nhilu trdc trd nhung dng da vugt qua va dat dinh vinh quang. Nam 1864, d tudi hai muoi chin, dng thi Huong dd Giai nguydn ("nguydn"' nghia la ddu). Nam sau vao Hul thi Hdi khdng dd. Nam 1871, thi Hdi ldn thfl hai dd Hdi nguydn, thi Dinh dd Dinh nguydn. Do dd ddu ca ba ki thi ndn ngudi ta ggi Nguydn Khuydn la Tam nguydn Ydn Dd. Tinli ra dng chin ldn thi mdi dat dugc thanh cdng. Dilu dd chflng td y chi, nghi luc hgc tap cua dng thdt dang khdm phuc. Sau khi dd Dinh nguyen, theo Qudc triiu huang khoa luc, dng dugc vua Tu Dflc ddi tdn la Nguydn Khuyin.

Nhflng nam Nguydn Khuydn di hgc va di thi la luc ddt nudc gap nan ngoai xdm. Tfl nam 1862 dd'n 1867, giac Phap chid'm sau tinh Nam Ki. Nam 1882 - 1883, thuc ddn Phap danh Bdc Ki ; thang 8 1883 chung ep trilu Nguydn ki hidp udc chdp nhdn dch thd'ng tri trdn ca ba ki. Sau khi thi dd, Nguydn Khuyen da lan lugt

Nguyen Khuyen [Hong KIphuc hoa nam Nham Tuat, 1922)

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lam cac chflc quan d trilu dinh Hul, d Thanh Hoa, Quang Ngai. Nam 1883, khi thuc ddn Phap chid'm Son Tdy, quan ddu tinh bd chay, Nguydn Khuyin duge cu lam Tdng ddc San Hung Tuydn^^\ nhung dng khdng nhdn chflc va nam sau ld'y cd dau mat xin vl huu, luc mdi bd'n muoi chin tudi. Nguyin Khuyin sd'ng d lang qui sud't hai mUoi lam nam va md't nam 1909, thg bay muai tu tudi.

Xud't thdn tfl gia dinh nha nho ngheo, Nguyen Khuyin da gang hgc dl dd dat lam quan, nhung trudc canh nudc md't dng da tfl quan vl d dn, thi hiln tinh thdn bd't hgp tac vdi gidc, gitt cho minh nhdn each trong sach.

II - Sy* NGHIEP V A N H O C

Sang tac cua Nguydn Khuydn kha phong phu. Ong dl lai han tam tram tac phdm gdm tho, cdu dd'i, vdn vid't bang chtt Han va chtt Ndm, phdn ldn diu lam sau khi tfl quan ve lang, din nay mdi gidi thidu dugc khoang bd'n tram tac phdm. Sinh thdi hdu nhu Nguyin Khuydn khdng quan tdm bidn soan tac phdm cua minh thanh tdp nhu nhilu nha tha khac. C!ac tuyin tdp tac phdm cua dng quy md nhd't la Tha vdn Nguyin Khuyin va Nguyin Khuyin - tdc phdm , diu do cac nha nghidn cflu hidn dai bidn soan

1. Tarn SIX yeu niidc, u hoai trudc su doi thay cua thdi cuoc

Thdi dai Nguyin Khuyin la mdt thdi dai khung hoang toan didn vl hi tu tudng va van hod. Nho hgc - hd tu tudng chinh thdng - da sa sut tfl cudi trilu Ll. Su xdm lugc cua thuc ddn Phap cang lam Id rd su bdt luc cua hd tu tudng d'y. Cac ban dilu trdn cua Nguyin Trudng Td da cho thd'y van minh phuong Tdy thii't thUc han Nho hgc. Do dd, trudc hoan canh md't nudc, tuy la nha nho dd dat cao, tflng ra lam quan va da vl huu, nhung trong long Nguyin Khuyin vdn ludn canh cdnh mac cam vl su bdt luc cua minh trudc hidn tinh dd't nude :

Vd'n khdng thuc hgc phd ddilogn, udng chut hu danh dd dgi khoa.

(Can thudt - dich tho chii Han)

(\)San Hung Tuyen: tdn mdt tinh thdi phong kidn gdm Son Tay, Hung Hoa, Tuydn Quang. (2) Tha vdn Nguyin Khuyen, Xuan Dieu gidi thidu, NXB Van hpc, Hd Ndi, 1971. (3) Nguyin Khuyen - tdc phdm, Nguydn Van Huydn bidn soan vd gidi thidu, NXB Khoa hoc xa hdi.

Ha Ndi, 1984. (4) Hidn cdn khoang hai chuc tap van ban Han, Ndm chep tho van dng ma khdng ro ai chdp, chdp

bao gid va sdp xdp phdn nhidu tuy tidn.

60

Su dd'i ldp "thuc hgc' vdi "hu danh" thi hien rat rd khuynh hudng tu tudng cua nha tho. Ong tu chi gilu cai danh vi hao ciia minh - mdt vi dai khoa :

Cdng cd, ciing bien, ciing cdn dai, Cung ggi dng nghe cd kem ai. [...] Nghi rang dd that hod do chai!

(Tiin sT gidy)

Ong cung thdy su vd nghia cua vide lam quan dudi dch dd hd - chdng qua la vua quan phudrtg cheo, khdng cd thuc quyln :

Vua cheo cdn chdng ra gi Quan cheo vai nhg khdc chi thdng hi.

(Ldi vg ngifdi hdt cheo)

La mdt nha nho, Nguyin Khuydn cd y thflc gifl trgn chfl "tid't" trong thdi loan. Trong bai hat ndi Me Mdc, dng mugn hinh anh ngudi dan ba do bi mdt chdng con, hoa dai dl ndi chi minh :

Nhd chdng con mudn dam xa tim,

Gid son sdt em dim mgt tiit,

Sgch nhu nudc, trdng nhu ngd, trong nhu tuyet, Mdnh guang trong vang vdc quyi't khdng nha.

Dap tai ngodnh mat ldm nga, Rdng khdn cimg ke, rdng khd ciing thdy ;

Khdn kia di bdn dqi ndy.

Gd le dd la tdm su da thuc day Nguydn Khuyin tfl quan vl lang. Cho din trudc khi mdt, trong bai Di chiic ndi tilng dng cd cdu dan lai con chau :

Di vdo md'y chu trong bia Rang : Quan nhd Nguyen cdo vi dd ldu.

Ong khdng mud'n ngudi ddi danh ddng dng vdi 'quan nha Nguydn' dudi thdi thuc ddn Phap thd'ng tri.

Nhung vl lang, ndi budn mat nudc vdn cfl khdc khoai khdn ngudi:

Khdc khodi sdu dua gigng lung la,

Ay hdn Thuc de thdc bao gid ?

(1) Thuc de: vua nudc Thuc. Truyen thuydt xua ndi vua nudc Thuc la Dd Vii, sau khi nhudng ngdi cho ngudi khac. ten nui 6 dn. chdt hoa thanh chim dd quyen, tieng keu ai oan nhd nudc cu.

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Ndm canh mdu chdy dim he vdng,

Sdu khdc hdn tan, hdng nguyet md.

Cd phdi tiic xudn md ddng ggi,

Hay Id nhd nudc vdn ndm ma ?

Thdu dim rdng rd kiu ai do,

Giuc khdch giang ho dg ngdn nga.

(Cud'c keu cdm hvCng)

Tid'ng cudc kdu hay chinh la tdm su day dflt, dau ddn cua ngudi ddn md't nudc

tu thdy bd't luc trudc thdi cudc ?

2. Nha tho ldn cua dan tinh lang canh Viet Nam

Tuy cd lam quan han mudi nam, nhung phdn ldn thdi gian cdn lai Nguyin

Khuydn sdng d qud nha. Gan bd vdi ngUdi, vdi canh lang qud, chia se vdi ngudi ddn

mgi ndi dang cay, cue kho cua ngay han, ngay lut, nam md't mua, ddi kem, Nguyin

Khuydn da lam tho, cdu ddi the hidn cam xuc dd'i vdi ban be, ngudi thdn, canh sac

va sinh hoat ndng thdn, md ra mdt ddng tha vl ddn tinh lang canh Viet Nam.

Trudc kia, trong van chuang Viet Nam thinh thoang cung cd tac phdm vilt vl

ndng thdn, nhung hinh anh lang qud ndi chung cdn md nhat. Phai din Nguyin

Khuydn, ldn ddu tidn ddi sd'ng ndng thdn Vidt Nam mdi thuc sU di vao van hgc. ( ^

cac bai vinh canh, vinh vdt, tha tang ban be, hang xdip, cdu dd'i viing ngudi lang,

miftig dam cudi, mflng nha mdi,... ta thd'y tha dng ddy ap tinh cam va canh sd'ng hang

ngay. Ong vilt nhilu vl thidn nhidn vdi ngdi but dm dp, binh di. Dd la canh trong cac

bai tha Vinh mua thu, Cdu cd mda thu, Ud'ng rugu mua thu. Ckvih lut Ha Nam

dugc Nguyin Khuyen midu ta qua nhiing chi tilt sinh ddng nhu thue :

Bdng thuyin thdp thodng ddn trin vdch

Tii'ng sdng long hong vd trudc nhd.

(Vinh lut)

Co nhiing canh ngay thudng gdn gui, than thugc d thdn qud cd le dd'n Nguyin

Khuyen mdi dugc dua vao tho chdn thuc th i nay :

Trdu gid gd'c bui phi hai ndng

Chd nho ben ao cdn tii'ng ngudi. <•

(Den chai nhd bdc Ddng)

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Ong ndi ldn mdt each chdn thdt tdm sU cua nha ndng :

Ndm nay cdy cdy vdn chdn thua,

Chiim mdt ddng chiem mua mdt mua.

Phdn thui quan Tdy, phdn trd ng,

Nda cdng dda d, nda thui bd.

Sdm trua dua mudi cho qua hda,

Chg bua trdu che chdng ddm mua.

(Chd'n que)

Bai nay cdn cd tdn la Thudt Igi ldi ddn bd di dudng tinh todn chuyen ldm

dn chflng td ca bai tha la ldi cua ngudi lam rudng. Vdi nhflng bai tha chdn thuc,

mdi me nhu nhflng phat hidn ldn ddu vl sinh hoat va tdm tinh ngudi ndng ddn,

Nguyin Khuyin da trd thanh nha tha cua lang qud Vidt Nam.

3. Ngdi but trao phung tham thuy

Do su khung hoang sdu sdc vl tu tudng va van hoa cua thdi dai, Nguydn

Khuydn hdu nhu da mdt hdt nidm tu hao vd chfl nghia thanh hidn Ong thudc

ldp nha tha trung dai ddu tidn bid't tU cUdi cai danh vgng cua minh. Tilng cUdi

trong tha trudc dd thudng thidn vl ch i nhao ngudi khdc. Trong bai Tu trdo,

dng vid't:

Ta ciing chdng gidu, ciing chdng sang,

Chdng gdy, chdng heo, chi ldng nhdng.

Cd duang dd cudc, khdng cdn nudc ,

Bac chda thdu canh dd chgy ldng

Md mieng ndi ra gdn hdt sdch

Mem mdi chin mdi tit cung thang'

(1) Thdnh hiin : danh hidu dung dd gpi cdc bac hien tai vupt han ngudi thudng, chii ydu chi nhung ngudi sang lap dao Nho nhu Khdng Tu, Manh Tfl.

(2) Khdng cdn nudc : hi khdng cd nudc di khi danh cd. Ca cau ngu y chi thdi tac gia sdng, giac Phdp chidm ddn nudc ta ma khdng cd each nao xoay chuyen dupc.

(3) Chgy ldng: danh bac nfla chiitng, bo khdng choi niJa. Ca cau ngu y minh chua tron cudc ddi lam quan md phai bd vd nha.

(4) Gdn bdt sdch : hdt sdch Ik tdn mdt quan bai td tdm. Gdn bdt sdch la thanh ngtt chi suy nghl, hdnh ddng ttai le thudng, khidn mpi ngudi Idid chiu.

(5) Tit cung thang : (thang : tdn quan bai td tdm, dd'i vdi quan bdt sdch b cau tten). "Tft cung thang" Id ttang thai say sua cao dd.

63

Nghi minh Igi gdm cho minh nhi, Thi cdng bia xanh, cdng bdng vdng !

Nha tha cudi cai vd tich sU cua minh, mdt ke khoa bang ma nfla cudc ddi sd'ng nhu mdt ngudi thfla.

Nguyin Khuydn cung chi nhao cac hiln tugng nhd nhdng duang thdi. Thdi dd, thuc ddn Phap thudng td chflc nhttng ngay "hdi Tdy" (ngay Cach mang Phap 14 7) vdi nhiing trd choi cdy du, leo cdt md, dua thuydn, v.v. nham td ve cho su "khai hod" va "thinh vugng'' cua chi dd thuc ddn va nhilu ngUdi da tham gia cac trd vui dd mdt each vd y thflc. Nha tho chi gidu dang ve vd cam, khdng bid't nhuc cua nhflng ke tham gia trd chai ngay "hdi Tdy" d xfl thudc dia :

Bd quan tinh nghich xem bai trdi, Tiidng be lom khom nghi hdt cheo. Cdy sdc cdy du nhiiu chi nhun, Tham tiin cat md ldm anh leo. Khen ai kheo vetrd vui the, Vui the bao nhiiu nhuc bdy nhiiu.

(Hdi Tdy)

Tid'ng cudi cua dng la tid'ng cudi cua luong tdm, ciia y thflc lidm si, thdm thuy va thdm ddm nudc mdt.

4. Nghe thuat tho van Nom bac thay

Tha chfl Han cua Nguydn Khuydn rdt nhilu va cung rd't dac sac, song chi cd tho van Ndm cua dng la phdn duge mgi ngirdi khdm phuc han hit. Tho Ndm Nguyin Khuyin chu yd'u dugc lam sau khi dng da tfl quan v^ lang. Ddy la ngdn ngfl ma dng dflng de giai bay tdm su.

Nguyin Khuydn sfl dung cac thi van chuang quen thudc nhu thd't ngdn bat cu Dudng luat, cdu ddi, hat ndi, song thd't luc bat ma thi nao cung thanh cdng. 6ng cd ddng gdp ldn vl thi cdu dd'i Ndm va tid'p tuc phdt triln thi loai hat ndi. Ndi bdt hon ca la Nguydn Khuyen da dua tid'ng ndi sinh hoat ddn da, binh di vao cdc thi tha truyin thdng mdt each tinh tl, sdu sac, nhilu khi hdm hinh, tu nhiln ma thanh tho. Bai tho didu luydn nhu khdng cdn chut ddu vd't nao cua nidm ludt gd bd vd'n cd cua tho c6 diln. Nhttng bai Vinh lut, Chd'n qui, Bgn di'n chai nhd, Di'n chai nhd bdc Ddng, Cdu cd mua thu, Vinh miia thu, Tu trdo, Tien si gidy, Khdc Duang Khue, Tu thudt, Hdi Tdy,... diu thi hidn mdt ngdn tfl tha vdi rd't nhilu tue ngfl, thanh ngfl, tfl lay,... giau chd't tao hinh, ggi cam. Ong la mdt bdc thdy chai chfl Chang han, cdu ddi vid't cho ngudi vg khdc chdng lam nghl thg.nhudm :

64

Thii'p ketd Id thdm xe duyin, khi van tia, liic can den, dilu dgi dilu khdn nhd bd'dd.

Chdng d dudi sudi vang nghi Igi, vgmd hdng, con rdng trdng, tim gan tim rudt vdi dng xanh.

(Vg thg nhudm khdc chdng)

Ong rdt sanh but phap ude 11 truyin thd'ng nhu bai Cud'c kiu cdm hdng nhung cung sanh but phap ta thuc nhu Vinh lut, Chd'n que,... Trong tho Nguydn Khuydn ludn cd mdt nu cudi kin dao, thdm trdm, mdt tdm ldng ddn hdu.

*

* *

Nguyin Khuyin la nha tha cua thdi dai khung hoang sdu sdc vl tu tudng va van hod, khi Nho hgc da td ra bdt luc trudc su nghidp eflu nude. Tha dng, mdt mat la tid'ng ndi day diit, u hoai eua luong tdm, trdch nhidm cua ngudi tri thflc trudc vdn mdnh ddt nudc, mat khac thi hidn tinh cam gdn bd thdn thid't dd'i vdi con ngudi va lang qud Vidt Nam. Nguydn Khuyin la mdt trong nhiing nha tha ldn cud'i cung cua thdi trung dai. 6ng sfl dung cac thi loai van hgc cd nhung lai tao thanh mdt phong each mdi vdi ngdn ngtt mdc mac, hdn hdu cd kha nang bilu hidn cdi hdn Vidt trong nhiing canh sd'ng binh di, dm dp, khid'n cho dng dugc mdnh danh la nha tha cua ddn tinh lang canh Vidt Nam.

HUdNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Hay cho bid't nhflng net dang chu y vl cudc ddi, va con ngudi cua nha tho Nguyin Khuyin.

2. Kl tdn cac tac phdm eua Nguydn Khuyin ma anh (chi) da hgc. Tdm su ydu nudc va tinh cam gdn bd vdi ban be, gia dinh, lang mac cua nha tho bilu hidn nhu thi nao ?

3. Vi sao cd thi ndi Nguyin Khuyen la nha tha eua ddn tinh lang canh Vidt Nam ?

4. Ndu ddn chflng cho thd'y Nguydn Khuydn da sfl dung tai tinh tilng ndi hdng ngay trong tha (chu y : tfl ngft, gigng didu).

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Dua vao hoan canh lich sfl va su khung hoang tu tudng cua thdi dai Nguydn Khuyin, hay giai thich tdm su cua nha tho qua cac tac phdm : Tu trdo, Tie'n si gidy, Vinh mda thu.

65 S A - N G O V A N H NC.T1

THU^ONG VO

TRAN TE Xl/ONG

KET QUA CAN DAT

Cdm nhdn dugc dn tinh sdu ndng cua nhd tha dd'i vdi bd Tu - mgt ngudi vg dien hinh cua truyin thd'ng Viet Nam.

Thdy dugc khd ndng td ngudi, ggi cdnh day tdi hoa, viec sd dung tie'ng Viet chudn xdc, tinh tivd sU sdng tgo mdt bdi tha Ndm Dudng ludt dgt gid tri nghi thudt cao.

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TIEU DAN

Tran Te XUOng (1870 1907) ngUdi lang Vj Xuyen, huyen IVULdc, tinh Nam Djnh, nay la phd Hang Nau, thanh phd Nam Djnh. La ngudi cd ca tfnh day gdc canh, phdng tung, l<hdng chiu gd minh vao l<hudn sao trudng quy, vi the diJ dng cd tai (thi Huong tU mudi iSm tudi) nhUhg di thi nhieu lan v in chf dd ddn tu tai (nen gpi la Tu Xuong - "Xuong" co nghTa la hung thjnh).

Tu xuong ldn len vao budi dau ciia che dp thudc dja nfla phong kidn, xa hdi Viet Nam dang chuyen minh theo hudng tu san hoa, trudc het 6

Tran Te Xuong cac dd thj,... Tai day xuat hien nhieu (Chan dung do hoa sJ Tran Quang Tran ve) canh nhd nhSng, chudng tai gai mat.

Sang tac cCia Tu Xuong chCi yeu la tho Ndm, hien cdn khoang tren mot tram bai gdm cac the that ngdn bat cu, tfl tuyet, luc bat, song that luc bat, phu,... Ong sd trudng ve tho trao phung vdi sflc cham biem manh me, sau sac. Tam cd Idn cOa Tu Xuong la cl chd tieng cudi cda dng bao gid cung cat len tfl mot nen tang trfl tinh mang ndi dung nhan dao va Idng yeu nu6c thidt tha. Cho nen cudi day ma that sif xdt xa, dau ddn trudc canh nudc mat nha tan, nhdn dan cue khd, trong khi nhiing ke bat luong vd dao thi nhdn nho, venh vao.

Tieng cudi trong tho Tu Xuong cd nhieu cung bac : cd khi Id cham bidm sau cay, cd khi la da kfch quyet liet, cd khi lai la nu cudi tu trao mang sac thdi an han, ngani ngiji pha gipng tam tinh tha thiet ma bai Thuang va Id mot bdng chflng tieu bieu.

SB-NGOfVANII-NC.TI

Trong thd Tu XUdng, ba Tu 1 mdt de tai ddc dao, dupe the hien dUdi nhieu hinh thflc khac nhau. Bai nao cung mang i n tinh sau nang nhifng thudng pha gipng dija de td Idng thUdng quy va quan he than mat ddng thdi cung de tu gilu minh. Ba Tij ten la Pham Thi Man, que cl LUdng Dudng, Hai DUdng, nhifng sinh 6 Nam Djnh. Ba Tu budn gao de nudi chdng, nudi con. Ngay trUde, ti^ khi eo chd dd khoa cfl, nhidu ngUdi vd da tan tao nudi chdng an hpc, mong sau nay thi do lam quan lam rang danh cho gia tdc.

Thuang vg la mot trong nhflng bai thd hay nha't, cam ddng nha't cija Tu XUdng vidt vd bh Tu.

*

Quanh ndm budn bdn d mom sdng , ' Nudi du nam con vdi mgt chdng. Ldn ldi thdn cd khi qudng vdng, Eo sea mat nudc budi do ddng. Mgt duyin hai ngr du ddnh phdn, Ndm ndng mudi mua ddm qudn cdng. Cha me thdi ddi dn d bge, Cd chdng hd hdng cdng nhu khdng.

(Tha vdn Trdn TeXuang, NXB Giao due, 1984)

HUdNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Qua bdn cdu ddu, hinh anh ba Tu hidn ldn cu thi, sinh ddng nhu thi nao ? Tim nhiing tfl ngtt cd gid tri tao hinh d ddy.

2. Cdu 2 cd sac thai tu trao nhu thi nao ?

3. Cdu 5 - 6 ndi ldn dflc tinh gi cua ba Tu ?

4. Hai cdu kd't la ldi chfli. Ai la ngudi chiii ? Dd'i tugng chfli la ai ? Y nghia ldi chfli la gi ?

5. Tinh cam cua dng Tu dd'i vdi ba Tu dugc thi hidn nhu thi nao qua nhiing cdu ta ba Tu va nhiing cdu tu gilu cua nha tha ?

6. Hgc thudc long bai tha nay.

(1) Mom sdng: phdn ddt b bd nhd ra phfa ldng sdng. (2) Duyen : b day cd ngMa la quan hd vp chdng do ttdi dinh sda. (3) Ng: b day cd nghia la gdnh nang phai chiu.

67

DOC THEM

VINH KHOA THI HU^ONG

TRAN TE XUONG

TIEU DAN

Nam Dinh Dau, 1897, tai trudng thi Ha Nam^''\ vp chdng Toan quyen Pdn Ou - me va vp chdng Cdng sfl Nam Djnh LO Node - mang cd tdi du le xudng danh. Day la noi nhuc ddi vdi ngudi tn' thflc Viet Nam bdi tai chdn tuyen chpn nhan tai cho dat Viet, cai bdng ciia may ten thuc ddn cudp nudc da trum len ta't ca. La nha nho cd Idng tU trpng, vd'n tin vao dao If thanh hien va ludn tha thiet vdi truyen thd'ng van hien cCia dan tdc, Tran Te Xuong het sflc dau xdt, phin uat. Bai tho da ve len mdt each sdng ddng tinh trang suy ddi cQa Nho hpc thdi ay cung nhflng canh chudng tai gai mat luc che dp thudc dja nfla phong kidn budc dau dupc xac lap d nudc ta.

L l xudng danh khoa thi Dinh Dau (1897) trudng Ha Nam

*

(1) Tir khoa Binh Tuat (1886), do thifc dan Phap danh chidm Ha Ndi ndn trudng thi Ha Ndi bi bai bo. Trudng Ha Ndi hpp thi (thi chung) vdi trudng Nam Dinh. Chd'n thi chung dy dupc gpi la trudng Ha Nam, dat tai Nam Dinh.

68

Nhd nudc bandmmdmgtkhoa ,

Trudng Nam thi ldn vdi trudng Hd.

Ldi thdi sTtdvai deo Ig ,

7 - (3)

Am oe quan trudng^ mieng thet loa.

Lgng cdm rgp trdi quan sir ' de'n,

Vdy le quit ddt mu ddnv ' ra.

Nhdn tdi ddt Bac nao ai dd,

Ngodnh cSma trong cdnh nudc nhd. (Tha vdn Trdn TeXuang, Sdd)

nadNG DAN DOC TH^M

1. Ndu dn tugng ndi bdt nhdt cua anh (chi) v l khoa thi Huong dugc tac gia midu ta

trong bdi.

2. Khoa thi Huomg nam 1897 da dugc midu ta vdi cam hiing gi ? Tdc gia nhdn manh

vdo tinh chdt ndo cua khoa thi dd ?

3. Phan tfch y nghia trdo phung cfla vide sfl dung phep ddi ngdu b cdc cau tho 3 - 4

vd 5 - 6.

4. Hay xdc dinh sac thdi giong didu dn chfla trong hai ciu 7 - 8 . Qua giong didu cua

hai cdu nay cung nhu cua ca bdi tho, ta cd th i hidu dugc gi vd ndi long tdc gia ?

5. Phdt bilu suy nghT cua anh (chi) vd thai dd trong danh du va tam sU lo nudc

thuong ddi cua nhd tho dugc bilu Id trong tdc phdm.

(1) Ld cfl ba nam lai mfl mdt khoa Ihi Huong da cd tfl xua. Tfl nhd nudc ttong cau la tiir kha mdi, phdn anh cue didn chuih tri xa hdi da cd nhidu thay ddi. Trudc day, thay vao tir dd, ngudi ta ddng tfl triiu dinh.

(2) ST tut: again di thi; /p : dung cu dung nudc udng ma ngudi di thi mang theo.

(3) Quan trudng: quan giam thi trudng thi.

(4) Quan silt: ndi ddy du la quan Cdng sU - vidn quan ngudi Phap dflng ddu bd may cai tri ciia bpn thuc dan b mdt dnh.

(5) Ddm : am Vidt hoa cua tfl madame trong tidng Phdp cd nghia la dan ba.

69

THAO TAC LAP LUAN PHAN TICH

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Ndm dugc cdc ngi dung chinh cua thao tdc lap ludn phdn tich.

• Bii't phdn tich mgt vdn di xdhdi hodc vdn hgc.

1. Khai niem va tac dung cua thao tac lap luan phan tich

Cac su vdt, hidn tugng trong cudc sdng thudng bao gdm nhilu bd phdn, yiu td. Cac bd phdn va yd'u td dd khdng tdn tai mdt each tach rdi ma diu cd mdi lidn hi, tac ddng qua lai ldn nhau. Chia tach su vdt, hiln tugng thanh nhilu yi'u td nhd dl di sdu vao xem xet mdt each ki ludng ndi dung va md'i quan hd bdn trong cua hidn tugng va su vdt dd ggi la phdn tich.

Dd'i tugng dugc phdn tich cd thi la mdt nhdn dinh ; mdt van ban, truydn ngan, bai tha, doan vdn ; mdt hanh vi, mdt su vide, nhdn vdt,... Nd'u khdng phdn tich, chung ta se khdng thd'y hit dugc gid tri, y nghia cua cdc su vdt, hidn tugng ; va do dd cung khdng danh gia dung dugc chung. Nhd phdn tich, ngUdi ta thdy dugc mdi quan hd gifla ldi ndi va vide lam, gitta bdn trong va bdn ngoai, gitta hinh thflc va ndi dung,... cua mdt con ngudi, su vdt, hidn tugng. Cung nhd phdn tich, ngudi ta thdy dugc md'i lidn hd gitta cac bd phdn trong ca thi, gitta cac chi tilt trong c6 may va thdm chi thdy dugc mdi quan hd cua nhiing su vdt, hidn tugng tudng nhu chang cd gi gan bd vdi nhau. Cd rd't nhilu md'i quan hd dugc xac dinh nhd phdn tich : nguydn nhdn va kit qua, chinh va phu, xa va gdn, chung va ridng, khdi quat va cu thi,... Tfl vide phdn tich, cd thi chi ra nhiing phdm chd't, nang luc, tinh each cua mdt con ngudi; thd'y dugc khuynh hudng phat triln cua su vdt,... Nhu thi tac dung cua phdn tich la lam rd cac dac dilm vl ndi dung, hinh thflc, cd'u true, cdc mdi quan hd bdn trong va bdn ngoai cua mdt su vdt, hidn tugng, tfl dd ma thdy dugc gia tri cua chung.

2. Yeu cau va mot so each phan tich

Phdn tich cdn di sdu vao tflng phuang didn cu thi dl xem xet mdt each riing bidt, nhung khdng cd nghia la tdch rdi khdi cai chung, chi thd'y cai nho le, chi tilt,

70

vun vat,... Oiinh vi thi phdn tieh bao gid cung gdn vdi tdng hgp, khdi quat. Phdn tich ma khdng tdng hgp, khai quat thi su phdn tieh dd se mdt di nhilu y nghia. Ngugc lai, tdng hgp, khai quat ma khdng dua vao phdn tich thi se thid'u co sd, khdng viing chac. Di cd the rut ra nhung kit ludn dung can dua trdn su phan tich sdu sdc, kl cang, xem xet su vdt, hidn tugng mdt each toan didn tfl nhilu phia. Chang han doan trfch sau ddy :

"Nhin vao ban dd thi gidi, ddu ddu ta cung thdy mdnh mdng la nudc. Dai duong bao quanh luc dia. Rdi mang ludi sdng ngdi chdng chit. Lai cd nhiing hd ldn ndm sdu trong dd't liin, ldn chang kem gi biln ca. Cam giac dd khid'n nhilu ngudi trong chung ta tin rdng thid'u gi thi thid'u chfl con ngudi va mudn loai trdn qua ddt khdng bao gid thid'u nudc. Xin duge ndi ngay rang nghi nhu vdy la nhdm to.

Dung la bl mat qua dd't mdnh mdng la nudc, nhung dd la nudc man chfl ddu phai la nudc nggt, lai cang khdng phai la nudc sach ma con ngudi va ddng vdt, thuc vdt quanh ta cd thi dung dugc. Hai phdn ba nudc trdn hanh tinh ma chung ta dang sd'ng la nudc man. Trong so nudc nggt cdn lai thi hdu hit bi ddng bang d Bdc Cue, Nam Cue va trdn day nui Hi-ma-lay-a. Vdy thi con ngudi chi ed thi khai thac nudc nggt d sdng sudi, ddm, ao, hd va ngudn nudc ngdm. Sd nude nggt nhu vdy khdng phai la vd tdn, cfl dung hit lai cd va dang ngay cang bi nhilm bdn bdi chinh con ngudi gdy ra. Du thfl rac thai, tfl rac thai vd co, hiiu co, nhiing thfl rac cd thi tidu huy dugc, tdi ca nhflng thfl hang chuc nam sau chua chdc da phdn huy, ca nhflng chd't ddc hai dugc vd tu ngdm xud'ng dd't, thai ra sdng sudi. Nhu vdy la ngudn nudc sach lai cang khan hilm hon nfla. [...]

Chd nghl rang noi nao khdng cd sdng sudi chay qua thi cfl khoan sdu, khoan thdt sdu xud'ng long ddt la cd thi ld'y dugc nudc. Do vide sfl dung bdt hgp li va rdt lang phi, cac ngudn nudc ngdm cung dang can kidt ddn. CJ khu vuc Tay Nguydn, md'y nam nay, vao mua khd, ba con ta phai khoan thdm rd't nhilu gid'ng mdi cd the cd nudc dl dung hdng ngay dd'y thdi. [...]

Nudc nggt dang ngay cang khan hilm va dl cd nudc sach, hgp vd sinh la rdt tdn kem. Vi vdy, cung vdi vide khai thdc cdc ngudn nudc nggt, con ngudi ngay cang phai sfl dung mdt each hgp li, tilt kidm tai nguydn nudc"

(Theo Trinh Van, bao Nhdn Ddn, so ra ngay 15 - 6 - 2003)

71

Trong doan trich trdn, dl lam ndi bdt vdii dl nudc nggt dang khan hii'm ddn, tac gia da di sdu phdn tich cu thi nhilu phuofng didn : tfl vide chi ra rdng nudc trdn trai ddt thi nhilu nhung dd phdn ldn la nudc man, nudc nggt chi cd d cac ao hd, nhung ao hd lai dang bi d nhilm boi chfnh con ngudi gdy ra dih vide phdn tich hidn tugng khai thac va sfl dung bdt hgp If cac ngudn nudc ngdm,... Trdn co sd nhung phdn tich cu thi dy, tac gia di dd'n khai quat: Nudc ngdt ching ngdy cdng khan hii'm vd de cd nudc sgch, hgp vi sinh de ddng Id rdt ton kem. Vi vdy, con ngudi ngdy cdng phdi sddung mgt cdch hgp li, tie't kiem tdi nguyin nudc.

Nhin chung, phdn tich la chia nhd dd'i tugng thanh cac yd'u td', bd phdn dl xem xet. Nhung mud'n xem xet di chi ra dac dilm ndi dung va md'i quan hd gifia cac bd phdn dy thi ngudi phdn tfch cdn vdn dung nhilu each thflc cu thi khac nhau, ching han : cdt nghia vd binh gid, chi ra nguyin nhdn - kit qud, phdn loai ddi tugng, liin hi dd'i chii'u,...

LUY$N TAP

Hay dgc cac doan trfch sau va xac dinh each phdn tfch cu thi trong mdi doan.

1. "Trudc su that, ngudi lam khoa hge cd hai each xfl su dl lua choir. Hoac theo con dudng minh da tu lua : trung thanh vdi khoa hgc du khdng dugc gidi chfnh thd'ng thfla nhdn. Hoac chdp nhdn nhiing su xuyin tac theo thdi quen, theo khoa hgc rdm. Khdng ft nha khoa hgc, nha sfl hgc cd tai da chgn con dudng thfl hai va dugc gidi cdm quyln trgng vgng, ban khen, hdu thudng va dugc sdng mdt cudc ddi dm dim. Am hiiu tdm If con ngudi, tudng Na-pd-le-dng da ndi : "Ngudi ta ddt mui con ngudi bdng nhiing cai phu phid'm'',

Nhung trong lich sfl the gidi da tiing cd nhilu guang sang cua cac nha khoa hgc vi su thdt, vi chdn li. G. Bru-nd da chiing chac budc ldn gian hoa thidu, kidn quylf khdng tfl bd su that ma dng da tim ra. G. Ga-U-ld khdng chiu ndi ap luc cua toa an giao hdi... nhung cdu ndi cud'i cung vdn thd't ldn mdt su thdt "Du sao trai ddt vdn quay"; Tu Ma Thidn va nhilu nha sfl hgc chdn chfnh cua Trung Qudc da anh dung vilt ldn su thdt du trudc mdt minh da tutng ddu rai mau chay...".

(Theo Pham Ngpc Uydn, trong sach Mgt gdc nhin cua tri thicc)

2. "Cdn rd't nhilu cdu tho tidu bilu cho ld'i cam xuc ridng ciia Xudn Dilu. Tdi chi ddn mdt vf du nay nfla. Trong ban dich Ti bd hdnh cua Phan Huy Vinh co cdii:

72

Thuyin mdy Id ddng tdy ldng ngdt,

, Mgt vdng trdng trong vdt long sdng

ta canh xung quanh thuyin sau khi ngudi ti ba phu vfla danh dan xong. Mdt canh ldng le, lanh lung dn sau mdt ndi budn am thdm, kfn dao. Thi Lfl cd le da nhd dd'n hai cdu dy khi vilt:

Tii'ng diiu sdo nao nao trong vdt,

Trdi quang mdy xanh ngdt mdu la.

Mac ddu hai chtt "nao nao" cd dua vao trong tho mdt chut rung ddng, ta vdn chua xa gi cdi khdng khf binh ydn trdn bin Tdm Duong. Vdi Xudn Didu, ca tinh ldn canh \xb ndn xdn xao vd cung. Ngudi ki nfl cua Xudn Didu cung ba va nhu ngudi ti ba phu. Nhung nang khdng lang le budn, ta thdy nang run ldn vi dau khd :

Em sg ldm. Gid bdng trdn mgi neo ;

Trdi day trdng Ignh leo sud't xuang da"

(Hoai Thanh - Thi nhdn Viet Nam)

3. "Cdn gi dang budn han khi ma giau cd vl vdt chdt thi lai ngheo nan dd'n tham hai vl van hod tinh thdn,... Mdt bd phdn thanh nidn bdy gid nghi nhilu, ndi nhilu din tiln bac, hudng thu. An mac dep sang trgng, tidn nghi hidn dai lam, nhung con ngudi thi vd cung mdng. Gid thdi nhe la bay bid'n tfl tdn ngay. Ngay trudc ddn ta ngheo, nhung dflc day, nhdn each viing vang, phong ba bao tap khdng hi gi,... (Thung quy tai giao due ma ra. C!ha me bdy gid ehilu con qua, khdng di chung thilu thdn gi. Vi till md chung rdt mong manh, dl vd, di hu hdng'.

(Theo Nguyin Khai, bao Ddu tu)

4. ""Ndi riing, riing nhttng ban hoan" trong long Thuy Kilu dim nay la vdy. Nang chi cd thflc vdi nggn den ddu cho dd'n khi ddu khd trong dia ma ddng Id vdn khdng dflt ddm khan. "Ddu chong trang dia Id tran thdm khan", bdi nang chi cd xdt dau rdi dau xdt chfl chua tim dugc phuang k l nao. Ban hodn mang y quanh qudn, qudn quanh, lai thdm nhidig bdn hodn ndn cang thdm rdi rdm. Am didu cdu tha lai xody sdu vao trong ldng cd ddc, vao chd sdu kfn nhd't, chi minh bid't, minh hay (ndi riing, riing nhdng), cang tang cdi gidy vd ciia tdm trang dang hoan toan b l tdc"

(Ld Tri Vidn - Den vdi tha hay)

73

LUYEN TAP THAO TAC LAP LUAN • • • •

PHAN TICH (Vl xa hdi)

KET QUA CAN DAT

Cd kindng phdn tich.

Bii't van dung ki ndng ndy vdo viic vii't dogn vdn phdn tich mdt vdn di xdhdi.

1. Dgc cac doan trfch sau va cho bid't thao tac phdn tfch cu thi trong dd :

GlANGl/dl

Gid ngudi la mdt vdt kilm dugc bdi su coi trgng eua ngudi khae. Pham ngudi ai cflng thfch cd gid ; ma ndi chung a- ^ung cd luc dugc cd gid. Gid ngudi, ai cung cd : ma rdng hay hep, ldu hay ngan, thi dd la chd ngUdi ta han keni nhau.

Trong nha ngudi d'm thi dng thdy thudc cd gid ; trong dam hdi chua thi dng sU cd gia ; trong ban xdc dia thi dng md bat ^ cd gid ; trong dam md Ign thi dng cdm dao bdu cd gid ; sdng to sdng ca, khach la gidi ehilu, bd'n vang dd thua, mdt chile thuyin nan, thi cd lai cd gid. Dinh dam ai, gia ngUdi d'y ; gia ai, dinh dam d'y. Gia dng md bat chi trong ban xdc dia ; ngoai ban xdc dia, dng md bat khdng cd gid. Xdc dia da tan ban, thi hd't gia dng md bat. Gid dng cdm dao bdu, chi trong dam md Ign ; ngoai dam md Ign, dng dao bdu khdng cd gid. Thit Ign da ldn dia, cung hit gia dng dao bdu. Md'y cai kia dai khai cung nhu thd'. Ddu rdng, hep, ldu, chdng, hoac cd hon kem nhau ft nhilu, nhung tu ngudi qudn tfl coi xem, chi nhu thanh ddm udt tdm ddu tdy, sang khdng dugc la bao nhilu ma thi gid rdt ngdn ngui. 6ng Manh Tfl thua vua Tl Tuydn cd ndi rang : "Xin vua durng thfch cai su manh bao nhd". Ta cung mud'n ngudi ddi dflng thfch cai gid nho.

(Theo Tan Da)

HQCVANVAVANHOA

Xin diing vdi nghi cfl cd hgc vdn, bang cdp cao la nghiim nhidn trd thanh ngudi ed van hod. Trinh dd tri thflc van hoa cung chi mdi la tiln dl. Nlu sfl

(1) Ong md bdt: ngudi mfl cai bat dd xem quan xfle xdc hidn ra mat nao ttong ban choi xdc ffia.

74

ren luydn nhdn each kem thi tilm nang hiiu bid't dd d l tao ndn thdi hgm hinh, khinh ddi ; phong each sdng cang xdu di, cang giam tfnh chd't van hod. Trong thuc tl , ta thdy khdng hilm nhiing ngudi cd hgc ma phong each sd'ng lai trdi ngugc. Hg md milng la vdng tuc, ndi cdu nao cung diu cd kem tfl khdng dep. Mat vdnh vdnh vdo vdo, coi khinh hit thay mgi ngudi. Trd chuydn vdi ai thi bao gid cung hid'u thing, ndi ld'y dugc, nhung khi gap khd khan thi chun budc, thoai thdc trdch nhilm. Trong luc dd, cd ngudi hgc hanh chua nhilu, chua cd hgc ham hgc vi gi nhung khidm tdn, lich su, bid't dilu trong giao tid'p, kheo leo va khdn ngoan trong cdch iing xfl trudc mgi tinh hud'ng cua cudc sdng. Rd rang chd't vdn hod trong phong each sdng phu thudc nhilu vao y thflc tu dudng tinh nit, hge tdp trudng ddi va kd't qua giao due cua gia dinh.

Tdt nhidn, tac ddng cua tnnh dd hgc vd'n dd'n sU ndng cao phong each vdn hod cua mdt ngudi rd't ldn. C!ach suy nghi, each giai quylt mdu thudn, su udc ma, ki vgng va su trau ddi If tudng cd lidn quan mdt thilt din tilm nang hiiu bid't. Da sd nhung ngudi cd hgc vdn cao thudng cd phong each sdng dep. Khdng thi phu nhdn thue t l dd, chi cd dilu cdn nhd la tnnh dd hgc vdn va phong each sdng vdn hod khdng phai lue nao cung di ddi vdi nhau.

(Theo Trudng Giang)

2. Vid't doan van phdn tfch theo eac d l sau :

Dl 1. Vilt doan van ban vl duge va md't trong cudc sd'ng.

Ggi y : Dugc vd mdt trong cudc sd'ng khdng tach rdi nhau. Mud'n hgc gidi, phai mdt cdng hgc tdp ; mudn cd ban phai bid't quy trgng ban,... Khdng ai dugc ma khdng mdt gi va cdi cd dugc khdng phai la cd mai. Cd khi dugc ma lai la md't, cd khi mdt md lai dugc. Vdy hay phdn tich d l thdy nhiing cai dugc va nhiing cai md't d ddi, tfl dd cd thai dd dung dan dd'i vdi cudc sd'ng.

E>i 2. Vid't doan van phdn tfch mdi quan hd gitta bd phdn va toan thi.

Ggiy: Phdt td Thfch Ca Mdu Ni cd ldn hdi dd tfl : Lam th i nao d l mdt gigt nudc khdng bi khd mdt ? Cdc dd tfl suy nghi mai ma khdng tim ra giai phap. Cudi cung Phdt t6 tra ldi : Hay dem nd v l vdi sdng, hd, biln ca. Cung tfl ggi y dd cd thi suy ra : Tflng cd nhdn thi yd'u dudi, nhung hoa minh vao tdp thi thi lai cd sflc manh.

75

BAI CA NGAT NGUdNG

NGUYEN CONG TRU"

KET QUA CAN DAT

Hiiu dugc tdm hon tu do, khodng dat cdng thdi dd tu tin, cd phdn nggo ddi ciia tdc gid. Thdy dugc nhihig dgc diem ndi bat cua tha hdt ndi the hiin trong bdi tha.

Tiiu DAN

Nguyen Cdng Trfl (1778 -1858) tu Tdn Chat, hieu Ngd Trai, biSt hidu Hi Van, ngUdi Iding Uy Vien, huyen Nghi Xuin, tinh H i TTnh. Thud nho, Nguyin Cdng Trfl rdt cham hoc. Nam 1803, iiSng vidt Thai binh thap sach bdn kd Idm eho nUdc gi iu dan manh ddng Idn vua Gia Long nhin djp vua dl tuln du ra Bac qua Nghd An. Lin dan trong thi cfl sud't thdi thanh nidn, mai tdi nam bdn mUoi hai tudi mdi do dflt. Lam quan dUdi trieu Nguyen hai mUoi tam nam, trai nhieu lan thing giing nhUng Nguyen Cdng Trfl ludn gifl dUpc

OU4 J Ll J OA T - i Lixu- thai dd binh than v i cflng cdi, sin Chdn dung Nguydn Cdng Tru tainhd thd .^.„ „ . . „ • . „ „ .^ . -„„

A linn I lu ViSn ^ ^ ° "^"^3 " 3 ° " <^""9 , , ^ . . oianguyvien ^^^^ | ^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^Q,^ ^.^ ^^^ (Aih: Thong tan xS Viet Nam - Tran Thiem) thudng duoc giao. Ong^cd cdng ldn trong vide cdng cd vUOng trieu Nguyen, tflng dUa d in di khai khin cae vung dat hoang ven bien Ninh Binh, Nam Djnh, Thai Binh v i lap ra mot sd huydn mdi, tdng mdi,... Nam bay mUoi tudi, sau hai lan xin cao quan, dng dUpc chdp thuin cho ve nghi tai que nhi . 6 qud, dng gdp phdn tu bd mot sd chiia chien, lai cung thUdng td chflc c ic buoi h i t ca tru tai nh i . TrUdc khi mdt it l iu , nghe tin thUc dan Phap danh O i Nang, Nguyen Cdng Trfl cdn ding s6 xin dupe tdng quin.

Nguyen Cdng Trfl sing t ic rdt nhidu, chij ydu l i tho v in chfl Ndm, gdm c6 phu, hit ndi, tho Du&ng luat, hidn cdn khoang mdt trim nam mUoi bi i . Tho vdn Nguyen Cdng Trfl cho thay ro nhan cich ddc dio cija dng - mdt con ngU&i gidu nang life, cd cdt cich t i i tfl phong lUU, bidt sdng v i dam sdng, khdng ngin ngai khang djnh c i tinh cCia minh.

76

Nguyin Cdng Trfl cd ddng gdp Idn cho sUdjnh hinh cua tho hit ndi. Trong hing loat bi i tho hat ndi dat tdi mflc cd dien, mau mUc ma dng de lai, Bai ca ngSt ngudng thudc loai xudt s ic nhdt. Tic pham niy duac nhi tho vidt trong thdi ki c io quan ve hUU, da ra "ngoii vdng cUong toa", cd the xem nhU mot ban tdng kdt ve cudc ddi day thing trim v i phong phu cua dng.

* * *

1. VUtru ndi mgc phi phdn si/^^,

Ong Hi Vdn tdi bd^^^ da vdo long^'^^

Khi Thu khoa, khi Tham tdn, khi Tdng ddc Ddng^^\

Gdm thao lugc^ ' ddnen tay ngdt ngudng.

5. Luc binh Tdy^ 'cd dgi tudng,

Cd khi vi Phu dodrv ' Thda Thiin.

Dd mdn gidi td chi niirc ',

Dgc ngua bd vdng deo ngdt ngudng

Kia nui no phau phau mdy trdng ,

10. Tay kiem cung md nin dgng td bi

Gdt tiin theo dung dinh mdt ddi di ,

But cdng nuc cudi dng ngdt ngudng.

(1) VU trif ndi mgc phi phdn su: Trong vdng trdi ddt, ching cd vide gi khdng phai la vide cua minh. (2) Tdi bd : tdi ba, tdi tri. (3) Vdo ISng: chdp nhan gdnh vdc trach nhidm cua ke nam nhi. Ciing cd thd hidu vdo ldng \k mdc vao

vdng trdi budc cda quan trudng. (4) cau tho nhac ddn mdt sd mdc ttdn dudng lam quan ciia Nguydn Cdng Trfl : dd Giai nguydn ki

dii Huong nam 1819 trudng Nghd An, lani Tham tan dai thdn di dep loan b Cao Bang, lam Tdng ddc tinh Hai Duong vd tinh Quang Ydn (thudc Quang Ninh ngay nay).

(5) Thao lugc : tai diing binh. (6) Binh Tdy: hoat ddng quan su b phia tay nam Vidt Nam. (7) Phu dodn : chflc quan dflng ddu tinh cd kinh dd, b day la Thfla Thidn. (8) Dd mdn gidi td chi niin: Nam tai kinh dd cdi day deo ah tta lai chflc quan cho ttidu dinh dd vd

qud (dd mdn: kinh dd ; gidi td: ccd day deo ah). (9) Sau khi dupc nha vua chdp thuan cho nghi huu, Nguydn Cdng Trfl cudi mdt con bd vang cd deo

dac (nhac) ngua rdi khdi kinh dd. (10) Mdy trdng: bidu tupng cua cudc sdng dn dat thanh cao. Cao quan vd qud, Nguydn Cdng Trfl

dung nhd b chan niii Dai Nai, canh chiia Cam Son thudc huydn Thach Ha, tinh Ha Tinh ngdy nay.

(11) Dgng tic bi: ddng ddp nhu nha tu hanh, nha su. (12) Di choi chda nhung Nguydn Cdng Trfl dua theo cac cd hdu.

77

Dugc mdt duang duang ngudi thdi thugng , (2)

Khen che phai phdi nggn ddng phong

15. Khi ca, khi tdu, khi cdc, khi tdng ,

Khdng Phdt, khdng Tiin, khdng vUdng tuc.

Chdng Trdi, Nhgc cdng vdo phudng Hdn, Phu^ ',

Nghia vua tdi cho ven dgo sa chung ,

Trong triiu ai ngdt ngudng nhu dng ! (LE THUdC, Sunghiip vd thi vdn

ciia Uy Viin tudng cdng Nguyin Cdng Trie, Ld Van Tan xudt ban, 1928)

Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Ndu dn tugng chung cua anh (chi) vl con ngudi tac gia thi hiln qua bai tho.

2. Lidt kd nhiing tfl, cum tfl mang tfnh chdt tu xung cua tac gia. Nhdn xet vl each tu xung dy.

3. Tim hieu y nghia cua tfl ngdt ngudng trong bai tha (chu y sd ldn xudt hiln cung vi trf ma tfl nay dugc dat vao, dd'i ehilu nghia tfl trong tfl diln vdi nghia tfl toat ldn trong tac phdm).

4. Lam rd phong each sdng, thai dd sd'ng cua tdc gia thi hidn trong bai tha, tfl cdu 9 dd'n cdu 19. Nhiing thu phap nghd thudt gi da dugc vdn dung b ddy ?

(1) Cbi khinh mpi chuydn dupc mdt ttong cudc ddi (duang duang : nhon nhon tu dac), nhu ngudi thdi thugng (ngucd cua thdi rdt xua). Cd ban chep la Dugc mat duang ducmg ngudi tdi thugng, nhdc lai tich dng lao b gdn cfla ai, mdt ngua khdng ldy lam budn, dupc ngua khdng ldy lam vui.

(2) Cd thd hidu : Mac mpi ldi khen chd, ta vdn cfl vd tu, vdn phoi phdi nhu nggn ddng phong (gid xuan), hoac : Ta xem mpi ldi khen chd nhu gid thoang ngoai tai, khdng cdn dd y.

(3) Cdc, tdng : am thanh tidng diii gd vao tang ttd'ng va mat trdng ttong cudc hdt ca ttu. 6 day dung vdi nghia Idiai quat chi sinh boat hat ca tru ndi chung.

(4) Tdn nhOng danh tudng Trung Hoa thdi xua cd su nghidp hidn hach (Jrdi: Trai Tuan, ngudi thdi Han ; Nhgc : Nhac Phi, Hdn : Han BQ, Phu : Phu Bat ddu la ngudi thdi Tdng). Trdi, Nhgc co ban chep la Thdi Nhgc ; Hdn, Phu cd ban chep la Mai Phuc.

(5) Sa chung : sa: bat ddu ; chung: kdt thuc. Dgo sa chung : dao li sd'ng cd trudc cd sau.

78

5. Theo anh (chi), gifla ldi sd'ng ngdt ngudng vdi tdm nidm "Nghia vua tdi cho ven dao so chung" cd gi mdu thudn khdng ?

6. Ndu cam nhdn vl y vi cua nhiing khdu ngfl ma nha tho da dua vao tac phdm.

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Chi ra nhiing dac dilm thi loai cua tho hat ndi dugc thi hidn trong bai tha. Gifla ddc dilm thi loai nay vdi ndi dung tu tudng, cam xuc ma Nguydn Cdng Trfl mudn bdc Id cd su hod didu nhu thi nao ?

TRI THLTC DOC - HIEU

Thd h i t noi

Tho hat ndi l i mdt the tho rieng cua Viet Nam, phat trien manh v i dat tdi trinh dp miu mifc

trong the ki XVIII v i XIX vdi cic t ic gia kiet xudt nhu Nguyin Cdng Trfl, Nguyin Khuyen, Duong

Khud,... Gpi la tha hat noi vi nd la phan van ban ngdn ti^ cua bai hat ndi; m i hat noi lai l i mdt trong

nhQng diiu thflc ehCi dao cOa Idi hat ca tru (cdn dUpc gpi l i hat nhi trd, nhi to, a dao, cd dau,...) -

mot loai hinh ca nhac chuyin nghiep cd ngudn gdc cung dinh, trong qui trinh phat trien da thu

hut duac nhidu tinh hoa cua vdn ca hit d in gian dan tdc v i cCia ca vu Cham. Hit ndi c6 sif ket

hpp hai hoa gifla phan ngam v i phan ndi (ndi nhU Idi ndi thudng vdi ft nhidu each dieu) trSn mdt

nen nhac rieng.

Trong cic bi i tho hit ndi, ta thudng gap nhieu loai cau thd nhuluc bit, ngu ngdn, thd't ngdn, m i

da vdy, hinh thflc gieo van cung bien hoi da dang : cd van chin, van lUng, cd vdn bang, vdn trac.

Cung thudng thi'y cd chen v io trong bi i nhiimg ciu ddi hay ciu thudn chfl Hin. Nhin ehung, sd

tidng trong ciu khdng that cd djnh, phd bien la tfl bay den tam tieng, cd trUdng hpp nhidu hon.

Rieng sd cau trong bi i cung cd sU bidn ddi theo tCTng trUdng hpp sing t ic cu the.

Trai qua mot qui trinh phat tridn l iu d i i vdi sUddng gdp cda nhidu cay but lao luyen, the tho hit

ndi din di vio dn djnh vdi kdt ci'u nhU sau : mdt bai du khd gdm 11 cau chia lam ba khd (odn gpi la trS),

trong dd khd dau va khd gifla cd bdn cau, khd xdp (tfle l i khd cudi) cd ba cau ; nhi?ng bi i thieu khd

thudng thidu khd giuTa, cdn lai bay cau ; nhCrng b i i ddi khd thudng cd 15, 19, 23 hoac 27 ciu m i

thudng ddi d vj tri gifla khd dau v i khd gifla. Ciu dau tien cua bi i thd hat ndi phai gieo van chin,

mang thanh trie. Hai c iu tidp gieo van chin, thanh bang ; hai cau tiep nfla gieo vdn chin, thanh

trie ; cfl thd dip ddi luin phien theo timg cap mot cho den het. Die biet, cudi bi i thudng la ciu siu

tidng, gpi rdt nhidu dUim.

Tho hat ndi hdp dan chCi ydu d gipng dieu chfl khdng han cl hinh anh duac mieu ta. Nd ri't thfch

hdp vdi vide biy td nhflng tutudng, tinh cam tudo, phdng tiing, thoat ra ngoii khudn khd. Chfnh vi

thd, nhQng nhi tho t i i hoa, t i i tfl, xem trpng nhu ciu ca nhin thudng rat Ua tim tdi the thd niy.

79

DOC THEM

BAI CA PHONG CANH HUONG SON (Huang San phong cdnh ca)

CHU MANH TRINH

TIEU DAN

Chu Manh Trinh (1862 -1905) tU Can Than, hieu Tnic Vin, que d xa Me Sd, huyen Vin Giang, tinh Hung Yen. Nam 1892, dd tien sh lam quan den chflc An sat. Nim 1903, Chu Manh Trinh cao quan ve que, hai nam sau thi mat, thp bdn mUOi ba tudi.

Ong la ngUdi tai hoa, thao du cam, ki, thi, hoa, lai glol ca nghd thuit kien tnic. Ve tho, dng doat giai nha't thO Ndm trong cudc thi vjnh Kieu nim 1905 cl Hung Yen.

Tac pham cOa dng gdm cd : True Van thi tap (thO chfl Han), Thanh Tam Tai Nhan thi tap (trong tap cd nhflng bai thd Ndm vjnh Kieu). Ngoai ra cdn co may bai ca vjnh canh Huong Son.

Huong Son la mdt quan the di tfch thang canh ndi tieng gdm cd niii, chua, am, ddng, sudi,... 6 huyen MT Dflc, Ha Ndi. Tren niii cd ddng HUdng Tfch lam say Idng bao khach thip phuong. Sau khi cao quan, vi yeu men phong canh Huong Son, Chu Manh Trinh da cung vdi cac nha tfl thien triing tu tdn tao chiia Thien Trii (Bdp Trdi). TUOng truyen chua Thidn Trii bay gid la lam theo ban ve ciia Chu Manh Trinh. Bai ca phong canh Huang Son dupc sang tac vao liic nay.

Tho ve HUdng Son rat nhieu, d iy la bai die sac nhat.

1. Bdu trdi cdnh But,

Thd Huang San ao udc hdy ldu nay.

Kia non non, nudc nudc, mdy mdy,

"De nhdt dgng hdi Id day cd phdi ?

(\)De nhdt ddng : trdn cfla ddng Huong Tich cd khdc mdy chiJ : "Nam thidn dd nhdt ddng" (Ddng sd mdt trdi Nam), tuong jtruydn la chir ciia chua Trinh Sam.

80

5. Thd the rieng mai chim cung trdi,

LUng Id khe Yen cd nghe kinh.

Vdng hen tai mgt tieng chdy kinh , 9 (3 )

Khdch tang hai gidt minh trong gidc mgng.

Tren dong sudi Yen

(Anh: Thong tan xa Viet Nam - Thanh Ha)

Ndy sudi Gidi Oan, ndy chda Cita Vong,

10. Ndy hang Phdt Tich, ndy dgng Tuyet Quynh,

Nhdc trong len ai kheo hoq hinh,

Dd ngU sdc long lanh nhu gdm det.

Thdm thdm mgt hang long bong nguyet,

Gap ghenh may ldi udn thang mdy.

(1) Khe Yen : ddng sudi Ydn chay qua Huong Tfch. (2) Chdy kinh : chay dung dd danh chudng hinh gid'ng con ca kinh. (3) Khdch tang hdi: thanh ngii ddy du la "tang dien thuong hai" (rudng dau bidn thanh bien xanh),

cd nghia Id cudc ddi bidn thiSn, chim ndi. 6 day y noi khach cua cudc ddi trdn tuc.

81 6A-NGCifVAN11-NC,T1

15. Chvcng giang san cdn dgi ai day.

Hay lao hod kiieo ra tay xe'p dgt.

Ldn trdng hqr ' niem Nam md Phdt,

Cica tUbf^^ cdng dUc biet la bao !

Cdng trong phong cdnh cdng yeu.

(Tuyen tap tha ca trd, NXB Van hoc. Ha Ndi, 1997)

HJdNG DAN DOC THEM

1. Bdi tho cd mdy phdn, y chuih mdi phdn vd trinh tu sap xdp cua cdc phdn d'y ?

2. Md ddu bai thd, tac gia da didn ta cam xuc cua minh trUdc todn canh Huettig Son nhil thd ndo ? (Ggi y : phan tich phep lap tfl vd cdu hdi trong hai cdu 3 -4 ) .

3. Du khdch dugc din dat di vdo "canh But" nhu thd nao ? (Ggi y : Cach ta canh trong khd 2, each Udt kd b khd 3, each ta canh hang b khd 4 ; trong mdi canh diu c6 ngu tinh). Vl sao "Khach tang hai giat minh trong gidc mdng" ?

4. Doan kd't bai tho ndu ldn tu tudng vd cam hflng gi cua tdc gia ?

LUYEN TAP THAO TAC LAP LUAN PHAN TICH

(Vl tac phdm tha)

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Cd kindng phdn tich tha.

• Bii't van dung ki ndng ndy phdn tich tha.

vdo viic dgc hieu vd viet bdi

(1) Trdng hgt: chudi hat gdm nhidu hat mau nau hoac den, ngudi theo dao Phat khi tung nidm tbi tay ldn ddm tttng hat.

(2) Cica tiJC bi: cita nha Phat.

82 6 - N G 0 V A N 1 1 / 1 ( N C ) - B

1. Hay dgc doan trich sau ddy va tra ldi cac cdu hdi ndu d dudi.

"Cdy em, em cd chiu ldi, Ngdi lin cho chi Igy rdi sethUa.

(Nguyin Du)

Ngudi ta hdi: Tai sao Nguyin Du khdng dung nhd, ma dflng cdy ; khdng dflng nhgn ma dung chiu ? (Hifnh vi gifla cac tfl dy cd mdt su sai khac kha tinh vi. Dat nhd vdo chd cay, khdng nhflng dm didu tha se nhe di, dm thanh khdng dgng d chfl thfl nhdt cua cdu tha nfla, lam giam nhe chiing nao cai quan quai khd ndi cua Thuy Kilu, ma y nghia hi vgng tha thid't cua mdt ldi trdi trdng, y nghia nuang tua gfli gam cua mdt td'm long tuydt vgng, ddng thdi cung la y nghia tin tudng thdn mdt d mdt md'i tinh rudt thit, nhiing y nghia dd se gdn nhu md't di. Cdn gifla chiu vd nhdn thi dudng nhu cd vd'n dl tu nguydn hay khdng tu nguydn nfla. Nhdn ldi cd le la cd ndi dung tu nguydn d trong, hay ft ra cung la cd y kiln cua ngudi nhdn ldi. Chiu ldi thi hinh nhu chi cd mdt su nai ep phai nhdn vi khdng nhdn khdng dugc. Trong tinh thi cua Thuy Vdn bd'y gid chi cd chiu ldi chfl lam sao cd thi nhdn ldi dugc.

Cdu tha sau chfl gian di ma chfla dung trong vai tfl cdn nhac ki td't ca ehilu sdu cua mdt tinh thi phfle tap cang lam cho nd cd dang ddp nhu mdt ldi cdu nguydn linh thidng, y nghia da cd san trong ldi tha nhung ngudi nghe vdn chua sao hiiu dugc.

Tai sao lai Igy ? Vide nhd cdy qua la quan trgng, cho ngudi nhd cung nhu cho ngudi dugc nhd. Cho ngudi nhd, dd la tra mdn ng tinh,... C3io ngudi dugc nhd thi cang qua rd,... Nhdn ldi la mdt su hi sinh vi chi, vi cai cao quy cua chi. Ma dd'i vdi mdt cfl chi hi sinh vi ngudi khao nhu vdy, chi cd kfnh phuc va bid't an, ngay xUa phai to bay bang cai lay. Thuy Kilu ddi lay Thuy Vdn la lay cai hi sinh cao ca d'y''

(Ld Tri Vidn)

a) Ndi dung chfnh ma ngudi vid't mud'n lam ndi bdt qua doan trich la gi ?

b) Di ldm ndi bdt ndi dung trdn, ngudi vid't da dua vao cac yd'u td nao cua van ban ? Cdch phdn tfch cua tdc gia cd gi dac sac ?

2. Vilt doan van phdn tfch mdt hinh anh, mdt cdu tha hodc doan tha ma anh (chi) ydu thfch. Chu y ndu ra nhiing net dac sac vl ndi dung tu tudng va hinh thflc nghl thudt cua cdu tha, doan tha dd.

Ggi y : Cdc bai tha da hgc trong sach Ngd vdn 11 Ndng cao, tdp mdt cd bai chtt Han, thudc tho c6 thi (Bdi ca ngdn di trin bdi cdt - Cao Ba Quat), cd bai lam

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theo the hat ndi (Bdi ca ngdt ngudng - Nguydn Cdng Trfl hoac Bdi ca phong cdnh Huar.g San - Chu Manh Trinh), phdn ldn cdn lai la tha Ndm lam theo thi Dudng ludt vdi cac bai tidu bilu nhu : Tu tinh (bai II - Hd Xudn Huang), Chgy gidc (Nguydn Dinh (Thilu), Cdu cd mda thu, Tii'n si gidy (Nguydn Khuyen), Thucmg vg, Vinh khoa thi Huong (Trdn Tl Xuong),...

Anh (chi) hay tu lua chgn mdt vai cdu tha, doan tha cd dm hudng, nhip dieu, td ngd, hinh dnh,... ddc dao va vid't mdt doan van phdn tfch gia tri cua cac yd'u tl hinh thflc dd trong vide lam ndi bdt ndi dung tu tudng cua cdu tho, (Joan tha. Khi phdn tich cdn dat cdu .tho, doan tha dd trong toan bai tha da hgc.

TRA BAI VIET SO 2

KET QUA CAN DAT

Ndm dugc ddc diem vd cdc yiu cdu ca ban ciia di vdn d Bai vilt sd 2.

Bie't cdch phdn tich di vdn nghi ludn xd hdi bdn vi mgt tu tudng, dgo li ; nhdn ra dugc nhidig uu diem vd nhugc diem cua bdi vii't.

Muc dich va each thflc cua tid't Trd bdi vii't sd 2 co ban gid'ng tid't Trd bdi viet sd 1, vi the hgc sinh xem lai nhiing ydu cdu da ndu trong tid't Trd bdi vii't sd 1 va chu y thdm mdt sd dilm sau :

1. Cung la bai nghi ludn xa hdi, nhung dl d Bdi vii't sd2 cd gi khac so vdi dl 6 Bdi viet sd I ? Lidn he vdi cac dl da ndu b Bdi vii't sd 2 trong sach giao khoa dl thd'y rd han dac dilm cua loai dl nay.

2. Do tinh chd't va dac dilm cua dl cd khac so vdi bai vid't trudc, ndn cdn xem xet ndi dung va each thflc lam bai cua anh (chi) da phu hgp chua. Dd'i ehilu gifla yeu cdu cua dl vdi bai lam cu the cua anh (chi) de thd'y dugc su tid'n bd ciia ban than.

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^ ^ ^ - - (1) CHIEU CAU HIEN (Cdu hien chieu)

NGO THI NHAM

KET QUA CAN OAT

Hieu chu truang cdu hiin dung dan cua vua Quang Trung sau ngdy dep yin thu trong gidc ngodi di thdy tdm nhin xa trdng rdng vd tdm long vi ddn, vi nudc cua dng.

Thdy dugc ldi diin dgt bdng nhdng ldi le ddy tdm huy it vd cdch lap ludn chat che, cd sdc thuyi't phuc cao cua tdc gid.

Tiiu DAN

Nim 1788, vua Le Chieu Thdng rudc quan Thanh v io xam lUpc nudc

ta, Nguyen Hue len ngdi Hoang dd, d i t nien hieu la Quang Trung, rdi dem

quan ra Bac quet sach hai mUdi van giic Thanh ciing bpn tay sai bin

nudc. L§ Chieu Thdng v i tan quin chay theo Tdn S7 Nghj. Trieu Le hoan

toan sup dd. TrUdc sU kien trdn, mdt sd be tdi ciia nha Le hoic mang ning

tu tudng trung quin loi thdi, hoic sd hai vi chua hieu trieu dai mdi, nen da

bd trd'n, di d an, tU tfl,... Quang Trung giao cho Tien sT Ngd Thi Nham thay

Idi minh vidt Chieu cau hiin keu gpi nhflng ngudi tai dflc ra lam viec giiip

d in , giiip nUdc.

Ngd Thi Nham (1746 - 1803) hieu la Hi Doan, ngudi lang Ta Thanh Oai

(cdn gpi l i l ing Td), huyen Thanh Oai, tinh Ha Ddng (nay thudc huyen

Thanh Tri, Ha Ndi), dd tie'n s7 n im 1775, tflng lam quan dUdi trieu

Le Cdnh Hung, rdi theo giiip Tay Son, dUdC Nguyin Hue tin dung va

giao cho soan thao cdng v in giay td quan trpng ma Chieu cau hiin la

mot trong nhflng v in ban dd.

(1) Hien : b day la ngudi hidn tai.

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Nhd thd ddng ho Ngd Thi tai Idng Ta Thanh Oai

* * *

1. Tflng nghe ndi rang : Ngudi hiln xud't hiln d ddi, thi nhu ngdi sao sang trdn trdi cao. Sao sang at chdu vl ngdi Bac Thdn , ngudi hiln at lam sfl gia cho thidn tfl Nd'u nhu che md't anh sang, gid'u di ve dep , cd tai ma khdng dugc ddi dung, thi dd khdng phai la y trdi sinh ra ngudi hiln vdy.

2a. Trudc ddy thdi thi suy vi, Trung chdu gap nhilu bid'n cd , ke si phai d dn trong ngdi khe, trd'n trdnh vide ddi^ ', nhflng bdc tinh anh trong

(1) Ngdi Bdc Thdn : sao Bdc Ddu, tupng trung cho hodng d6. Sach Ludn ngU ciia Khdng Tfl cd cau: "Vi chinh di dflc, thf nhu Bdc Thdn, cu ki sd, chung tinh cung chi", nghia la, ldy dflc ma cai tri ddt nudc, gidng nhu sao Bac Ddu giit diing vi trf cua minh, cac ngdi sao khac se chdu vd.

(2) Thien tic: con trdi; b day chi vua. (3) Che mdt dnh sdng, gidu di ve dep : y ndi cd tai ma di dn dat, lanh ddi nhu anh sang bi che ldp,

nhu ve dep bi gidu di. (4) Trung chdu: chau b giiia; b day chi nudn Bdc luc bdy gid. Nhieu bien cd': chi cac su kidn tranh

gianh quydn binh giiia cac phe phai trong tridu dinh Ld - Trinh vd vide Nguydn Hud dem qudn ra Bdc diet hp Trinh.

(5) Phdi d dn : ldy y bai tho Khdo bdn trong Kinh thi, chi vide di or dn. (6) Trd'n trdnh viec ddi: dich thoat y cau "dung ciing vu hoang nguu", nghia den la gdi Id tixjng tdm

dabd.

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trilu dudng phai kidng de khdng dam ldn tilng^ Cung cd ke gd md canh cfla \ cung cd ke ra biln vao sdng^^\ chit dudi trdn can " -* ma khdng bilt, dudng nhu mudn ldn trdnh sud't ddi.

Nay trdm dang ghe chid'u ldng nghe^ \ ngay ddm mong mdi, nhung nhiing ngudi hgc rdng tai cao chua thdy cd ai tim din. Hay trdm ft dflc khdng dang di phd td chang ? Hay dang thdi d6 ndt chua thi ra phung su | vuang hdu chang ?

2b. Kia nhu, trdi cdn tam td'i \ thi ddng qudn tfl phai trd tai. Nay duong d budi ddu cua nin dai dinh -*, cdng vide vfla mdi md ra. Ki cuang nai trilu chfnh cdn nhilu khilm khuylt, cdng vide ngoai bidn duong phai lo toan. Ddn cdn nhgc mdt chua lai sflc, ma dflc hoa^ -* cua trdm chua kip nhudn thd'm khdp nai.

Tuong vua Quang Trung tai Hd Ndi {Anh: Thong tan xS Viet Nam)

(1) Kiing de khdng ddm len tieng : dich thoat cau "gidi minh vu truong ma", y ndi mdt sd quan trong tridu giQ minh khdng dam td bay y kidn ridng cua minh.

(2) Go mo canh cvCa : chflc quan nho dflng gae cfla va danh md bao gid cdm canh vao ban ddm ; b day y ndi, cd nhiing ngudi tuy da ra lam quan nhung khdng hang hai, chi lam vide mdt each cdm chiitng nhu ngudi gae cfla, nhu ke ddnh md cdm canh.

(3) Ra Men vdo sdng: ldy y trong sach Hdn thu, chi ngudi di tu tfl.

(4) Chii dud'i tren cgn: y ndi, ngudi cd tai ma di d dn khac nao ke chdt dudi Xrtn can, udng phi tai nang.

(5) Ghe chieu idng nghe : dich tfl cau "trdc tich di van" ldy trong sach Hdu Hdn thu, y ndi ndng ldng trdng ngdng ngudi hidn tai, ddn ndi ngdi khdng ydn.

(6) Trdi cdn tdm td'i: dich tfl cau "thidn tao thao mudi" (khi trdi mdi khai sang), y ndi budi ban ddu mdi dung nghidp dd vuong.

(7) Dgi dinh : dich tfl chii "ki dinh" (dat dupe thanh tuu, dep ydn); b day y ndi vide danh dudi giac Thanh, lat dd tridu Ld Chidu Thdng, dung ldn tridu dai Quang Trung.

(8) Dice hod : dimg dflc dd cam hod, day bao.

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Trdm nam ndp lo lang, ngay mdt ngay hai van vide nay sinh. Nghi cho ki thi thdy rdng : Mdt cai cdt khdng thi da ndi mgt can nha ldn, muu lugc mdt ngudi khdng thi dung nghidp tri binh^ ' Suy di tfnh lai trong vdm trdi nay, cfl cai dp mudi nha at phai cd ngudi trung thanh tin nghia Hudng nay trdn dai ddt van hid'n rdng ldn nhu the nay, ha trong dd lai khdng cd lay mgt ngudi tai danh nao ra phd giup cho chfnh quyln budi ban ddu cua trdm hay sao ?

3. Cliid'u nay ban xud'ng, cac bdc quan vidn ldn nhd, cung vdi thfl ddn tram ho, ngudi nao cd tai ndng hgc thudt, muu hay han ddi, cho phep dugc ddng sd tdu bay su vide. Ldi ndi nao cd thi chon dung duac, thi cat nhdc khdng ke thfl bdc ; chd ndo khdng dung dugc thi gdc lai, khdng vi ldi ndi so sudt vu khoat ma bat tdi. Cdn ngudi cd nghl hay nghidp gidi, cd thi cd'ng hiln cho ddi, thi cho phep cac quan van, quan vd dugc tid'n cfl, nhung vdn ddn vao dgi ra mdt, tuy tai luc dung^ , Hodc ngudi nao tfl trudc dd'n nay tai nang cdn bi che kfn, chua dugc ngudi ddi bilt dd'n, thi cung cho phep ddng sd tu tid'n cfl, chd hilm vi muu Igi ma phai ban rao.

Nay ! Trong khoang trdi ddt, hiln tai cdn dn nau, trudc ddy thi nin nhu thi. Nay trdi trong sang, ddt thanh binh, chfnh la luc ngudi hiln gap hdi gid mdy, nhutig ai cd tai cd dflc hay cung cd gdng ldn, ghi tdn tai trilu dinh, cung nhau cung kfnh, cung nhau hudng phuc lanh tdn vinh.

Vdy bd cao gdn xa dl mgi ngudi diu bid't.

(Theo Ngd Thi Nhdm todn tap, tap II, NXB Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Ndi, 2004)

Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Hay cho bilt hoan canh ra ddi cua hai Chii'u cdu hiin.

2. Dge phdn 1 va cho bid't:

a) Tac gia ddt ra vdn dl gi cho ngudi hiln va dl lam rd vdn di dd, ngudi vilt dung hinh anh nao ?

b) Vide md ddu bai Chii'u cdu hiin bang ldi Khdng Tfl cd tac dung gi dd'i vdi cdc nho si thud dd ?

3. Trudc vide Quang Trung dem qudn ra Bdc diet nha Trinh, nho sT Bdc Ha co thai do nhu thi nao (phdn 2a) ? Tai sao tac gia khdng kl true tid'p nhflng

(1) Dung nghiep tri binh : gay dung sy nghidp thai binh, ydn dn.

(2) "Ap mudi nhd... tin nghia": Idy tfl sach Ludn ngit, y ndi nhan tai thdi nao cung cd va cd nhidu. (3) Vu khodt: vien vdng. (4) Luc dung : s& dung.

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thai dd d'y ma lai dung hinh anh gd md canh cda, ra bien vdo sdng, chi't dudi trin cgn,... ? Tim nhiing tfl ngfl trong phdn 2b dl chflng minh rdng, Quang Trung thdnh tdm, khidm nhudng nhung rdt kidn quylt trong vide cdu hiln.

4. Con dudng cdu hiln cua Quang Trung hit sflc rdng md. Hay chflng minh dilu dd qua phdn 3 (cd mdy bidn phap, bidn phap cd cu thi va dd lam khdng ?).

5. Hay tnnh bay each ldp ludn cua tae gia thi hidn qua bai chid'u.

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Hay cho bilt, chie'u thudc loai van gi (tu su, trfl tinh, nghi ludn,...) va vl nghd thudt, chii'u coi trgng yd'u td nao.

TRI T H Q C D O C - HIEU

Chidu

Chiiu la loai cdng v in thdi xua nha vua diing de ban bd menh lenh cho be tdi hoic chi thj cho mpi ngudi. V in cCia the chieu trang trpng, Idi le ro ring, tao nha. Nhieu bai chidu mang ndi dung nghj luin, ban bac nhiJng van de quan he den van menh qudc gia. Cd khi chieu dupc gpi la chieu thu, chiiu chiva thudng mang ndi dung menh lenh. Vin hpc trung dai Viet Nam cd nhiJng bai chidu ndi tieng nhu Chiiu ddi do (Thien do chieu) ciia Li Thai To, Chieu di lai trudc khi chit (Di chiiu) ciia Li Nhin Tdng, Chieu ciu hiin (Cau hlin chieu) ciia Ngd Thi Nhim,...

Th i v in chidu thdi cd xUa gpi l i cao (xem phan Tri thflc dpc - hidu, bai Dai cao binh Ngd d sach giao khoa A/gt? vdn 10 Nang cao, tap hai).

DOC THEM

XIN LAP KHOA LUAT

(Trich Ticd'p bdt diiu )

N G U Y I N TRUONG TO

TIEU DAN

Nguyin Trudng To (1830 - 1871) l i mdt tri thflc yeu nudc va theo dao Thien Chiia, ngUdi lang Bui Chu, xa Hung Trung, huyen Hung Nguyen,

(1) Te'cdp bdt diiu : Tdm vide cdn lam gdp.

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tinh Nghe An. Do sdm tie'p xiic vdi v in hoa phuong Tay va cd mdt vdn tri thijte phuong Ddng sau sac, Nguyin TrUdng To nhin ra nhu cdu bflc thiet phdi canh tan dat nifdc. TrUdc canh nudc ta mat ddn v io tay thuc dan Phap, dng hdt sflc dau Idng, mud'n dem ta't ca tai tri cCia minh hien dang cho ddn, cho nudc bang nhiing ban dieu tran day tam huydt nham ddi mdi dat nudc mot each toan dien. Tide rang, vua Tu Dflc bay gid khdng chap nhin. Gan sau mUdi ban dieu tran ciia dng danh bj xdp lai.

Oieu tran la mdt the v in chinh luan, nham thuyet phuc be tren ve mdt van de xa hdi, chinh trj nao dd... Bai Xin lap l<hoa luat trich tfl ban dieu tran sd 27 do Nguyen TrUdng.Tp vidt ngay 20 thing 10 nim TUOflc thfl 20 (1867).

* * *

1. Bdt luan quan hay ddn, mgi ngudi diu phai hgc ludt nudc va nhiing ludt mdi b6 sung thdm tfl thdi Gia Long ' din nay. Ai gidi ludt se dugc lam quan. Vi ludt bao gdm ca ki cuang, uy quyln, chfnh Idnh^ ' cua qudc gia, trong dd tam cuang ngu thudng^ cho din vide hdnh chinh cua sdu bd " ^ diu ddy du. Quan dung ludt dl tr i ; ddn theo ludt ma gifl gin. Bd't cfl mdt hinh phat ndo trong nudc diu khdng vugt ra ngodi ludt. Bdi vdy d cdc nudc phuang Tay, phdm nhiing ai da nhdp ngach B6 Hinh^ xfl dodn cdc vu kidn tung thi chi co thdng trdt ^ chfl khdng bao gid bi bilm trud't^^\ Du vua, trilu dinh ^ cung khdng gidng chflc hg dugc mdt bdc. Nhu vay Id dl giup cho cdc vi nay dugc thong dong trong vide chdp hanh ludt phdp khdng bi mdt bd budc ndo ca. Phdm nhiing tdi ngu hinh diu do cdc vi nay xfl. Vua cung khdng dugc dodn phat mdt ngudi nao theo y minh ma khdng cd chfl kf cua cdc quan trong bd dy. Lam thi la dl cho dan chung thdy rd dao cdng bdng. Va lai vua khdng du vdo nhiing vide ngu hinh dl td dao nhdn di. Nhu chi dd xua, vua co "tam hdo" . Bdi vi nlu cd toi phai gilt thi dd la qudc dan gilt..

(1) Gia Long: nidn iiidu vua Nguydn Anh nhiing nam 1802 -1819. (2) Chinh lenh : chinh sach va phap luat. (3) Tam cuang : ba dao chfnh cua nho gia vd quan hd vua - tdi, cha - con, vp - chdng.

Ngii thudng : nam didu vd dao dflc phai ludn ludn giii khdng dupc thay ddi la nhan, nghia, ll, tri, tin.

(4) Sdu bg : thdi phong kidn, bd may Nha nudc gdm sau bd la Bd Lai, Bd Hd, Bd Hinh, Bd Binh, Bdli , BdCdng.

(5) Nhdp ngach Bd Hinh : vao lam vide chfnh thflc d Bd Hinh. (6) Thdng trdt: thang cdp. (7) Biem trudt: giang chflc hoac each chflc ; day la hinh thflc ki luat ddi vdi quan lai thdi xua. (8) Triiu dinh : b day chi cac quan trong tridu. (9) Ngd hinh : nam hinh phat thdi xua gdm ddnh bang roi (dai hinh), ddnh bang gay (trupng hinh),

bat lam lao dich (dd hinh), day ddn viing bidn gidi xa xdi dd lam lao dich (luu hinh) va gidt chdt (tfl hinh).

(10) Tam hdo : ba ldn tha.

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2. Bilt rdng dao ldm ngudi khdng gi ldn bang tmng hieu, khdng gi can thie't bdng ll nghia. Nhung cdc sdch nho chi noi sudng trdn gidy, khdng ldm cung chang bj ai phat, co lam cung chang dugc ai thudng. Bdi vay xua nay hoc da nhilu ma mdy ai ddi dugc tam tfnh, sfla dugc ldi ldm ? (3io ndn Khdng Tfl co noi : "Ta chua he thdy ai nhan dugc ldi minh md biet tu trdch phat".

Tfl xua din nay cdc vua chua ndm quyln thdng tri cflu nudc giup ddi deu nhd hidu luat, con cdc sdch vd khdc cung chi la phu thudc. Nlu trong nudc khdng co luat, thi du co van quyen sdch cung khdng the tri dugc dan. Dieu nay qua ro. Bdi vi sdch vd chi chep ndo la su tich chfnh su thdi xua ciia cd nhdn, ndo Id nhiing bai luan hay ho cua ngudi xua de lai, nao nhiing ang van chuang trau chudt cua chu tfl , ndo nhiing tieu thuydt da sfl ciia nhiing ngudi hieu su dat bay. Trong do, hay cd, dd co, ke noi ndy, ngudi noi khdc, xet ki nhflng thfl sdch vd do chi ldm rdi trf them chang dugc tfch su gi. Cho nen Khdng Tfl noi : "Chep nhihig Idi ndi sudng chang bang than hanh ra lam vide". Thfl xem cd nhiing nha nho sud't ddi dgc sdch, ddng le cfl chi cua ho phai lam khudn thudc cho ddi, vay md tai sao co nhilu ngudi, cudc ddi cua ho va su flng xfl cua hg con td han nhiing ngudi que miia chdt phdc ?

3. Nlu bao luat Id chi tdt cho vide cai tri chfl khdng co dao dflc tinh vi, thi la khdng bidt rdng trdi luat la tdi, gifl diing luat la dflc. Ne'u tan dung cdi le cdng bdng d trong luat ma xfl su thi rnoi quyln, phdp deu Id dao dflc. Co cai dflc ndo ldn hcfn chf cdng vd tu khdng ? Chf cdng vd tu Id dflc trdi. Trong luat cdi gi cung cdng bdng hgp vdi dflc trdi, nhu vay ma khdng dang ggi la dao dflc dnh vi sao ? Chi sg con ngudi khdng tan dung luat ma thdi. Nlu tan dung cung du tron ven dao lam ngudi rdi, bd't tdt phai di tim cdi gi Ididc.

(Theo TRLTONG BA CAN, Nguyin Trudng Td - con ngudi vd di thdo, NXB Thanh phd Hd Chf Minh, 1998)

HUdNG DAN DOC THEM

1. Dgc phdn 1 vd tra ldi cdc cau hdi sau :

a) Luat bao gdm nhihig noi dung gi ? Mdi quan he gifla luat vdi quan, dan, vdi dao dflc vd chfnh Idnh.

b) Tdc gia vdo dl theo cdch ndo (true tilp, gidn tilp hay phan dl) vd tdc dung cua cdch vdo dl dd ?

c) Tdc gia da dung nhiing If le ndo dl thuylt phuc nhd vua tuan theo phdp luat ?

d) Nguydn Trudng T6 vilt : "Phdm nhiing ai da nhap ngach Bd Hinh xfl dodn cdc vu kidn tung thi chi cd thang trat chfl khdng bao gid bi biem trudt. Dii vua, trieu dinh cung khdng gidng chflc ho dugc mdt. bac". Dilu do diing hay sai ? Vi sao Nguyin Trudng Td lai vilt iihu vdy ?

(1) Chu tic: cac tridt gia thdi Xuan thu, Chidn qudc b Trung Qud'c.

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2. Dgc phdn 2 vd cho bid't:

a) Nguyin Trudng Td phd phan nho gia d nhiing dilm ndo ?

b) Cudi mdi dilu phd phan bao gid Nguyin Trudng Td cung kit lai bang ldi Khdtig Tfl

Cldch viet do cd tdc dung gi trong vide thuyd't phuc ngudi nghe thdi bdy gid ?

3. Hay cho bilt y nghia cua bai Az« lap khoa lugt (trfch Tecdp bdt dieu) cua Nguyin Trudng Td

ddi vdi thdi bdy gid va ddi vdi cuoc sdng cua chung ta hdm nay.

TRI THLfC Dpc - HIEU

Oieu trdn

Diiu tran dudi thdi phong kidn la loai van ban do be tdi viet de ding len vua, trong dd trinh bay ke

sach trj nudc, vidt thanh tiJng diem, tiJng van de lien quan den qud'c ke dan sinh. Loai v in ban nay thdi

xua cdn gpi la ban tau, tau, sd, tau nghi,... V in ban dieu tran mang tinh nghj luin nham thuyet phuc

ngudi nghe lam theo de nghj cCia minh. Mud'n vay, lap luan cua v in dieu tran vfla phai chit che, cd

chifng cfl xac thuc, lai viJa phai mem deo, tranh lam cho dd'i tUpng minh can thuyet phuc tUai.

Ban dieu tran cCia Nguyen TrUdng To mang ten Tam viec can lam gap. Do la :

1. Xin gap nit sfla ddi viec vd bi,

2. Xin hpp tinh, huyen de giam bdt sd quan lai Va khoa sinh,

3. Xin gay tai chinh bang each danh thud xa xi,

4. Xin sfla ddi hpc thuat, chii trpng thUc dung,

5. Xin dieu chinh thue rudng da't,

6. Xin sfla sang lai bien gidi,

7. Xin nam rd nhan sd" ,

8. Xin lap vien Due anh* ' va trai Te ban' '

Trong dieu 4 Xin sda d6i hoc thuat, chu trong thUc dung, tac gia de nghj md cac khoa sau day

de day cho ngUdi Viet Nam :

1. Khoa ndng chi'nh,

2. Khoa thien van va khoa dja If,

3. Khoa kT nghe,

4. Khoa luat hoc.

(1) Nhdn so': sd ngudi. (2) Vien Due anh : vien nudi duong tre md cdi. (3) Trgi Tebdn : trai ciiu giup nhiJng ngudi ngheo khd.

92

DOC THEM

D6NG MAU ^ (Trich Scm Hdu)

Tiiu DAN

San Hau la mdt trong nhufng vd tudng ndi tieng ciia Viet Nam, ra ddi vao eudi the ki XVIII v i hien cnUa ro t ic gia.

Vd tudng San Hau gdm ba hdi, ke lai cudc dau tranh giuTa hai phe chinh nghTa v i phi nghTa. Phe ehinh nghTa gdm Bong Kim Lin, KhUdng Linh Ta, Phan Djnh Cdng, Ddng Mau,... con phe phi nghTa cd Ta Thien Lang, Ta 6n Dinh, Ta Ldi Phong, Ta Ldi Nhupc, Ho Bdn,...

Bay gid vua Te d i ludng tudi m i ehUa cd con, Phan Djnh Cdng ga con gai minh l i Phin Phung Co cho vua vdi hi vpng vua se cd con ndi ngdi,... Sdn Hau la viing dat trpng yeu ndi bien cUdng dang thidu ngUdi trdng coi, nha vua cfl cha eon Phan Djnh Cdng tdi dd tra'n gifl Day l i can cfl dja de sau nay cha con Phin Djnh Cdng ciing Dong Kim Lin dUa vao do m i khdi phuc trieu Te. Vi the, vd tudng cd ten l i San Hau. Nhin khi vua Td dm nang. Thai sUTa Thien Lang lap ra khu dien cic rieng, cd quy md nhU cua nhi vua gpi la Tieu Giang Sdn v i md tide mdi cic quan tdi de dd xet he ai khdng ve phe vdi minh thi trif khfl. Thay anh em hp Ta l im phan, Dong Kim Lin v i KhUdng Linh Ta gia vd hang chiing de tim thdi ed khdi phuc tridu Te.

Vua Te mi't, Ta Thien Lang cu6p ngdi, bat giam thif phi Phin Phung Cd liic bi'y gid dang cd thai. Rdi Phung Cd sinh hoing t f l Nhd quan thi i giam Le Tfl Thanh v i b i Tam cung Nguydt Hao - chi ciia Ta Thien Lang giiip dd, Dong Kim Lin cung KhUdng Linh Ta da cifu dUdc me con Phung Cd dUa di trdn. Viec bj Id, Ta 6n Dinh cho quin dudi theo. Tinh thd qua gap gip, KhUdng Linh Ta mot minh chdng chpi vdi anh em Ta On Dinh de tao didu kien cho Ddng Kim Lan dem me con Phung Cd chay trdn.

Linh T i bj 6n Dinh chem mdt dau, nhifng ching vin mot long giiip Kim Lin, vol ngdi day nhat li'y dau minh rdi cam den soi dUdng cho Kim Lan v i me con Phung Cd chay ve den Sdn Hau.

Bidt khdng khua't phue dUpc Kim Lin, anh em Ta Thien Lang sai bat me cua Kim Lin de bude ching phai quy thuin. TrUdc sif khang khai quyet hi sinh vi tridu Td eiia me, lai nhd mUu tri ciia ba Tam cung ciing sif trd giiip cua hdn KhUdng Linh Ta ma Dong Kim Lan v i Phin Diem da diet dUpc phe phan nghich, dUla hoing tfl la con cua Phan Phung Cd len ngdi. Trieu Te dupe lap lai.

Vd tudng kdt thiic cd hau.

(1) Ddng Mdu: me cua ngudi hp Ddng, b day la me cua Ddng Kim Lan.

93

Doan DSng h/lau dUdc trich tif Hdi III trong vd tudng San Hau. Tidp doan trich nay la phan ke ve viec Kim Lin tra hing rdi theo ke cOa b i Tam cung cflu dupc me, Dong Kim Lin ciing Phin Diem dem quan den dinh Xieu Giang Sdn, gianh dupe thang ldi, dUa hoing tfl len ngdi.

*

* *

HO BON, ndi

(Da!)

Dam than qua trudng ha

NSp me Ddng Kim Ldn.

ON DINH, ndi

(Quan, md trdi cho lao bd, trai chid'u cho lao bd ngdi, but chi cho lao bd vilt tho )

Lao ba mud'n toan than

Ta tam thu " ^ mdt bflc.

(Ta thu gfli cho Kim Lan, bilu^^^:)

Ddu Ta thi rang deo quydn tudc

Danh vong kia chang mdt cdng hdu.

DONG M A U , ndi

(Bang khdng nfla thi bay mdn chi ?)

ON DINH, ndi

(Ndi thidt)

Bang chdp nd gdnh vac Td tridu

Nidm mdu tfl at la bi hai (chd chang choi).

(1) Than : trinh bay ; trudng hg : dudi truomg. (2)BMftW:butvagidy. (3) Tha: thu (tidng midn Trung). (4) Td: vidt; tdm thu: thu vidt ra tfl diy long.

(5) Bieu : bao, ndi.

(6) Ddu Tg: (ddu: ddu hang, hang ; Ta : hp Ta, b day la Ta Thidn Lang) ddu hdng ho Ta.

(7) Chdp ne : cd chdp, cau nd vao mdt didu gi dd ; Ti triiu : tridu Td.

94

DONG MAU, ndi

Thdy ndi biing biing Ifla day

Nghe thdi sung sue ddu sdi.

(Tao hoi, quai tai ma nghe. Cd phai)

6ng cha mi hudng Idc Td quan* ^

Anh em ga cudp ngdi Thidn d l

(Mi cd hoc ma !)

Kia Dudng thdt Hodng Sao khdi nguy, chd't chang todn th i ;

No Han gia Vuong Mang khi quan, tfl vd tang d\a^^\...

(Co phai chang ?)

Hud'ng con mu : Hidn nhan^ ' xfl thd

Minh tid't bao than^^^

Dau theo dang gian thdn

Ma ddu lodi sung ninh ?

ON DINH, ndi

Chuydn ldi dinh chi nd^^^

Phdn tfch lich chi oai^^l

(Qudn !)

Tmydn gia hinh lao mdu thugng ddi

Hidu phi bdo Kim Lan xudt trdn^^^

* * *

(1) Qudi tai: ddng tai, vdnh tai. (2)re^Mdn: vuaTd. (3) Dudng thdt: nha Dudng ; thi: xac (chdt); Hdn gia : nha Han ; khi qudn : ddi vua ; tic vd tdn^

dia : chdt khdng cd ddt chdn. Cau nay cd nghia: Kia Hoang Sao thdi Dudng ndi ldn lam giac, chdt khdng giii dupc than xae toan ven ; np Vuong Mang thdi Han dd'i vua ndn Idii chdt khdng cd ddt chdn.

(4) Mu: ba; con mu: con ciia ba (day); hien nhdn: ngudi cd hpc thflc dupc nhidu ngudi bidt ddn. (5) Minh tiit hdo thdn: gilt than minh bdng khf tidt rd rang. (6) Ldi dinh chi nd : con gian dii nhu sdm set. (7) Phdn tich lich chi oai: lam cho uy nhu s6t danh ndi day. (8) Nghia cua hai cau ndy : Truydn xfl tdi ba me (Kim Lan) trdn dai, Idnh cho quan bao gdp Kim Lan

ratrdn.

95

KIM LAN, ndi

Cita thanh cdn nghidm cln

Sao nha ga vgng ngdn ?

Hidu nhd nguai phi bdo td tudng

Ta xudt tran chang khdng xudt trdn^^^ ?

LOI NHUOC, ndi

(Bd anh Nam, Kim Ldn ban qua dd !) '

ON DINH, ndi

(Bd Khn Lan, ta hoi !)

Va nguoi la danh tudng

Sao khdng bid't van thdi ?

KIM L A N , ndi

(Nay ta cfl dai binh vd ldy ca nghidp Tl trilu, ma khdng bid't vdn thdi la mdn rdng ?)

ON DINH, ndi

(Da bid't nguoi cfl dai binh phuc nghidp cho T l dd chdc, nhimg md vide chang qua

tai trdi)

Trdi khid'n mdt Td tridu

Ddt dang hung^^^ ho Ta.

Nd'u nguoi khdng cai qua

At bdt cap phd td ^

(Ndi gidu chi nguai)

Va me nguoi ta da bat vl

Kha quy thuan cho toan mdu tut.

(1) Nghia ciia bd'n cau nay : Cfla thanh cua ta cdn ddng rdt cdn than va nghidm ngat, sao lai nghe thdy ldi ndi cua nha nguoi vpng vao ; Idj bao cua nguci, ta nghe da ro ; ta se xudt tran chd sao lai khdng xudt tran ?

(2) Hung: lam cho hung thinh.

(3) Cdi qud : sfla chiia sai ldm ; bdt cap phe te : khdng kip cdn rdn. Y cua ca hai cau nay : N6i nguoi khdng bidt sfla nhiing sai ldm thi tdt la khdng kip hdi han.

96

KIM L A N , ndi

Mat nhin tudng tin

ITidn lac ma ydn^'^

Ca tilng kdu, kia hdi tfl than^^^

Ha do bi tac thdn ham trdc^^^ (me di!)

DONG MAU, ndi

(Bd con !)

Con dflng budng tidng khdc

Me gdm y nuc cudi

Va On Efinh Id tudng bdt tai

Bat dang me nd mutng da didt

Ay la muu Gia Cat

AyldklTflPhdng^"^^?

(Bd Dinh, Nhugc!)

Co tdi thdijugc hd thao long^^\ V,

Khd ra sflc dd thuong khoa ma

(md ddnh vdi con tao)

Co chi md ddng cfla,

Ddi mu diing trong nhd,

Manh me chi bat dang mu gia,

Dem ra dd lam bia dd dan ?

(Bdcon!)

(1) Thdn lgc md yen : than nguci roi tfl ydn ngua xud'ng.

(2)rM'f/rdn:mehidn.

(3) cau nay cd nghia: Vi cd gi bi bpn bd tdi lam giac Ida bdt.

(4) Ti Phdng: Truong Luong, quan su tai gidi cua Luu Bang thdi Han - Sd Uanh hiing.

(5) Lugc hd thao long: thao lupcjnhu rdng nhu hd, y ndi cd tai quan su.

(6) Di thuang khod md: cdm thiteig, ldn ngua; y ndi cdm vii khf, ldn ngua dd danh nhau.

97 7-NG(JrvAN11/1(NC)-A

Mdt canh trong vd tudng San Hau: Ddng Kim Ldn tCf bidt me

Me du vd chin sudi,

Danh tilt d l ngan thu.

Hang khuydn con bin chi trugng phu,

Sao vdy cung diing ddu giac Ta.

KIM LAN, noi

(Da, tram lay me, sd ddi : loai cdn trung do tri phu mdu chi tinh thay ; hudng

nhan sinh van vat td'i linh, hd nhdn khf sinh thdnh chi dai nghia " !)

Con du bo me,

Sao phai dao con.

Chin dap vudng ddu hay ddi trdn,

Mdt thao dy sao rang hiiu tfl ^ ?

DONG M A U , ndi

(Con !)

chi,

(1) Ca cau nay cd ngMa : Loai sau bp cdn bidt ddn tinh cha me, hudng chi con ngudi Id lodi linh thidng nhdt cua van vat sao nd bo ngMa ldn sinh thanh (ciia cha me).

(2) Hai cau nay y ndi: Chan dap ddt, ddu ddi trdi, mdt chfl thao dy, sao ndi dugc rdng minh \h ngudi con cd Mdu ? •*

98 f-NG0vAN11/1(NC)-B

Trugng phu diing thoai chi^^\

Thoai chi bdt trugng phu.

Con hay ngay cung nudc cung vua.

Ay la thao vdi cha vdi me.

Hay pho an nghidp chua,

Cho rang tilt nhan MiF^.

Ldy chfl tmng, chfl hid'u con can.

(Cd phai)

C3ifl tmng dy nang hon chfl hidu (dd con).

ON DINH, ndi

Tdn kd tdc quai,

Thi tfl nhu du -*.

((Juan!)

Ldnh tmydn ldy co khd.

Bo ldn gidn kip dd't.

KIM L A N , ndi

Thd'ng thidt! Thd'ng thid't!

Mdu thdn ! Mdu than !

(Tram lay hai tudng quan)

Xin thu tay cho md ldi phan,

Phuang khfl tuu cho minh se quydt

D6NG MAU, ndi

(Bd con ! Dflng cd khdc ! Nhu me nay)

Minh dang Ifla dudng nhu tam mat

Dudi sudi vdng gidc didp cdn dm

(1) Thodi chi: nan cW, nan ldng. (2) Tiit nhdn thdn: kM tidt ciia ke lam bd tdi. (3) Nghia hai cau nay : Ga mdi ldm didu quii gd, coi cdi chdt (nhe nhang) nhu di choi. Gd mdi b

day cM Ddng Mdu. (4) NgMa hai cau nay : Xin hay dflng tay cho tdi ndi ddi ldi, hay bd vide (iMdu me tdi) rdi tdi se

quydt dinh (cd hdng hay khdng hing). (5) NgMa hai ciu ndy : Than me bi Ifla tMdu (ma cam thdy) dudng nhu tdm mdt, chdt dudi sudi

vdng (nhu) gidc ngii dm ddm.

99

Mitng thay danh me dang thom,

Toai bdy tilt gid thdm rang.

(Cbn thuong me lam phai a ? Nhu me nay)

Ndm cdt tan con tudng,

Cao ban dao vua tdi (hay sao ?)

KIM L A N , ndi

(Tram lay, ngan lay nhi tudng qudn)

Thap nidn su chu, trang tac tdn trung chi dao,

Sd tai vpng than, hid'u vi thdt hid'u chi danh !

(Tram lay me, con cam chiu tdi cflng me. Dam khuydn nhi tudng qudn) (2)

Xin quy thuan Ta thanh ,

Miln tuong tan cdt nhuc.

DONG MAU, ndi

(Bd Kim Lan ! D l tao chdt thdi mi hay ddu Ta tac)

Vdi tfl vi thdnh mdu, (3) Xin linh utig thugng thanh ,

(Nhu ddi xua)

Me Didu Ki vdi me Sdm Bdnh,

Me Tfl Thfl, me nguoi Td Dinh " ^

Nhu bd'n dy Id guong tidn thanh,

De soi cho nhiing ke hdu lai

Tdi chang qua mdt gdi hgc ddi,

C^ linh iing dem gid theo vdi.

ON DINH, ndi

(1) Hai cau nay cd ngMa : Mudi nam thd vua giii trpn dupc dao tmng ; mdy nam xa me, mang tidng la ke bdt hieu.

(2) Tg tlidnh : thanh cua hp Ta.

(3) NghTa cau nay : Xin linh flng (bang each hidn ldn) b trdn thanh.

(4) Me Didu Ki, Sdm Banh, Tfl Thfl, Td Djnh ddu la nhiing tdm guong tidu bidu cho cdc bd me tbi hi sinh minh dd con giii trpn chii tmng.

(5) Ke hdu lai: ke ddn sau, ke sinh sau, b day cM Ddng Mdu.

100

(Quan !)

Ldi mu cdn khang khdi,

Trayin cfl phep gia hinh

KIM L A N , ndi

Thdng thilt! Thdng thilt!

Tfl thdn! Tfl than!

(Theo Tudng cd do HOANG CHAU KY suu tdm, gidi thieu, NXB Van hoa, Ha Ndi, 1978)

Hl/dNG DAN DOC THEM

1. Doan trich Ddng Mdu cd mdy nhan vat vd cdc nhan vat ay dugc chia ldm may phe ?

Hay kl tdn nhdn vdt ciia tiing phe va mdi quan he gifla ho.

2. Tom tat ndi dung doan trich Dong Mdu.

3. Ta On Dinh da dung thii doan gi dl budc Ddng Kim Lan phai theo minh ? Hay chi ra

kich tinh cua doan trich (chu y cdch tao tinh hudng, cdch dua mau thudn,...).

4. Phan tich tinh cdch ciia Ddng Mdu qua ldi ddi thoai gifla ba vdi Ta On Dinh va giua ba

vdi Ddng Kim Ldn.

5. Ndu nhdn xet cua anh (chi) vl ngdn ngtt tudng trong doan trich Dong Mduicich dd'i, tfl

Hdn Viet, tfl Vidt,...).

TRI THLfC DOC - HIEU

Tuong

Tudng l i loai hinh nghe thuat sin khau ddc dao cCia dan tdc ta va phat trien manh vao cudi the

ki XVIII ddn the ki XIX. Tudng thudng dUpc chia thanh hai loai : tuong cung dinh va tuong hai.

Tudng cung dinh cdn gpi la tuong pho hoic tuong thay, thudng vidt ve de tai trung vdi vua hoac

ddnh giic bao ve da't nudc, bao ve trieu dinh. Cac v6 tudng pho ndi tieng ciia Viet Nam la San Hau,

Tam nCtdi vuang, Dao Tam Xuan,... Tuong hai cdn gpi la tudng do, thudng dupc viet ve cac de tai

sinh hoat trong dan gian. Cac vd tudng hai ndi tidng ciia Viet Nam la Ngheu, So, Oc, Hin ; Xa Vit;

Trin B6,...

(1) Gia hinh : thi hdnh hinh phat.

101

Kjch ban tudng viet ra de di ln. Vi vay, mud'n hieu day dCi va s iu sac mdt vd tudng, ngoai vigc nghien cflu kjch ban van hpc, ta can dupc xem bieu diln. Cac loai hinh nghd thuat khac nhu hat, vQ thuat (miia, danh vd,...), am nhac, hoa trang, phuc trang, anh sang va die biet tai ning bieu diln cCia cac nghe nhan se gdp phan quan trpng giiip ta hieu thau dao mdt vd tudng.

Ngdn ngfl trong kjch ban tudng chCi ye'u l i ddi thoai v i thudng dupc diln dat dudi hinh thifc tho, hoac cau van cd nhjp dieu, cd ding ddi. Tuy nhien, tfl ngfl Han Viet dupc diing kha nhieu, nhat la trong tudng pho.

Ve ndi dung, tudng thudng phan anh cupc da'u tranh quydt liet mdt mat mdt cdn gifla hai phe trung -njnh, td't - xau, yeu nu6c - ban nudc, chinh nghTa - phi nghTa,... Cudc ddu tranh dd tuy gay gat, phe chinh nghTa liic dau tam thdi that bai va phai trai qua nhieu gian nan, vat va, thim chi cd khi bj tii day, tra tan, chet chdc,... nhung cudi cung v in chien thing,... Do do, kjch ban tudng giiip ta cim thii cai xau xa, dpc ac, phan no trudc bat cdng tan bao, dflng len bao vd chinh nghTa v i tin tudng vao sif tat thang ciia cdng If.

San Hau la mdt trong nhflng v6 dien hinh cho loai tudng pho.

ON TAP VAN HOC TRUNG DAI VIET NAM

KET QUA CAN OAT

Ndm Igi nhitng kii'n thdc ca bdn nhd't vi mat so tdc gia va tdc phdm vdn hgc trung dgi trong sdch gido khoa Ngu van 11 Ndng cao.

Hi thd'ng hod nhdng kii'n thdc dy tren hai binh diin lich s^ vdn hoc vd the loai.

I - NHCNG VAN DE CHUNG

Dl dn tdp van hgc trung dai, cdn chu y mdt sd vdh dl dudi ddy.

1. Ve tac pham

a) The logi trong van hgc trung dai chi phdi ngudi cdm but mdt each nghifim nhat vl cd'u true van ban, each thflc diln dat, ndi dung phan anh,... Bdi vSy, mudn hieu tac phdm van hgc trung dai mdt each sdu sdc, thdy dugc su tinh tlva

102

dung cdng cua tac gia, phai ndm chac ddc diem thi logi tac pham. Dilu nay da dugc trinh bay trong cac phdn Tri thdc dgc hieu.

b) Van hgc trung dai cd ldi diln dat rieng

- Tac gia thudng hay dung cac dien ldy tfl sfl sach cd Trung Hoa, An Dd va Vilt Nam. (lidng han cac cdu "Ghet ddi Kiet, Tru rat ddm..., Ghet diA U, Li da. doan..." (Truyen Luc Vdn Tien) ; "Budi duang cdu cung nhau hoan nan" (Khdc Duang Khui),... Nlu khdng bilt Kiet, Tru, U, Li la ai, ban chd't cua nhiing ngudi dy ra sao..., hoac chua nam dugc nghia chfl duang cdu la gi thi ta khdng hiiu Nguyin Dinh (Thieu va Nguyin Khuyin ndi gi. Dd la chua kl cac tfl Han Vi6t, tfl cd, tfl khd,... trong van ban. Dl giai quylt nhung vudng mac tr6n, cdn dgc kl cac chu thich.

- Van chuong trung dai, dac bidt la tha ca, cac tac gia thudng diln dat dudi hinh thflc udc Id, tugng trung,... Nlu chua hiiu each diln dat mang tinh dac trung trung dai kilu dd, ta se khd bilt ndi dung dich thuc cua tac phdm. Cho n6n, can dgc ki nhflng goi y trong phdn Hudng ddn hgc bdi.

2. V^ tac gia

Cdn ndm viing phdn tiinh bay vl cudc ddi va su nghiep van chuang cua tflng tac gia dl trin ca sd d'y, li giai hidn tugng sang tac va dac bidt la danh gia nhiing ddng gdp cua hg.

II - NOI DUNG CU THE

1. Ve noi dung

a) Cac tac phdm van hgc trung dai da hgc phan anh chdn thdt dien mao con ngudi Vilt Nam giai doan thi ki XVIII, dac biet la nfla cud'i thi ki XIX.

Trudc hit, dd la nhiing ngudi yeu nudc thuang ndi, dam diing len ddu tranh giai phqng ddn tdc du cd hi sinh nhimg tdm ldng son vdn vdng vac nhu trdng ram (Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giudc).

Ldng yeu nudc cua ngudi ddn Viet Nam dugc thi hiln d nhilu sdc dd khac nhau : dau long trudc canh nudc mdt nha tan (Chqy gidc), bilt yeu le phai va hi smh dl bao vl cdng li (San Had), ydu nhflng ngudi mdt long vi ddn, ghet nhflng ke gdy dau khd cho ddn (Truyin Luc Vdn Tiin), phe phan nhiing cai nhd nhang do chi dd thudc dia nfla phong kiln, ldi thdi gdy ra (Tie'n si gidy, Vinh khoa thi Huang), bilt lo cho son hd xa tdc bang tdm huylt dilu trdn (Xn lap khoa ludt), hoac thu phiac hiln tai dem sflc minh ra dl giup trilu dai chinh nghia (Chii'u cdu hiin),...

103

Trdn trgng va xdt thuang khi ban be qua ddi (Khdc Ducmg Khui), thuang ngudi vg mdt ddi lam lu vi chdng con (Thuong vg), bilt le phai trai (Cha tdi), sdng thanh bach khdng bi Igi danh cam dd (Vdo phd chda Trinh), ndi thang tinh cam va khat vgng cua minh (Tu tinh - bai II), sd'ng thiic long (Bdi ca ngdt ngudng), bilt chgn con dudng minh phai di (Bdi ca ngdn di trin bdi cdt) va thudng thflc canh dep thidn nhidn dd't nudc (Cdu cd miia thu, Bdi ca phong cdnh Huang San),.v. la nhiing dflc tinh cua ngudi Vidt Nam.

Ndi dung trdn giup ta thdy rd con ngudi va ban tinh Vidt Nam.

b) Nguydn Dinh (Thilu va Nguyin Khuyin la hai tac gia tidu bilu cho giai doan nfla cud'i thi ki XIX. Mdi ngudi tuy tudi tac khac nhau, hoan canh sdng khac nhau, nhung gid'ng nhau d long yiu nude. Nguydn Dinh Chiiu thi true didn duang ddu vdi thuc ddn Phap cung bgn tay sai ngay nhiing ngay ddu khang chie'n. Ong vid't nhilu thi loai vdi ndi dung theo dung tuydn ngdn vl quan dilm sang tac cua minh. Cdn Nguydn Khuyin thi mang mdt ndi nilm u hoai tnidc sfl ddi thay cua thdi cudc, gfli long minh vao ddng tha tdm su, vao hhSng bflc phac thao canh lang qud va trao ldng thdi ddi den bac, trao ldng su bd't lUc, su vd dung cua minh dd'i vdi ddt nude,... Van tha Nguydn Khuyd'n thdm trdm va nudc mat trao ra trong tid'ng cudi.

2. Ve the loai

a) Vdn xudi tu su. O ldp 10 chung ta da hgc truydn truyin ki Chuyen chile phdn sudin Tdn Viin cua Nguydn Dfl, nay hgc them thi ki vdi doan tdc\i.Vdo phu chua Trinh cua Ld Hiiu Trac va bai dgc thdm Cha tdi cua Dang Huy Trfl.

Ki khac truydn d chd, ki thi hidn true tilp cdi tdi ca nhdn ngudi cdm but, ki trung dai khdng hu cd'u va chi vid't vl nhiing vide xay ra ddi vdi ban thdn. Nhflng dilu dd dugc thi hidn trong cac doan trich.

i

b) Tha luc bdt. Do dac dilm ridng, tha luc bat dugc dung dl sang, tac truyin Ndm. Truydn Ndm la loai hinh van hgc dac sac, thi hidn su tim toi, sang tao cua ngudi Vidt Nam. Trudc ddy, chung ta da hgc truydn tha Dogn trudng tdn thanh (thudng ggi la Truyin Kiiu) cua Nguyen Du, Phgm Tdi - Nggc Hoa (khuy^ danh), nay hgc thdm bai Le ghet thuang trich tfl Truyin Luc Vdn Tiin cua Nguylii Dinh Chiiiu.

c) Tha song thdt luc bdt. Thi loai nay cung la mdt sang tao ddc dao cua ddn tdc ta. Thi tha nay dac dung cho loai hinh ngdm, than, van,... nhu bai Khdc Duang Khui cua Nguyin Khuyd'n.

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d) Tha hdt ndi. Ddy la mdt loai hinh tha ddc dao thi hidn su sang tao cua Vidt Nam, phan anh budc phat triln mdi cua tha ca ddn tdc va su tai hoa cua ngudi sang tdc. Ngudi cd cdng trong vide dua tha hat ndi ldn dinh cao la Nguyen Cdng Trfl. Chung ta da hgc hai bai tha hat ndi la Bdi ca ngdt ngudng cua Nguydn Cdng Trfl va Bdi ca phong cdnh Huang San cua C!hu Manh Trinh. Nhd tinh tuang dd'i tit do trong gieo vdn, ngat nhip, trong sd lugng tid'ng cua mdi ddng,... tha hat ndi bilu hiln dugc su phdng khoang, net tai hoa, thdm chi su ngdt ngudng cua ngudi cdm but.

d) Tha Dudng ludt. Nhilu tac phdm vilt theo thi Dudng ludt da dugc hgc d ldp 10. Nay hgc thdm mdt sd bai nhu Chgy gidc cua Nguydn Dinh (Thilu, Tu tinh (bai II) cua Hd Xudn Huang, Cdu cd mda thu va Tii'n si gidy cua Nguyin Khuyin, Thuang vg va Vinh khoa thi Huang cua Trdn T l Xuang. Tha Dudng ludt cd ngudn gdc tfl Trung Hoa, nhung dugc Vidt hoa tfl thi ki XIII. Mdi bai du bi cdu thuc bdi nilm ludt rd't chat che, song do tinh ham sue, tha Dudng ludt cd sflc bilu cam manh me va da trd thanh mdt thi tha dudng nhu cua ngudi Vidt, dugc ngudi Viet sfl dung rdng rai.

e) Ca, hdnh. Bdt ngudn tfl Trung Hoa, ca, hanh dugc ngudi Vidt dung d l sang tac ngay tfl th i ki X dd'n th i ki XIV. Do tinh chd't khdng bj gd bd vao vdn ludt, thi ca, hanh diln dat dugc nhung ndi dung phdng khodng, tu do ma Bdi ca ngdn di trin bdi cdt cua (Tao Ba Quat la mdt vi du.

g) Chii'u. Chid'u thudc van hgc chflc ndng hanh chinh do vua ban xud'ng cho bl tdi thi hanh. (Thid'u cung cd khi ggi la cdo, minh,... (Tung loai vdi chie'u nhung do bl tdi vid't d l ddng ldn vua thi ggi la hieu, tdu, sd, diiu trdn,... Doan trich Ain lap khoa ludt cua Nguyin Trudng Td thudc van dilu trdn. Ddc diem cua van dilu trdn la cdch ldp ludn, nhiing ludn chflng va ludn cfl d l thuylt phuc ngudi nghe, ngudi dgc. Dac bidt, dilu trdn do bl dudi ddng ldn vua, ndn nghd thudt thuylt phuc cang ddi hdi ldi le mim mdng ma sac ben, nhe nhang ma budc chat. Ddc dilm nay dugc Nguyin Trudng Td thi hidn rd trong doan trich.

h) Vdn ti. Thudc loai hinh van hgc chflc ndng 11 nghi, vdn t l dung di thuc

hdnh mdt nghi 11 mang tinh chd't tin hgudng : cung ngudi da khudt. Dac bidt, van

t l nhOng anh hung nghia si nga xud'ng vi cudc ddu tranh bao vd non sdng dd't nudc

thi ldi le ddy chd't bi trang vdi su Ui dn cua toan ddn. Bai Vdn te nghia si Cdn

Giudc cua Nguyin Dinh (Thilu thi hidn dugc ddc dilm ndi tren.

i) Kich bdn tudng. Tudng la loai hinh van hgc ddc dao va sang tao cua ddn tdc

ta. (Thd't bi hung va kd't thuc cd hdu la dac dilm ndi bdt cua tudng. Doan trich Dong

Mdu trong tudng San Hdu thi hidn dugc phdn nao ddc trung dd.

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Ill - PHTJONG PHAP ON TAP

1. Mdi hgc sinh chudn bi ndi dung dn tdp, vid't thanh dl cuang tflng vdn dl di

tnnh bay trdn ldp hoac trong td, nhdm.

2. Mdi td cfl ngudi trinh bay tflng vd'n dl theo sU hudng d ^ cua giao viin.

Cd thi nlu nhiing cdu hdi nhu sau :

a) Van hgc trung dai Vilt Nam trong sach giao khoa Ngd vdn 11 Ndng cao,

tdp mdt gdm nhiing bai nao ? Hay sap xl'p chung theo tnnh tu thdi gian.

b) Dac dilm cua tiing thi loai thudc van hgc trung dai.

c) Ndi dung chu yi'u cua van hgc trung dai Vilt Nam.

d) Su gid'ng va khac nhau gifla cac tac phdm van hgc cua Nguyin Dinh (Thilu

va Nguyin Khuyd'n qua cac bai da hgc.

NGU CANH

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Hieu dugc khdi niim ngd cdnh vd cdc yi'u td tgo nin hodn cdnh giao tiip.

• Bii't van dung kii'n thdc trin vdo viic dgc - hieu vdn bdn vd ldm vdn.

I - KHAI QUAT VE N G C T C A N H

Ngfl canh dugc hiiu mdt each chung nhd't la td't ca nhiing gi cd liin quan din vide tao ldp va linh hdi cdu ndi (hoac cdu van). Ngfl canh g6m van cdnh vd hodn canh giao tid'p.

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1. Van canh la nhiing td, ngd, cdu di trudc hoac di sau mdt dan vi ngdn ngfl nhdt dinh.

2. Hoan canh giao tilp : Trudc hd't, dd la hodn cdnh giao tiep hep, tfle cudc giao tid'p diln ra d ddu, bao gid, cac bdn tham gia giao tid'p gdm nhiing ai.

Ndi din cac bdn tham gia giao tilp nhu la nhiing yd'u td cua hoan canh giao

tilp, ngudi ta khdng chi ndi dd'n anh A, chi B, ma cdn tinh dd'n ca quan hd gifla hg,

trang thai tdm li va trang thai hiiu bid't cua hg, chu dl va miic dich giao tilp cua

hg, kinh giao tid'p ma hg sfl dung, v.v.

Khi xlt hoan canh giao tid'p, ngudi ta dac bidt chu trgng dd'n quan he gifla cac bdn giao tilp, bdi vi quan hi nay chi phdi manh me vide lua chgn tfl ngfl va each diln dat. trong giao tid'p.

Theo li thuyd't giao tilp, cac mdi quan hd gifla cac nhdn vdt giao tid'p dugc quy

vl hai kilu chinh : quan hd thdn sa va quan hd vi thi.

Quan hd thdn sa la quan hd gdn gui hay xa each gifla cac bdn tham gia giao

tilp. Giao tid'p trong gia dinh hay giao tid'p gifla ban be la giao tilp gdn gui. Nhung

giao tilp gifla cac dd'i tac trong giao dich thudng la giao tid'p cd khoang each. Gap

ban cu, ta cd thi vdn va hdi han nhung gap mdt ngudi la, ta phai gifl y tfl, gifl

khoang each trong trd chuydn.

Quan hd vi thi la quan hd dugc xac ldp dua trdn dia vi xa hdi hay tudi tac cua

cdc bdn giao tid'p. Nhiing ngudi cd chflc quyln, cd dia vi xa hdi, nhung ngudi ldn

tudi thudng dugc coi la ngudi bl trdn. Khi giao tid'p vdi ngudi bl trdn, ngudi bl

dudi phai chgn each ndi ll phip, lich su. Chang han, trong giao tilp cua ngudi

Vidt, tre con phai bid't each thua gfli, khdng dugc ndi "trdng khdng" vdi ngudi ldn.

(Tdn trong trudng hgp cd quan hd ngang vai (chang han, cflng dia vi xa hdi, cung

tudi,...), cdc bdn giao tilp cd thi thoai mai han trong each lua chgn tfl xung hd, cd

thi ndi "trdng khdng" hodc cd thi sfl dung nhiing tfl ngfl mang mau sdc thdn mdt,

sudng sa,...

Hodn canh giao tilp cdn dugc hiiu rdng han, nhu la bd'i cdnh vdn hod, xd hdi,

chinh tri,... cua cudc giao tid'p. Vi du, giao tid'p cua hai chi em Lidn trong truydn

Hai dda tre cua Thach Lam diln ra trong bd'i canh Vidt Nam la thudc dia eua thuc

ddn Phdp, cudc sd'ng cua dai da sd ngUdi lao ddng la ngheo khd, tdm tdi, lay Idt.

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LUYEN Ti\P

1. Hay chi ra nhiing yd'u td lam ndn ngfl canh cua cudc giao tilp giiia cac nhdn vdt trong doan trich Dong Mdu (tudng San Hdu).

2. Nha van giao tid'p vdi ngudi dgc qua tac phdm cua minh. Hay chi ra nhiing nhdn td thudc vl ngfl canh cua cudc giao tilp nay va cho bilt ngii canh cua cudc giao tid'p 'nha van - ddc gia" cd gi khac so vdi ngfl canh cua nhiing cudc giao tid'p thudng ngay.

3. Tai sao khi tim hiiu mdt tac phdm cu the (vi du : bai Vdn te'nghia si Cdn Giudc cua Nguydn Dinh (Thilu, bai Chii'u cdu hiin cua Ngd Thi Nhdm,...), ngudi ta thudng tim hiiu tiiu sfl cua tac gia va hoan canh ra ddi cua tac phdm ?

4. Dgc doan trich Cha tdi (Dang Huy Trfl) va cho bid't tai sao trong ldi ndi cua cac nhdn vdt cd luc dung cac tfl ngfl trang trgng nhu "tidn sinh", "thdn phu", "thidn tfl", vi tdn khoa", "bdc dd dai khoa'', lai cung cd luc dung nhiing tfl ngfl thdn mdt nhu "con tdi", "hdn", "nha ta",...

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KHAI QUAT VAN HOC VIET NAM Ttr DAU THE KI XX D £ N CACH MANG THANG TAM 1945

KET QUA CAN OAT

• Hieu dugc hodn cdnh lich sd vd nhdng dgc diem ca bdn cua vdn hgc Viet Nam td ddu the ki XK din Cdch mgng thdng Tdm 1945.

• Nhdn thdc dugc su khdc nhau ciia hai hd phdn vdn hgc hgp phdp vd bd't hgp phdp , vi ddi ngd nhd vdn, hodn cdnh sdng tdc, tinh chdt, vi tri vd nhitng ddng gdp dd'i vdi lich sd vdn hgc ddn tdc vi tu tudng vd nghi thudt.

• Hieu dugc trin net ldn thdnh tUu cda vdn hgc thdi ki td ddu thd ki XX den Cdch mgng thdng Tdm 1945.

Van hgc Vidt Nam thdi ki tfl ddu thi ki XX dd'n (Tach mang thang Tam 1945 tuy chi diln ra khdng ddy nfla thi ki, nhung cd vi tri rd't quan trgng trong tid'n trinh phat triln cua lich sfl van hgc Vidt Nam. O thdi ki ndy, xa hdi Vidt Nam cd nhilu thay ddi ldn ddn din nhiing bid'n d6i sdu sac trong y thflc va tdm li con ngudi. Mat khac, nin van hod va tdm hdn ngudi Vidt, dd'n luc dd cd dilu kidn vugt dugc ra ngoai gidi han cua khu vuc anh hudng van hoa, vdn hgc co Trung Hoa dl tilp xuc vdi thi gidi hiln dai. ,

Nhflng dilu d'y giai thich cac dac dilm va thanh tuu mdi cua thdi ki vdn hgc nay.

I - DAC DI^M CO BAN CUA V A N HOC VIET NAM TlTDAU THE KI XX

DEN CACH MANG THANG TAM 1945

1. Nen vdn hoc dugc hien dai hoa

Nam 1858, giac Phap nd sung vao Da Nang, md ddu cudc xdm lugc nude ta. Tfl dd din hd't thi ki XIX, bgn thuc ddn chu yd'u boat ddng vl qudn su. Din ddu

(1) Van hgc hap phdp vd hdt hgp phdp : cdn gpi la van hoc cdng khai va khdng cdng khai.

109

thi ki XX chung mdi thuc sU tiln hanh khai thac thudc dia vl mat kinh tl. Sau hai cudc khai thac ldn thfl nhd't va ldn thfl hai (hude va sau Chid'n tranh thi' gidi thfl nhd't, 1914 - 1918), ca cdu xa hdi Viet Nam cd nhflng biln ddi sdu sac.

Tfl Nam chi Bac, nhilu dd thi, thi trdn mgc ldn nhu nhfing trung tdm kinh tl, van hod, hanh chinh cua xa hdi thuc ddn. 6 dd'y, ra ddi nhilu tdng ldp xa hdi mdi: tu san, tiiu tu san (vidn chflc, hgc sinh, nhiing ngudi budn ban hay san xudt nhd,...), cdng nhdn, ddn ngheo thanh thi,... Nhfing tdng ldp nay cd nhu cdu van hod, thdm mi mdi. Hg tao thanh mdt cdng chung van hgc ngay cang ddng dao va ddi hdi mdt thfl van chuang mdi.

Nhdn vdt trung tdm trong ddi sd'ng van hoa thdi ki tfl ddu thi ki XX dd'n nam 1945 la tdng ldp tri thflc Tdy hgc (phdn ldn la tiiu tu san). Chu yd'u thdng qua tdng ldp nay, anh hudng cua cac trao luu tu tudng, van hoa, van hgc cua thd' gidi hidn dai ngay cang thdm sdu vao y thflc ngudi lam van, dgc sach.

Trong xa hdi thuang mai, nhu cdu van hoa td't ddn din nhiing hoat ddng kinh doanh van hoa. Vi thi, nghl in, nghl xudt ban, nghl lam bao theo ki thudt hiln dai phat triln kha manh. Vilt van cung trd thanh mdt nghl kilm sd'ng tuy rdt chdt vdt. Nha van va cdng chung cd quan he gan bd han. Phd binh van hgc ra ddi va phat triln trdn bao chi. Cac quan dilm, cac thi hid'u cd dilu kiln eg xdt vdi nhau. Ddi sd'ng van hgc trd ndn sdi ndi ban, khdn truang han.

Td't ca nhiing dilu kiln kl trin giai thich vi sao nin van hgc Vidt Nam phai nhanh chdng hidn dai hoa. Ddy la mdt ddi hdi td't yd'u, khach quan cua lich sfl van hgc ddn tdc ta trong thdi dai mdi.

d ddy khai nidm hidn dai hoa dugc hiiu theo nghia : van hgc thdi ki nay thoat ra khdi thi phap van hgc trung dai^ va ddi mdi theo hinh thflc van hgc phuang Tdy.

Qua trinh hidn dai hod tfl ddu thi ki XX dd'n Cach mang thang Tam 1945, vl dai thi, didn ra qua ba giai doan :

a) Giai dogn thd nhdt (tfl ddu thi ki dd'n khoang nam 1920) cd thi xem Id giai doan chudn bi cac dilu kiln vdt chdt cdn thid't cho cdng cudc hidn dai hod : chu qudc ngfl dugc phd bid'n ngay cang rdng rai ; bao chi, dich thudt phdt triln

(1) Thi phdp vdn hgc trung dgi: hd thdng cac hinh thflc thd loai chit che, ngdn tfl nhidu didn cd v^ bidu tupng udc 16, ld'i sdng tac sung cd, coi trpng chflc nang gido hod, ft chd trong ydu td canhdn.

110

giup edu^an xudi qud'c ngfi trudng thanh nhanh chdng. Tuy nhidn, thanh tuu

hidn dai hod trong sang tac chi mdi gidi ban d mdt sd truydn ki cua md'y cdy but

Nam Bd, nghd thudt cdn nhilu ban chi. Nin vdn hgc dd't nude, trong ddng chu

luu, vdn la tha van cua cac chi si each mang. CJ cac nha Han hgc nay, tu tudng

chinh tri, xa hdi tuy da d6i mdi, nhung quan dilm va tinh cam thdm mi, tbl hidn

qua sang tac nghd thudt, vdn khdng khac bao nhidu so vdi cac cdy but cua thi ki XIX.

b) Giai dogn thd hai (khoang tfl nam 1920 den nam 1930) : Qua trinh hidn dai

hoa cua van hgc da dat dugc mdt sd thanh tuu vang ddi : tiiu thuyd't Hd Bilu

Chanh, Hoang Nggc Phach ; truydn ngan Pham Duy Td'n, Nguyin Ba Hgc,... ; tha

Tan Da ; kich cua Vu Dinh Long, Vi HuyIn Dac, Nam Xuang,... Tuy nhidn,

nhiing yiu td cua van hgc c6 vdn cdn tdn tai phd bid'n d mgi thi loai tfl ndi dung

din hinh thflc. Vi thi, ngudi ta thudng ggi giai doan thfl hai nay la giai doan qua

dd (cdn ggi la giai doan giao thdi).

Song song vdi qua trinh hidn dai hoa cua van hgc trong nudc, phai k l dd'n

nhiing truydn ki rdt hidn dai cua Nguyin Ai Qudc vid't bang tid'ng Phap cung ra ddi

vao nhiing nam hai muai tai Pa-ri.

c) Giai dogn thdba (tfl khoang nam 1930 dd'n nam 1945) : Cdng cudc hidn dai

hoa dugc ndng ldn mdt chd't lugng mdi vdi nhilu cudc each tdn sdu sdc trdn mgi

thi loai, dac bidt la vl tiiu thuylt, truydn ngan vd tha. Hai thi loai mdi la phdng su

vd phi binh van hgc cung chinh thflc ra ddi vdi nhilu cdy but tai nang.

Cd thi khang dinh nin van hgc Vidt Nam dd'n giai doan thfl ba nay da thuc su

trd thanh hidn dai.

2. Nhip do phat trien ddc biet mau le

Van hgc nude ta thdi phong kid'n tiing cd luc phdt triln manh vdi nhiing thanh

tuu rue rd va nhiing tdn tu6i dang tu hao nhu Nguyin Trai, Nguyin Du, Hd Xudn

Huang, Nguyin Cdng Trfl, Cao Ba Quat, Nguyin Dinh Chiiu, Nguyin Khuyin,

Tu Xuang,... Nhung budc vao th i ki XX, nhd nhfing dilu kidn van hod, lich sfl

mdi, nhip dd phat triln cua nd cang khdn truang ban.

Nhip dd phat triln ndi d ddy bao gdm nhilu nghia : nhip dd phat triln vl sd

lugng, nhip dd each tdn, nhip dd trudng thanh, nhip dd kit tinh d nhiing cdy but cd

tdi nang. Chinh vi thi, trong Nhd vdn hiin dgi, Vu Nggc Phan da khang dinh : ' 6

nudc ta, mdt nam da cd thi k l nhu ba muai nam cua ngudi"

Vi sao van hgc thdi ki nay lai cd td'e dd phdt triln khac thudng nhu thi ?

I l l

Mdt mat phai ndi din su thuc bach cua ydu cdu thdi dai. Nhung dilu quylt dinh phai thd'y la d ban thdn tilm luc chu quan cua nin van hgc ddn tdc. Ddn tic ta cd mdt sflc sd'ng manh lidt ma hat nhdn la long ydu nudc, tinh thdn ddn tdc. Tilng Viet va van .chuang Vidt la mdt phuang dien bilu hifn cua sflc sdng dy. Dilu dd giai thich vi sao dch thd'ng tri keo dai cua phong kiln Trung Qudc hang nghin nam, cua thuc ddn Phap hang tram nam va nhilu cudc chidn tranh xdm lugc da khdng huy didt dugc ddn tdc ta, tid'ng ndi va van chuang cua chung ta. Gid ddy, nhiing cudc vdn ddng each mang hdn ttae, rdng khdp trdn tinh thdn ddn chu tfl ddu thi ki XX, dac biet la tfl nam 1930 din nam 1945 dudi sU lanh dao cua Dang Cdng san, da truyin thdm sflc manh cho nd. Nhfing cudc each tdn van hgc sdu sac da mfl dudng cho nhilu tai nang. Ngoai ra, phai kl di'n vai trd cua tdng ldp trf thflc Tdy hgc. Do ban chdt xa hdi, do anh hudng van hoa phuong Tdy, hg da thflc tinh vl y thflc ea nhdn, vi thi khao khat xdy dittig mdt su nghidp dl khang dinh sir tdn tai cd y nghia cua ca nhdn minh trong ddi sd'ng. Mat khdc, xudt phat tfl tirih thdn ydu nudc, cac tri thflc Tdy hgc cung mudn ddng gdp mdt cai gi thdt su cho ddt nudq bang tdi tri cua minh. Ddng gdp d'y, trong dilu kidn lich sfl va kha nang cua hg, khdng gi hon la boat ddng van hoa, van hgc. Ta bilu vi sao nhilu ngudi trong tdng ldp nay da lao vao nghl van nhu tim thd'y d dd'y le sd'ng va ca hdi dl to bay tdin long thuy chung cua minh vdi dd't nudc, td tidn. Bao nhidu tdm huylt hg gfli ca vdo tilng Vidt. "Ho yen vd cung thfl tilng trong md'y muai thi ki da chia se vui budn vdi cha dng". Ho coi ddy "la tSim lua da hflng vong hdn nhiing thi hi qua", va dd'n lugt hg, hg ciing mud'n gfli hdn minh vao dd'y^ l

Vdi nhidt tinh d'y, hg da ddng gdp phdn quan trgng ddy manh td'e dd phdt triln cua van hgc thdi ki nay. Ngoai ra cdn phai kl dd'n li do : d thdi ki 1900 - 1945, van chuang da trd thanh mdt thfl hang hod va vid't van da trd thanh mdt nghl kilm , sdng. Do la nhiing nhdn td cd tac dung kich thich ngudi vid't van, lam bat).

3. Su phan hoa phurc tap thanh nhieu xu hudng van hgc

Nhin chung, d thdi ki dip thi ki XX din Cach mang thang Tam 1945, gidi van hgc cd y thflc tu giac cao vl trach nhidm ngudi cdm but, vl quan dilm nghl thiidt va khuynh hudng thdm mi cua minh. Su ra ddi cua phd binh van hgc vdi nhilu cdy but chuydn nghidp (Thid'u San, Hoai Thanh, Dang Thai Mai, Hai Trilu, Vu Ngoc Phan,...) da tbl hidn rd su phat triln y thflc do.

(1) Y kidn cua Hoai Thanh trong bai Mdt thdi dgi trong thi ca (Thi nhdn Viet Nam).

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Sit khac nhau vl quan dilm nghd thudt va khuynh hudng thdm mi ddn dd'n su phdn hoa thanh nhilu xu hudng trong ndi bd nin van hgc.

Tuy nhiln, trong hoan canh chd dd thudc dia, khi mgi linh vtic cua ddi sdng xa hdi diu chiu sir tac ddng manh me va sdu sac cua cudc ddu tranh ddn tdc quyd't lidt klo dai sudt tam muai nam, su phdn hoa cua nin van hgc trudc hd't phai dugc xem xlt d mat chinh tri, nghia la phai can cfl d thai dd chinh tri dd'i vdi chu nghia thuc ddn (true tid'p hay khdng true tid'p chd'ng thuc ddn Phap) va d quaii nidm vl md'i quan hi gifia van hgc va chinh tri cua ngudi cdm but. Dua trdn ca sd nay, ngudi ta nhdn thdy van hgc Vidt Nam tfl ddu tbl ki XX dd'n Cach mang thang Tam 1945 vl dai thi da hinh thanh hai bd phdn khac nhau.

a) Bg phdn vdn hgc phdt trien hgp phdp : Bd phdn nay gdm nhiing sang tac dugc dang tai va xud't ban cdng khai khdng bi thuc ddn Phap cdm doan. Tuy cd ti'nh ddn tdc va chfla dvfng nhiing yd'u td' tu tudng lanh manh, tid'n bd nhung nd khdng cd dugc y thflc each mang va tinh thdn chd'ng ddi true tid'p chi dd thuc ddn. Bd phdn ndy cd dilu kiln ddu tu cdng sflc vao nghd thudt. Nd cd nhiing ddng gdp mang y nghia quylt dinh dd'i vdi qua trinh hidn dai hod nin van hgc trong thdi ki nay.

Do su khac bilt vl khuynh hudng nghd thudt, bd phdn van hgc phat triln cdng khai, hgp phdp tu ban thdn nd cung cd su phdn hod phflc tap, trgng dd ndi ldn hai xu hudng chinh : xu hudng lang man chu nghia va xu hudng hidn thuc chu nghia.

Xu hudng lang man chu nghia thi hiln true tilp va sdu sac cdi tdi trfl tinh tran ddy cam xuc, ddng thdi phdt huy cao dd tri tudng tugng dl diln ta nhung khat vgng, udc ma. Nhin chung, cac tac gia di cdp dd'n nhiing quan hd ridng tu, dd'n sd phdn ca nhdn vdi thai dd bdt hoa va bd't luc trudc mdi trudng xa hdi tdm thudng, gia ddi, tu tung dudi dch thuc ddn. Thi loai thich hgp nhd't vdi chu nghia lang man la tha trfl tinh va cdc thi loai van xudi trfi tinh.

Xu hudng hidn thuc chu nghia chu trgng diln ta va phdn tich, li giai mdt each chdn thuc, chinh xac qua tnnh khach quan cua hidn thuc xa hdi thdng qua nhiing hinh tugng diln hinh. Cac nha van hidn thuc thudng di vao nhiing dl tai xa hdi vdi thai dd phi phan trdn tinh thdn ddn chu va nhdn dao. Thi loai thich hgp vdi chu nghia hiln thuc la tiiu thuyd't, truydn ngan, phdng su.

Cdn chu y, cac xu hudng van hgc ndi trdn ludn ludn d trong qua trinh didn bid'n, ddi thay. Chung tuy cd mat dd'i ldp, thdm chi ddi khi xung dot gay gdt nfla, nhung khdng hi bidt ldp, trai lai, thudng tac ddng qua lai, cd khi chuyin hod ldn nhau.

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b) Bd phdn. vdn hgc phdt trien bdt hgp phdp (tha van each mang bf mdt, dac bidt mang tha ca trong tu) va nda hgp phdp (van tha Ddng Kinh nghia thtic, van tho each mang vd san thdi ki Mat trdn Ddn chu Ddng Duang 1936 1939,...) la san phdm cua nhiing nha van - chid'n si. Nhiing ngudi cdm but nay coi tha van trudc hit la vfl khi ehiln dd'u, la phuang tiln tuyin truyin vdn ddng each mang. Quan nidm nay dugc thi hidn nhdt quan tfl Phan Bdi Chdu :

Ba tdc ludi md guom md sung, nhd cdm quyin trdng gid ciing gai ghi.

(Vdn tePhan Chdu Trinh)

dd'n Hd Chi Minh :

Nay d trong tha nin cd thep,

Nhd tha cdng phdi bii't xung phong.

(Cam tudng dgc "Thien gia thi")

Nhiing sang tac thudc bd phdn van hgc nay da sang tao dugc mdt hinh tugng cao dep : ngudi chid'n sT - nhdn vdt tidn tid'n cua thdi dai - dflng d mui nhgn ndng bdng cua cudc ddu tranh ydu nude va each mang. Cd thi phac boa nhiing nit chinh cua hinh tugng trung tdm nay : cam thu sdi sue bgn cudp nudc va ban nudc, ydu thuang vd han To qud'c va nhdn ddn, ngay ca khi bi tu day vdn hidn ngang bdt khudt - "Nhiing ke va trdi khi Id budc Gian nan chi kl vide con con'' (Dap dd d Cdn Ldn - Phan Chdu Trinh). Trong van hgc each mang vd san, ngoai nhiing net trdn, ta cdn thdy d con ngudi dd H tudng

PROSE ET POESIES DU DONG KINH NGHIA THUC N H 6 M B I 6 < S O A N : VO VAN S(«iCH, VO THI MDW HUONG, PHILIPPB PAPIN

NGUdi GI6I THI$U: 01 Ao SU DINH X U A N L A M

t

Hinh em be khoe manh trong tu thd mang qui dia cdu mau do trdn vai la bilu tupng chung cho nhidu

sach giao khoa do Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc an hdnh. (Bia sach cOa Nha xuat ban Van /jod, 1997)

114 8B-NG(]rvAN11-NC,T1

mdi cua thdi dai (K tudng cdng san) nhd thi ma nam dugc quy ludt tid'n hod cua lich sfl va ddu tranh vdi tmh thdn lac quan chid'n thang. Tuy nhidn, dd boat ddng trong hoan canh bdt hgp phap va cac tac gia lai phai tdp trung trudc hit vao boat ddng chinh tri, bd phdn van hgc nay khdng cd dilu kidn ggt giua nhilu vl nghl thudt.

II - THANH TUU V A N HOC TlTDAU THE KI XX DEN CACH MANG THANG TAM 1945

1. Ve noi dung, tu tuong

Van hge Vidt Nam tfl ddu thi ki XX di'n Cach mang thang Tam 1945 vdn tilp hie phat huy nhfing truyin thdng tu tudng ldn cua van hgc ddn tdc, ddng thdi dem din cho nhiing truyin thd'ng dy mdt ddng gdp mdi cua thdi dai: tinh thdn ddn chu.

Vl long ydu nudc, Phan Bdi Chdu quan nidm "Ddn la ddn nudc, nudc la nudc ddn'' Nguyin Ai Qudc - Hd Chi Minh va cac nha van vd san thi gdn chu nghia ydu nudc vdi If tudng xa hdi chu nghia. Trong bd phdn van hgc hgp phdp, tinh thdn ydu nudc thudng thi hidn mdt each kfn dao ban, trudc hit qua tinh ydu tid'ng Vidt. Nd thdm vao cac trang vid't, tao ndn mdt cai gi nhu la linh hdn Vidt Nam trong truyin thd'ng dao li, truyin thd'ng nhdn ban dugc phat huy, trong nhiing canh vdt binh di, nhiing phong tuc ngan xua dugc tai hidn, trong nhiing guang mat, dang nit, nhiing tinh each thdn thudc dugc khac hoa,...

Tinh thdn ddn chu cung dem dd'n cho truyin thd'ng nhdn dao nhiing khia canh ndi dung mdi. Dd'i tugng chu yd'u cua vdn hgc thdi ki nay la nhiing con ngudi binh thudng trong xa hdi. Cac nha tiiu thuyd't hidn thuc va cac nha tha each mang vd san thi hudng ban vl nhiing tdng ldp nhdn ddn cue kh6, ldm than.

Chu nghia nhdn dao trong van hgc thdi ki nay cdn gan liin vdi su thflc tinh vl y thflc ca nhdn cua ngudi cdm but. Nhd nhdn thflc dugc y nghia su tdn tai cua mdi cd nhdn trong xa hdi, nhilu cdy but thi hidn sdu sac khat vgng sd'ng manh Udt cua mdi cd nhdn, mud'n phdt huy cao dd tai nang va phdm gia mdi con ngudi. Hg dd'u tranh chd'ng ludn If, ll giao phong kid'n dl gianh quyln hudng hanh phuc ca nhdn, dac biet xung quanh vdn dl tinh yiu, hdn nhdn, gia dinh,... Cang bilu sdu y nghia cua cudc sdng cd nhdn, nha van cang cam nhdn thdm thfa hem ndi khd cua nhiing sinh minh sdng vdt vudng trong ddi ngheo, tam td'i, khdng tuang lai, nhiing cudc sdng vd nghia ''md md nhdn anh'', cdng cam thdy cai khdng khi bflc bd'i, tfl tung eua thdn phdn nd le trong xa hdi thuc ddn,...

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Tinh thdn ddn chu cung dem din cho chii nghia anh hiing mdt ndi dung mij Phan Bgi Chdu khang dinh : "Mdt nudc cd anh hung hay khdng ciing la do nhdn d | trong nudc dy cd anh hung hay khdng ma thdi" (Sdng bdi giai nhdn). Cac cdy b | vd san thi gdn chu nghia anh hung vdi If tudng cdng san va kit hgp chu ngMa'yga nudc vdi tinh than qud'c t l vd san. Tac phdm ciia hg tran ddy anh sang lac quan each mang.

2. Ve hinh thurc the loai va ngon ngiir van hoc

Nhin chung, d thdi ki nay, ngudi cdm but khdng thi thanh cdng nlu khdng hien dai hoa each viet cua minh.

VI cac the loai van xudi thi phat triln manh nhdt la tiiu thuyi't va truydn ngaij? I

6 nudc ta, su ra ddi cua tieu thuyi't ydn xudi qud'c ngd, ban thdn no da la ddu hieu cua cdng cudc hidn dai hod van hgc. Nha tiiu thuylt ddu tien khang di^ dugc chd dting cua minh la H6 Bieu Chanh. Nhilu tac phdm'tilu bilu cu| Hd Bieu Chanh thudng md phdng cd't truydn cua tiiu thuyd't phuong Tdy. Tu| nhidn, thanh cdng cua dng la da Vidt Nam hoa dugc tdt ca va ngudi dgc chi thJ(y trong Nggn cd gid dda. Cay ddng miii ddi, hay Cha con nghia ndng,... canh trf, con ngudi, ldi sd'ng cua cac tdng ldp nhdn ddnl^am Bd. Nhung cac tac phdnl cu| dng chua thoat khdi ldi bd ctac chuang hdi ya each kd't thuc cd hdu. Ngdn ngS Hd Bilu Chanh cd tfnh binh dan va giau chdt sd'ng thuc tl, nhung chua dat tdi tinh chudn muc cua ngdn ngfi van chuang. Tiiu thuyd't TdTdm cua Hoang Nggc Phac| mdi me, linh boat ban trong each dung truyin va diln ta tdm If nhdn vdt. Tuy thC ldi ddn ddt tinh tilt chua that tu nhien, hanh van chua thoat hdn ld'i biln nglu va t|it chdm vao nhiing doan van vdn du duang kilu each.

Den dau nhiing nam ba muoi, nhdm Tu lite van doan da day cudc each tdn ti6u thuyet ldn mdt bude mdi. Tinh each nhdn vdt dugc xem la trung tdm cua tdc phdi Ddi sdng ndi tam cua nhdn vdt dugc phdn tich, diln ta tinh vi tfl y nghi, tinh cam;; cam xuc din nhiing cam giac ma hd nhdt. Nghl thudt hdi hoa, didu khdc hilii dai dugc van dting trong vide xdy dung nhiing bflc tranh phong canh hay chdn dun| con ngudi. Ld'i dung truydn tu nhidn, bd cue linh boat,...

Tuy nhidn, tiiu thuyd't Tu luc van doan (tidu bieu la cac tac phdm cua Nhdt Linh, Khai Hung) cd thien hudng xa rdi ddi sd'ng thuc t l phong phu, phflc tap, lai thi^ tu tudng sau sdc, dge dao ndn nhanh chdng di dd'n ld'i vid't mdn sao, hdi hgt.

Cac nha tiiu thuyet hidn thuc chu nghia cd cdng gdn tiiu thuyd't vdi hiln th^ ldn cua ddi sd'ng nhdn ddn. Tfl hidn thuc dy, nha van sang tao ndn nhfing khai qu t nghe thudt day sflc sd'ng. Ngdn ngfi tiiu thuyi't cung dugc chat lgc tfl ngdri'ngff

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liii s ^g va ndng ldn din trinh dd nghd thudt. Cac nha tiiu thuyd't cd ddng gdp iiag kl theo khuynh hudng nay la Vu Trgng Phung, Ngd Tdt Td, Nguydn Hdng, liam Cao, Manh Phu Tu, Dd Dflc Thu,...

Thanh tuu phong phu vd viing chac ban cua van xudi ddu tbl ki XX dd'n Cdch nang thdng Tam 1945 la truyin ngdn vdi hang loat phong each ddc dao, nd'i tid'p ihau ddy thi loai nay dat dd'n trinh dd nghl thudt cao. Vdi nhung phong each dy, ndt sd truyin ngan Vidt Nam thdi ki nay khdng din ndi xa each vdi nhiing thanh tuu truyin ngan xudt sac trdn thd' gidi.

Tfl nhiing truydn ngdn hidn dai budi ddu cua Pham Duy Td'n va Nguyin Ba Hgc din khoang nhiing nam 1930 - 1945, truydn ngan phat triln manh me, lidn tuc. Md ddu Id ldi truydn ngan trdo phung rdt ngan va rdt vui eua Nguydn Cdng Hoan. Tilp dd Id nhiing truydn "khdng cd chuydn" vdi nhiing trang vid't tinh tl, ddm ehdt tha cua Thach Lam, Thanh Tinh, Hd Dzd'nh,... rdi dd'n nhihig truydn ngan cua Td Hoai, Bui Hiln, Kim Ldn,... da lam sd'ng lai nhiing phong tuc cua ngudi ddn qui qua con mat quan sat sac sao, hdm hinh va nhung truydn cua Nam Cao mang tu tudng sdu sdc, cd y nghia khai quat rdng ldn, phdn tfch tdm If tinh tl, chfnh xac, khac hoa nhdn vdt sinh ddng, gdc canh, dung truydn linh boat, ligng van biln hoa, ngdn ngfi cd sflc diln ta phong phu.

Cung tfl ddu nhiing nam ba muai trd di, mdt thi loai van hgc mdi ra ddi va phit triln manh : phdng su. Ddy la mdt tbl van bdo chf, cd tfnh tu lidu, nham d:ilu tra su thdt vl mdt tinh trang xa hdi nao do. Nhfing cdy but phdng sU dang chu 5r Id Vu Trgng Phting, Tam Lang, Ngd Tdt Td', Ld Van Hiln. Trong sd nhflng nhd van nay Vu Trgng Phung la cdy but xudt sac nhdt, dugc coi la "dng vua phdng sti ddt Bac"

Bdt ki, tu^ biit dugc xem la loai "qudn chung'' ca ddng, ggn nhe trong ddi qudn van hgc hiln dai. Trong thdi ki van hgc nay, but kf, tuy but rd't -hat triln, nhung tf& thanh nha tuy but, but kf cd sflc vid't ddi dao, lidn tuc thi chi cd Nguyin Tudn. Ngoai ra, cd thi kl din mdt sd tin tudi khdc, tuy khdng thdt chuydn, nhung cung dl lai dugc mdt vai tdc phdm thanh cdng : Thach Lam vdi Hd Ndi bdm sdu phd phudng, Xudn Didu vdi TrUdng ca, Nguydn Hdng vdi Cudc sdng,... ' Sit ra ddi cua kich noi la mdt thanh um dang kl eua vdn hgc thdi ki nay, tuy

rang sd lugng tdc phdm chua nhilu va chdt lugng chua cao. Ndi trdi ban ca la eac tdc phdm dng Tdy An Nam cua Nam Xuang, Kim tiin cua Vi HuyIn Dac, VU Nhu Td cua Nguyin Huy Tudng, Ngdba cua Doan Phu Tfl,...

Mdt trong nhflng thanh ttm ldn nhd't cua van hge tfl ddu tbl ki XX dd'n Cach m?ng thang Tdm 1945 Id tha ca. Mdi budc di cua tha fl-dn dudng hidn dai hod diu

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Tinh thdn ddn chu cung dem di'n cho chii nghia anh hung mdt ndi dung mdi. Phan Bgi Chau khang dinh : "Mdt nudc cd anh hung hay khdng cung la do nhdn ddn trong nudc dy cd anh hung hay khdng ma thdi" (Sdng bdi giai nhdn). Cac cay biit vd san thi gdn chu nghia anh hung vdi If tudng cdng san va kit hgp chu nghia ySu nudc vdi tinh thdn qud'c t l vd san. Tac phdm cua hg tran ddy anh sang lac quan each mang.

2. Ve hinh thiirc the loai va ngon ngiir van hoc

Nhin chung, d thdi ki nay, ngudi cdm but khdng thi thanh cdng neu khing hien dai hoa each vid't cua minh.

Vl cac the loai van xudi thi phat triln manh nhdt la tiiu thuyd't va truydn ngdnl

O nudc ta, su ra ddi cua tiiu thuyi't ydn xudi qud'c ngd, han thdn no da la ddu hieu cua cdng cudc hien dai hod van hgc. Nha tiiu thuyi't ddu tien khang dinh dugc chd dflng cua minh la Hd Bieu Chanh. Nhilu tac phdm'tilu bilu cua Hd Bieu Chanh thudng md phdng cd't truydn cua tiiu thuyi't phuang Tdy. Tuy nhien, thanh cdng cua dng la da Vidt Nam hod dugc tdt ca va ngudi dgc chi thdy trong Nggn co gid dua. Cay ddng mdi ddi, hay Cha con nghia ndng,..: canh tri, con ngudi, ld'i sdng cua cac tdng ldp nhdn ddn^am Bd. Nhung cac tac phdm cu?i dng chua thoat khdi ld'i bd cue chuong hdi va each kit thuc cd hdu. Ngdn ngfl Hd Bieu Chanh cd tinh binh ddn va giau chdt sd'ng thtfc tl, nhung chua dat tdi tinh chuan muc cua ngdn ngfi van chuong. Tiiu thuyd't TdTdm cua Hoang Nggc Phach mdi me, linh boat ban trong each dtmg truydn va diln ta tdm If nhdn vat. Tuy thi, ldi ddn ddt tinh tiet chua thdt tu nhien, hanh van chua thoat ban ld'i biln ngdu va tdt chem vao nhiing doan van vdn du duong kieu each.

De'n ddu nhihig nam ba muoi, nhdm Tu luc van doan da ddy cudc each tdn tiiu thuyet len mdt budc mdi. Tfnh each nhdn vdt dugc xem la trung tdm cua tdc phdin. Ddi sdng ndi tam cua nhdn vat dugc phdn tfch, diln ta tinh vi tfl y nghi, tinh cam, cam xuc dd'n nhflng cam giac mo hd nhdt. Nghe thudt hdi hoa, didu khdc hiln dai dugc van dung trong vide xdy dung nhung bflc tranh phong canh hay chdn dung con ngudi. Ldi dimg truydn tu nhidn, bd cue linh boat,...

Tuy nhidn, tieu thuyd't Tu liJc van doan (tidu bieu la cac tac phdm cua Nhdt Linh, Khai Hung) ed thidn hudng xa rdi ddi sd'ng thuc t l phong phu, phflc tap, lai thilu tu tudng sau sdc, ddc dao nen nhanh chdng di de'n ld'i vid't mdn sao, hdi hgt.

Cac nha tiiu thuyd't hien thijre chu nghia cd cdng gdn tieu thuylt vdi hiln thUC ldn cua ddi sdng nhan ddn. Tfl hien thuc dy, nha van sang tao nen nhiing khai quat nghe thuat day sflc sdng. Ngdn ngfi tiiu thuylt cung dugc chdt lgc tfl ngdn ngfl

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ddi s6ng va ndng len dih trinh dd nghl thudt. Cac nha tiiu thuyd't cd ddng gdp ddng kl theo khuynh hudng nay la Vu Trgng Phung, Ngd Td't Td, Nguydn Hdng, Nam Cao, Manh Phu Tu, D6 Dflc Thu,...

Thdnh tuu phong phu vd vfing chdc ban cua van xudi ddu tbl ki XX din Cach mang thdng Tdm 1945 la truyin ngdn vdi hang loat phong each ddc dao, nd'i tid'p nhau ddy thi loai ndy dat din trinh dd nghd thudt cao. Vdi nhihig phong each d'y, mdt sd truydn ngan Vidt Nam thdi ki nay khdng dd'n n6i xa each vdi nhiing thanh tuu truydn ngdn xudt sac trdn thi gidi.

Tfl nhiing truydn ngdn hidn dai budi ddu cua Pham Duy Td'n va Nguyin Ba Hgc dih khodng nhiing nam 1930 1945, truydn ngan phat triln manh me, lien tuc. Md ddu Id ldi truyin ngan trao phung rdt ngan va rd't vui eua Nguydn Cdng Hoan. Tilp dd Id nhiing truyin "khdng cd chuydn'' vdi nhiing trang vilt tinh tl, ddm chdt tho cua Thach Lam, Thanh Ttnh, Hd Dzd'nh,... rdi dd'n nhiing truydn ngan cua Td Hoai, Bui Hiln, Kim Ldn,... da lam sd'ng lai nhiing phong tuc cua ngudi ddn qud qua con mat quan sat sac sao, hdm hinh va nhiing truydn cua Nam Cao mang tu tudng sdu sac, cd y nghia khai quat rdng ldn, phdn tich tdm If tinh tl, chfnh xac, khac boa nhdn vdt sinh ddng, gdc canh, dung truydn linh boat, gigng van bid'n boa, ngdn ngfi cd sflc diln ta phong phu.

Cung tfl ddu nhiing nam ba muoi trd di, mdt thi loai van hgc mdi ra ddi va phdt triln manh : phdng su. Ddy la mdt thi van bdo chf, cd tfnh tu lidu, nham dilu tra su thdt vl mdt tinh trang xa hdi nao dd. Nhiing cdy but phdng su dang chu y Id Vu Trgng Phung, Tam Lang, Ngd Tdt Td, Ll Van Hidn. Trong sd nhflng nhd van ndy Vu Trgng Phung la cdy but xudt sac nhdt, dugc coi la "dng vua phdng su ddt Bac".

Bdt ki, tuy bdt dugc xem la loai "'qudn chung'' ca ddng, ggn nhe trong ddi qudn van hgc hidn dai. Trong thdi ki van hgc nay, but kf, tuy but rd't ^ jat triln, nhung trd thanh nha tuj' but, but kf cd sflc vid't ddi dao, lidn tuc thi chi cd Nguyin Tudn. Ngodi ra, c6 thi kl din mdt sd tdn tudi khac, tuy khdng thdt chuydn, nhung cung dl lai dugc mdt vai tdc phdm thanh cdng : Thach Lam vdi Hd Ndi bdm .sdu phd phudng, Xudn Didu vdi Trudng ca, Nguydn Hdng vdi Cudc sd'ng,...

Sil ra ddi cua kich ndi la mdt thanh tuu dang kl cua van hgc thdi ki nay, tuy rang sd' lugng tdc phdm chua nhilu va chd't lugng chua cao. Ndi trdi ban ca la cac tdc phdm Ong Tdy An Nam eua Nam Xuong, Kim tiin cua Vi HuyIn Ddc, Vu Nhu Td cua Nguyin Huy Tudng, Ngdba cua Doan Phu Tfl,...

Mdt trong nhiing thanh tuu ldn nhd't cua van hgc tfl ddu tbl ki XX din Cach mang thdng Tam 1945 Id tha ca. M6i budc di cua tho trdn dudng hidn dai boa diu

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dl lai nhihig tdn tiidi ldn : Tan Da, Trdn Tudn Khai, Tbl Lfi, Xudn Didu, Han Mac Tfl, Nguyin Bfnh,... Duge giai phdng khoi tfnh quy pham chat che va hd thdng udc Id cua van hgc trung dai, mdi nha tho, bang gidc quan cua chfnh miiih, nhu ldn ddu tidn kham pha ra tbl gidi : thi gidi mudn man sac cua ngoai canh va thi gidi phong phu, tinh vi cua ndi tdm con ngudi. Hg da tao nin nhilu tdc phdm xudt sac vid't vl thidn nhidn va tinh ydu. Ddng tho each mang cung ed nhilu thanh tUu dac sac, ddc dao - dac bidt la mang tho lam trong nhd tu dd' qud'c. Khi bi bat giam, cac chid'n Sl ydu nudc cflng nhu cac chid'n sT cdch mang vd san da binh tinh, ung dung vugt ldn rdt cao trdn nhiing thfl thdch gian lao, nguy hilm, "Thdn thi d trong lao -Tinh thdn d ngoai lao" (Hd Chf Minh). Hg bil'n nguc thd't thaiih tao dan. Nhiing vdn tho ydu nudc hay nhd't phdn nhilu la nhiing vdn tho larrt trong tu (nhilu bai tho cua Phan Chdu Trinh, Phan Bdi Chdu, Ngd Dflc Kl, Huynh Thuc Khang, Trdn Cao Vdn, Luong Van Can, Ld Dai, Hoang Van Thu, Sdng Hdng, Trdn Huy Lidu, Dang Xudn Thilu, Trdn Cung, Xudn Thuy, Td Hiiu,...). Tidu bilu ban ca cho thof each mang thdi ki nay la tdp Nhdt ki trong tu cua Hd Chf Minh va tdp Tic dy cua Td Hiiu.

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Thdi ki van hgc tfl ddu thi ki XX din Cach mang thang Tdm 1945 cd mdt vi tri hd't sflc quan trgng xet trong toan bd tid'n trinh lich sfl cua van hgc Vidt Nam. Nd da thfla k l tinh hoa cua truyin thd'ng van hgc ddn tdc, khIp lai sau lung minh ca mudi tbl ki van hgc di md ra phfa trudc mdt thdi ki mdi vdi nhiing thanh tuu va kinh nghidm se cdn anh hudng ldu dai trong tuong lai : thdi ki van hgc hien dai trong quan he rdng rai vdi nhilu nin van hod trdn tbl gidi.

Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Dgc ki va ldp dan y cua bai hgc.

2. Vl dac dilm co ban eua thdi ki van hgc tfl ddu thi ki XX din Cdch mang thang Tam1945: .

a) Anh (ehi) hiiu thi nao vl khai nilm "van hgc hidn dai" dugc dung trong bai hgc ? Vi sao tfl ddu thi ki XX, nin van hge Vidt Nam mdi thuc sU budc vao qua trinh hidn dai boa ? Qua tiinh hidn dai hod cua nin van hgc Vilt Nam diln ra nhu thi nao tfl ddu tbl ki XX dd'n nam 1945 ?

b) Anh (chi) hay giai thfch nguydn nhdn cua nhip dd'phat tiiln dac bidt mau le eua van hgc Vidt Nam thdi ki tfl ddu thi ki XX dd'n nam 1945.

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c) Vi sao van hgc Vidt Nam thdi ki ddu tbl ki XX dd'n nam 1945 cd su phdn hod phflc tap ? Phdn boa nhu thi nao ? Nhung dilm khac nhau gifla hai bd phdn van hgc hgp phap va bdt hgp phap la gi ? (vl ddi ngu nha van, hoan canh sang tac, tfnh ehdt, vi trf, ddng gdp ddi vdi lich sfl van hgc ddn tdc vl tu tudng va nghl thudt).

3. Vl thanh tuu cua thdi Id van hgc tfl ddu tbl ki XX din Cach mang thang Tam 1945 :

a) Nhiing truyin thdng tu tudng ldn cua, lich sfl van hgc Vidt Nam la gi ? Van hgc thdi ki tfl ddu tbl ki XX dd'n nam 1945 ed ddng gdp gi mdi ddi vdi nhflng truyin thdng dy ? Thfl ndu mdt ddn chting cu tbl d nhiing tac phdm da hgc d Trung hgc co sd.

b) Cac tbl loai van hgc mdi xudt hiln trong van hgc Vidt Nam tfl ddu tbl ki XX din nam 1945 la gi ? Sucdeh tdn, hidn dai hoa cua eac tbl loai tho, tiiu thuyd't diln ra nhu tbl nao ?

4. Van hgc Vidt Nam thdi ki tfl ddu tbl ki XX dd'n Cach mang thang Tam 1945 cd vi tri quan trgng nhu thi nao trong toan bd tiln ttinh phat triln cua lich sfl vdn hgc Vidt Nam ?

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Vi sao ngudi ta ggi ba muoi nam ddu tbl ki XX (1900 - 1930) la giai doan giao thdi cua van hgc Vidt Nam trdn qua trinh hidn dai hoa ?

BAI VlfiT sd 3 (Nghi ludn van hgc)

KET QUA CAN OAT

Bii't vii't bdi nghi ludn vdn hgc phdn tich ndi dung vd nghi thudt cua mdt tdc phdm vdn hgc trung dgi. Bidt van dung kindng phdn tich khi vii't bdi, khdc phuc vd hgn chidugc nhitng sai sdt d cdc bdi vii't trudc.

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Tham khao cac dl van sau ddy :

De 1. Vdn te nghia si Cdn Giudc (Nguyin Dinh Chiiu) - mdt tiling khdc bi trang.

De 2. Ve dep cua Bdi ca ngdt ngudng (Nguydn Cdng Trfl).

De 3. Con ngudi Nguyin Khuyd'n qua bai tho Cdu cd mda thu.

De 4. Cd ngudi eho bai tho Vinh khoa thi Huang la tilng khdc, nhung cd ngudi lai cho dd la tilng cudi chdm bilm sdu cay cua Trdn Td' Xuong tnidc thdi eude luc bdy gid. Y kiln eua anh (chi) nhu tbl nao ?

De 5. Vl mdt bai tho trung dai Viet Nam ma anh (ehi) yeu thfch.

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HAI BllA TRE THACH LAM

K^T QUA CAN DAT

Hieu dugc tdm ldng thucmg cdm sdu xa ciia Thgch Lam dd'i vdi nhihig kiep sd'ng td'i tdm, mdn mdi vd thdi dd ndng niu, trdn trgng cua dng ddi vdi nhdng tdm hdn tre tha nai phdhuyin.

Thdy dugc net tinh ti cua nghi thudt td cdnh, td tdm trgng vd tgo khdng khi truyin trong tdc phdm.

TI^U DAN

Thach Lam (1910 1942) tSn khai sinh la Nguyin Tudng Vinh, sau ddi th^nh Nguyin TUdng Lan, Id th^nh vidn cda TU Iflc van dohn. dng sinh tai H^ Ndi, nhUng nhiiu nSm thding tudi thd sdng d huySn Cdm Giing, tinh Hai Duang. Sau khi do tu tai phin thfl nhdt^^\ dng l im bao, vidt vSn v i trci thinh m6t trong nhiing ciy but chCi chdt cCia cic bao Phong hoa, Ngay nay. 6ng mat tai H i Ndi.

L - .

II

\

> .

Thach Lam (SanveciiaSrWgoc)

Sang tac cOa Thach Lam gdm ca truydn ngdn, tieu thuydt, tuy but, nhung dac sac nhdt van l i truyen ngin. 6ng viet nhiiu v i cupc sdng vat va, CO cUc, bd tdc cua nhOhg ngUdi d in ngheo d phd huyen hay ngoai 6 H i Noi v i v i nhQng tri thflc binh dan v6i mot niim cam thUdng thdm thfa. Truyen ngan cua Thach Lam thuflng khong c6 cdt truySn (hoac cdt truyen rdt don gian), nhUng lai giau t im tinh, t im trang, ldi van binh dj m i gdi cam. Nhieu truyen cua ong mb xa mot thd gi6i tham kin ben trong cua con ngUdi v6i biet bao cam tudng, cam giac md ho, mong manh, tinh te,... v i cung l im dong lai trong long ngUdi doc that nhiiu dUvj.

(1) Tii tdi phdn thd nhdt (cdn goi la td tM bdn phdn): tuong duong vdi ldp 11 ngay nay.

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Tie pham chinh cua Thach Lam gdm : Gio diu mua (tip truySn ngan, 1937), Ning trong vUdn (tap truyen ngan, 1938), Ngay mdi (tieu thuydt, 1939), Theo ddng (tieu luan, 1941), Sgi toe (tap truySn ngan, 1942), Ha N6i bSm siu pho phudng (tuy but, 1943),...

Hai dda tre la truyen ngan kha tiSu bieu cda Thach Lam, dUdc in trong tap

Ning trong vUdn.

*

* *

1. Tilng trdng thu khdng *'* trin cai ehdi cua huydn nho ; tiing tilng mdt vang ra dl ggi budi ehilu. Phuong tdy do rue nhu Ifla chay va nhiing dam mdy anh hdng nhu hdn than sdp tan. Day tre lang trude mat den lai va cat hinh ro rlt trin nin trdi.

Chiiu, ehilu rdi. Mdt ehilu dm a nhu ru, vang vang tid'ng Ich nhdi klu ran ngoai ddng rudng theo gid nhe dua vao. Trong cfla hang hod td'i, mudi da bat ddu vo ve. Lidn ngdi ydn lang bdn md'y qua thudc son den ; ddi mat chi bdng tdi ngdp ddy ddn va cai bu6n eua budi chilu qui thdm thfa vao tdm h6n ngdy tho cua chi; Liin khdng hiiu sao, nhung chi thdy long bu6n man mac trudc cdi gid khac cua ngay tan.

- Em thap den lin chi Lidn nhi ?

Nghe tilng An, Lidn diing ddy tra ldi:

- Hang thong tha mdt lat nfia cung dugc. Em ra ngdi ddy vdi chi keo d trong d'y mudi.

An bd bao didm xud'ng ban cung chi ra ngoai chdng ngdi ; chile chong nan Mn xud'ng va kdu cdt kit.

- Cai chdng nay sap gay rdi chi nhi ?

- Udl rdi chi bao me mua cai khae thay vao.

Hai chi em gugng nhe ngdi ydn nhin ra phd. Cdc nha da ldn den ca r6i, den treo trong nha bac phd Mi, den hoa ki leo lit trong nha dng Cflu, va din ddy

(1) Thu khdng : thcd di^m dong cfla thanh vao luc chi6u tdi b cac kinh thdnh hay phu, huyfen ngay truflc.

(2) Qud : dung cu hinh hdp tron, co n ^ , lam bdng g6 hoac bang tre dan, bfin trong thudng chia nhi6u ngan, ben ngoai phu son ta mdu den, aSca hoac do, di dung hdng khd.

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sdng xanh trong hidu khach... Nhung ngudn sang d'y diu chid'u ra ngoai phd khiln cdt ldp lanh tiing chd va dudng mdp md thdm vi nhiing hdn da nhd mdt bdn sang, mdt bdn tdi.

Chg hgp gifia phd van tfl ldu. Ngudi vl hit va tid'ng dn ao cung mdt. Trdn dd't chi cdn rdc rudi, vd budi, vd thi, la nhan va la mia. Mdt mfli dm dm bdc ldn, hoi ndng cua ban ngay ldn vdi mui cat bui quen thudc qua, khiln chi em Lidn tudng la mui ridng cua ddt, cua qud huong nay. Mdt vai ngudi ban hang vl mudn dang thu xip hang hod, ddn ganh da xd san vao quang rdi, hg cdn dting ndi chuydn vdi nhau ft cdu nfia.

Mdy dfla tre con nha ngheo d ven chg cui lom khom trdn mat dd't di lai tim tdi. Chung nhat nhanh thanh nfla, thanh tre, hay bdt cfl cai gi cd tbl dflng dugc cua cac ngudi ban hang dl lai, Lidn trdng thdy ddng long thuong nhung chfnh chi cung khdng cd tiln dl ma cho chung nd.

Trdi nhd nhem tdi, bdy gid chi em Lidn mdi thd'y thang cu be xach dilu ddm vd khiing hai cdi ghi trin lung d trong ngd di ra ; chi Tf, me nd, theo sau, ddi cai chdng trin ddu va tay mang khdng bilt bao nhidu la dd dac : td't ca cai cfla hang cua chi.

- Sao hdm nay chi dgn hang mudn tbl ?

Chi Ti di chdng xudng dd't, bay bidn cac bat ud'ng nude mai rdi mdi chip milng tra ldi Lidn :

- Oi chao, sdm vdi mudn ma cd an thua gi.

Ngay, chi di md cua bat tip ; tdi din chi mdi dgn cai hang nudc ndy dudi gd'c cdy bang, bdn canh cdi mdc gach. Di bdn cho ai ? Md'y ngudi phu gao hay phu xe, thinh thoang mdy chu Ifnh Id ^ trong huydn hay ngudi nha thdy thfla ^ di ggi chdn td tdm, cao hflng vao hang chi ud'ng bat nudc che tuoi va hut dilu thud'c lao. Chi Tf cha kilm dugc bao nhidu, nhung chilu nao chi cung dgn hang, tfl chdp tdi cho din ddm.

Chi kd xong chdng, ghi, dich nggn den hoa ki lai ngdi tdm trdu, cdn thang cu thi loay hoay nhdm Ifla dl ndu ndi nude che. Luc bd'y gid chi mdi ngdng ddu ldn ndi chuydn vdi Lidn :

(1) Linh le: linh chuyfen lim cdc vific tap dich, hdu ha quan lai dudi thdi thudc dia nfla phong ki6i. (2) Thdy thita (hay thUa phdi) : vifen chflc l£km viec hkn gidy giiip viec cho cac Tri phii,

Tri huyen.

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- Cdn cd chua dgn hang a ?

Lidn giat minh, kdu khe : "Chd't chfla !", rdi dflng ddy giuc em :

- Vao ddng cfla hang thdi, khdng me ra mang chd't.

An dap :

- Hdm nay chua chac me cd ra khdng, chi a. Me cdn bdn lam gao co ma.

Ngay nao, cfl chdp td'i, me Lidn lai tat ra tham hang nidt ldn, va ba dan cfl trdng thu khdng la phai ddng cfla hang lai. Thi ma Lidn mai nhin phd qudn mdt! Bdy gid Liin vdi vang vao thdp den, xd'p nhiing qua son den lai, trong luc An di tim then dl cai cfla eho chac chan. Cai cfla hang hai chi em trdng coi la mdt cfla hang tap boa nhd xiu, me Liin dgn ngay tfl khi ca nha bo Ha Ndi vl qui d, vi thdy Lidn mdt vide. Mdt gian hang be thue lai cua ba lao mdm, ngan ra bang mdt tdm phen nfla dan gidy nhdt trinh . Me Lidn giao cho Lidn trdng coi - ba cdn bdn lam hang xao^ - va budi td'i thi hai chi em cung ngu d ddy dl trdng hang.

Lidn dim lai nhfing phong thud'c lao, xd'p vao hdm cac banh xa phdng cdn lai, vfla ldm nhdm tfnh tiln hang. Hdm nay, ngay philn ' ma ban- cung chang an thua gi.

- Cd phai budi trua em ban chd ba Luc hai bdnh xa phdng khdng ?

An ngdm nghi rdi dap :

- Vdng, ba ta mua hai banh cdn cu Chi 'ldy nfla banh nfia.

Lidn vdi cai ban tfnh dl cdng sd' tiln. Nhung trong hang ndng va mudi qua, chi ngdn ngai rdi xd'p td't ea tiln vao trap^ \ khdng tfnh nfia.

- Thdi, dl mai tfnh mdt tbl.

An nhin chi, chi dgi lue d'y. Hai chi em cung vdi mud'n ddng cfla hang dl ra ngoai kia, ngdi trin chdng ngam nhin phong canh ngoai phd'. Lidn khoa vdi ti-ap

(1) Nhdt trinh : bao hdng ngay.

(2) Hdng xdo : ngh6 dong thoc v^ xay gia gao, kidm ldi bdng each ban gao va thu cdc san phdm phu nhu tdm, cam.

(3) Ngdy phien : ngay hpp ehp chinh, ddng ngudi mua ke ban hon ngay thudng.

(4) Trdp : do diing hinh hdp trdn hoac chfi nhat, thdi trudc dting dl dung cdc vSt quy hay gidy td, trdu cau.

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tiln vdi mdt chile khoa chi deo vao cai ddy xa tich^ bae d thdt lung, chile xa tfch va cai khoa ehi quy mdn va hanh dien, vi nd td ra chi la ngudi con gai ldn va dam dang.

- A, cd be lam gi thi ?

Nghe cdu ndi tilp theo mdt tilng eudi khanh khach, chi em Lien khdng cdn hgoanh mat ra cung bid't la ai da vao hang. Dd la cu Thi, mdt ba gia hoi dien vdn mua rugu o hang Lidn. Lidn da bid't tinh ba, ehi lang lang rdt mdt cut rugu ti day dua .cho cu ; chi khdng dam nhin mat cu, va trong long hoi run sg, chi mong cho cu chdng di. Cu cdm cut rugu soi ldn rdi cudi gidn gia ndi:

- A, em Lidn thao nhi. Hdm nay lai rdt ddy cho chi ddy.

Cu ngfla cd ra dang sau, ud'ng mdt hoi can sach, rdi vfla chep midng vfla ldn rudt tugng tra tiln. Cu dl ba ddng xu vao tay Lidn, xoa dau chi mdt cai rdi lao dao budc ra ngoai. Hai chi em Lidn dflng siing nhin theo cu di ldn vao bdng td'i, tilng cudi khanh khach nhd ddn vl phia lang.

2. Trdi da bdt ddu ddm, mdt ddm mua ha dm nhu nhung va thoang qua gid mat. Dudng phd va eac ngd con ddn ddn chfla ddy bdng td'i. Cac nha da ddng cfla im im, trfl mdt vai cfla hang cdn thflc, nhung cfla chi dl he ra mdt khe anh sang. Tre con tti hgp nhau d thim he, tilng cudi ndi vui ve, khiln An them mud'n nhdp bgn vdi chung dl nd dua, nhung sg trai ldi me dan phai coi hang, ndn hai chi em danh ngdi ydn trdn chdiig, dua mdt theo ddi nhiing ngudi vl mudn, tfl tfl di trong ddm.

Vdm trdi hang ngan ngdi sao ganh nhau ldp lanh, ldn vdi vet sang cua nhiing con dom ddm bay la la tren mat dd't hay len vao nhiing canh cay. An va Lien lang ngudc mdt len nhin cac vi sao dl tim sdng Ngan Ha va con vit theo sau dng Thdn Ndng . Vu tni tharn tham bao la dd'i vdi tdm hdn hai dfla tre nhu ddy bf mat va xa la va lam mdi tri nghi, ndn chi mdt lat hai chi em lai cui nhin vl mat ddt, vl qudng sang thdn mdt chung quanh nggn den lay ddng trdn chdng hang cua chi Tf.

(1) Xi tich : spi day bdng bac hay ma bac, co kem theo chia khoa, hdp dung vdi an trdu, phu nfi thdi trudc thudng deo d thdt lung lam dd trang sfic.

(2) Rugu ti: rupu do cdng ti rupu dupc chinh quyen bao hp Phap cho phep ban rdng rai, hpp phap (khac vdi rugu ti la rugu ldu, rupu do dan tu ndu, bi cam).

(3) Thdo : cd long td't, hay chia se, nhudng nhjn ngudi khac. (4) Thdn Ndng : theo truydn thuyet, do la mot vj hoang de ciia Trung Hoa c6 dai (trudc thdi Nghieu -

Thudn) day dan lam rudng, hpp ehp va bay each bdc thud'c tri benh. Ten dng dupc dat cho mot chdm sao.

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v l phfa huyen, mdt ehd'm Ifla khae nhd va vang lo liing di trong ddm tdi, mdt di rdi lai hiln ra... An trd tay bao chi:

- Kia, hang phd cua bac Silu din kia r6i.

Til'ng ddn ganh kiu kit nghe rd rdt, khdi theo gid tat lai chd hai chi em. Bdc Sidu da tdi gdn, dat ganh phd xud'ng dudng. Bae cui xud'ng nhdm lai Ifla, thdi vao cai d'ng nfla con. Bdng bac mdnh mdng nga xudng dd't mdt vung va klo dai dd'n tdn hang rao hai bdn ngd. An va Lidn ngfli thdy mui phd thom, nhung d cdi huydn nhd nay, qua bac Sidu la mdt thfl qua xa xi, nhilu tiln, hai chi em khdng bao gid mua dugc. Liin nhd lai khi d Ha Ndi chi dugc hudng nhiing thflc qua ngon, la - bdy gid me Lidn nhilu tiln - dugc di choi Bd Hd ud'ng nhiing cdc nude lanh xanh do. Ngoai ra, ki nidm cdn nhd lai khdng ro rdt gi, chi la mdt vung sang rue va ldp lanh. Ha Ndi nhilu den qua ! Tfl khi nha Liin dgn vl ddy, tfl khi cd cdi cfla hang nay, ddm nao Lidn va em cung phai ngdi trdn chile chdng tre dudi gd'c cdy bang vdi cai td'i cua quang canh phd chung quanh.

Ddm td'i dd'i vdi Lidn quen lam, chi khdng sg no nfia. Tdi he't ca, con dudng tham tham ra sdng, con dudng qua chg vl nha, cdc ngd vao lang lai cang sdm den ban nfia. Gid chi cdn nggn den con cua ehi Tf, va ea cai blp Ifla cua bac Silu, chilu sang mdt vung dd't cat ; trong cfla hang, nggn den cua Lidn, nggn den van nhd, thua thdt tiing hdt sang Igt qua phdn nfla. Tdt ea phd xa trong huydn bdy gid diu thu nhd lai noi hang nudc cua chi Tf. Thdm dugc mdt gia dinh bac xdm ngdi trdn manh chid'u, cai thau sat trang dl trudc mat, nhung bac chua hat vi chua cd khach nghe.

Chi Ti phe phdy canh chudi khd du6i rudi bd trdn mdy thflc hang, chdm rai ndi:

- Gid mudn tbl nay ma hg chua ra nhi ?

Chi mud'n ndi md'y chu linh trong huydn, mdy ngudi nha cua cu thfla, cu liic ^ la nhiing khach hang quen cua chi. Bac Sidu dap vdn vo :

- Hdm nay trong dng giao cung cd td tdm. Dd hg khdng phai di ggi ddu.

(1) BdHd: chi h6 Hoan Ki6n, b frung tam Ha Ndi. (2) xdm : ngudi kidm sd'ng bang ngh^ hdt rong.

(3) Luc : luc su, vien chflc nhd, chuyen lo vifc toa an tai cdc phii huySn thdi trudc Cdch mang thdng Tam.

126

Vg chdng bdc xdm gdp chuydn bang mdy tid'ng dan bdu bdt trong ydn ldng. Thang con bd ra ddt, ngoai manh ehilu, nghich nhat nhiing rac bdn vui trong cat bin dudng. Chiing d'y ngudi trong bdng td'i mong dgi mdt cai gi tuai sang eho su sdng ngheo kh6 hang ngay eua hg.

An va Lidn da budn ngu riu ca mat. Tuy vdy hai chi em vdn gugng dl thflc khuya chut nfia, trudc khi vao hang ddng cfla di ngu. Me vdn dan phai thflc dd'n khi tau xudng - dudng sat di ngang qua ngay trudc mat phd - de ban hang, may ra cdn cd mdt vai ngudi mua. Nhung cung nhu mgi ddm, Lidn khdng trdng mong cdn ai din mua nfia. Vdi lai, ddm hg chi mua bao didm hay gdi thud'c la cflng. Lidn va em cd thflc la vi cd khac, vi mudn dugc nhin chuydn tau, dd la su boat ddng eudi cung cua ddm khuya.

An da nam xud'ng gd'i ddu ldn dui chi, mi mat sap sfla roi xud'ng, cdn dan vdi:

- Tau dd'n chi danh thflc em ddy nhe.

- U, em cfl ngu di.

Lidn khe quat cho An, vud't lai mai tdc to. Ddu em bl ndng ddn trdn ngudi Lidn ; chi ngdi ydn khdng ddng ddy. Qua ke la cua canh bang, ngan sao vdn ldp ldnh ; mdt con dom ddm bam vao dudi mat la, vung sang nhd xanh nhdp nhdy rdi hoa bdng rung xud'ng vai Lidn khe khe, thinh thoang tiing loat mdt. Tdm hdn Lidn yin tinh han, cd nhiing cam giac mo hd khdng bilu.

TflAOTXAH.

M M |A« M • • • al* ft««« CM. * Ck t^ IWMI 1*V« « U b«« t M Wly t>* cM B M •<>•( ••• cto hk U>< hu Uttb >t |'><«>I

> G M <t ch« «»• k U ( t 1 A* « ( l * a r * l •*••>•>'

Truydn ngan Hai dCra tri dang tr6n bao Ngay nay sd ra ngdy 7 - 8 -1938

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3. Trdng cdm canh^^^ d huydn danh tung ldn mdt tilng ngan khd khan, khdng vang ddng ra xa, rdi chim ngay vao bdng td'i. Ngudi vang mai ; trdn hang ghi chi Tf mdi cd hai, ba bac phu ngdi ud'ng nudc va hut thudc lao. Nhung mdt lat tfl phd' huyIn di ra, hai ba ngudi cdm den I6ng lung lay cac bdng dai : md'y ngUdi lam cdng d bilu khdch di ddn ba chu d tinh vl. Bae Silu nghin cd nhin ra phia ga, lin tilng :

- Den ghi da ra kia rdi.

Lien cung trdng thd'y nggn Ifla xanh bile, sat mat ddt nhu ma trcd. Rdi tilng cdi xe Ifla d ddu vang lai, trong dem khuya keo dai ra theo nggn gid xa xdi. Lien danh thflc em :

- Ddy di An. Tau din rdi.

An nhom ddy, ld'y tay dui mat cho tinh ban. Hai ehi em nghe thdy tilng ddn ddp, tid'ng xe rit manh vao ghi. Mdt lan khdi bflng sang trang ldn dang xa, tilp din tid'ng hanh khach 6n ao khe khe. Md'y nam nay budn ban kim ndn ngudi len xudng it, cd khi hai chi em dgi chd chang thd'y ai. Trudc kia, d sdn ga, cd mdy hang cam md ddn khach, den sang cho din nfla dem. Nhung bdy gid hg ddng cfla ca rdi, cung im ldng td'i den nhu ngoai phd.

Hai chi em chd khdng ldu. Tilng cdi da rit ldn, va tau rdm rd di tdi. Lidn dat em dting ddy dl nhin doan xe vut qua, cac toa den sang trUng, chid'u anh ca xudng dudng. Lidn chi thoang trdng thdy nhiing toa hang trdn sang trgng Id nhd nhiing ngudi, ddng va kin Id'p lanh, va cae cfla kinh sang. Rdi chile tau di vao dim tdi, M lai nhung ddm than do bay tung trin dudng sdt. Hai chi em cdn nhin theo cdi chdm nho cua chile den xanh treo trdn toa sau cung, xa xa mai r6i khudt sau rang tre.

- Tau hdm nay khdng ddng, ehi nhi.

Lidn cdm tay em khdng dap. Chuyin tau ddm nay khdng ddng nhu mgi khi, thua vdng ngudi va hinh nhu kem sang ban. Nhung hg d Ha Ndi vl ! Liin lang theo mo tudng. Ha Ndi xa xam. Ha Ndi sang nic, vui ve va huydn nao. Con tau nhu da dem mdt chut tbl gidi khac di qua. Mdt tbl gidi khac ban, dd'i vdi Liin, khac ban cai vdng sang nggn den cua chi Ti va anh Ifla cua bac Silu. Ddm tdi vdn bao bge chung quanh, ddm cua ddt qud, va ngoai kia, ddng rudng menh mang va yen lang.

- Thdi di ngu di chi.

(1) Trd'ng cdm canh : trudc day, mdt dem dupe chia lam nam eanh. Ddu m6i canh cd trdng bdo. (2) Den ghi: den bdo hieu viec chuydn dudng chay ciia xe lira (ghi: thidt bi diing d^ chuyin dudng

chay cua xe Ifla hoac xe dien).

128

Lien vd vai em, ngdi xudng chdng. An cung ngdi xud'ng va nga ddu vao vai Lien. Tilng vang ddng cua xe boa da nhd rdi, va mdt ddn trong bdng tdi, ldng tai cung khdng nghe thdy nfla. Sao trdn trdi vdn ldp lanh. Ca phd huydn bdy gid mdi thdt la hit nao ddng, chi cdn ddm khuya, tid'ng trd'ng cdm canh va tilng chd cdn. Tfl phfa ga, bdng den ldng vdi bdng ngudi di v l ; chi Tf duong sfla soan dd dac va bac Sidu da ganh hang di vao trong lang, cdn vg chdng bac xdm ngu guc trdn manh chilu tii bao gid.

Lien quay lai nhin em, thdy An cung da ngu say tay ndm chat ta ao chi va ddu vdn dita vao vai. Lien nhin quanh ddm td'i, gid da thoang lanh va dom ddm khdng cdn nfia. Chi cui xud'ng vuc em vao trong hang, mdt cung da riu lai. Chi gai cfla cdn thdn va vdn nhd nggn den dat trdn cai qua thud'c son den. Rdi Lidn din bdn em ndm xudng. Chi gdi ddu ldn tay nhdm mdt lai. Nhiing cam giac ban ngay ldng di trong tdm hdn Lidn va hinh anh tbl gidi quanh minh, md md di trong mdt chi. Liin thdy minih sd'ng gifia bao nhidu su xa xdi khdng bid't nhu chile den con cua chi Tf chi chii'u sang mdt vung ddt nhd. Nhung Lidn khdng nghi dugc ldu, mdt chi nang ddn, rdi sau Lidn ngdp vao gidc ngu ydn tinh, cung ydn tinh nhu ddm d trong phd, tich mich vd ddy bdng td'i.

(TheoTuyentdpThgchLam,NXBWknhoc,nkmi,l9SS)

HirdNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Bflc tranh phd' huydn trong truydn ngdn dugc nha van midu ta theo tnnh tu nao ? Hay ndu ndi dung bao quat cua tflng phdn da danh sd. Bflc tranh dy dugc nhin qua con mat cua ai ? Dilu nay ed y nghia gi ?

2. Nhdn xet vl nghd thudt midu ta ndi tdm nhdn vdt cua Thach Lam trong truydn ngdn nay. (Chu y md'i quan hd gifla ngoai canh - phd huydn luc chilu td'i - va ndi tdm nhdn vdt cam xuc, tdm trang cua chi em Lidn).

3. Cac chi tid't midu ta anh sang, nhdt la chi tilt nggn den eon noi hang nudc chi Tf, cd y nghia gi ?

4. Vide hai chi eni Lidn ddm ddm hdo bflc chd ddn doan tau giup ta bilu gi thdm vl tdm trang va canh ngd cua hg ?

5. Ldi van Thach Lam trong truydn ngdn cd dac diem gi ndi bat ? Hay chgn va phdn tfch mdt sd trudng hgp tidu bilu trong each dung tfl, dat cdu, each tao am dilu cua tac gia dl lam rd cac dac dilm dd.

6. Theo anh (chi), vid't truydn Hai dda tre, Thach Lam mud'n bay td nhiing tinh cam gi dd'i vdi cudc sd'ng, con ngudi noi phd huydn ?

129 •9A.NGi]rvAN11-NC,T1

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Tfl vide dgc - bilu biiydn ngdn Hai dda tre, ndu mdt vai nhdn xet khai quat vl dac dilm ndi bdt cua truydn ngan Thach Lam. (Cd thi lidn hd vdi mdt vai huydn ngan cua Thach Lam hoac eua cac nha van khdc thudc giai doan 1930 - 1945 nhu Nguydn Cdng Hoan, Nam Cao,... dl lam ro nhdn xlt cua minh).

TRI THQC OOC - HIEU

• Truyen ngan hien dai

Truyen ngan hien dai phat trien theo nhiiu hUdng khdc nhau, tuy theo each sfl dung cac ydu td

cdt truyen, nhan vat, tran thuat va kdt ci'u cua truyen. Co truyen ngan, cdt truyen dUa vio cac sif

kien dpc dio, bat ngd (nhUtac pham cua cac.bac thay G. M6-pat-xang^ ', P. M§-ri-nne^ ', A. X. Pu-skin^',

N. V. G6-g6n^^^ Nguyen Cdng Hoan,...). Co truyen ngan, t im If hUdng v io "hanh ddng ben trong",

chu ^ den diin bidn tam trang hdn l i sU kien (thudng gpi l i "phi cdt truyen" - nhU nhieu truyen ngan

cija A. P. Se-khdp, L6 Tan, Thach Lam) ; c6 truyen ngan ke sU kien hoang tudng hUao ; c6 truydn

ngan ke cac sU kien "ddi thudng", v.v.

V i dung lUdng, truyen ngan thudng co dung lUdng nho ("ngan"). Nhi van chi cat lay mot lat,

"cUa lay mot khuc", chpn Idy mdt khoanh khac ddi sdng de xay dUng nSn t i c pham cua minh.

V i kdt ca'u, truyen ngan hiSn dai thudng khdng ke theo trat tUtU nhien cija sU kien m i bit dau b

gifla hay doan eudi, sfl dung Idi hdi thuat, hdi tudng, van dung cac hinh thflc ghep ndi tao hidu qua

ddi sanh,...

Truyen ngan hi^n dai cdn e6 xu hUdng tdng hdp, dan xen, x im nhap v i mat loai hinh gifla cac

the loai (truyen ngan vdi kich, vdi tieu thuydt hoac vdi thd). SU dan xen, xam nhap nhU thd tao n§n

cac dang truyen khac nhau : truyen ngan giiu tfnh kjch (nhU truyen ngan cGa Nguyen Cong Hoan),

truyen ngan giiu tfnh trfl tinh (nhu truyen ngan cua Thach Lam), truyfen ngan gi iu chat tieu thuydt

(gdm nhiiu tinh hudng, bao quit ca cupc ddi va sd phan nhan vat, nhU truyen ngan Chi Pheo cua

Nam Cao),...

- TlT l^c van doan

TU life van doin l i mdt td chiJc van hpc gdm cac thinh vien : Nhat Linh (Nguyen Tu&ng Tam) -

ngUdi dCmg dau, Khai HUhg (Tran Khinh GiU), Hoing Dao (NguySn Tudng Long), Thach Lam (Nguyin

TUdng Lan), Tu Md (Hd Trpng Hidu), Thd Lfl (Nguyin Thfl Le), Xuan Dieu (Ngo Xuan Dieu),...

Tu lUc van doin hinh thinh tCf nam 1932 nhung ddn thing 3 - 1933 mdi tuySn bd chfnh thifc

thinh lap. Cd quan ngdn luan l i hai td bao Phong hoa, Ngay nay (tfl nam 1936) v i Nhi xudt ban

Ddi nay.

(1) G. Md-pdt-xdng (Guy de Maupassant, 1850 -1893): nhd van Phap. (2) P. Me-ri-me (Prosper Merimee, 1803 - 1870): nha van Phap. (3) A. X. Pu-skin (AldchxandroXecgayevich Puskin, 1799 -1837): nhd tho Nga. (4) N. V. Gd-gdn (Niedlai Vaxilievich Gdgdn, 1809 - 1852): nhd van Nga.

130 9B-NGflvAN11-NC.T1

Tif lUc van doin khong chi hoat dong van chUdng m i trUde hdt l i mdt td chife van hoa. Td chuTc niy phdt cao l i cd cai cich van hoi, xa hdi theo v in minh phUdng Tay hien dai, triet de chdng tUtUdng Nho giao v i c ic tap tuc, Idi sdng phong kidn m i no cho l i hij bai, phan khoa hpc, phan nhin dao.

Ve van hpc, TU life v in doin c6 nhiiu dong gdp quan trpng. Qua sang t ic va qua ngdn luan, TU life vin doin nhiet liSt cd vu phong trio cich t in van hpc theo hUdng dan tdc hoa, dan chu hoa, hien dai hoa. Tif life van doin tao dUdc uy tfn Idn trong ddi sd'ng van hpc mot thdi nhd nhuYig cudn tieu thuydt chdng l§ giio phong kidn, dau tranh cho luyen ai tu do v i viet theo but phap hien dai ; nhd nhfing bai binh luan v in chUdng dac sac v i nhd td chflc tdt nhiiu giai thudng van hpc, v.v.

Cic thinh vien ciia Tif lUc van doin noi chung khdng hoan toin thdng nhat v i khuynh hudng tham mT. Chang han, sing t ic cua Thach Lam co nhiiu khac biet vdi sang t ic cua Nhdt Linh, Hoing Dao v i gia trj hiSn thifc v i nhin dao,...

Mat h^n chd ci!ia Tif life van doan la d i cao chu nghTa cai lUdng tren lap trUdng cua tang Idp tU san, giy ao tudng v i nhOtig cai cich xa hdi trong khudn khd chd dp thudc dja. Mot sd cudn tieu thuyet c^a hp d i cao chi!i nghTa hudng lac khdng linh manh trong thanh nien.

DOC THEM

CHA CON NGHIA NANG (Trich)

HO BIEU CHANH

Ti iu DAN

Hd Biiu Chinh (1885 - 1958) t§n khai sinh l i Hd Van Trung, que b ling Binh Thinh, tinh Gd Cdng (nay l i xa Thinh Cong, huyfn Go Cdng Tiy, tinh Tiin Giang). Sau khi hpc xong bac Thinh chung'^' va thi diu ngach ki luc, dng sdng ddi cdng chflc, tflng nhan cic chflc Ddc phu sfl (Tinh trUdng), Nghi viSn Hdi ddng lien bang Ddng Dfldng,... Nam 1946, Hd Bieu Chinh thdi hoat ddng chfnh trj, v i sdng d que v i chuyen t im theo dudi cdng viec sang t ic van chUdng cho ddn luc mat.

Hd Bieu Chinh da de lai mdt khdi lUdng t ic pham dd so thudc nhieu the loai m i trong dd phan thinh cdng nhat l i tieu thuyet (gdm 64 t ic pham). Tieu thuyet cCia dng phan inh sinh ddng cudc sdng Nam Bd tCf ndng thdn ddn thinh thj nhflng nam ddu thd ki XX v i tham nhuan dao If truyin thdng.

(1) Bdc Thdnh chung: tuong duong vdi eSp Trung hpc co sd hien nay.

131

Hd Bieu Chanh ed nhflng ddng gdp Idn cho tieu thuydt Viet Nam hien dai S giai doan sd khai tren cae phUdng di$n : md rdng di t i i , dUhg truydn, miSu td tinh each, sfl dung ngdn ngfl tif nhien eua ddi sdng hing ngiy,... Mdt diiu dac biet nfla l i dng thudng van dui]g cdt truydn cua mdt sd t i c pham van hpc phUdng Tiy de vidt ve cupc sdng v i eon ngUdi Vet Nam.

Cha con nghia nang (1929) la tieu thuydt tiSu bieu cOa Hd Bieu Chanh

gdm mUdi chUdng. Nhan v i t chfnh ci!ia t ic pham l i Trdn Van Sflu - mdt ndng

dan hdt sflc that th i , cham ch!, ed ngUdi vd (Thj LifU) ling loin, lang id. Mdt

hdm, SIJTU bat qua tang vd ngoai tinh. Vd Siiu khdng bidt hdi loi tai odn ndi

nang hon lao rdi nfu chdng cho tinh nhan chay thoat. Si3fu tfle giin xd vd,

khdng may vp chdt. SuTU hoang sd bd trdn nhifng mpi ngUdi nhdm tudng anh

da nhay xudng sdng tif tfl. Mi'y dfla con Sflu ve d vdi dng ngoai l i hUdng thi

Tio^ \ nhUng do hoin eanh tiing quin, hai dfla Idn phai di d cho.bi hUdng

quan Tdn* ' B i hUdng quan rdt mdn con cua Sflu, hdt sflc dd dan v i nham

difng vp ga chdng cho ehung. 6 ndi xa, nhd con khdng chju ndi, SdfU len ve

thim nhi v i gap ngay bd vp. Nghe hUdng thj T io ke v i nhflng i n phiic md

cac con minh dUdc hUdng, Sufu ri't xiic ddng v i quydt djnh di biet tfch de

khdng l im anh hudng ddn hanh phiic eua chiing. S ^ vfla di ra, con trai diu

cija Siiu la Ti biet chuydn liin chay dudi theo. V i sau, nhd sif v in ddng ciia

con re, Tran Van Sflu dUdc mien truy td v i dUde sum hpp vdi c ic con.

Doan trfch dUdi diy thudc nfla sau cCia chUdng IX, ke lai cudc gap gd gii^

hai cha con Tran Van SijfU.

*

* *

Trdn Van Sflu chap tay xa^ cha vg rdi ddi ndn Ifin vd buon ba budc ra 16 ' \ Huong

thi Tdo vfla xay lung dang trd vl nhd, tbi thang Ti d trong nhd dd cfla chui ra. Nd thdy co

mgt minh ong ngoai nd dflng gifla sSn thi nd hoi rang :

- Cha tdi di dau rdi dng ngoai ?

- Cha ndo d dau ?

(1) Huang thi Tdo : huang thi Id mdt chflc nho trong bd may hanh chuih ciia lang Nam Bd thdi Phap thudc ; Tdo la ten nhan vat.

{2), Huang qudn Tdn : huang qudn la ngudi coi vifc tudri phdng, giO trat tu an ninh trong-mdt ldng b Nam Bd thdi Phap thudc ; Tdn la ten nhdn vdt.

(3) Xd: vai.

(4) Ld : dudng di.

132

- T6i nghe hit. Nay gid tdi diing tdi rinh trong cfla. Ong ngoai gidu tdi lam chi ? Sao

dull cha tdi di ?

Huong thi Tdo diing chung bitng. Thang Ti bo chay ra 16, dng ngoai no mudn niu lai

khdng kip. Nhd trdi sdng trang, n6n thang Ti ddm theo 16 xud'ng Phu Tidn, thi no thdy co

dang mdt ngudi di. N6 dam ddu chay riit theo. Trdn Van Sflu ngd ngodi lai, thdy co ngudi

chay theo minh, khdng bilt cd phai lang tdng rugt theo bat hay khdng, ndn anh ta sg, anh

ta cung CO gid md chay.

Cha chay trudc, con chay sau, nhimg vi cha sg chung bat, phai chay dang thodt than,

nen chay mau qud, con theo khdng kip. Qua khoi cdnh ddng Phu Tidn rdi, Trdn Van Sflu

ngo ngodi lai, thi khdng thdy dang ngudi ta rugt nfla. Anh ta mflng thdm, song cdng con

chay, chd chua ddm dflng lai.

Xudng tdi cdu Md Tfle, phdn tbi mdt, phdn tbi moi cang, ndn Trdn Van Sihi ngdi dua

cdu ma nghi. Trdn trdi trang thanh vang vac ; dudi sdng ddng bich ' nao nao. Cdnh im

Km, ma ldng lai bdi hd i ; con vui sudng, cdn cha thi sdu nao.

Trdn Van Sflu ngdi khoanh tay ngo ddng nUdc chay mdt hdi rdi noi trong tri rdng : "Bdy gid minh cdn sd'ng nfla lam gi ! Bdy lau nay minh lan 16c chiu cUc khi ma sd'ng, dy Id vi minh thuong con, minh sg no khdng hiiu vide xua r6i no trd odn minh, minh sg no bo vo ddi rdch, md t6i nghidp than nd. Bay gid minh bid't ro no thuong minh, no cdn kfnh trpng minh, md nd lai gdn dflgc giau c6 sung sudng hit thay nfla, vay thi ndn chit rdi, che't mdi qudn hit vide cu dugc, chit dang hit bu6n rdu cUc khd nfla''

Anh ta nghT vay r6i nhdm mdt lai. Anh ta thdy thi Luu nam ngay do tr^n b6 van, midng nhlu md'y giot mau do 16m, mat hit thdn ma con md trao trdo. Anh ta lai thdy budi chilu anh ta d ngodi ru6ng di vl , con Quydn thang Ti chay ra, dfla rau do dfla nam tay ma noi do de . Anh ta thd'y cdi canh gia dinh ngdy trudc ro rdng trudc mdt, thi anh ta dau ddn trong long qud, chiu kh6ng dugc, ndn vung dflng day md noi ldn ldn rang : "Mdy con oi ! Cha chit nhe. Md'y con b lad manh gioi, d l cha theo me con cho rli". Anh ta vfla ndi vfla chui qua lan can cdu. Anh ta vfla mdi dut ddu, l)6ng c6 ngudi chay ldn cdu vd hoi rang : "Ai do ? Phai cha do kh6ng, cha ?".

Trdn Van Sflu giat minh, thdo ddu trd \6^'^\ r6i day^^^ md ngo. Hiang Ti chay riit lai nam tay cha nd, ddm sdt trong mat ma nhin, rdi 6m cflng trong long ma noi: "Cha 6 i ! Cha !

(1) Ddng hich : ddng nudc bide. (2) Nheu: nhd ra, fla ra. (3)Ddde:th6thL

(4) Thdo ddu trd vd : thut ddu vdo phfa trong lan can cdu. (5) Day: quay lai.

133

Cha chay di dau dfl vay". Luc dy Trdn Van Sflu mSt tn khdn, hit nghi luc, mau trong tim chay thinh thich, nudc trong mdt mdn rdng rong, dflng xui xi xui la , khdng ndi duoc m6t tilng chi hiL

Cha con dm nhau ma khdc mdt hdi rdi budng ra. Trdn Van Siiu ngdi trdn dgc dua lan can cdu, rdi ndi rang : "Thdi eon vl di". Thang l i lie ddu ndi rang :

- Con khdng vl dugc. Bdy ldu nay con tudng cha da chit rdi, te ra cha cdn sdng. Vdy thi bdy gid cha di ddu con theo dd.

- Con dumg cd cai cha. Con phai vl dang lo cudi vg.

- Cudi vg lam gi ? Cudi vg dang bao hai nhu ma bao had cha hdi trudc dd sao ?

- Con khong ndn philn trdch ma con. Ma con cd qu^y la qudy vdi cha, chfl kh6ng qudy vdi con. Ma cha da qudn cai l6i cua ma con rdi, sao con cdn nhd lam chi ?

- Qudn sao cho dugc !

- Phai qudn di, dflng cd nhd nfla. Tai mang sd cfla cha vay, chd khdng phai tai ma con dau. Ma ma con lam qudy, thi su chit dd da chude cai qudy hit i6i ; bay gid qudy vl phdn cha, chd ma con hit qudy nvta.

- Qia ndi vay thi con xin nghe ldi cha. Tlidi, cha trd vl nha vdi con.

- Huy^^^! Vl sao dugc !

- Sao vdy ?

- v l rdi lang tdng hg din bit cdn gj ?

Thing I t nghe ndi nhu vdy thi nd tinh ngd, ndn ngdi lang thinh ma suy nghi. Cach mdt hdi nd mdi ndi rang :

- Bay gid lam sao ?

- Dl cha di. Cha di cho bidt tfch, dang con ldy vg va con Quydn cUdi chdng mdi tfl t l dugc.

- Cha di dau ?

- E)i dau cring dugc.

- Hi cha di thi con di theo.

- Dl lam gi ?

- Di theo dang lam ma nudi cha ; chiing nao cha chit rdi con se vl.

(1) Xui xi xui la: uru. (2) Qudy: lam didu khdng phai. (3) Huy : tfl bidu thi thai dd ngac nhidn hoac khdng ddng Unh, tuong tu nhu hut, hut, dy,...

134

- Con dutng cd tiiih bay. Con phai d nha lam md nu6i 6ng ngoai.

- Co trau, c6 lua san do, 6ng ngoai ldm md an, cdn gi con nu6i nfla, Lai co con

Quydn 6 nhd dd. Cdu Ba Giai cudi no ddy, no gidu c6, thilu gi tien bac, no giup do 6ng

ngoai dugc rdi. Bdy gid c6 m6t minh cha ngheo khd, vay con phai ldm ma nu6i cha chfl.

Trdn Van Sflu nghe con ndi mdy dilu hidu ngtiia dy thi anh ta cam xuc qud, ndn ngii

khdc nfla. Luc dy anh ta ldy lam b6'i rdi, khdng bid't lidu le nao cho xudi. Thdy con bin rin,

mudn b lai dang cha con sum hifp , thi sg ldng tdng bat ; nghi ddn con ndn trd'n ra di

dang bidt tich cho rdi, thi dafl ddn di khdng ddnh. Hai cha con ngdi kbit m6t bdn nhau,

cha thi lo, con thi tinh, ca hai ddu lang thinh ; song m6t Idt thang Ti dung cdnh tay no vdo

cdnh tay cha nd m6t cdi, dudng nhu nd tham chiing coi cha no con ngdi do kh6ng.

Cha con dan diu bin rin cho din sao Mai moc, Trdn Van Sflu mdi noi rang :

- Cha tuih nhu vdy, d l cha noi cho con nghe thfl coi dugc hay kh6ng. Cha ldy gidy

thud than theo dan Th6^^\ tdn cha la San Rum, bay gid cha noi tilng Thd gioi lam. Cha

tuih thdi d l cha xudng Ldng Thd hoac Ba Si, cha vd soc^ kilm chd b dau md lam

mudn. C6 nhu vdy mdi khoi lo ai bat dugc, md ldu ldu con len din tham cha.

- Theo ldi cha tfnh dd thi cha con sing md cung nhu cha chd't. Phai gidu tdn gidu ho

hodi, con ddn thdm cung phai nup len, khdng ddm ddn chdn chudng .

- Phai vdy mdi ydn dugc.

- Tinh sao cung dugc, miln Id con co tbl gdn cha dugc thdi. Md cha b vdi Thd, thi

cue khd tdi nghidp cho cha lim.

- C6 sao ddu md tdi nghidp. Hon mudi nam nay cha dau long cue xdc khdng bidt

chiftig ndo md k l cho xidt. Bdy gid cha dugc vui long r6i, ddu lao khd tdm than lai nd gi .

Cha tuih phai ldm nhu vdy mdi xong, con phai nghe ldi cha md trd vd di.

Thang Ti ngii ngdm nglu md n6i rang :

- Con khdng ddnh d l cha di mdt minh. Con mudn theo cha ma kilm chd cho cha an

fl ydn noi rdi con se vd.

(1) Sum hiip : sum hpp. (2) Dan diu: quydn luydn khdng rdi. (3) ThS: tfl trudc day hay dimg dd chi mdt sd tdc ngudi thidu sd, day chi ngudi Khmer. (4) Sdc: ldng ciia ngudi Khmer. (5)ddgu:brihb. (6) Chdn chudng: thudng xuydn, thod man (nghia trong van canh). (T)Negi:k6g\.

135

- Con di nhu vjly, dng ngoai khdng bid't con di ddu, dng ngoai lo sg, thdm cue ldng cho dng ngoai nfla.

- Th6i, cha trd vd nhd vdi con mdt chut dang eon thua vdi dng ngoai hay, rdi con di vdi cha.

- Trd vl rdi con Quydn nd thdy nd cang khd long nfla.

- Nd d dudi nha bd huong quan, chd cd d nhd ddu ma thdy.

- Trdi gdn sang rdi, trd vl Gidng Ke, ho gap cha rdi lam sao ? Khdng dUgc ddu. Con trd vl, dl cha di mdt minh, trong ft bfla cha kidm chd an d xong rdi cha se len vl md cho con bay.

- Con khdng mudn dl cha di mdt minh. NhU cha sg hg gap thdi thi cha ldn ehdi m6ng cua con d trong ldng Phu Tidn, 9ha nam dd ma chd con. Con chay vl Gidng Ke thua vdi ong ngoai mdt chut xiu rdi con trd lai lidn.

Trdn Van Sflu ban ddu cdn due dac^ ', ma bi con thdi thflc qua, anh ta khdng ihl khdng lam vfla long no dugc, ndn phai dflng day md di vdi nd trd ldn Hiu Tidn.

(Cha con nghTa ndng, NXB Dflc Luu Phuong, Sdi Gdn, 1938)

HUdNG DAN Dpc TH^M

1. Cd tbl chia doan trich thdnh mdy phdn ? Hay tdm tit ndi dung titng phdn.

2.' Nhan vat Trdn Van Sflu c6 tam trang ra sao khi ngdi mdt minh trdn cdu ? Y dinh tU v3n dd'n vdi dng nhu thd' ndo ? Hay ndu ldn cac thu phap midu ta tdm li ma tac gia da sfl dung trong tinh hud'ng tmydn ndy.

3. Nhdn vat Ti da tbl hidn tinh cam vdi cha minh nhu tbl nao qua hdnh ddng, cfl chi va ldi ndi ?

4. Mong mud'n sum hgp that su cua hai cha eon Trdn Van Sflu da gap nhihig trd ngai gi ? Tai sao tdc gia lai "ddy nhdn vdt" vdo nhihig tinh hudng khd xfl nhu thd ?

5. Cach giai quyd't tinh hudng ma nhdn vdt Ti dua ra ndi ldn dugc dilu gi vl chidu sau tinh cam va tinh each cua anh ? Kit cue cdu chuydn (g i^ ban trong doan trich) chflng td dugc dilu gi vd quan nidm dao li cua tdc gia ?

6. Phdn tich dac dilm vd cdi hay cua ngdn ngfl kl chuydn trong doan trich.

(1) Dlic ddc: ngdn ngfl chua quydt.

136

NGtr CANH (Tilp theo)

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Hieu dugc vai trd cua ngd cdnh trong viic tgo lap vd linh hdi vdn bdn.

• Bii't van dung kii'n thdc trin vdo viic dgc hieu vdn bdn vd ldm vdn.

II - VAI TRO CUA N G C C A N H TRONG VIEC TAO LAP VAN BAN

1. Vdn canh chi phdi each dung tur, dat cdu

Trong qua tiinh tao ldp van ban, van canh cd anh hudng ddn vi6c chgn lua tfl ngfl d sfl dung trong cdu, vide tao cdu trong van ban. Ndi nhu vdy cd nghia la mdt tfl khi dugc dung trong cdu phai phu hgp d mflc do nhdt dinh ve ngfl nghia, \i ngfl phdp vdi cac tfl ngtt khac trong cdu.

Vi dii, khdng ihi vid't mdt cdu nhu : "Lugng mua nam nay keo dai", bdi le xet \i mat ngfl nghia thi "lugng mua" khdng th^ di vdi "keo dai"

Mdt cdu dugc dung trong van ban phai cd quan he hgp li \i nghia, tuang ddng v^ phong each vdi nhihig cdu di trudc va di sau nd.

Chang ban, cac cdu trong doan vaii sau ddy cua Thach Lam diu ndi vi mdt budi chi^u budn b phd huy6n, diu mang ddm phong each trfl tinh, binh di ma tinh t^, thd'm dugm cam xuc cua nha van : "Chidu, chi^u rdi. Mdt chilu em a nhu m, vang vang tid'ng dch nhai kdu ran ngoai ddng rudng theo gid nhe dua vao. Trong cfla hang hoi tdi, mudi da bdt ddu vo ve. Lidn ngdi yen lang bdn md'y qua thudc son den ; ddi mdt chi bdng td'i ngdp ddy din va cai budn cua budi ehilu que tha[m thia vao tdm hdn ngdy tha cua chi ; Lidn khdng hieu sao, nhung chi th% long budn man mac trudc cai gid khdc ciia ngay tan' (Hai dita tre).

2. Hoan canh giao ti^'p anh hudng den nhflmg dac trung phong each cua

vin ban dirge tao ldp

Van ban vfla la phuang tien, vfla la san phim cua giao tidp bdng ngdn ngfl. Hoan cknh giao tie'p cu thi cd anh hudng de'n dac trimg phong each cua vdn ban.

137

Chu di hay dd'i tugng dugc ban dd'n cua van ban se quyd'tdinh vide lita chgn tfl ngtt dugc dung. Chang ban, nd'u van ban ban vl dd tai kinh td', ngudi vid't se cd xu hudng dung nhidu tfl ngtt thudc linh vtlc kinh td' (nhu tdng trudng, Igm phdt, thi trudng, doanh nghiep, ddu tu, v.v.), ne'u van ban ban vd bdng da, ngudi vid't se phai dung nhidu tfl ngfl lidn quan dd'n bdng dd (nhu cdu thu, tiin dgo, tiin vi, hdu vi, phdng ngU, ghi bdn, sadd chiin thudt, v.v.),...

Quan he gifta cac nhdn vdt giao tie'p (quan he vi the', quan he thdn sa) se quy t dinh each lita chgn tfl ngfl xung hd, each dung cac tfl ngtt mang sac thai bi^u cam. Chang han, khi giao tid'p vdi ngUdi bdc trdn, ngUdi bl dudi phai chgn tfl ngtt xUng hd thich hgp, khdng dugc dung cac tfl ngtt sudng sa,...

Cach thflc giao tie'p (ndi hay vie't), dia dilm va thdi gian giao tid'p cung anh hudng de'n each diln dat : van ndi thudng khdng cd su trau chudt nhu van vilt; tinh hud'ng giao tilp khdng cd tinh chd't nghi ll (trong btta an, luc gap nhau ngodi dudng, luc di chai cung nhau, v.v.) khdng ddi hoi phai lira chgn tfl ngtt trang trgng nhu trong nhung tinh hud'ng giao tilp cd tinh chd't nghi l l (d cudc hgp, b hdi nghi,...).

Ill - VAI TRO CUA NGtrcANH TRONG VIEC DOC HIEU V A N B A N

1. Vdn canh giup xae dinh tu: ngur dugc dung trong van ban

Trong ngdn ngtt ludn tdn tai nhihig tfl ddng dm, tfl da nghia. Chinh van canh la ddu mdi quan trgng giup ngudi dgc nhdn bid't dugc tfl nao (trong sd' cac tfl ddng dm) dang dugc sfl dung, nghia nao (trong sd cac nghia cua mdt tfl da nghia) dang dugc dung.

Van canh giup ngUdi dgc bilu dugc nhung tfl ngtt lidn quan dih doan van ban di trudc (hoac di sau), chang han nhihig tfl ngtt nhu cd dy, anh dy, dng ta, no, luc do, nhu vdy, nhu thi', vi vdy, nhusau, sau day, v.v. chi cd thi hiiu dugc khi lidn hi vdi van canh, tfle van canh se giup ngudi nghe (ngUdi dgc) bid't nhihig tfl ngtt nhU vdy dugc dung dl chi nhihig gi.

Van canh cung la ddu md'i quan trgng dl giup ngudi nghe (ngUdi dgc) khdi phuc lai dugc nhihig tfl ngtt bi tinh hxgc trong van ban.

2. Hoan canh giao tiep la nhdn to quy dinh each hieu y nghia dich thuc cua cau noi

Trudc hit, hoan canh giao tilp cu thi giup hiiu dugc nghia cua nhihig tfl ngii gdn bd mdt thilt vdi tinh hud'ng ndi nang, nhu tdi, hdm qua, hdm nay, bdy gid,

138

dday, ddo,... Nghe mdt cdu ndi nhu "Hdm qua tdi da din ddy", ta khdng tbl bilu ddy du ndi dung cua nd nlu khdng bilt cdu ndi dd dugc ai ndi, ndi luc nao, ndi 6 ddu.

Quan trgng ban, hoan canh giao tie'p cu tbl giup ta bilu dugc y nghia dich thirc cua cdu ndi, tfle cai y nghia ma ngudi ndi (ngudi vid't) mud'n chuyin tai din ngudi nghe (ngUdi dgc). Tdt ca nhihig gi dugc ggi la y nghia ham in hdi thoai diu dugc linh hdi dua vao hoan canh giao tilp cu thi. Chang ban, cdu "O ddy ngdt ngat qua" se cd y la dl nghi md cfla s6 ra nlu nhu dugc ndi trong mdt cdn phdng cd cfla s6 ddng kin. Nhung cdu nay se cd y khac, nlu nhu dugc ndi trong mdt hoan canh giao tilp ctj thi khae.

Ngoai ra, bdi canh van boa, xa hdi,... cung quy dinh vide bilu nghia cdu ndi. Chang ban, ngudi Viet Nam khi gap nhau cd thi chao nhau bang each hdi : "Bac di chg vl ddy a ?", "Chi di hgc a ?",... Cach chao nhu vdy khdng thd'y d xa hdi phucmg Tdy, nlu sfl dung each chao d'y cho ngudi Phap chang ban, hg cd tbl cho rang chung ta qua td md vl ddi sd'ng rieng tu cua hg.

LUY$N TAP

1. Qua phdn tich van canh, hay cho bilt nhttng nghia khac nhau cua tfl xuan trong nhihig cdu sau ddy :

- Gdn xa nd ndc yen anh, Chi em sdm sda bd hdnh chai xudn.

- Kiep hdng nhan cd mong manh,

Nda chdng xudn, thodt gdy cdnh thiin huang.

(Nguydn Du - Truyen Kiiu)

- Khi ngudi ta dd ngodi 70 xudn, thi tudi tdc cdng cao, sdc khoe cdng thdp.

(Hd Chf Muih -Dichuc)

2. Mdt ngudi ndi vdi ban cua minh : "Ddy khdng gidn dd'y ddu !" a) Hay cho bilt mieu ta nao trong sd cac mieu ta sau ddy la thich hgp vdi nghia

ciia tfl "ddy":

- Khoang khdng gian d gdn ngudi ndi,

- Tfl dugc dung nhu dai tfl nhdn xung ngdi thfl nhd't,

- Tfl dugc dung nhu dai tfl nhdn xung ngdi thfl hai.

b) Hay giai thich tai sao anh (chi) lai chgn nhu vdy.

139

3. Tai sao trong doan trich Ddng Mdu (tudng San Hdu), Ddng MSu cd luc ggi Ddng Kim Ldn la "con' (Bd con ! Ditng cd khdc ! NhU me nay), cd We lai ggi la mi" (BdKim Ldn I Detao chii thdi mi hdy ddu Tg tac) ?

Trong giao tilp hang ngay, viec thay ddi tfl ximg hd cd thi cho bid't dilu gi ? Hay ndu mgt vi du minh hoa.

4. Hay nghT ra nhihig hoan canh giao tiljp khac nhau, theo dd cdu ndi : "Anh an cam chua ?" cd the chuyin tai nhilu y nghia ham in khac nhau.

5. Hay ndu mdt hoan canh giao tidp ma ngudi ndi budc phai tiinh bay vdh dl mdt each vdng veo, tfle phai ndi gdn ndi xa chfl khdng thi ndi mdt each tnic ti^p, "ndi toae mdng heo".

LUYEN TAP THAO TAC LAP LUAN PHAN TICH (Vl tac phim van xudi)

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Co ki ndng phdn tich tdc phdm vdn xudi.

• Bii't van dung ki ndng ndy vdo viic vii't bdi phdn tich vdn xudi.

1. Hay dge doan trich sau ddy va tra ldi cac cdu hoi nlu d dudi.

"Cd tbl thd'y d Hai dda tre - truyin eua xung ddt gitta bdng tdi va anh sdng : bdng td'i hay ngheo nan va cd dan ; anh sang ehi la udc ma thoang qua. Md diu truyen, anh sang tat ddn ; kit thuc truydn, bdng td'i tran ngdp phd huydn, hay tran ngdp the' gidi. Va cd tbl thd'y d ddy tridt li cua Thach Lam vl thdn phdn con ngudi. Diln bie'n truyen la su tranh chip bdng td'i - anh sang.

The' gidi Hai dda tre la tbl gidi "yen tinh", "tich mich" ; frong cai ydn finh va tich mich ben ngoai dy, nha van miiu ta nhihig biln ddng vfla lang le vfla gay gat, vfla trdm tinh vfla dfl ddi, vfla nho be vfla mdnh mdng. [...]

Vdi Thach Lam, budi chilu cd nghia la stl xung ddt gifla "bin trdi do rue nhU Ifla chay", 'mdy anh hdng nhu hdn than" vdi bdng den sihig sihig cua 'day tie l^g

140

Uude mat". Va td'i, ddm cd nghia la si; xung ddt gitta bdng td'i, "td'i hd't ca", td'i 'con dudng tham tham ra sdng'', 'ngd vao lang sdm den", vdi anh sang nhihig nggn den, chim Ifla vang la liing, anh den ghi nai ga xep, Ifla xanh bile va sao tren trdi ldng ldng "tham tham bao la" Dit va trdi gianh nhau cudc sd'ng. Bilt bao lin, trong truydn nay, Thach Lam mieu ta nhilu thfl anh sang : cac nha phd huydn len dfen, den hoa ki leo lat, den treo, den ddy sang xanh, cat lip lanh va nhihig vien da nhd sdng len ; "nhihig ngudn sang" ki dieu iy lam sdng ddy canh tmh ldng phd huydn, mdt ngay tan. [...]

Thach Lam nhdn xet, tu duy, chidm ngudng va midu ta mdt each tinh tl, sdu xa budc di cua thdi gian nai phd huyen ngheo. Ong sang tao mdt ngdn tfl nghd thudt ridng, dl bilu dat cdi xao ddng, cai nao nflc cua s\x sd'ng khe vang len, ddi. ldn trong mdt khdng gian - thdi gian tich mich, dl diln ta cai nhe nhang thanh thoat, diu hiln cua tdm hdn Lidn : im a, yin lgng, thong thd, gugng nhe, nhd xiu, yen tinh, mahS, miin man, tich mich, v.v. liin kd't vdi nhau thanh mdt d&i lua nhe bay. Bao gid van phong cua dng cung binh lang, thong tha, lang din vao tdm hdn ngudi dgc. Cdu cua dng ngan, khidm nhudng. Du diln ta cai nao nflc ben trong, cai sdi ddng cua udc ma, Thach Lam vin nhe nhang, tu nen ngdi but. Chuyin tau rirc sdng vilt qua. Lien xuc ddng manh, ki nidm xua ddn ddp hien vl, va nha van vid't: "Hd Ndi xa xam, Ha Ndi sang rite, vui ve va huydn nao''; nhihig trung diep, nhihig thanh trac, tbl thdi ; vi ngay cdu sau, ngan ban, nhe ban, nhu ghim gitt lai nilm xuc ddng "Con tin nhu da dem mdt chut tbl gidi khdc di qua''.

(Theo D6 Dflc Hidu, Phd huyen ciia Thgch Lam)

a) Ndi dung chinh ma ngUdi vid't mudn lam ndi bdt d doan trich trdn la gi ? Cd thi dat ten cho doan phdn tich nay nhu tbl nao ?

b) Di lim ndi bdt ndi dung ein phdn tich, ngudi vilt da dua vao nhihig yiu td ndo cua tac phim Hai dita tre ?

2. Vilt doan van phdn tieh mdt hinh inh, nhdn vdt bode yd'u td nghe thudt dac sac mi anh (chi) yeu thich trong mdt tac phim van xudi da hgc.

Co thi chgn mdt trong eae vin dl sau di vilt thanh doan van :

a) Phdn tich y nghia cua cac su vdt ma tac gia ddn gian da chgn dl Td'm hod thdn trong truyin Tdm Cdm (chim vang anh, cdy xoan dao, khung efli va qua thi).

b) Phdn tich gid tri cua tinh hud'ng truyen trong doan trich Hdi trd'ng CdThdnh (hich Tam qud'c diin nghia - La Quan Trung).

c) Chit tha trong truyen Hai dda tre cua Thach Lam.

141

CH0 NGUdi TlJ TU NGUYEN TUAN (*)

KET QUA CAN OAT

Thdy dugc ve dep dgc ddo cua hinh tugng nhdn vdt Hudn Cao, dong thdi hieu dugc quan diem thdm mi ciia Nguyin Tudn qua nhdn vdt ndy.

Hieu dugc nhidig ddc sdc ca bdn vi nghi thudt cua truyin : tinh hudng truyen dgc ddo, tgo khdng khi cSxUa, thu phdp dd'i lap, ngdn ngd gidu tinh tgo hinh,...

TIEU DAN

Nguyin Tuan (1910 - 1987) que d lang Nhan Muc, nay thudc phudng Nhan Chinh, quan Thanh Xuan, Ha Ndi. Ong la mot trong nhCing nha vSn I6n cilia nin van hoc Viet Nam hien dai.

Tmyen ChO ngudi tCftu luc dau c6 ten Dong chif cuoi cung (tap chi Tao dan, 1938), sau duoc tuyen in trong tap Vang bong mdt thdi (mot tap truyen ngan c6 gia trj nhu mot kiet tac viet ve nhflng thu choi tao nha, ve nhflng con ngudi tai hoa thdi phong kien) va ddi tdn la Chif ngudi tit tu. Day la mot trong nhOng thien tmyen xuat sac nhat cda tap sach.

1. Nhdn dugc phien trat^ cua Son Himg Tuyen dd'c bd du5ng^^\ vidn quan coi nguc quay lai hdi thiy tho lai ' giup viec trong dl lao :

- Nay, thiy bat - cfl cdng van nay, thi chung ta sdp nhdn dugc sau ten tu an chem. Trong dd, tdi nhdn thiy ten ngudi dung diu bgn phan nghich la Huan Cao . Tdi nghe ngd ngg. Huin Cao ? Hay la cai ngudi ma vung tinh San ta vin khen cai tai vilt chtt rit nhanh va rit dep dd khdng ?

(*) V6 oudc dfli va su nghidp van hoc ciia Nguyen Tuan se hoc fl bai Nguyin Tudn trong sdch gido khoa NgU vdn 12 Ndng cao.

(1) Phien trdt: tfl ldnh ciia quan tren tmy^n xud'ng. (2) Dd'c bg dudng: dinh quan Tong ddc (quan dflng ddu mdt tinh ldn thdi xua). (3) Tha Igi (hoac thu Igi): vidn chflc nho, trdng coi vide gidy tfl fl cfla quan. (4) Thdy bdt : ngudi dugc ham bat phdm, bac thfl tdm trong chin phdm trat cua tri^u dinh

phong kie'n. (5) Hudn Cao : Hudn dao ho Cao (Hudn dgo : chflc quan coi vide hoc cr mdt huydn).

142

Thiy tha lai xin phep dge cdng van.

- Da, bim chinh y dd. Da bim cd chuyin chi vdy ?

- Khdng, tdi nghe ten quen quen va thiy nhilu ngudi nhac nhdm din cai danh dd ludn, thi tdi cflng hoi thd thdi. Thdi, cho thiy lui. A, nhtmg ma thong tha. Thiy bao ngiic tdt nd quet dgn lai cai budng trong cung. Cd viec dflng din. Thiy lieu cii budng giam dd cd cim gifl ndi mdt ten tu cd tilng la nguy hilm khdng ? Thiy cd nghe ngudi ta ddn Huin Cao, ngoai cai tai vilt chtt td't, lai cdn cd tai be khod va ,vugt nguc ntta khdng ?

- Da bim, the' ra y van vd diu cd tai ca. Cha cha !

- d, cung gin nhu vdy. Sao thiy lai chdc ludi ?

- Tdi thiy nhihig ngudi cd tai thi ma di lam gidc thi dang budn lam. Da bim, gia thfl tdi la dao phu, phai chem nhihig ngudi nhu vdy, tdi nghi ma thd'y tieng tile.

- Chuyen trilu dinh qud'c gia, chung ta bid't gi ma ban bac cho them ldi. Nhd ra lai va mieng thi khd'n. Thdi, thiy lui vl ma trdng nom viec dudi trai giam. Mai, chung ta phai ddy sdm dl cho cd mat d cfla trai trudc khi linh tinh trao tu cho minh linh nhdn. Dem nay, thiy bat diu ld'y them linh canh. Mdi ehdi canh, diu ddt hai liiih. Choi ndo bd canh, hi mdi vgng canh ngu quen khdng danh kilng, danh md, thiy nhd bidn cho rd, cho dung dl mai tdi phat nang. Chd cho md'y thang thdp^ nd danh bac nghe !

Thiy tha lai rut chie'e heo hoa d gia guam, phe phiy roi, di xud'ng phia trai giam tdi om. Nai gdc chie'e dn thu cu da nhgt mau vang son, mdt cdy den di leo lit rgi vao mdt khudn mat nghT nggi. Nguc quan ban khoan ngdi bdp thai duang. Tilng trdng thanh phu gin dd'y da bat diu thu khdng. Trin bdn ehdi canh, nguc td't cimg bat diu dilm vao cai quanh que cua trdi td'i mit, nhflng tilng kilng va md diu dan thua thdt. Ludt qua cai thdm tham cua ndi cd dim suang, vang tfl mdt ling xa dua lai miy tilng chd sua ma. Trong khung cfla sd cd nhilu con song ke nhihig net den thang lin nin trdi ldm dd'm tinh tu, mdt ngdi sao Hdm nhip nhay nhu mudn trut xud'ng phia chdn gidi khdng dinh. Tilng ddi chd sua ma, tilng trd'ng

(1) Nguc tdt: linh coi nguc. (2) Thdng thdp: ngufli chi huy mdt thap (thdp: don vi g6m muM luih).

(3) Heo hoa: gay b cdn co tua hoa.

(4) An thu: bdn dat sdch vfl, gidy bdt d^ doc vd vi^t.

143

thanh phu, tieng kieng md canh noi len nhieu nliieu. Bay nhi6u thanh am phdc tap bay cao lan len khoi mat dat tdi, nang da lay mot ngoi sao chihh vi maoa tur bi^ yu tru.

Nch goc an thu vang da nhgt, SOTI da md, <Ea dau sir tren cay den nai voi lin muc dau. Hai nggn bac lep bep no, rung tan.den xuong tap gidy ban dong diui sai ti Niet'"' Vien quan coi nguc ngac dau, lay que hucng kheu them mgt ccm bac. Ba cai tim bic dugc chum nhau lai, chay biing to len, soi to mat ngudi ngoi day.

Ngucfi ngoi day, dau da di^m hoa ram, rau da nga mau. Nhiing ducmg nhan nheo cua mgt bg mat tu hP\ bay gicf da bien mat hdn. 6 day, gid chi CMi la mat nudc ao xuan, bdng ldng, km dao va dm nhe.

Trong hoan canh dl lao, ngucfi ta sdng bdng tan nhdn, bdng liica lgc, tmh. cadi diu dang va long biet gia nguofi, biet trgng nguoA ngay ciia vidn quan CM nguc nay la mgt thanh dm trong treo chen vao giiia mgt ban dan ma nhac ludt diu hdn loan xdbo.

dng trdi nhieu khi chen ac, dem day ai nhihig cai thuan khiet vao giiia mdt ddng can ba. Va nhiing ngucfi cd tam diln^^ tdt va thdng thdn, lai jdiai an ddi 6 kiep vdi lu quay qudL

Nguc quan lay lam nghl nggi ve cdu noi ban chieu ciia thay tho lai: "Co le lao bat nay, ciing la mgt ngudi kha day. Co le hdn ciing nhu minh, chon nhdm nghl mat rdi. Mgt ke biet kinh men khi phach, mgt ke biet ti&, biet trgng ngudi co tai, hdn khdng phai la ke xau hay la vd tinh. Ta mudn biet dai dag H u ^ Cao, ta mudn cho dng ta dd cue .trong nhiing ngay cu6i cung con lai, nhung chi sg ten bat pham tha lai nay dem cao giac vdi quan tren thi kho ma cf yen. De mai ta do y tfl hdn lan nira .xem sao roi se heu"

2. Sdm hdm sau, linh tinh ddn den cua nguc that sau ten tu ma cong van chilu hdm qua da bao trudc cho nguc quan biet ro ten tuoi, lang xom va toi hinh.

(l)DTa ddu sd:Elia dung dau ep tfl hat so. co dat bdc diing de thdp sang.

(2) Ti Niii: dinh An sat, noi coi viec tu phap trong mot tinh.

(i)Ti(lu: longhi.

(4) TInidn kliiei: hoan toan trong sach.

(2) Tdm dien : long da cm ngilfli.

(6) Biet ddi: doi dai dac biet.

(7) Cdo gidc: to giac vdi chinh quyen dd ket toi.

144

Sau pham nhdn mang chung mdt chile gdng^ dai tam thude^ . Cai thang dai d'y

dat ngang trdn sau bd vai giy. Cai thang gd lim nang, ddng khung ld'y sau cai c6

philn loan, nlu dem bac ldn md cdn, cd thi ndng din bay, tam ta. Thdt la mdt cai

gdng xihig dang vdi tdi an sau ngudi tfl tu. Gd thdn gdng da cu va md hdi cd, md

hdi tay ke phai deo nd da phu len mdt ldp quang diu bdng loang. Nhihig doan

gdng da bdng thi loang nhu cd ngudi danh la chudi khd. Nhihig doan khdng bdng

thi lai xin lai nhihig chit ghet den sdnh. Trong khi chd dgi cfla nguc md rdng,

Huin Cao', dihig diu gdng, quay c6 lai bao md'y ban ddng chi :

- Rep cdn tdi, dd ca cd len rdi. Phai dd gdng di.

Sdu ngudi diu quy ca xud'ng dd't, hai tay dm liy thanh gdng diu cui ca vl phia trudc. Mdt tdn linh ap giai dua mdt cdu :

- Cac ngudi cha phai tdp ntta. Mai md't chi ddy se cd ngudi sanh sdi ddn cac ngudi ra lam trd d phap trudng. Bd'y gid tha hd ma tdp. Dting ddy khdng dng lai phit cho miy heo bdy gid.

Huin Cao, lanh lung, chuc mui gdng ndng, khom minh thflc manh diu thaflg gIng xud'ng thim da tang danh thuynh mdt cai. Then ngang chie'e gdng bi gidt manh, ddp vao c6 nam ngudi sau, lam hg nhan mat. Mdt trdn mUa rep da lam nin da xanh nhat ldm td'm nhihig dilm ndu den.

Canh cfla dl lao md rdng.

Sau ngudi ne minh tiln vao nhu mdt bgn thg nl, thdn trgng khieng cai thang

g6 ddt ngang tren vai.

Trai vdi phong tuc nhdn tfl mgi ngay, hdm nay vien quan coi nguc nhin sau ten tu mdi vao vdi cap mat hiln lanh. Ldng kieng n l , tuy cd gifl kin ddo ma cung da rd qua rdi. Khi kiem diem pham nhdn, nguc quan lai cdn cd biet nhdn^ ddi rieng vdi Huin Cao. Bgn linh ld'y lam la, diu nhac lai :

- Bim thiy, ten iy chinh la thu xudng " -*. Xin thiy de tdm cho. Han ngao

ilgugc^ ^ va nguy hilm nhd't trong bgn.

(1) Gdng : khung co then ddng mfl deo vao c6 pham nhan. Gdng ddi tdm thudc : loai gdng dai gidng nhu cai thang gdng chung sau pham nhan.

(2) Thudc: don vi do dd dai thfli xua bdng khoang 0,4 m. (3) Biet nhdn : cii nhin thd hien su kinh Uong dac biet. (4) Thu xudng: xudng len ddu tien ; b day co nghia la nguoi cdm ddu hd hao "n6i loan".

(5) Nggo ngugc: kieu ngao, budng binh.

145 1 0 - N G O V A N 1 1 / 1 ( N C ) - A

Miy ten luih, khi ndi den tidng "dl tdm"' cd y nhac vien quan coi nguc con chd

dgi ^ ma khdng gid nhiing manh khoe hanh ha thudng le ra. Nguc quan ung dung :

- Ta bilt rdi, viec quan ta da cd phep nudc. Cac chu chd nhilu ldi.

Bgn linh dan ca ra, nhin nhau va khdng hiiu. Sau tdn tft tu cfl ngac nhien vl

thai dd quan ngiac.

Sudt nua thang, d trong budng tdi, dng Huin Cao vin thiy mdt ngUdi tha lai

giy gd, dem rugu ddn cho minh udng trudc gid an btta cam tu. Mdi luc ddng rugu

vdi dd nham, ngudi tha lai 11 phep ndi :

- Thiy Quan chung tdi cd it qua mgn nay bilu ngai dung cho im biing. Trong

budng ddy, lanh ldm.

Ong Huin Cao vin than nhien nhdn rugu thit, coi nhu dd la mdt vide vin lam

trong cai hflng sinh binh luc chua bi giam cim. Rdi dih mdt hdm, quan nguc md

khoa cfta buong kin, khep nep hoi dng Huin :

- Ddi vdi nhung ngudi nhu ngai, phep nudc ngat lam. Nhung bilt ngai l i mdt ngudi cd nghia khi, tdi mudn chdm chude it nhilu. Miln la ngai gifl kin cho. Sg de'n tai linh trang hg bilt, thi philn luy riing cho tdi nhilu ldm. Vdy ngai cd cin them gi ntta xin cho bilt. Tdi se cd gang chu tit.

Ong da tra ldi quan nguc :

- Ngucd hdi ta mudn gi ? Ta chi mudn cd mdt dilu. La nha nguai dihig dat chdn vao ddy.

Khi ndi cdu ma dng cd y lam ra khinh bac dd'n dilu, dng Hudh da dgi mdt trdn ldi dinh bao thu va nhihig thu doan tan bao cua quan nguc bi si nhuc. Dih cai canh chit chem, dng cdn chang sg ntta la nhiing trd tiiu nhdn thi oai niy. Nguc quan da lam cho dng Huin buc minh thdm, khi nghe xong cdu tra ldi, y chi l l phep lui ra vdi mdt cdu : "Xin Enh y" Va tfl hdm iy, cam rugu lai vdn dua dih diu diu va cd phin hdu^ han trudc ntta ; duy chi cd y la khdng d l chdn vao budng giam dng Huin. Ong Huin cang ngac nhiln nfta : nam ban ddng chi cua dng cung diu duac biet dai nhu the' ca.

(1) Hdng sinh binh : hvtng trong cudc sdng binh thucmg (ngodi nha tii).

(2) Khinh bge: khinh bi, re rung.

(3) Trd tieu nhdn: nhung viec lam hen ha cua ke tdm thudng.

(4) Xin ITnh y: xin vang theo y h6 trdn.

(5) Hdu: ddy du, ddy dan, tuom tdt hon.

146 10-NGCrvAN11/1(NC)-B

Cd nhilu dem, ngoai viec nghi din chi ldn khdng thanh, dng Huin Cao cdn

phai bdn tdm nghi din su tuam tit cua quan nguc : "Hay la ban mud'n dd din

nhflng dilu bi mdt cua ta ?" "Khdng, khdng phai thi, vi bao nhieu dilu quan

trgng, ta da khai ben ti Nilt ca rdi. Ta da nhdn ca. Ldi cung^^^ ta ki rdi. Cdn cd gi

nfla ma dd cho them bdn''.

Trong d l lao, ngay ddm cua tfl tfl dgi phut cud'i cung, dung nhu ldi tha xUa,

vin dang dang nhu nghin nam d ngoai. Vien quan nguc khdng ld'y lam oan thfl thai

dl khinh bac cua dng Huin. Y cung thfla bilu nhihig ngudi chgc trdi quiy nudc,

din tren diu ngudi ta, ngudi ta cung cdn chang biet cd ai nfla, hud'ng chi cai thfl

minh chi la mdt ke tiiu lai gitt tu.

Quan nguc mong mdi mdt ngay gin ddy dng Hud'n se diu bdt tinh nit, thi y se

nhd dng vilt, dng vie't cho... cho md'y chtt tren chuc vudng lua trang da mua san va

can lai kia. Thi la y man nguyen.

Bilt dga vd nghia sach thanh hiln, tfl nhihig ngay nao, cai sd nguyfn cua

vien quan coi nguc nay la cd mdt ngay kia dugc treo d nha rieng minh mdt ddi cdu

ddi do tay dng Hud'n Cao vilt. Chfl dng Huin Cao dep lam, vudng lam. Tinh dng

vdn khoanh ' ^ trfl chd tri \d^^\ dng it chiu cho chtt. Cd dugc chfl dng Hud'n ma treo

Id c6 mdt ban vdt tren ddi. Vien quan ngiic khd tdm nhd't la cd mdt dng Hud'n Cao

trong tay minh, dudi quyln minh ma khdng bilt lam tbl nao ma xin dugc chfl.

Khdng can dam giap lai mat mdt ngudi each xa y nhilu qua, y chi lo mai md't ddy,

6ng Huin bi hdnh hinh ma khdng kip xin dugc md'y chfl, thi dn hdn sudt ddi md't.

3. Mdt budi chilu lanh, vien quan ngiic tai nhgt ngudi di sau khi tilp dgc cdng

van. Quan Hinh bd Thugng thu^ ^ trong kinh bat giai dng Huin Cao va cac ban

ddng chi vao kinh. Phap trudng ldp d trong d'y kia. Ngay mai, tinh ina, se cd ngudi

din giai tu di.

(1) Ldi cung: led khai cua bi can.

(2) Tiiu lai: vien chflc nho noi cfla quan.

(3) Sd nguyen: di6u minh hdng mong uflc.

(4) Khoanh : b day co nglua la kho tinh va kieu ki trong giao ti^p.

(5) Tri ki: ngudi hidu minh.

(6) Hinh bd Thugng thu: quan diing ddu Bd HQnh coi vide phap luat.

147

Vien quan nguc vd'n da tin dugc thiy tha lai, cho linh ggi ldn, kl ro tdm su minh. Thiy tha lai cam ddng nghe xong chuyfn, ndi : "Da bim, ngii eft yen tdm, da cd tdi" rdi chay ngay xud'ng phia trai giam dng Huin, dim cfta budng giam, hdt ha hdt hai kl cho tft tu nghe rd noi long vidn quan nguc, va ngdp ngiftig bio lu6n cho dng Hud'n biet viec vl kinh chiu an tft hinh.

Ong Hu& Cao lang nghi mdt lit rdi mim cudi : "Vl bao vdi chu nguai, tdi nay, luc nao linh canh vl trai nghi, thi dem lua, mUc, but va ca mdt bd dude xudng ddy ta cho chtt. Chtt thi quy thuc. Ta nhit sinh khdng vi vang nggc hay quyln tbl ma ep minh vilt cdu dd'i bao gid. Ddi ta cung mdi vid't cd hai bd tfl binh^' va mdt bflc trung dudng cho ba ngudi ban thdn cua ta thdi. Ta cam cii tim long biet nhdn lien tai cua cac ngudi. Nao ta cd bie't ddu mdt ngudt nhu thiy Quan ddy ma lai cd nhihig sd thich cao quy nhu vdy. Thidu chut ntta, ta da phu mit mit tim long trong thien ha".

Dem hdm d'y, luc trai giam tinh San chi cdn vang cd tilng mo trin vgng canh, mdt canh tugng xua nay chua tihig cd, da bay ra trong mdt budng td'i chdt hep, im udt, tudng diy mang nhen, dd't bfla bai phdn chudt, phdn gian.

Trong mdt khdng khi khdi toa nhu dam chay nhi, anh sang do nic cua mdt bo dude tim diu rgi len ba cai diu ngudi dang cham chu trdn mdt tim lua bach cdn nguyen ven lin hd. Khdi bdc toa cay mat, lam hg dui mat lia lia.

Mdt ngudi tu cd deo gdng, chdn vudng xilng, dang ddm td net chtt trin titn lua trang tinh cdng trdn manh van. Ngudi tu vilt xong mdt chtt, vien quan ngiic lai vdi khum num cd't nhihig ddng tiln kem danh diu d chtt dat trdn phie'n lua dng. Va cai thiy tha lai giy gd, thi run run bung chdu mUc. Thay but con, dl xong lac khoan, dng Hud'n Cao thd dai, bu6n ba dd vien quan nguc dihig thing ngudi ddy va dinh dac bao:

- O ddy ldn ldn. Ta khuydn thdy Quan nen thay chd'n d di. Chd nay khdng phai la nai dl treo mdt bflc lua trang vdi nhiing net chtt vudng tuoi tin nd ndi len nhiing cai hoai bao tung hoanh cua mdt ddi con ngudi. Thoi muc, thiy mua cf ddu ma td't va tham qua. Thiy cd thiy mui tham d chdu muc bd'c lin khdng ?... Tdi bao thuc dd'y, thiy Quan nen tim vl nha que ma d, thiy hay thoat khdi cai

(1) Nhdi sinh: sud't mdt ddi.

(2) Td binh : bd tranh (hay chfi) ciing chii di g6m bdn bflc ddu nhau, hinh chQ nhat, treo doc.

(3) Bdc trung dudng: con goi la hoanh phi, thucmg lam bing g6, hinh chO nhat, vidt chO Han cS Ida (dai tu), treo ngang b gian giua nha.

(4) Lien tdi: quy trong ngucfi co tai.

148

nghl nay di da, rdi hay nghi dd'n chuyen chai chtt. O ddy, Jdid gitt thidn luang cho lanh viing va rdi cung din nhem nhudc md't ca ddi luang thien di.

Lto'ddm chay rflng rue, Ifta ning xudng nin dit im phdng giam, tan Ifta tat nghe xhoxeo.

Ba ngudi nhin bflc chdm , rdi lai nhin nhau.

Nguc quan cam ddng, vai ngudi tu mdt vai, chap tay ndi mdt cdu ma ddng lurdc mat ri vao ke midng lam cho nghen ngao : "Ke md mudi nay xin bdi linh"

(Tuyen tap Nguyen Tudn, tap I, NXB Van hoc. Ha Ndi, 1982)

HUdNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Can cfl vao diln bid'n cd't truydn, cd tbl chia tac phim ra lam md'y phin ? Ndi dung chinh cua mdi phin la gi ?

2. Tinh hudng truydn cua tac phim Chd ngudi td tu la gi ? Tinh chd't eo le cua tinh hud'ng truydn tbl hien d ddu ? Tinh hud'ng nay cd tac dung gi dd'i vdi vile thi hien tinh each nhdn vdt va kich tinh cua truyen ?

3. Hay phdn tich tinh each nhdn vdt Hu& Cao va nhdn vdt quan nguc.

4. Vi sao doan ta Huin Cao cho chfl vien quan nguc dugc tac gia ggi la 'canh tugng xua nay chua tflng cd" ? Hay phdn tich y nghia va ve dep cua canh tugng ndy.

5. Hay phdn tich nhttng net ddc sac cua thu phap nghe thudt dd'i ldp dugc Nguyin i Tudn sfl dung trong truyen Chd ngUdi td td

6. Qua nhdn vdt Hud'n Cao, anh (chi) cd nhdn xet gi vl quan niem cua Nguyen Tudn dd'i vdi cai dep ?

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Khdng khi cd xua 'Vang bdng mdt thdi" trong truyen Chd ngUdi td tu. dugc .tdc gia tao dung bang nhiing yiu td nao (nhdn vdt, canh vdt, tfl ngfl va nhip dieu cdu van) ?

(1) But chdm: bdc vidt mdt bM cham - mdt thd van c6, ng&i, ed vdn, ndi dung khuydn ran dao If.

(2) Bdi Imh : lay md nhan ldy.

149

TRI THLfC OOC - HIEU

Van hoc tang man

Van hoc lang man thudc loai hinh vSn hoc bieu hien : cac nhan vat, tinh hud'ng, hinh anh duoc nha van sang tao ra nham thoa man nhu cau bieu hien If tudng va tinh cam manh liet cOa ho. Cac nha van lang man thudng tim kie'm nhung gia tri cao dep trong nhflng canh ddi tam thudng, tam toi, kham pha cai cao ca trong nhflng so phan bj mong bo, cha dap. Vi du : Xuan Dieu mudn tim cai vo bien trong cuoc ddi ngan ngui, Nguyin Tuan tim thay su toa sang ciia nhan each ngudi tfl tu noi nguc that t§m td'i, Thach Lam nhin ra khat vpng sdng manh liet noi phd huyen ngheo. Nhan vat dia van hoc lang man hanh ddng theo su tudng tuong chu quan cCia nha van the hien talc tiep li tudng cua tac gia. NhiJng nhan vat nhu GiSng Van-giSng, Gia-ve, Ca-di-md-dd, Et-xme-ran-da cCia Vich-to Huy-gd deu la nhu vay.

Mot dac diem khac cua van hoc lang man la tu do bieu hien tinh cam cai toi ca nhan, nhOng ca nhan cd ddn, sau mdng. Cac nha vSn lang man tuyet dd'i hoa gia tri cCia cai toi ca nhan, d§t nd cao hon thuc te khach quan cOa ddi sd'ng. Cac.nha van lang man co li tudng each mang thi lay viec ngoi ca li tudng lam nhiem vu sang tac ciia minh.

Do khuynh hudng sang tae d6 nen vSn hoc lang man cd dac diem thfl ba la thudng sfl dung thii phap tuong phan, dd'i lap, thich phdng dai, khoa truong, sfl dung ngdn ngfl tan ki, giau sflc bieu hien cam xuc.

DOC THEM

"VI HANH n(l)

(Trich Nhiing biit thu gdi cd em hg do tac gia tu dich tfl tieng An Nam)

NGUYEN AI QUOC *

TIEU DAN

Nguyen Ai Qud'c la mdt ten cCra Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh khi boat ddng d ni/6c ngoai, tafde nam 1942. Nguyen Ai Qudc- Ho Chi Minh (1890 -1969) sinh tai lang Kim Lien (lang Sen) nay thuoc xa Kim Lien, huyen Nam Oan, t'nh Nghe An, la lanh tu each mang vTdai dia nhan dan Viet Nam, dong thdi la Danh nhan van hoa the gidi.

(*) Ve cudc doi va su nghiep van hoc ciia Nguydn Ai Qu6c se hoc b bai Nguyin Ai Qudc - Hd Chi Minh

trong sach giao khoa NgU vdn 12 Ndng cao.

(1) "Vi hdnh" (nguyen van tid'ng Phap incognito, cd nghia la khdng ai bid't) chi vide vua chua ngay xua cai trang lam dan thucmg di ldn vao dan chung de uuc tid'p tim hi^u tinh hinh xa hdi, ddi sdng va du luan nhan dan (hoac d^ choi bdi ma khdng ai bid't - Nguydn Ai Qudc diing theo nghia mia mai nay trong trudng hop Khai Dinh).

150

mdt nh^ van, nha tho Idn. SU nghiep van hoc cua NgUdi rat da dang va phong phu ve the loai, biit phap, phong each va ve ngdn ngfl van tu. Ngoai cac van kidn chfnh trj, NgUdi cdn de lai nhieu tac pham co gia tri van hoc Idn nhU : phdng sif Ban dn che dd thUc dan Phap, tap Truyen va ki (vie't bang tieng Phap), cac tap tho Nguc trung nhat ki (viet bang chif Han), Tha Ho Chi Minh (viet bang chCf Han va tieng Viet).

"Vi hanh" la mdt trong nhumg truyen ngan tieu bieu cho biit phap van xudi hien dai va tai cham biem sau sac von la dac trtfng cua nhung truyen kf Nguyin Ai Qudc ra ddi vao dau nhuTng nam hai mi/di ciia the ki XX d Phap. "Vi hanh" nam trong sd nhCing tac pham (nhu vd kjch Con rdng tre, truyen ngan Ldi than van cda ba Trung Trie, bai bao Sd thich dac biet) tap trung da kich tdn vua bCi nhin Khai Djnh khi y sang Phap dif cudc ddu xao' ' thuoc dia d Mac-xay (1922). Tac pham viet bang tieng Phap, dang tren bao Nhan dao-ca quan ngdn luan ciia Dang Cong san Phap - so' ra ngay 19-2-1923.

* * *

- Han da'y !

- Dau phai !

- Dung md ! Anh da bao Id cbinh bdn ddy.

- Chac thdt a ? Em thi em da thdy ban 6 tmdng dua , trdng ban co ve nhiit nhdt hon,

lung ta lung tung ban co, cd ca cdi chup den chup ldn cdi ddu qudn khan, cdc ngon tay tbi

deo ddy nhiing nhdn.

- Tb^ hay Id hdn da dem tdt ca cac thfl dd dd'n tidm cdm d6 r6i ? Nhung md nhin ki

xem kia ! Chang phai vdn cdi mui tet dy, vdn ddi mdt xd'cb dy, vdn cdi mat bung nhu vo

chanh^^^ dy ddy d ?

- t r nhi. Thi cung co tb^ la anh dung. Nbung bdn dd'n day lam gi nhi, trong dudng

xe didn ngdm ndy, vd tui cac dng quan bd kid'c di theo thi dau ca ?

(1) Ddu xdo : mdt hinh thflc hdi cho tnmg bay nhQng mdu vat v6 tai nguydn thidn nhien, nhttng san vat vd kinh te'.

(2) Trudng dua : UUdng dua ngua. Day \k noi giai Xxi gdn gidng nhu danh bac. Ngudi choi dat tidn (goi \k dat cuoc hay danh ca) vao mdt con ngua dua nao ddy. Con ngua doat giai thi ngudi dat tidn Cling thdng cudc.

(3) Qua chanh b chau Au cd vd mau vdng hung. (4) Day \k mdt cdch choi chQ : tdc gia diing chtt mandarin la dng quan di kem theo mandarine, tdt

phai Id hd quan. Theo quy tic cua ngtt phap tidng Phap thi danh tfl gidng due khi chuydn sang danh tfl gidng cdi, ngudi ta thdm e. Nhung d trudng hop nay, mandarine lai cd nghia la qud quyt. Y dda cgt bdng each choi chtt d day la nhdm vao ddc gia ngudi Phap hay ngudi bidt tidng Phdp. o i l cd thd chuydn y diia nay sang tidng Viet duge phdn nao : dng quan bd kiec (ddng ngMa tidng Phdp thi phai dich \k : dng quan ba quyt).

151

- Cd khi da gfli todt d kho banh If nha ga d l di chod vi hdnh ddy.

Ddy, c6 em ho thdn mdn cua tdi ! Tdi da thuat lai y nguydn cau chuydn gifla mdt ddi

ban tre ngdi cung toa xe vdi toi. Hg ngdu nghiln trdng tdi vdi cap mat ma manh, td md,

nbUng lai ra bd khdng nhin tdi gi ca.

Cudc ddi thoai tilp didn nhu sau :

- Thd' em ngM tb l nao v l ngudi khdch cua chung ta ? - NgUdi con trai hdi, ngd tdi

Id mdt ddng hoang thugng vd tudng rang tdi khdng bilu ho ndi gi vdi nhau.

- Han cdn lam minh bdt cudi han nfla ca luc b in deo ldn ngudi ban du ca bd lua la,

du ca bo hat cudm. - Ngudi ban gai anh ta tra ldi.

- Hat chau bau ddy chfl ! Em thfch cd chd chdu bau dy qud di, chfl cdn gi !

- Em ma cd dy a, tbi em cd tinh ddnh mdt di, d l dugc bao chf ndi dd'n, vd tb l Id dugc trd thanh mdt ngdi sao. T h i con anh, anh nghl gi v l ngudi ddn bao bd^ cua' chung ta ndo ?

- Ich cho chflng ta lam ddy. Cdi 16 d Gang-be da bdn r l i . Cai rudng cua Hd-ra Mile-ten cung da thanh toan rdi. Vu an ngudi bi chat ra tihig khuc^ tbi khdng thu but dugc cdng chung lam vi khdng thudc gidi thugng luu. Va thd' Id cdi kho giai tri cfla chung ta sap can rdo nhu B.D.D.^ vay. Nhat bao chang cdn cai gi d l bdi bac ldn gidy ca. Dung luc dd thi...

- Ddi xe d day chfl, anh ydu oi ?

- Khdng, ga sau. Dung luc do thi cd mdt anh vua dd'n vdi chung ta.

- Em tbi em thfch Sac-16 bon. Vdi lai, vua, tbi tdn lam.

- Dau cd ! Thi em cdn nhd budi da bdi thudc dia d Nha hat Ca vu ddy chfl ? Phai tra nhiing nghin rUoi pha-rang d l xem vg le ndng bdu vua Cao Midn, xem tui lam trd leo trdo nhao ldn cua su thanh xfl Cdng-gd' ; hdm nay chung minh cd mdt tf tiln ndo ddu md dugc. xem vua dang ngay canh ? Nghe ndi dng bdu Nhd bat Mua rdi cd dinh kf giao keo thud da'y...

(1) Ngudi ddn bdo hd : ngudi Viet Nam dugc Phap "bao hd" Thdi Phap thudc, thuc dan Hidp coi Viet Nam (Tnmg Ki va Bdc Ki) Id xfl "baO hd" cua chung, vi th^ ngudi Vidt Nam la "ngudi dto bao hd" cua Phdp.

(2) Cdi Id d Gang-be, cdi ruang cua He-ra Miec-ten, vu dn ngudi bi chat ra titng khiic : chdc hin day la nhttng chuyen thdi su, nhttng vu an giat gan, ngudn giai trf cua ngudi dan Pa-ri td md, hidu ki.

(3) B. D. D : chtt vidt tdt cua cum tfl Bang (Ngan hang) Ddng Duong, dich tfl cum ttt ti^ng Phap B.I.C (Banque d'Indochine).

(4) Sdc-ld : vai hd ndi tidng cua didn anh do didn vidn kidm dao didn ndi tidng ngudi Anh la Sdc-li Sa-plin sdng tao nen.

(5) Su thdnh xd Cdng-gd : tu si dao Hdi d Cdng-gd (mdt nudc b chdu Phi). Tac gid thd hidn cdch nhin ki thi ddn tdc cua ddi trai gdi Phdp.

152

l^u dd, cap trai gdi budc xudng, mdt cfl h ic nhin trdm tdi, vd tdi tbi budn cudi qyd, b6ng ddm ra nghi, vd nghi dd'n cd. Tdi nhu cdn trdng thdy cdi ngdy ma cd vdi tdi, ddi chung ta, nhu ddi chim dy thdi, dau vat veo trdn ddu gdi dng bdc than ydu, nghe bdc k l chuydn cd tfch. Tdi nhd chuydn vua Thudn \ vi mudn dfcb than tai nghe mdt thdy ddn cd bang long minh khdng, ndn cai trang lam dan cdy di dd la khap xfl. Led nhd chuydn vua H-e nudc Nga di lam thg vd dd'n lam vide b cdc cdng trudng nudc Anh. Ben nhiing bac cai trang vi dai dy mud'n di sdu vdo cudc sdng cua nhan ddn, ngay nay, cdn cd nhihig dng hoang, dng chua, d l tidn vide ridng va vi nhiing If do khdng cao thugng bdng, cung "vi hanh" ddy.

Tdi khdng dugc ro y dd nhd "vi hdnh" cua chung ta ra sao. Phai chang la ngdi mud'n bidt dan Phap, dudd quyln ngU tri cua ban ngdi Id A-ld'ch-xang De nhdt , co dugc sung sudng, cd dugc ud'ng nhilu rugu vd dugc hut nhilu thudc phidn bang dan Nam, dudi quydn ngu tri cua ngdi, bay khdng ? Phai chang ngai mudn hoc sfl dung (theo kieu Phdp) cdi lidm cua nha ndng cung cdi bua cua thdy thg d l sau cudc ngao du, dem vd chut dm no md ddm "ddn bdt banh cua ngdi tdi nay hodn todn chang bid't dd'n ? Hay la chdn canh lam mdt dng vua to, bay gid ngdi lai mud'n n im thfl cudc ddi cua cdc cau cdng tfl be^^^?

Thd nao tbi thd', ft lau nay tdi da trd tbanb mdt ddng hoang thugng bdt ddc di. Bdt cfl

tdi di dau, la cd ngudi nhin tdi, ganh ti tdi, mim cudi vdi tdi, tan tung tdi, di theo tdi.

Cd em than md'n, ban cd bao tdi rang, tb l Id cdi banh xe vd lugng nd da quay rdi ddy. Ddn nay, tdt ca nhiing ai b Ddng Duong cd mdu da trang ddu Id nhifng bac khai hoiP^, thi bay gid din lugt tdt ca nhiing ai cd mdu da vdng ddu trd thanh hoang d l b Phdp.

Cd khdng tbl tudng tugng dugc canh ddn tid'p td't dep ngudi ta ddnh cho chung tdi b

day. Qudn chung cfl la tu phdt md bilu Id nhidt tinh khi vfla thoang thdy mdt ddng bao ta. Nhiing tilng "Hdn ddy !" bay "Xem ban kia !" Id nhiing ldi chdo miing kfn ddo vd kfnh trong ma chung ta thudng gap doc dudmg.

(1) Vua Thudn : mdt dng vua trong truydn thuydt c6 Trung Qudc ndi tidng la hidn dflc. (2) Vua Pie nUdc Nga : Pi-e (tidng Nga : Pi-dt) Dai dd, hoang dd Nga cudi thd ki XVH - ddu thd

• kl XVin, da dfeh thdn di tham quan va lao ddng d Tay Au, sau dd vd nudc tidn hanh nhflng cudc cai each tidn bd, lam cho nudc Nga trd ndn hiing manh.

(3) A-lech-xdng De nhdt: A-ldch-xang Min-lo-rang, Tdng thdng Phdp liic bdy gid. (4) "Ddn": tfl ndy duge vidt bdng tidng Viet trong nguyen ban tidng Phdp. (5) Cdng tic IK rnguyen ban tidng Phdp diing chtt "cdng tudc be" (petit due). Ngudi Phap cd thanh

ngtt goi nhttng dng hoang Nga, tudc hieu Dai cdng (grand due) la nhttng tay an chcd btta bai. (6) Bdnh xe vd lugng: f ndi quy ludt bidn ddi huydn bi khdng ludng duoc ciia Tao hoa (quan niem

ludn hdi, ddi ttt k i ^ ndy sang kidp khdc cfia dao Phdt duoc tuong trung bdng hinh anh bdnh xe). (7) Bdc khai hod : bon thuc ddn Phdp thudng tu phong la nhung ngudi di khai hod, tttc la dem "vdn

minh" ddn eho ddn cdc thudc dia. 6 ddy tdc gia ddng vdi ngMa mia mai.

153

Cai vui nhdt la ngay dd'n Chfnh phu cung chang nhdn ra dugc khach thdt cua minh nfla, vd de chac chan khdi thdt thd trong nhidm vu tilp tdn, Chfnh phfl ben ddi dai vdi tdt ca mgi ngudi An Nam vdo hang vua chfla vd phai my tung di bd gia^ tudt ! Dd la nhiing ngudi phuc vu thdm kfn, rut re, vd tu vd bit sflc tdn tuy. Cdc vi chang nl ha chut cdng sflc ndo dl bao vd bon tdi, vd gid cd dugc trdng thd'y cdc vi dn cdn theo doi tdi chang khac bd me biln linb con tha chap chiing budc di thfl nhdt, thi ban cd phai phat ghen ldn dugc v^ ndi nilm du yim cua cdc vi ddi vdi tdi. Cd tbl ndi la cac. vi bam ldy d l giay tdi, dinh chat vdi tdi nhu binh vdi bdng. Va that tinh Id cac vi cudng cudng ca ldn nlu mdt hut tdi cbi trong dam phut ! Cd thfl nghi, lam sao ma khdng xuc ddng sdu xa dugc, khi dugc dii dai nhu the ?

Ngdy nay, cfl moi ldn ra khdi cfla, thdt tdi khdng sao che gidu ndi nilm tU hao dugc la mdt ngudi An Nam va sU kidu banh dugc cd mdt vi hoang dl.

(NGUYEN Al QU6C, Truyen vd ki, PHAM HUY THONG dich vd gidi thidu,

NXB Van hoc. Ha Ndi, 1974)

HUdNG DAN DOC THEM

1. Can cfl vdo mach tmydn, cd thi chia tac phim ra lam mdy phdn ? Ndi dung ca ban cua mdi phdn Id gi ?

2. Nhdn xet tinh hud'ng ddc ddo cua tmydn "Vi hdnh" va cho bilt tac dung tao sflc manh cham bilm cua nd trong tac phim. Hinh tugng hodng d l An Nam cdng trd thdnh hdi budc nhu tbl nao trong con mat cua ddi trai gai ngudi Phdp ? (Unh hudng tmydn "Vi hdnh" Id tinh hud'ng gi ? Qua cudc trd chuydn cua ddi trai gai Phdp ma nhdn vat tdi nghe ldm dugc, Khai Dinh dugc danh gid nhu tbl ndo vd hidn ldn vdi bd dang ki qudi. Id bich nhu tbl ndo ?).

3. Phdn tfch ldi binh luan cua nhan vat ngudi kl chuydn vl su "vi banh'' cua "ddng hoang thugng" trong doan van tfl "Tdu dd, cap trai gdi budc xud'ng...' din "nim thfl cudc ddi cua cdc cau cdng tfl be". t

4. Anh (chi) bilu tbl ndo vl ndi dung, y ngMa cua doan van tfl "Cai vui nhdt la ngay din CMnh phu..." din "su kidu banh cd dugc mdt vi hodng dl" ?

5. Hinh thflc vilt thu cho cd em bg cd y ngMa gi ddi vdd nghd thudt trdn thudt cua tmydn ?

6. Sflc manh da kfch cua tMdn tmydn chfl yd'u dugc tao ndn bdi gigng didu gi ?

(1) Tuy tdng di hd gid : quan tudng di theo dd bao vd vua. 6 day tac gia dm chi bon mdt tham bkig giong mia mai.

154

THAO TAC LAP LUAN SO SANH

K^T QUA CAN DAT

• Nam dugc cdc ngi dung so sdnh.

• Bii't so sdnh khi vii't dogn

chinh cua

vdn hodc bdi

thao

vdn

tdc

nghl

lap ludn

ludn.

1. Khai niem va tac dung cua lap luan so sanh

Trong cudc sd'ng rdt nhilu su vdt, hi6n tugng cflng cd nhihig dilm chung va liSn quan mdt thilt vdi nhau. Nhung mdi su vdt, bifn tugng d'y ddng thdi lai mang net ddc sac ridng ma chi minh no mdi cd, dl khdng ldn vdi su vdt va hien tugng khac. Mud'n nhdn bilt dugc ddc dilm va gia tri mdt su vdt, ngudi ta thudng phai so sanh. Nhu tbl, so sanh la mdt thao tac ldp ludn nham dd'i chilu hai hay nhilu su vdt, hodc la cac mat trong cung mdt su vdt. So sanh dl chi ra nhiing net gidng nhau ggi la so sdnh tuang ddng. So sanh d l chi ra sU khac biet, dd'i chgi nhau ggi la so sdnh tuang phdn. Nhung nhin chung, so sanh la d l thd'y su gid'ng, khac nhau, tfl dd ma thd'y rd dac dilm va gia tri cua mdi su vdt, hi6n tugng.

Bang so sanh cd tbl dua ra dugc nhiing nhdn xet, danh gia chinh xdc. Ngudi ta bilt bdng td'i vi cd anh sang, ggi ngUdi nay thd'p vi so vdi ngUdi cao, nhdn xet ngudi nay thanh vi bdn canh cd ngudi tuc, ggi ddy la nude due vi so vdi nudc trong,...

Trong vdn hgc tuy cflng vilt bang mdt thi loai, cung chung mdt dl tai, vao cflng mdt thdi dilm,... nhung mdi tac ph£m nghd thudt dich thuc diu phai la mdt sdng tao ddc dao. So sanh se lam ndi bdt ldn ve dep ridng biet, ddc dao d'y cua mdi tdc ph£m. Trdn ca sd dd mdi nhdn xet, danh gia dugc nhiing ddng gdp va phong cdch ridng cua mdi nha vdn, mdi hidn tugng vdn hgc.

2. Yeu cSu cua thao tac lap luan so sanh

So sanh trong bai van nghi ludn la hd't sflc cdn thilt. Nhung cdn luu y so sanh Id dl lam n6i bdt vd'n dl , tranh tinh trang so sdnh mdt each khdp khidng ddn din vide khang dinh hoac phu dinh thid'u sflc thuyd't phuc. Vi thd', so sanh phai dua trdn cung mdt tidu chi, chung mdt binh didn. Ngudi ta cd tbl so sanh trdn rd't nhilu ed'p dd : nhd nhd't la gifla cdc chi tid't, tfl ngfl, hinh anh ; ldn ban la cdc nhdn vdt, su kiln, tdc ph£m, tdc gia va phong each ; ldn ban nfla la giai doan vdn hgc nay vdi giai doan van hgc khac, ddn tdc nay vdi ddn tdc kia, thdi dai nay vdi thdi dai

155

khac,... So sanh thudng di ddi vdi nhdn xet, danh gia thi su so sanh dd mdi hrd nin sdu sac. Ngugc lai, nhdn xet, danh gia phai dua trdn su so sanh thi mdi cd ca sd, cd sflc thuyd't phuc. Chang han doan trich sau ddy :

"Loai ngudi uu vidt ban td't ca cac loai dgng vdt khac can ban la d chd bid't tu duy. Khoa hgc va nghd thudt Id cac kd't qua quan trgng nhd!t trong boat ddng tu duy cua con ngudi. [...J

Cung la san ph£m cua tu duy, ca khoa hgc va nghd thudt diu nham tdi muc tidu cao quy la mang lai hanh phuc cho mgi ngUdi vdi ddy du tidn nghi vdt chdt va ydn vui tinh thdn. Do la dilu gidng nhau quan trgng nhd't gifla khoa hgc va nghe thudt. [...]

Mac ddu cd nhilu diem tuang ddng nhu vdy,' nhung gifla khoa hgc va nghl thudt cung cd nhiing dilm khac bidt dang kl.

Khoa hgc vdi muc tidu ca ban la nghidn cflu ban chd't va quy ludt cae hidn tugng cua tu nhidn, xa hdi va con ngudi, ddi hoi phai cd dfl lidu chinh xae va cac phuang phap suy ludn chat che dua trdn cac li thuyd't Id gfch. Nlu nhihig ddi hdi nghidm khac nay ma dugc dp dung cho nghd thudt thi nd se chd't yiu. Trai lai vdi muc dich ca ban cua minh la dung cac hinh tugng sinh ddng, cu thi va ggi cam dl phan anh hidn thuc va truyin dat tu tudng, tinh cam, nghd thudt cdn mdt chut ma ho, mdt chut khdng chat che dl tao ra nhihig dang ve lung linh, huyIn didu. Dd la dilu khac bidt de nhdn ra nhd't gifla khoa hgc va nghd thudt"

(Theo Chu Hao, trong sach Mdt gdc nhin cua tri thtJCc, NXB Tre, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh)

Trong doan trfch trdn, tac gia da sfl dung each ldp ludn so sanh. Di lam ndi bdt su gidng va khac nhau cua khoa hgc va nghl thudt, ngudi vid't da dua trdn cung mdt tidu chi, dd la ca khoa hgc va nghd thudt diu la san ph^m cua tu duy, cd mdt muc tidu chung va mdi nganh lai cd mdt muc tidu ridng. Trong khi so sanh, tac gia cung da rut ra nhihig nhdn xet, danh gia, chang ban "Dd la dilu gid'ng nhau quan trgng nhd't gifla khoa hgc va nghd thudt", hoac "Dd la dilu khac bilt dd nhdn ra. nhat gifla khoa hgc va nghd thudt".

t

LUYEN TAP

1. Hay dgc doan trich sau va chi ra each so sanh cung vdi nhihig nhdn xlt, danh gia cu tbl cua tac gia.

"Bai ca cua Nguyin Dinh Chilu lam chung ta nhd tdi bai Dgi cdo binh Ngd cua Nguydn Trai. Hai bai van : hai canh ngd, hai thdi budi, nhung mdt ddn tdc. Bai cao cua Nguydn Trai la khuc ca khai hoan, ca nggi chid'n cdng oanh lilt chua

156

tflng thdy, bilu duong chid'n thdng lam rang rd nudc nha. Bai Vdn ti nghia si Cdn (jiudc la khuc ca nhung ngudi anh hung thdt the, nhung vdn hien ngang : Sdng ddnh gidc, thdc cung ddnh gidc... mudn kiep nguyin dugc trd thd kia..."

(Pham Van Ddng, Nguyen Dinh Chieu, ngdi sao sdng trong vdn nghe ddn tdc, Tap chi Vdn hgc, thang 7 - 1963)

2. Khi phdn tich ve dep ddc dao cua hinh tugng ngudi nghia si Cdn Giudc trong bai van td' cua Nguydn Dinh Chieu, cd thi so sanh vdi hinh tugng ngudi linh trong nhihig tac ph£m van hgc nao ? Diem tuang ddng gifla cac hinh tuang d'y la gi ?

LUYEN TAP VE THAO TAC LAP LUAN SO SANH

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Cd ki ndng so sdnh.

• Biet van dung lap ludn so sdnh de vie't dogn vdn cd site thuyet phuc, hdp ddn.

1. Dgc cac doan trich sau va cho biet ldp luan so sanh dugc sfl dung trong dd.

a) "Sach gid'ng nhu thflc an. Cd thfl chi nem, cd thfl cd tbl an nhilu. Chi cd mdt it thfl la cdn nhai ki, an chdm dl thd'y vi ngon. Cho ndn cd sach cht dgc mdt phdn, cd sach chi cdn biet so lugc, cdn cd mdt it sach thi phai dgc hit, dgc ki, dgc di dgc lai".

(Ph. Be-con)

b) "Nhiing ke nho nhoe nam ba cau hgc van, mdt sang nhd nhu hat dau, kinh lich chang ra khdi nha, gap mdt vai chu di cay, nam ba chi hang xen da tudng minh la tri thflc, trdn trdi dudi dd't chi cd rtidt minh ta, khdng phai la ngudi tu trgng. y

Ngudi tu trgng vd'n d trong nhdn qudn, vd'n tdn kinh bdc tiln bdi, tai dflc kiln thflc tu du, vide da lam khdng sg khd, tri da dinh khdng nat re, than minh minh tu tri, khdng sai phap ludt, khdng trai dao li, khdng ddi minh, khdng dd'i ngudi, khdng thd'y ngudi giau sang, quyln quy ma ninh hdt, khdng thd'y ngudi ban tidn md khinh bi"

(Theo Nguydn Ba Hoc)

157

c) "Nhung tdi cdn thd'y thu la mua ydu. Vdi long tdi, trdi d^t chi cd hai mua : xudn vdi thu, hai mua dac bidt y nhi, hai mua cd binh minh. Tfl xudn sang he, la tfl d'm sang ndng, tfl thu sang ddng, la tfl mat sang lanh, sU thay ddi lam ta bue tfle ma lai khdng cd gi thuc mdi ca ; ddng vdi he chi la su thai qua cua thu vdi xudn. Chfl cdn tfl ddng sang xudn, sao ma sung sudng tb l ! Lanh chuyin ngugc sang din, tfl mdt dilu rd't khd chiu chuyin ngugc sang dilu rd't dl chiu. Theo le dy, he sang thu la bao nhidu khoai cha cho giac quan ; dugc rdi bd Ifla choi chang, ma vao trong nudc hiln boa, mat me. Xudn vdi thu la hai binh minh trong mdt nam, stl ddi thay hd trgng nhd't cho tdm hdn. Va bdi vdy, thu cung la mdt mua xudn,...

Thu cung la mdt mua xudn ! Tdi tim thd'y cai khoai lac dd. Tdi nghe rdt dung. Ddu xudn la binh minh dm cua long tdi; ddu thu la binh minh mat cua long tdi. Va dm hay mat, thu hay xudn, long tdi cung rao nic nhiing tid'ng mua, ai tinh ghi mdi ggi ldi trong gid,...

Mdi ldn thu sang, mat tdi chua thd'y md chdn trdi, chua trdng cdy la thdm xanh, ma da tdi da nghe trudc nhiing mui kim diu dang cua khdng khf. Hai mat kich thich, thoang nghe lanh lanh, man tdi vdi vang cudng lai, chay hang va khoe ldn. Su sd'ng trong mua xudn tung biing ra ngoai, thi gifla mua thu, sao ma ddy mdt vi man ndng ki di, cd hai gugng gao trong nilm sung sudng, va trong ndi tran ddy, phai chang cd ldn mdt mau dang cay...''

(Xuan Dieu)

2. Dung thao tac so sanh dl phat triln cac y kiln sau va vid't thanh doan van :

a) Dgc cud'n sach hay cung nhu trd chuydn vdi ngudi ban thdng minh.

b) Dgc cud'n sach hay dd'i vdi tri tud gid'ng nhu thi due dd'i vdi ca thi.

(Ggi y : cdu a cd hai so sanh : dgc va trd chuydn, sach hay va ngudi ban thdng minh. Hai so sanh diu nham lam sang td vide dgc sach va nilm hanh phuc dugc dgc sach hay.

Cdu b cung cd hai so sanh nhu cdu a, nhung d mdt phuang didn khac : dgc sach la thi due dd'i vdi tri tud).

3. Chgn mdt trong cac dl sau, dung thao tac so sanh vid't doan van tiinh bay ludn dilm cua minh vl cac hidn tugng trai ngugc :

a) Vi tha va ich ki

b) Cho va nhdn

c) Tu phu va tu ti

d) Tdn trgng phap ludt va bd't chd'p phap ludt.

(Ggi y : Tfl quan hi khac bilt cua hai hiln tugng hay xac dinh cho minh mdt quan dilm, ludn dilm. Tfl dd vdn dung so sanh dl lam bdt ldn quan dilm ludn diem).

158

HANH PHUC CUA M O T TANG GIA (Trich Sddo^

VU TRONG PHUNG

KET QUA CAN DAT

Hieu dugc thdi do mia mai chdm bii'm cua VU Trgng

Phung ddi vdi thdi dgo ddc gid, hgm hinh, rdm ddi trong

xdhdi thugng luu.

Thdy dugc nghi thudt trdo phung phong phu, ddc ddo, sdc sdo cua tdc gid.

TIEU DAN

Vu Trong Phung (1912 1939)

qud b lang Hao, huyen MT Hao, tinh

Hung Yen, nhUng sinh ra va sd'ng

chu ye'u b Ha Ndi. Mac du ddi sd'ng

rieng ngheo tiing va benh tat, Vu

Trong Phung van ludn vuot

Idn hoan canh, the hien mot SIJTC

sang tao that doi dao. 6ng 1 mdt

trong nhOng dai bieu xua't sac nhdt

cQa trdo iUu van hpc hiSn thUc

1930 - 1945, mot ciy biit day tai

nang, da cd nhieu ddng gdp quan

trong cho sU phat trien manh me

ciia v in xudi qud'c ngflViet Nam.

Tuy cudc ddi ngdn ngiii nhUng Vu Trong Phung de lai mot sif nghiep van

hoc rat phong phii bao gdm nhieu the loai, trong dd ndi trpi nhat la tieu thuyet

va phdng sU. V l tieu thuyd't, cac tae pham tieu bieu nhdt la Gidng to (1936),

S6d6 (1936), Vd d§ (1936), Trung so dgc die (1938). Ve phdng sU, cac tac

pham tieu bieu Cam bay ngUdi (1933), Kfnghe lHy Tay (1934), Cam thay cam

c6 (1936) da dUa tae gia len dja vi "dng vua phdng sU da't Bac" Vu Trpng

Phung cdn \h mot nha bao cd uy tin.

159

So do - lan dau ra mat tren Ha Ngi bao, tfl so 40 (7 - 10 - 1936) - Id cudn tieu thuyet hien thUc trao phiing noi ti^ng ciia Vu Trong Phung. Tac pham xoay quanh cudc ddi cua nhan vat Xuan, thudng gpi la Xuan tdc Do, v6n la dfla tre mo edi, vd hpc, sd'ng bang viec treo me, treo sau, ban pha xa' ', nhat ban (bdng) b san quan vdt, chay cd rap hat, thdi loa quang cdo cac loai thudc rdm,... Nhd mot me Tay dam dang (ba phd Doan) giiip dd, han kiem dUdc viec lam b tiem may Au hoa. 6 day, han dUpc vo chdng Van Minh (chau ba phd Doan) va nhflng ngUdi trong gia dinh nay - hoac cd ^, hoac vd tinh - tdn len lam "dd'c td Xuan", 'nha cai each xa hdi", "giao sU quan vdt",... Vi the, co Tuyet (em gai Van Minh) phai Idng han. Vinh quang tdt dinh den vdi Xuan Tdc Do khi han dUpc cfl ra dp tdi vdi nha vd djch quan vdt Xiem La (Thai Lan). Trong tran "ti thi" nay, Xuan dUde lenh phai thua de tranh cho hai nUdc Viet - Xiem cai tham hoa chie'n tranh (I). Nhd dd, Xuan trd thanh "anh hiing cflu qud'c", dUdc tdn vinh la "v7 nhan", dUde phii Toan quyln thUdng Bac Dau bdi.tinh, cdn cu cd Hdng (bd Van Minh) thi tuyen bd ga cd eon gai yeu ciia minh cho han.

Vdi ngdi biit trao phiing bac thay, tae gia S6d6 da phdi tran ban ehdt bjp bpm, rdm ddi ciia xa hdi tUsan thudc dia, thUe dan thanh thj dUong thdi. Dd la mdt xa hdi nhd nhang, "khd'n nan", "chd deu" nhUng be ngoai lai cd ve sang trpng, "Au hoa'', "van minh", "tie'n bd". Xa hdi Viet Nam thdi Vu Trpng Phung la xa hdi Tay - Tau nhd nhang. 6 dd, cai that, cai gia cung nhU mpi thang bac gia trj bj dao IdrPSif thang tien ki la ciia Xuan Tdc Dd ndi len dieu dd.

Hanh phuc cda mgt tang gia trich tfl chUdng XV trong tieu thuyet So do.

Cu td (bd cua cu cd Hong) da ngoai tam mUdi tudi ma cfl "sdng mil" (I). Dam con chau ham danh ham ldi trong nha ehi mong eho dng lao nay sdm che't de chia nhau gia tai. LTdc mong ndy thdnh hien thUc khi Xuan Tdc Do, trong mdt lan "ndi gian" vi tU ai, da edng khai "to cao" trUde mat mpi ngi/di rang dng Phan day thep, chau re cu td (chdng cd Hodng Hdn) Id "mdt ngUdi chdng mpc si^g* '" Viec to cao dd - thUc ra do dng Phan day thep thue Xudn Idm vdi gia mUdi ddng - da trUc ti lp gay ra cai che't cCia eu ed' td de cd cai dam tang la lung nay.

Dudi day trfch phan chinh c^a chuong truyen ndi trdn. *

* *

1. Ba hdm sau, dng cu gia ehl't thdt.

Ca gia dinh d'y da nhao ldn mdi ngUdi mdt each, di ggi tfl dng lang bam Tdy cho dd'n dng lang bam Ddng, gia va tre, dl thuc hanh dung cai li thuyi't

(1) Phd xa : lac rang.

(2) NgUdi chdng mgc siCng: ngudi chdng cd vg ngoai tinh. (3) Ong cu gid: bd cua cu cd Hdng, dng ndi cua Van Minh vd Tuydt, thudng dugc goi Id cu td.

160

"nhilu thiy thdi ma". 6ng cu gid chit, danh du cua Xudn lai cang to thdm, vi cai le r& chinh ddng la ludn ba hdm nd da trdn mdt chd nao khdng ai bid't, dd'n ndi cu ba cho ngudi di tim ddu cung khdng th^y. Thilu dng dd'c td Xudn la thid'u tdt ca, nhflng dng th^y thudc chinh hidu da th^t bai hoan toan. Vl phdn dng ddc td Tnic Ngdn, th^y ban ddng nghidp Xudn cua dng khdng chfla, cho dd la mdt bdnh nang, ndn cung khdng ddm nhdn. Dd la mdt bai hgc cho nhiing ke nao dam bao mdt ngudi nhu Xudn la con nha ha luu, ma ca bdng^^\ vd hgc, vd lai^^\ nhat ban qudn, vdn vdn. Ngudi ta lai di mdi ca cu lang Ti iSn cu lang Phi, nhung vi qua gidn, hai CII da tfl ehdi chay chfla ciing nhu nhflng vi danh y bilt t\l trgng. Ngudi ta da nghr din ca thudc thanh din Bia vfla mdi chfta mdt ngudi ho lao va mdt ngudi cam thuang han bang bun den va eflt trdu, cdng bilu din ndi hg mdt mang, va quan trdn lai dilu tra ra rang cd mdt tui cudng hao td chflc ra thanh, ma tui cudng hdo dy lai an cap tiln quy nfta, nin tu nhidn cung hit thiing lidng^. Nhiing vide trac trd nhu thi da lam cho dng gia ban tam muai tudi phai chit mdt each binh tinh. Trong luc gia dinh nhdn nhao, thang bdi tidm da dihi dugc dung mdt nghin tam tram bay muoi hai cdu gat: "Bii't rdi, khd lam, ndi thai!" cua cu cd Hdng.

2. Cai chdt kia da lam cho nhilu ngudi sung sudng lam. Ong Phan mgc sflng da dugc cu Hdng ndi nhd vao tai rang se chia cho con gdi va rl thdm mdt sd tiln la vai nghin ddng. Chinh dng ta cung khdng ngd rang gia tri ddi sihig huau vd hinh trdn ddu dng ta md lai to dd'n nhu thi. Ong cho rang Xudn cd tai quang cao lam, ndi mdt ldi la cd vai nghin bac, ndn sau khi dugc ldi hfla quy boa cua dng bd vg, 6ng tru tinh ngay vdi Xudn mdt cdng cudc doanh thuang... "Thua ngdi, ngai la mdt ngudi chdng mgc siing !". Ong Xudn chi ndi cd tbl ma lam cho dng thdm dugc vai ba nghin bac thi khi dng Xudn ndi dai khai : "Thua ngai, thfl hang nay tdt nhdt, budn d Tdy phuang" chac phai cd gia tri ban nfta. Ong mudn gap ngay Xudn dl tra ndt nam ddng, trudc khi budn ban cung phai gift chft tin lam ddu.

Cii cd Hdng da nham nghiln mat lai dl ma mang dd'n cai luc cu mac dd xd gai, lu khu chdng gdy, vfla ho khac vfla khdc mlu, dl cho thidn ha phai chi trd : "IJi kia, con giai nhdn da gia dd'n thd' kia kia !". Cu chac ca mudi phdn rang ai citag phai nggi khen mdt cai dam ma nhu thd', mdt cai gdy nhu thd',...

(1) Ma cd hdng (tidng Phdp: vagabond): ke lang thang ddu dudng xd chg.

(2) Vd lai: kd du dang, bdt luong.

161 1 1 - N G 0 V A N 1 1 / 1 ( N C ) - A

Dilu ban khoan cua con cu, dng Van Minh, chi la mdi ludt sU dih chihig kiln cai chi't cua dng ndi ma thdi. Tbl la tfl nay ma di, cai chuc thu kia se vao thdi ki thuc hanh chfl khdng cdn la li thuyd't viin vdng nfta. 6ng chi philn ndi khdng bilt xfl tri vdi Xuan Tdc Dd ra sao cho phai... Xudn tuy pham tdi quyln ru mdt em gai dng, td cao cai tdi trang hoang ddm cua mdt em gai khac nfta cua dng, nhung tinh cd da gdy ra cai chd't cua dng cu gia dang ehl't. Hai cai tdi nho, mdt cai an to... Lam thd' nao ? Ong phdn vdn, vd ddu nit tdc, luc nao mat cung dam dam chilu chilu^^\ thanh thfl lai thanh ra hgp thdi trang, vi mat dng thdt dung cai mat mdt ngudi luc gia dinh duang la tang gia bd'i rd'i.

Ma bd'i rd'i thdt. NgUdi chd't, sau khi dugc quan trdn kham qua loa, da dugc khdm lidm dd'n gdn mdt ngay rdi, vdy ma chua thSfy cu H6ng ra ldnh phat phuc^ ' mac ddu mgi cdng vide cfl hanh tang 11 da quyd't dinh xong xudi. Phai tre, nghia la bgn ddu con, da bat ddu la d ldn rang phdi gia chdm chap. Cdu tu Tdn thi cfl diln ngudi ldn vi cdu da san sang mdy cai may anh ma mai cdu khdng duge dung din. Ba Van Minh thi sd't ca rudt vi mai khdng dugc mac nhftng d6 xd gai tdn thdi, cai mu mm- trang viin den - Demieres creations ! . Nhftng cai r^t an vdi nhau md tilm Au boa mdt khi da lang-xd ra thi cd tbl ban cho nhiing ai cd tang duang dau ddn vi ke chd't cung dugc hudng chut it hanh phuc d ddi. Ong Typn rit buc miiih vi mai khdng dugc thdy nhftng su chd' tao cua minh ra mat cdng chung dl xem cac bao chf phd binh ra sao. Ngudi ta dd l6i eho dng Van Minh khdng kheo can thidp dl mgi vide phai tii hoan, cu Hdng cfl nhdm mat lai kdu khd lam, cu ba hay ll ldi, ve chuydn ldi thdi. Ki thuy^ ^ sd di chua phat phuc vi chuydn Tuyd't, hay vide Xudn Tdc Dd da gdy ra cho Tuyd't vdy.

[...J

(1) Ddm ddm chieu chieu (nhu ddm chieu): ngM ngoi, ban khoan suy tuih nhidu bd. (2) Phdt phuc : bat ddu mac do tang khi trong nhd ed ngudi qua ddi. (3) MH mdn : mu bdng vai xd trdng, hinh chdp, ngudi phu nit ddi khi dua tang bd me hoac chdng,

theo phong tuc cu. (4) Demieres creations (nguydn van ti6ig Phdp, doc la : dec-ni-e-ro cre-a-xi-dng): nhiing sang tao

mdi nhdt. (5) Ldng-xe (tidng Hidp: lancer): tung ra, dua ra dd quang cdo.

(6) Typn (doe la Tip phd nd): tdn nhan vat hoa si trong traydn, ngudi chuyen tao mdu df tidm may Au hod cua vg chdng Van Minh ; do ghep cac chfi cai vidt tat cua mdy chii Tdi yiu phu nii, mdt kidu dat but danh ciia mdt sd van nghd si duong thdi md Vu Trong Phung dua vdo Sddo dl chd gidu.

(7) Ki thuy (tfl eu): lue ban ddu, ddu tien.

162 1 1 - N G 0 V A N 1 1 / 1 ( N C ) - B

3. Sang hdm sau, dung 7 gid thi cdt dam. Hai vidn canh sat thudc bd thfl 18 la Min Da va Min Toa^^^ da dugc thud gift trdt tu cho dam ma. Gifta luc khdng cd ai ddng phat ma phat, duang budn rdu nhu nhihig nha budn sap vd ng, md'y dng canh bmh nay dugc cd dam thud thi sung sudng cue dilm, da trdng nom rd't hit long. Thanh thfl tang gia ai cung vui ve ca, trfl mdt Tuyd't. Tai sao Xudn lai khdng dd'n phimg viing gi ca ? Tai sao Xudn lai khdng di dua ? Hay la Xudn khinh minh ? Nhflng cdu hdi dy da khid'n Tuyd't dau khd mdt each rd't chinh dang, cd tbl mud'n tii tfl dugc. Tim kid'm khap mat trong bgn ngudi di dua dam ma cung khdng thd'y "ban giai" ddu ca, Tuyd't nhu bi kim chdm vao long.

Hdm nay Tuylt mac bd y phuc Ngdy tha - cai do dai voan mdng trong cd codc-si , trdng nhu hd ca nach va nfla vu - nhung ma viin den, va ddi mdt cai mu mdn xinh xinh. Thdy rang thiin ha ddn minh hu hdng nhilu qua, Tuyd't ben mac bd Ngdy tha di cho thidn ha phai bilt rang minh chua danh md't ca chfl trinh. Vdi cai trap trdu cau va thud'c la, Tuyd't mdi cac quan khach rd't nhanh nhen, trdn mat lai hai cd mdt ve budn lang man rdt dung md't mdt nha cd dam. Nhiing dng ban thdn cua cu cd Hdng, ngue ddy nhiing huy chuang nhu : Bac D£U bdi tinh, Long bdi tinh, Cao Mdn bdi tinh. Van Tugng bdi tinh, vdn vdn... trdn mep va cam diu du rdu ria, boste dai bode ngan, hoac den bode hung hung, bode lun phun hay rdm rdm, loan qudn, nhiing dng tai to mat ldn thi sat ngay vdi linh ciiu, khi trdng thdy lan da trang thdp thd trong ldn do voan trdn canh tay va nguc Tuyd't, ai ndy diu cam ddng ban nhiing khi nghe tid'ng ken Xudn nir ai oan, nao nung.

Vdi mdt dam ma theo ca ld'i Ta, Tau, Tdy cd kidu bat cd'ng ' ^ Ign quay di long , cho dd'n Id'c bd'c xoang va bd dich va vdng hoa, cd dd'n ba tram cdu

(1) Min Da, Min Toa (tidng Phdp : mille deux, mille trois): sd 1002, 1003. Day Id sd hidu cua hai vien cdnh sdt da trd thdnh tdn goi cua ho.

(2) Codc-se (tidng Hidp: corset): do nit nguc ciia phu nii.

(3) JQidn nS: ten mdt didu nhac dugc cfl hanh trong ddm tang.

(4) Kieu bdt cd'ng : loai kieu sang trong, cd tdm ddn, mudi sdu ngudi khidng (kieu : dd diing, thudng dugc son son thdp vang dd rudc bai vi thdn thanh, dd thd hoac khieng ngudi - cd thdm ghd ngdi vd mui che).

(5) Lan quay di lgng: b ddy la Ion quay cd long che.

(6) Lde bdc xoang: mdt loai nhac cu bdng kim loai, phdt ra dm thanh ehdi gdt trong ddm tang. Tdn nhac cu dugc ggi theo ld'i ddn da, md phdng dm thanh do nd phdt ra.

(7) Bu dich : (tidng Hidp : musique) dgc chech, cd nghia la dm nhac. Ddn gian thudng goi ken bd

dich Id kdn Tdy (loai ken ddng). 6 ddy tdc gia da ddng theo ngKa dy.

163

dd'i, vai ba tram ngudi di dua, lai cd cdu tii Tdn chi huy, nhihig nha tai tif chup anh da thi nhau nhu d hdi chg. Thdt la mdt dam ma to tat cd thi lam cho ngucd chit nam trong quan tai cung phai mim cudi sung sudng, nlu khdng gdt gu cai diu...!

Khi di dugc bd'n phd, gifta luc Typn va ba vg, ba phd Doan va dng Joseph (Gid-dep) Thid't, va md y ngudi nfta duang lao xao phi binh thai dd cua Xudn thi thdy ca dam phai dihig dflng lai nhu hang diu gap phai mdt nan xe c6 vdy. Gifta luc d'y, sau chide xe, trin cd su chua Ba Banh, xe nao cung che hai lgng, tfl mdt nga len vao chiirn chd sau nam la cd den. Hai vdng hoa d6 s6, mdt cua bdo Gd mo, mdt cua Xudn, cung len vao hang ddu. Cdu tu Tdn vdi chay lin bdm may anh lach tach rdi xud'ng thua vdi me. Oi ba hdt hai chay lin, r6i cam ddng hl t siic, vi nd la phdn cua dng Xudn, dng Xudn dd'c td, va dng Xudn cd vdh bao Gd md, nin mdi cd su long trgng nhu thd thdm cho dam ma. Cu sung sudng kdu : "Ay gia khdng cd mdn d'y thi la thilu chua dugc to, may ma dng Xudn da nghT hd tdi !" Su cu Tang Phu thi sung sudng va vdnh vao ngdi trdn mdt chid'c xe, vi sU cu chac rang trong sd thidn ha dthig xem d cac phd, thd' nao cung cd ngUdi nhdn ra rang sU cu da danh dd dugc Hdi Phdt giao, va nhu thd thi la cudc die thdng diu tiln cua bao Gdmdvdy.

Xudn Tdc Dd cdt dat ddu vao ddy rdi mdi xudng chd nhflng ngudi di dua. Tuylt da liic mdt dua tinh cho nd dl td y cam an. Mgi ngudi da nggi khen nd hoac ghen ghet nd...

4. Dam ma dua dd'n ddu lam huydn nao din dSiy. Ca mdt thanh phd da nhdn nhag ldn khen dam ma to, dung vdi y mud'n cua eg cd Hdng. Thidn ha chu y dac bidt vao nhiing kilu qudn do tang cua tidm may Au hoa nhu y dng Typn va ba Van Minh. O J ba sung sudng vi dng dd'c Xudn da khdng gidn ma lai giup dap, phung viing dd'n thd', va dam ma nhu kl da la danh gia nhd't t^t ca.

Dam cfl di...

Ken Ta, ken Tdy, ken Tau ldn lugt thay nhau ma rdn ldn. Ai cung lam ra bd mat nghidm chinh, song le su thdt thi vin thi thdm vdi nhau chuydn trd vl vg con, vl nha cfla, vl mdt cai tu mdi sam, mdt cai ao mdi may. Trong md y tram ngudi di dua thi mdt nfla la phu nft, phdn nhilu tdn thdi, ban cua cd Tuylt, ba Van Minh, cd Hoang Hdn, ba phd Doan, vdn vdn... Thdt la du giai thanh gai lich, nin hg chim nhau , cudi tinh vdi nhau, binh ph£m nhau, chd bai nhau, ghen tudng nhau, hen hd nhau, bang nhiing ve mat budn rdu cua nhuJig ngudi di dua ma.

(1) Chim nhau (khdu ngii): (trai gai) ve van, tan tinh nhau.

164

Chen iSn vdo nhihig tid'ng khdc lde, mia mai nhau cua nhihig ngudi trong tang gia, ngudi ta thd'y nhiing cdu thi thao nhu sau nay :

- Con be nha ai ma khau thi ? - Con be bdn canh dep ban nfta ! - U", fl, cai thing dy bac tinh bd me ! - Xua kia vg nd bd nd chd ? - Hai ddi chdng rdi! - Cdn xudn chan ! - Gdm cai nguc, ddm qua di md't! - Lam mdi cho td nhi ? - Md vang hay md chi ? - Khdng, khdng hen hd gi ca. - Vg beo thi, chdng gdy thi tbi mgc siing mdt! Vdn vdn...

Vd cdn nhilu cdu ndi vui ve, y nhi khac nfta, rd't xting dang vdi nhiing ngudi di dua dam ma.

Dam cfl di...

5. Din huylt, luc ha quan tai, cdu tu Tdn ludm thudm trong chid'c do thung trang da bat be tflng ngudi mdt, hoac chdng gdy, hodc guc ddu, hodc cong lung, hodc lau mat nhu thi' nay, nhu tbl ng... dl cdu chup anh ki nidm luc ha huydt. Ban hiiu cua cdu rdm rd nhay ldn nhiing ngdi ma khac ma chup dl cho anh khdi gidng nhau.

Xudn Tdc Dd dting cdm mu nghidm trang mdt chd, bdn canh dng Phan mgc siCQg. Luc cu Hdng ho khac md'u mao va ngd't di, thi dng nay cung khdc to "Htit!... Hflt!... Hflt!..."

Ai cung di y d|'n dng chau rl quy hod d'y.

Ong ta khdc qua, mud'n lang di thi may cd Xudn dd khdi nga. Nd chdt vdt mai cung khdng lam sao cho dng diing ban lin dugc. Dudi cai khan trang to tudng, cai io thung trang loe xoe, dng Phdn cfl oat ngudi di, khdc mai khdng thdi.

-Hflt!... Hflt!... Hflt!...

Xudn Tdc Dd mud'n bd quach ra thi chgt thd'y dng Phan dui vao tay nd mdt cai gidy bac nam ddng gdp tu... Nd nam tay cho khdi cd ngudi nom thd'y, rdi di tim su cu Tang Phu lac trong dam ba tram ngudi duang budn rdu va dau ddn vl nhftng dilu sa sud't cua khd chu.

(Tuyen tap VU Trgng Phung, tdp III, NXB Vdn hgc. Ha Ndi, 1987)

(1) Md vdng hay mo chi (tidng ldng): md vdng y ndi giau ed, ldm cua chim ciia ndi; md chi y ndi tdi sdn khdng cd gi. Trong jca hdi kim tidn, khdng it ke xem vide hdn nhdn chi la mdt eo hdi moi eua cai nhd vg dd sdm dugc gidu cd. Dd la nhQng ga "dao md" ma nhdn vdt dng Phdn mgc siKng Id hinh dnh tieu bidu. 6 day, tdc gia gidu tam If "dao md" cua ddm thanh nien ihugng luu.

165

Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Hay tdm tdt ndi dung tiing phan da dugc danh so.

2. Mdu thudn trao phung co ban dugc thi hiln qua doan trich la gi ? Mdu thudn d'y dugc thi hidn qua nhan dl doan trich nhu thd nao ? Hay chi ra "hanh phiic'' ridng cua mdi nhdn vdt trong "hanh phuc" chung cua tang gia va y ngMa trdo phung toat ra tfl diiy.

3. Hay phdn tich each Vu Trgng Phung midu ta dam tang trong hai phin cudi. (Luu y : Su kit hgp gifta midu ta toan canh va can canh dam tang cung hidu qua do thu phap nay tao ra). Ridng chi tilt "dam cfl di..." lap lai trong phin 4 cd tac dung gi dac bidt vl mat nghd thudt ?

4. Ldi van cua Vu Trgng Phung trong doan trich Hgnh phuc cua mat tang gia ddm chat trao phung. Hay tim va phdn tich mdt sd ddn chihig tidu bilu trong each dung tfl, each so sanh, each dat cdu, dting doan, each tao gigng van,... di lam ro dilu do.

5. Qua doan trich nay Vu Trgng Phung da tdp trung phd phan dilu gi d xa hdi tu san thanh thi hdi bd'y gid ?

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Tim hiiu each dat tin nhdn vdt, tdn su vdt cua Vu Trgng Phung trong Sddd qua doan trich Hgnh phiic ciia mgt tang gia.

TRI THirC OOC - HIEU

• Vdn hoc hien thuc

van hoc hien thUc chCi trUdng phan anh ban chat vd quy luat khach quan ciia ddi sd'ng xa hdi.

Nha van hien thuc xay dung hinh tUdng theo nguyen tac khach quan, cu th i , khdng td ve,

khdng ne tranh cac hien tugng xau xa, den tdi, tham chi cdn lay viec bdc tran cac thfl mSt na gia

ddi lam nhiem vu nghe thuat chCi yeu cCia minh, nhu chii nghTa hien thuc phe phan d phUdng Tdy

the kl XIX.

Yeu cau cao nhat ciia van hgc hien thuc, theo quan niem truyin thdng, la sang tao ra nhOmg

tinh each diln hinh trong hoan canh diln hinh. Tinh each di ln hinh la nhflng tinh each cd ca tinh

sac net, khd quen, nhung cd sflc khai quat Idn, tieu bi lu cho mdt hang ngudi hay mdt khuynh

hudng tu tudng Idn trong ddi sd'ng. Hoan canh diln hinh la hoan canh tidu bi lu cho mot xa hdi, co

tac dung giai thich su hinh thanh tinh each va sd phan ciia nhan vat.

166

Khi tdi hiSn ddi sdng, nhd van hien thUc khdng gdn ghep tUtudng chii quan cho ddi sdng, khdng

bi n nhSn vdt thdnh cai loa cho tU tudng ciia minh, md bien eae hien tUdng vd qua trinh hien thUc

thdnh phuong tien bieu hien tU tudng ciia minh. Tat nhien, nhd van hien thUc khdng chap nhan Idi

ghi ch6p bing phang, nhat nh§o, hp cung cd khi khoa trUdng, cUdng dieu, tham ehi diing yeu td

huyin thoai de Idm cho ban ehdt ddi sdng dUdc ndi bat len.

Cdc tac pham vSn hpc nhU S6 do cua Vu Trpng Phung, Lao Hac, Chi Pheo ciia Nam Cao,

Tit den dia Ngd Tdt Td,... Id nhiing tac pham hien thUe xuat sac cl nUde ta giai doan 1930 -1945,

rdt gan vdi chii nghTa hidn thUe phd phan ndi trdn.

• Biem hoa va gilu nhai

Bi^m hoa Id Idi ve chdm bilm ; b do, bang cac bien phap phdng dai, cUdng dieu mdt vdi net

nSi bdt ndo dd, ddi tUdng dUde ve thdnh meo md, dj dang de tao hieu qua cham biem. Trong van

xudi nghe thuat, ngudi ta cung cd the dUng chan dung nhan vat theo Idi biem hoa ndy. Hodng de

An Nam trong "Vi hanh" cCia Nguyen Ai Qud'c, Huyen Hinh trong Ddng hao co ma dia Nguyin

Cdng Hoan ching han. Id nhiing bflc bilm hoa nhuthl.

Giiu nhai Id bidn phap bat chUde tfl ngfl, phong each, gipng dieu, •} tudng,... ciia ai dd Idm cho

n6 trd ndn \6 bich, hdi hudc d l cham biem.

DOC THEM

NGHE THUAT BAM THIT GA (Trich Viic ldng)

NG6 TXT TO

Tiiu DAN

Ngd Tdt T l (1893 -1954) que b Idng Lde Hd, phii Tii Son, tinh Bdc Ninh, nay Id xa Mai Lam, huydn Ddng Anh, ngoai thdnh Hd Ndi. Ong do dau ki khao hach b dja phuong nam hai mUdi hai tudi (1915), nen thudng dUde gpi la dng "ddu xfl Td". Ngd Tdt Td hpc chfl Han, chfl Ndm, chfl qudc ngfl hpc ca tieng Phdp. Ong vfla Id mdt nhd nho tinh thdng cd hpc, tiing ddy cdng nghien ciiu trilt hpc vd djch nhilu pho truyen Trung Hoa, viia la nhd bao, nhd van lam bdo vilt v in theo Idi mdi, sflc vilt rat ddi dao.

167

Noi tie'ng ddng thdi tren nhieu ITnh vuc (khao cliu, dich thuat, viet bao, vilt vdn), sU nghiep, tac pham cCia Ngd Tat Td kha phong phu, dd so. Sfl dung hai muoi sau biit danh, cdng tac vdi hai muoi bdy td bao, Ngd Tat Td d§ vilt vd cho in - k l ca bao chi djch thuat, sang tac vSn hgc - khoang mdt nghin rudi don vj tac pham.

Chua tinh din cac tac pham nghien ciJfU trilt hgc, van hgc dich, ba tuyin tap dugc suu tam cdng bd nam 2005 (Ki su - Truyen ngan ; Chuy§n ngudi duang thdi, TiSu pham bao chi; Tha - Tha dich - Binh thd), nhiing tac pham chinh cCia dng cd the k l : ve t i iu thuylt : Tit den (dang bao nam 1936, in sach nam 1939), Liu chong (dang bao nam 1939, in sach nam 1941) ; v l phdng sU: Tap an cai dinh (1939), Viec lang (1940).

Ngd Tat Td dUdc Nha nudc tang Giai thudng Hd Chi Minh v l van hgc vd nghd thuat nam 1996.

La thien phdng sudai nhieu chuong (17 chuong), xau chuoi vdi nhau theo mdt chCi de chung, Viec lang phoi bay nhOhg hCi tuc "qudi gd, mgi rg" md bgn sdu mgt phong kiln cd duy tri d ndng thdn, dac biet la nan "xdi thjf' va hau qua nghiem trgng cda nd. Cai ggi la 'Viec lang" cd th i dly ngudi dan qud nghdo kho din chd bi dat, b l tac : Chi vi mdt "co odn tuan sdc", "mdt tide an va", mdt "gdc chilu giOa dlnh",...hg dang sdng luong thien, yen binh bdng lam vao canh khd'n quin ; phai dd nha lam ciii ban, bd lang ra di, tham chi phai tutfl,...

Nghe thuat bam thit ga Id chuong IV thudc phdng su nay.

1. Tfl khi thdi hgc, tinh ra da gdn mudi nam, bdy gid tdi mdi lai gap Lang Vdn. Nhiing chuydn tich lai trong mdt thdi gian khd dai, luc d'y dugc dip xudt bidn, nd da lam cho chung tdi diu phai qudn ngu, tuy ddm da khuya.

Ngodi sdn trdi tdi nhu muc vd mua sui sut, nudc mua ra neb gidi xudng ddu ihim, nhu them ve chfla chan cho mdi tinh cihi bidt

Gd bdt ddu gdy. Dudi blp bdng cd tilng ngudi khdm khoac. Rdi thd'y bdng den ldp loe. Mgt Idt sau, nghe cd tilng gd dap cdnh phanh phach va kdu quang qudc. Tdi ngac nhien hoi:

- Ngudi nhd da sdp lam cam ddy sao ?

Lang Vdn lde dau :

- Khdng ! Sdng mai nhd tdi phai chfla hang xdm.

(1) Cuu biet: each biet da ldu. (2) Chda hdng xdm : eho hang xdm b lai trong nha minh theo dinh Id ciia lang.

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Oifla hang xdm cd nhidn khdng phai Id mdt vl&i dl dl ndi chuydn. Chung tdi lang ra chuydn khdc. Ddng hd dilm hai tilng, mdi cung triim chan ndm ngu.

2. Gidc ngu cua tdi duang ngon, thinh linh bi tan bdi mdy tilng lde cdc cua gudc, vd gdy ndn xudng thim gach. Tdi biing mdt ra, trdi da sang rd, trong nhd Id nhd mdy dng oil gia khan do tl chinh, Lang Vdn dang xoan xoe chdo mdi cdc cu mdt cdch cung kinh. Gifl Id xa giao vdi ngudi la, tdi v6i tung chan ngdi day vd duang lung tung chua bid't ndn & dd hay ldnh di ddu, Ldng Vdn da bung din chd tdi ngdi mot bd bdn che, mdt sidu ' nudc sdi, bao tdi cfl vide pha nudc va udng tu nhidn.

Ngudi din mdi luc mdt ddng. Gid cd, tre co, diing bdng cd. Todn Id ddn dng tdt ca. Trong nha giudng phan chdt hit, ngudi nhd phai quet cai thim mua udt rdm rgp, rdi trai chieu ldn, dl lam chd ngdi cho mdy dng ti nhau

Hang xdm vdn luc tuc keo din vdi nhiing bdn chdn ddt ldm bd bd. Ai cung nhu ndy, sau khi da din bl nudc gidi qua, ngudi ta di nhdn ldn thim, chui chdn vdo cdi ehdi rom \ka phdp, rdi budc xdm xap ldn chid'u.

- Sao khdng ldy gi md che, lai di ddi trdi tbl kia ! Nudc mua udt ca dd Id !

Tilng thet cua mdt dng gid d phan bdn kia vfla dflt, thi d dudi sdn, mdt ngudi vfla lii lu bung mdm xdi gd ldn thim vd dat vdo chile phan gifla. Rdi mdt ngudi khdc dl ludn ldn dd hai chai rugu ldn. Con gd cung khdng nhd ldm, udc chflng mdt ngudi an cd mdi hit. C6 xdi vfla kin cdi long mdm ddng, nd phai dd bdn ddu gao ! Cdn bai chai rugu thi ddy dm dp, hang chai ba phdn tu lit.

Mgi ngudi ngdi ydn, mdt dng ddn anh ra ldnh :

- Hang xdm da din ddng du 1 Thdng Mdi dem ldm cd di!

Thi ra cdi ngudi ddi mdm xdi gd luc nay chinh Id md ldng. Han da mdt tilng, thd

ddi rdi khep nep dting tua bdn c6t:

- Thua cdc cu ldm bao nhidu cd ?

6ng ddn anh dy lai ldn gigng : (4)

- Mdy trdng xem cd bao nhidu ngudi kiln tai Thdng Mdi lid'c mat mdt lugt tfl Uong nhd ra dd'n ngodi thim, rdi thua :

- Bdm ba muoi tdt ca.

(1) Siiu : S&n cd tay cdm, dung dd dun nude hoac sdc thudc. (2) Ti nhau : con, tre con (hdm y vui dua hay than mdt). (3j Md: ngudi cdng dinh chuydn ddnh md rao viec ldng thdi trudc (ham y coi khinh). (4) Kii'n tgi: trdng thdy tai chd.

169

d ddu day phan tay phai, thd'y cd tilng hdi:

- Hdng xdm ta mUoi mdy sudt, cu cd nhd khdng ?

Rdi cd tid'ng dap :

- Nam ngodi bay mUod tam sudt, nam nay mdi thdm nam sudt tbl la tam mucd ba sudi

ca thay.

6ng ddn anh vfla rdi nhin vao thang Mdi:

- vay thi phai lam hai mucd ba c6^ \ tam c6 kiln tai, mdt c6 chfla % mdt co cho

mdy, cdn mudi ba c6 lam phdn .

Cdu ndi cua dng dy khiln tdi hit sflc ngac nhidn. Mdt con ga va bdy nhidu xdi md lam

din mdy chuc c6, tbi ldm ra sao ? Chac la cdn cd mdn gi khac nfla. Tdi ngM nhu tbl.

3. Nhrttig md khdng. Chang cd chi hit. Ngudi nhd cbi bung ldn thim nha hai thung

dia bat, mdt con dao, mdt cdi thdt, mdt liin nUdc mam va hai chdng mdm.

Thang Mdi ll md bung mdm xdi gd ra thim. Han nhdc con gd sang chile mdm khdc,

rdi chfla c6 xdi binh trdn ra hinh vudng.

O la 1 Con gd lam dugc hon hai chuc c6, that Id mdt ki cdng ! Tdi phai gia vd dflng

ddy ra san dl din tan ncd md coi cho ro.

Thang Mod dat thfl con dao ldn mat c6 xdi, ban tinh ldm bdm gidy Idt, rdi xan mdt chilu lam sau, mdt chilu ldm bin. Sau khi ldy mdt milng xdi veo ra tflng ti dl phii vao cdc milng kia, ban nhdc mam xdi sang bdn canh vd kdo cdi thdt vdo chd trudc mat. Cdi thdt khi triing, hdn ggi thang nho dii cho cai khac vd ban ldm bdm mdt minh:

- Bam thit gd cdn dao phai sac, thdt phang. Nlu md dao cun thdt triing thi thit se bong hit da!

Vfla ndi, ban vfla vdi sang thung dia ldy du chuc chile, bay la lidt trdn mat

thim.

Thang nho da xdcb ldn dd chid'c thdt mdi nguydn, sdc gd nghiln cdn do ddng dgc.

Nhanh nbdu, ban sd ngdn tay vdo ludi con dao, xem cd ben khdng. Vd ban Idt cdi trdn bat hic ludn ba lugt that manh. Bdy gid mdi gid din bd long gd. Ml, gan, tim, ph6i, cdc thfl diu dugc thai ridng vd dugc bdy ridng vao mdt gdc dia. Tuy nd chi dugc mdt dum con con, nhung trong mudi dia khdng dia nao thid'u mdt thfl nao.

(1) Cd : todn bd nhiing mdn dn bdy thanh mdm dd ciing Id, dn udng. (2) Cd chda: c6 danh cho gia dinh chd nha da cd cdng chfla hdng xdm lam ncd dn udng tide titag. (3) Cd ldm phdn: c6 chia phdn danh dd mang vd cho nhiing ngudi vdng mdt.

170

Rdi han nhdc ca con ga ra thdt. Bat ddu chat ldy cai so '-*, sau mdi chat din milng phao cdu. Thinh linh thdy hdn dflng ldn ngoanh mat vdo phfa mdy dng dan anh :

- Thua trinh cdc cu, hdm nay so ga pha mdy ?

Mdt dng trong bgn nhin qua vao dam nhilu tudi, hinh nhu dl dim ddu ngudi, rdi ddp :

- 6 ddy chi cd nam cu va bin dng dan anh. Vdy tbi sd gd pha nam, phao gd pha bd'n.

Han lai ngdi xudng chd cu. Trudc hit ban ghe dao vdo gifla hai midng md gd, dl cdt cai sd ra ldm hai manh. Rdi ban up ca ddi manh xudng thdt, chat manh md dudi lam ddi va manh mo trdn lam ba.

Tdi khdng bilt nhflng milng thit nay cd diu nhau khdng, cbi thd'y tdt ca nam milng, milng ndo cung cd dinh mdt ti mo.

Tilp din cudc pha phao cau. Cdng vide tuy khdng ldy gi lam khd, nhimg bdn lam cung vdn cd ve khdc ngudi. Bdn milng phao gd, midng ndo cung cd ddu bdu, ddu nhgn, chang khdc mdt cdi chum cau che tu.

• Sd gd bay vdo mdt dia, phao gd bay vdo mdt dia. Han lai cat ldy bai chile cdnh gd, chat ludn lam hon mudi milng vd bdy vdi ddi chan gd ldm mdt dia nfla.

Bay gid tbi din minh gd. Han Idch ludi dao vdo sudn con gd, cat ridng bai cdi tdi gd bd ra gdc mdm. Rdi, lat ngfla con gd ldn thdt, hdn udm dao vdo gifla xuong sdng vd gio dao chdm ludn hai nhdt theo chilu ddi cdi xuong dy. Con ga bi tdch ra ldm bai manh. Mdi manh diu cd mdt nfla xuong sd'ng. Mdt tay gifl thoi thit ga, mdt tay cdm con dao phay, hdn bam lia lia nhu khdng chu y gi hd't. Nbung md binh nhu tay hdn da cd c6 san, cho ndn con dao cua ban gio ldn, khdng nhdt ndo cao, khdng nhdt ndo thdp. Mudi nhdt nhu mdt, nd chi ldn khdi mat thdt dd mdt gang, vd cdch cdi ngdn tay bdn dd vdi ba phan. Tilng dao cdng cdc dung vdo mat thdt, nhip nhdng nhu tilng mo cua phudng cheo , khdng luc ndo mau, cung khdng cd luc ndo thua. Mdi tilng cdc la mdt milng thit bdng ra. Milng ndo nhu milng dy, dflt suit tfl xuang din da, khdng cdn dinh nhau may may.

Trdng nhiing milng thit cua ban bd'c ra gdc mdm, mdi dep lam sao ! Khdng dap, khdng nat, khdng bong da, nd gid'ng nhu tap cdnh con buom budm. Nd'u dl tmdc mdi ma thdi, cd tbl bay dugc mudi thudc.

(l)5o': thii, ddu. (2) Cham cau : ndm hinh chdp (chiim) trdn ddu trdi cau. Cdi chiim cau : phdn chiim cau dugc cdt

rdira. (3) Toi gd: diii gd chdt ra (gidng hinh cu tdi). (4) Cd: khoang each ditag ldm chudn. (5) Phudng cheo : nhdm ngudi cimg ldm nghd hdt cheo thdi trudc.

171

Bam xong con ga, bdn mdc tiii ld'y mdt ndm tam. Mdi mieng thit ga, ban xdu cho mgt cdi tam vdo gifla. Rdi bdn cdm vdo mdm xdi. Cfl mdi tang xdi la bd'n xdu th|t. Thjt vfla hit, xdi cung khdp. Te ra cdi minh con ga, ban da bam dugc 92 milng.

4. Ldng Vdn cudi hdi tdi: r

- Anh da chiu nghl bam thit gd cua dng Mdi ldng tdi chua ? Nhd han ba ddi lam cai nghl dy, tbi mdi thao dugc nhu tbl. Ngudi khdc dd ai lam ndi!

Tdi chiu ldm. Va tdi mudn ddng cho dng Mdi dy cdi chflc nghd sT.

(Theo Ngd Td't Tdtdc phdm, tap II, NXB Van hge. Ha Ndi, 1977)

Hl/dNG DAN DOC THEM

1. Vide Ngd Tat Td xem "bam thit gd" la mdt nghd thudt", vd ngudi "bam thit gd" Id "nghe si" ggi cho ngudi doc nhiinjg suy nghT gi ? (Ggi y : Vide "bam thit gd" rdt "nghd thudt" dugc midu ta d ddy Id thanh cao hay dung tuc ? Vi sao ?...).

2. Thudt lai tnnh tu vd nhdn xet vide "bam thit gd" cua dng Mdi (d doan 3).

Gia sfl bd di cdc phdn 1, 2, 4, chi gifl lai phdn 3, doan true tid'p thudt, ta vide "bam thit gd" tbi thidn phdng su ndy se mdt di nhiing gi ?

3. Cdch quan sdt, midu ta cua tdc gia rdt d mi. Hay chflng minh vd chi ra tdc dung cua cdch quan sdt, midu ta ndy.

Tim bilu vd phdn tich nghd thudt midu ta, kl chuydn cua Ngd Td't Td trong bai phdng su nay. (Ggi y : Vide dan xen ta, kl vdi nhiing mdu ddi thoai d ddy cd y nghia gi ? Cdc cbi tilt nghd thudt midu ta ddng tdc, dm thanh cd gi dac sdc ? Thu phdp lidt ke, dung nhilu cdu midu ta phu dinh, bien phdp gdy td md, chd dgi,... cd tdc dung, bieu qua nhu tbl ndo ?).

4. Khdng khi chung cua canh chudn bi che chen, chia chac, toan bd cong vide "bdm thit gd" diu dugc ghi chip, midu ta, trdn thudt theo cdi nhin cua nhdn vdt "tdi" Dilu ndy tao dugc hidu qua gi ? Tdc phdm cd y nghia phd phdn hu tuc trong xa hdi thudc dia nfla phong kiln nhu tbl ndo ?

TRI THLTC DOC HIEU

Phdng su van hoc

Phdng su la the loai van hgc mdi xua't hien tren cd s6 phat t r i ln cua bao chi hien dai.

Cd hai loai phdng su : phong su bao chf va phong su van hoc. Ranh gidi gifla hai loai ndy khdng phai liic nao cung rd rang bdi ca hai d iu coi trgng thdng tin vd do tin cay ciia nhiing thdng tin ay. (Vi vay, ngudi viet phdng su thudng dCing nhflng bien phap nghiep vu bao chi nhu dieu tra, phdng va'n, ghi chep tai cho,...).

172

Tuy vdy, phdng sU van hgc, ben canh vide dap flng nhOfng yeu cau ve mdt thdng tin, cdn phai

coi trgng nhflng ydu cdu v l mSt thim ml Ddu an phong each ea nhan cua ngUdi vilt, viec hUdng

ngUdi dgc vdo th i gidi ben trong cda nhdn vat, vide sfl dung cdc phUdng tien bilu dat cua van hpc

(kl thudt tr in thudt, biSn phap tu t f l ngdn ngfl giau hinh anh cam xiic,...) da Idm cho phdng sUddp

(tng duac yeu cdu thim mT va trd thdnh nhflng tae pham van hpc.

Trong vSn hgc Vidt Nam (giai doan 1930 -1945), T6i kdo xe (Tam Lang), Com thay cam c6

(Vu Trpng Phung), Vi&c lang (Ngd Tit To),... Id nhiing phdng sU vdn hgc ed gia trj.

PHONG CACH N G 6 N NG0BAO CHI

K^T QUA CAN OAT

Nam dugc ddc diem chung vd cdch sd dung phuang tien ngdn ngd trong phong cdch ngdn ngd hdo chi.

Bii't van dung kii'n thdc trin vdo viic dgc - hiiu vdn hdn vd ldm vdn.

I - KHAI QUAT VE PHONG CACH NGON NGtyBAO CHI

Phong cdch ngdn ngfl bdo chi la kilu diln dat dung trong cdc van ban thudc linh vtic truyin thdng dai chung, nhu van ban dung trong bdo in, dai phat thanh, dai truyin hinh, bao didn tfl,...

Phong each ngdn ngfl bao chi dugc dung trong nhiing loai vdn ban chinh nhu tin tfle, phdng su, quang cao.

Cac van ban bao chi cd nhihig dac dilm chung sau ddy.

1. Tinh thong tin sir kien

Dac dilm quan trgng cua bao chi la tinh thdi su. Dac dilm nay ddi hdi thdng tm jAat di phai cdp nhdt, cu thi, chinh xac va ddy du ; vfla bao dam tinh khach quan, vfla cd tac dung hudng ddn du ludn. Ngdn ngfl diln dat cua bao chi phai la ngdn ngfl cua su kidn, vd'n tfl ma nd sfl dung la vd'n tfl phan anh nhiing vd'n dl thdi su cua xa hdi.

173

2. Tinh ngan gon

Phuang tidn truyin thdng dai chung cd nhihig gidi ban nhd't dinh : trdn bao,

phai ddm tiing ddng, tflng chfl ; trdn dai phat thanh, dai truyin hinh, phai tinh tflng

phut, tiing gidy. NgUdi dgc bao, ngudi nghe dai thi mud'n trong mdt khoang thdi

gian it di bid't dugc thdt nhilu tin tfle, su kidn. Bao chi ludn ludn coi trgng vide

phai diln dat sao cho thdt ngan ggn ma vSn chfla diing dugc lugng thdng tin cao

nhd't. Vi thd, ngdn ngfl didn dat cua phong each bao chi phai ngan ggn, tnic tilp,

tuydt dd'i tranh tinh trang dung tfl ngfl trung lap, tranh ldi ndi vdng.

3. Tinh hap din

Bao chi cd hd'p ddn thi mdi khai ggi dugc su hthig thu cua ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe. Tinh hdp ddn thi hidn trudc hd't d su lidn quan tnic tid'p cua tin tfle, su kidn vdi vdn mdnh mdi con ngudi, cua cdng ddng. Hinh thflc diln dat cua bao chi phai thi hidn tinh hdp ddn, tfl khdu lua chgn kilu chfl, dung tfl, dat cdu, dd'n khdu dat tidu dl, xd'p vi tri cac tin, bai,... Dd'i vdi bao hinh, cdn cd sU kd't hgp gifla kinh hinh (hinh anh, chfl) va kdnh dm thanh (ldi thuyd't minh), sao cho dat dd'n su hdp ddn cao nhd't.

Tuong ling vdi nhiing dac dilm chung trin ddy cua van ban bao chi, phong each ngdn ngfl bao chi cd nhiing dac dilm diln dat ridng vl ngtt dm - chfl vilt, vl each dung tfl ngfl, vl ngtt phap, vl cac bidn phap tu tfl, vl bd cue trinh bdy,...

II - CACH sty DUNG P H U O N G TIEN NGON NGU" TRONG PHONG CACH NGON N G C B A O CHI

1. Ve nguf am - chft viet

Dd'i vdi bao ndi, phat thanh vidn phai cd y thflc hudng dd'n chuSn phat dm, dgc rd rang, ludn ludn tbl hidn thai dd tdn trgng ngudi nghe.

Dd'i vdi bao vid't, nhiing quy dinh vl chinh ta, vl vid't hoa, vl each vidt tat, each vid't tfl ngtt tid'ng nudc ngoai,... phai dugc tridt dl tdn trgng.

2. Ve tft ngft

Tnidc hd't, bao chi thudng sfl dung vd'n tfl ngtt chung, cd tinh toan ddn, mang mau sac da phong each. Tuy nhidn, tuy thudc vao ndi dung cua bai vii't, bdo chi cung sfl dung ca nhttng tfl ngtt khoa hgc ki thudt, tfl ngtt hanh chinh, ngoai giao, tfl ngtt van chuang, tfl ngtt thdng tuc,...

174

3. yi ngft phap

Cdu van trdn bao chi dugc vidt mdt each rd rang, chinh xac, khdng gdy khd hiiu hoac mo hd. Bao chi thudng dung mdt sd khudn mdu cu phap sau ddy :

- Diing cum tfl (cum danh tfl, cum ddng tfl, cum tinh tfl,...) dl ddt tdn cho bai bdo, tao in tagng ngan ggn, sue tich. Vi du :

Ndi "khdng" vdi cudc chiin vi quyin luc vd ddu Ida

(Bao Lao dgng, ngay 20 - 1 - 2003)

- Dung md hinh cdu thdi gian - dia diem - su kiin md ddu cdc ban tin dl nhfe manh vao tmh thdi su cua su kidn. Vi du :

Ngdy 3-7 tgi Hd Ndi, dgi diin Ngdn hdng Nhd nudc vd Ngdn hdng Phdt trien chdu A tgi Viet Nam ki Hiep dinh vay cho Du dn tdi chinh nhd d.

(Bao Nhdn Ddn, ngay 1 - 8 - 2003)

- Dung cdu md rdng thanh phdn kd't hgp ldi din tnic tid'p vdi ldi ddn gian tid'p dl dua tin mdt each cd due, thuyd't phuc. Vi du :

Theo Roi-ta , ngdy 30 - 7, Mi dua ra Hdi ddng Bdo an Liin hgp qud'c mdt du thdo nghi quyet vi viic trien khai mgt lUc lugng da quoc gia d Li-bi-ri-a, trong khi ba tdu chie'n chd qudn Mi dang tii'n gdn bd bien nudc ndy sdn sdng tham gJM gidm sdt ngiing bdn tgi Li-bi-ri-a.

(Bao Nhdn Ddn, ngay 1 - 8 - 2003)

4. Ve bien phap tu tft

Vide sfl diing cac bidn phap tu tfl phu hgp vdi tflng thi loai bai vid't ludn ludn dugc quan tdm nham ndng cao tinh hip dSn cua bao chi. Chang ban, d tbl loai phdng SIX, thdng tin quang cao,... ngudi vid't thudng sfl dung cac bidn phap so sdnh. In du, hoan du, chai chtt,... dem lai nhuug kit hgp bdt ngd, gdy dn tugng. Vi du vl mdt sd tdn bai phdng su:

- Ddng Au trin tvtng cdy sd (chai chtt bang each phdng theo tdn bd phim nhilu tdp Trin ticng cdy sd cua Bun-ga-ri dugc chilu rdng rai d Vidt Nam vao nhihig nam bay muai thd ki trudc).

(1) Roi-ux: hang thdng tdn Anh.

175

- Nghin le mdt chuyin tinh (chai chtt bang each phong theo tdn truyin c6 ddn gian A Rdp Nghin le mat dim).

5. Ve bo cue, trinh bay

Bao chi cd each bd cue rd rang, hgp Id gich, dl tilp thu. Mdt sd thi loai bao chi cd bd cue tuang ddi 6n dinh. Chang han, cac ban tin thdi sU trinh bay theo cdii true : nguon tin - thdi gian - nai chd'n - sukiin dien ra.

Tdn cac bai bao vid't thudng dugc tiinh bay theo nhihig kilu chtt dac bilt, cd ldn "bat mdt". Mdt sd' ban tin cdn cd anh in kem.

Hidn nay, bao didn tfl phat triln manh, each trinh bay tin cua bao diln tfl cd nhihig dac dilm dang chu y nhu : tdn ban tin thudng cd dang mdt cdu ngan ggn thi hiln ndi dung chinh cua ban tin, doan md diu ban tin dugc hiln thi nhu mdt van ban tdm tdt. Cach tiinh bay nhu vdy la dl ti^t kilm thdi gian : ddc gia bao didn tfl chi cdn chgn lua tin trdn trang.chu thdng qua tin bai hoac doan tdm tat dugc hiln thi la cd tbl nam dugc nhihig ndi dung ca ban cua tin. Nlu mudn bilt thdng tin rd ban, ddc gia cd thi nhdp chudt vao tin dl dgc tilp.

LUY^N TAP

1. Hay phdn tich dac dilm chung va each sfl dung phuang tiln ngdn ngfl trong phong each ngdn ngtt bao chi dugc thi hiln trdn trang nhdt cua mdt td bdo ma anh (chi) dgc hang ngay.

2. Sdp dd'n, mdi thang, ldp anh (chi) se ra mdt td bao tudng phan anh cac mat sinh boat, hgc tdp cua ldp. Hay vid't mdt bai gidi thidu (nhu la thu ngo) dang vdo sl ddu tidn, cd ddng cho td bao.

3. Dat tdn cho tin ngan sau ddy :

Ngudn tin td Viin Huy it hgc vd truyin mdu Trung uong cho hay : di'n nay dd cd khodng 1000 thanh niin, sinh viin ddng ki tinh nguyin hii'n mdu cho ngdn hdng mdu SEA Games 22. Viin se td chdc le "Ddng ki hien mdu nhdn dgo" cho 1000 sinh viin tham gia hogt ddng ndy dgt ddu tiin vdo ngdy 30 -10 tgi Hd Ndi.

Td't cd thanh nien, sinh viin tham gia hii'n mdu nhdn dgo diu dugc khdm sdc khoe vd phdn logi mdu, sdn sdng hiin mdu phuc vu diiu tri, du trd trong SEA Games 22. Theo thd'ng ki cua Hdi Liin hiep thanh niin Viit Nam, tdddu ndm din nay, thanh niin, sinh viin Hd Ndi dd hii'n dugc gdn 13000 dan vi mdu, ddp Ang 30% nhu cdu mdu cho diiu tri tgi cdc binh viin dHd Ndi.

176

TRA BAI VIET s6 3

KET QUA CAN DAT

Ndm dugc ddc diim vd cdc yiu cdu ca bdn cua di vdn d Bai vid't sd 3. Bii't cdch phdn tich di vdn nghi ludn vi tdc phdm vdn hgc trung dgi vd thdy dugc nhiing sai sdt cdn trdnh khi viit bdi ndy.

Dl tilt Trd bdi vii't sd 3 cd hidu qua, hgc sinh xem nhttng ydu cdu da ndu d tilt Trd bdi vii't sd 1, chu y thim mdt so dilm sau :

1. Muc dich va ydu cdu cua Bdi vii't sd 3 la tid'p tuc thuc hanh, luydn tdp vl kilu van ban nghi ludn, nhung tdp trung vao nghi luan van hgc. Cii tbl la phdn tich mdt sd tac ph^m van hgc trung dai vfla hgc nhu Vdn te nghia si Cdn Giudc (Nguyin Dinh Chilu), Bdi ca ngdt ngudng (Nguydn Cdng Trfl), Cdu cd mda thu (Nguydn Khuyd'n), Vinh khoa thi Huang (Trdn Tl Xuang),... hodc vl mdt tac ph^m tho trung dai do hgc sinh Itia chgn.

2. Lidn hd vdi ndi dung cac tac phim trung dai va nhiing vd'n dl da hgc vl ldm van nhu ldp ludn phdn tich (tac phim tha va van xudi), phdn tich dl, ldp dan y,... dl xem xet ndi dung va each thflc lam bai cua anh (chi) da phfl hgp chua. Cdn mac phai nhttng ldi nao ? Tim hiiu nguydn nhdri va each khdc phiic.

177

CHI PHEO

NAM CAO' ,(*)

KET QUA CAN DAT

Thdy dugc so phdn khdn cung, bi thdm cua ngUdi ndng ddn ngheo trong xd hdi cU qua hinh tugng Chi Pheo vd niim thucmg cdm, trdn trgng cua Nam Cao ddi vdi hg.

Hieu dugc nghi thudt xdy dipig cdt truyin ; cdch miiu td tdm li nhdn vdt, ld'i ke chuyen dgc sdc cua tdc gid.

TIEU DAN

Chi Pheo Id kiet tac ciia Nam Cao. Tren cd scl nhflng ngUdi that, vide thdt cl Idng Dai Hodng que minh. Nam Cao da hU ca'u, sang tao ndn mdt bflc tranh hien thUc sinh ddng ve xa hdi ndng thdn Vidt Nam trUdc Cach mang thang Tam vdi t i t ca sU tam tdi, ngdt ngat ciing bao nhieu bi kich dau ddn, kinh hodng,... Nhung nhflng canh ngd ciing quin, bi dat trong cai xa hdi ay da khdng th i Idm cho nhflng ngUdi dan quS khdn khd nhU Chi Pheo mit di nilm khao khdt sing tdt dep, lUdng thidn.

Truyen ngan ndy liic dau dUde Nam Cao dat tdn Id Cai Id gach cu. Xhi in thdnh sach lan dau (1941), Nhd xult ban Ddi mdi doi ten Id D6i Ida xdng ddi. Din khi in lai trong tap LuSng cay (Hdi Van hod cflu qudc xult ban, Hd Ngi, 1946), Nam Cao dat lai ten Id Chi Pheo.

Van ban dUdi day cd lUdc mdt so doan.

* * *

1. Han vfla di vfla chfli. Bao gid cung thd', cfl rugu xong la han chiii. Bat diu hdn chfli hrdi. Cd hi gi ? Trdi cd cua riing nha nao ? R6i han chM ddi. Th^ cung chang sao : ddi la tit ca nhung chang la ai. Tfle minh, han chiii ngay tdlt ca lang Vu Dai. Nhung ca lang Vu Dai ai cung nhu :"Chac nd trfl minh ra !". Khdng ai lin tid'ng ca. Tfle thdt! 6 ! Thi nay thi tfle that! Tfle ehl't di dugc m i t ! Da thd', han

(*) yi cudc ddi vd su nghidp van hgc eua Nam Cao, xem bai Nam Cao b trang 209.

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phai chfli cha dfla nao khdng chfli nhau vdi hdn. Nhung cung khdng ai ra dilu. Me kiip ! Thi cd phi rugu khdng ? Tbl' thi cd khd hdn khdng ? Khdng bid't dfla chd't me ndo lai de ra thdn hdn cho ban khd dd'n ndng ndi nay ? A ha ! Phai dd'y, ban cfl thi ma chiii, ban cfl chfli dfla chd't me nao de ra thdn ban, de ra cai thang Chi Pheo ! Hdn nghiln rang vao ma chfli cai dfla da de ra Chi Pheo. Nhung ma bid't dfla nao da de ra Chi Pheo ? Cd ma trdi bid't! Hdn khdng bid't, ca lang Vu Dai cung khdng ai bilt...

(Lugc mdt dogn : Mdt ngudi di thd d'ng luan nhdt dugc Chi Pheo "trdn trudng vd xdm ngdt trong mdt cdi vdy dup de ben cdi Id gach bd khdng", sau dd, chuyen tay cho ngudi ldng nudi. Ldn len, ldm canh dien cho li Kie'n, Chi Pheo bi li Kien ghen, ddy vdo td. Bdy tdm ndm sau, Chi Pheo ra td.)

2. Han vl ldp nay trdng khac ban, mdi diu chang ai bid't ban la ai. Trdng dac nhfl thang sdng dd^ ! Cai diu thi trgc Idc, cai rdng cao trang hdn, cai mat thi den ma rlt cang cang, hai mat gudm gudm trdng gdm chd't! Han mac quin nai den vdi cdi do tdy vang. Cai nguc phanh, dly nhiing net cham trd rdng phugng vdi mdt dng tudng elm ehuy, ca hai canh tay cung tbl. Trdng gdm chd't!

Han vl hdm trudc, hdm sau da thly ngdi d chg ud'ng rugu vdi thit chd sud't tfl trua di'n xl chilu. Rdi say khudt, ban xach mdt cai vd chai dd'n cdng nha bd Kiln, ggi tdn tin ttic ra ma chfli. Cii ba khdng ed nha. Thly bd didu hung hdng cua han, bd ca dun ba hai, ba hai thuc ba ba, ba ba ggi ba tu, nhung rd't cue chang ba ndo dam ra ndi vdi hdn mdt vai ldi phai chang. Mac phai cai thang liiu linh qua, no lai say rugu, tay nd lai nham nham elm cai vd chai, ma nha luc d'y toan ddn ba cd... Thdi thi cfl ddng cai c6ng cho thdt.chac rdi mac thdy cha nd, nd cd chfli thi tai Uln milng dly, chfli rdi lai nghe ! Thdnh thfl chi cd ba con chd dfl vdi mdt thang say rugu !... Thdt Id Im i ! Hang xdm phai mdt btta did'c tai, nhung cd le trong bung thi hg ha : xua nay hg mdi chi dugc nghe ba ca, ba hai, ba ba, ba tu nha cu ba chfli ngudi ta, bdy gid hg mdi dugc nghe ngudi ta chfli lai ca nha cu ba. Ma chiii m<5i sudng midng lam sao ! Mdi ngoa ngodt lam sao ! Hg bao nhau : "Phen nay cha con thang ba Kid'n dd cdn dam vac mat di ddu ntta ! Md ma td tidn dd'n ldn ldn mit". Cung cd ngudi hiln lanh ban thi bao : "Phuc ddi nha nd, chdc dng li ^ khdng cd nha...". 6ng li ddy la dng li Cudng, con giai cu ba n6i tid'ng la hach dich.

(1) Sdng dd (hoac sdng dd): eanh sdt (dgc chdeh ttt tidng Phap gendarme). (2)Bd : bd hd, mdt phdm ham cdp cho hao If hoac ke gidu cd or ndng thdn trudc Cdch mang. (3) dng li: If trudng, ngudi dflng ddu chfnh quyln trong lang xa.

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coi ngudi nhu ram nhu rac. Phai dng li Cudng thfl cd nha xem nao ! Qua nhiln hg ndi cd sai ddu ! Dly, cd tid'ng ngudi sang sang quat: "May mudn ldi thdi gi... cai thang khdng cha khdng me nay ! May ittudn ldi thdi gi ?...". Da bao ma ! Cai ti6ig quat thao kia la tid'ng li Cudng. Li Cudng da v l ! Li Cudng da v l ! Phai bilt... A ha ! Mgt cai tat rlt kdu. 6i ! Cai gi thd' nay ? Tid'ng dim, tid'ng da nhau binh bieh, thdi cfl ggi la tan xuang ! Bdng "choang mdt cai, thdi phai r6i, han ddp cai chai vao cgt cdng... 6 hdn kdu... Han vfla chfli vfla kdu lang nhu bi ngUdi ta cat hgng. O hdn kdu !

- 6i lang nudc di ! Cflu tdi vdi... 6 i lang nude di ! Bd con thang Kid'n nd ddm

chd't tdi! Thang li Cudng nd ddm ehl't tdi rdi, lang nudc di!... Va hg thify Chi Phdo

lan ldn dudi dlt, vfla kdu vfla lly manh chai cao vao mat. Mau ra loe loet trdng •

gdm qua ! Mly con chd xdng xao quanh ban, sua rlt hang. Li Cudng bed tai mat,

dflng nhin ma cudi nhat, cudi khinh bi. Hfl ! Ngd la gi, chang hoa ra nam va ! Thi ra

han dinh dd'n ddy nam va !

Ngudi ta tudn dd'n xem. Mly edi ngo td'i xung quanh dun ra bilt bao nhilu la ngudi. Thif on ao nhu chg. Ba ca, ba hai, ba ba, ba tu nha cu ba vflng da vi cd anh li cung xung xia ra chfli gdp. Thdt ra, cac ba mud'n xerri Clii Pheo lam an ra sao ? Khdng kheo nd cd y gieo va cho cu dng phen nay...

Nhung kia cu dng da vl. Cu cd't tid'ng rlt sang hoi : "Cai gi ma ddng thd' nay ?" Chd nay "Lay cu', chd kia "Lay cu", ngudi ta kinh cln dihig dan ra, va Chi Pheo bdng nam dai, khdng nhuc nhich, rdn khS nhu gin chd't.

Thoang nhin qua, cu da bilu ca sU rdi. Lam li trudng rdi chanh tdng , bdy gid lai den lugt con cu lam li trudng, nhihig vide nhu thd nay cu khdng la gi. Oi hay quat mly ba vg dang xung xia chuc tdng cdng vdi chdng :

^ - Cac ba di vao nha ; dan ba chi ldi thdi, bid't gi !

Rdi quay lai bgn ngudi lang, eta diu gigng ban mdt chut:

- Ca cac dng, cac ba nfla, vl di thdi chfl ! Cd gi ma xum lai nhu thi' nay ?

Khdng ai ndi gi, ngudi ta lang din di. Vi nl eu ba cung cd, nhung vi nghT din

su ydn dn cua minh cung cd : ngudi nha qud vd'n ghet ldi thdi. Ai dai gi ma dflng y

(1) Chdnh tdng : ngudi dflng ddu chfnh quyte mdt tdng (dOn vi hdnh chfnh ndng thdn, dudi cdp huydn). ,

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ra dly, cd ldm sao hg tridu minh di lam chflng. Sau cdn tra lai Chi Pheo va cha con cti ba. Bdy gid cu mdi lai gin ban khe lay ma ggi:

- Anh Chi ai! Sao anh lai ldm ra tbl ?

Chi Phio lim dim mdt, rin ldn :

- Tao chi liiu chit vdi bd con nha may dly thdi. Nhung tao ma chd't thi cd thing sat nghilp, ma cdn ru tu chua bid't chflng.

Cu bl cudi nhat, nhung tilng cudi gidn gia lam ; ngudi ta bao cu ban ngudi cung bdi cai cudi:

- Cai anh nay ndi mdi hay ! Ai lam gi anh ma anh phai chd't ? Ddi ngudi chfl cd phai con ngoe ddu ? Lai say rdi phai khdng ?

Rdi, ddi gigng cu thdn mdt hdi:

- Vl bao gid thi' ? Sao khdng vao tdi choi ? Di vao nha udng nude.

Thly Chi Phdo khdng nhuc nhich, cu tid'p ludn :

- Ndo dflng ldn di. Cfl vao ddy ud'ng nude da. Cd cai gi, ta ndi chuydn tfl tl vdi nhau. Cln gi ma phai lam thanh ddng ldn nhu tbl, ngudi ngoai bilt, mang tilng ea.

Rdi vfla xdc Chi Pheo, cu vfla phan ndn :

- Khd qui, gil cd tdi d nha thi cd ddu dd'n ndi. Ta ndi chuydn vdi nhau, tbl ndo cung xong. Ngudi ldn ca, chi mdt cdu chuyin vdi nhau la du. Chi tai thdng if Cudng ndng tinh, khdng nghl trudc nghi sau. Ai chfl anh vdi nd cdn cd hg kia dly.

Chi Pheo cha bid't hg hdng ra lam sao, nhung cung thd'y long ngudi ngudi. Hdn cd lam ra ve nang nl, ngdi ldn. Cii bd bid't rang minh da thang, dua mdt nhay con mdt cdi, quat:

- Ll Cudng ddu ! Tdi may dang chd't. Khdng bao ngudi nha dun nude mau ldn !

(Luac mdt dogn : Chi Pheo trd thdnh tay sai cua hd Kien, cdng ngdy cdng hung hdn, ngang ngugc vd trien miin say.

Chieu nay, nhu mgi budi chieu, Chi Pheo Igi "vUa di vica chid" Vd ciing nhu mgi chieu, vdn Ididng mdt ai ddp ldi hdn. Han rdt tdc td'i, dinh ghe vdo bdt ki nhd ndo dap he mdt cdi gi cho bd tdc. Hdn re vdo nhd TuLdng giOa luc lao ndy dang ud'ng rum mdt minh dudi trdng. Chi Pheo sd xud'ng.

(1) Con ngoe : mdt loai dch nhii nhd, thudng sdng 6 bd rudng, uong bai cd ; d day y ndi khdng cd gid tri gi.

(2) Thanh ddng: ldm dn do.

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cdng udng. Khi dd thod thue, hdn lao ddo ra ve, nhUng khdng ve leu md di ra bd sdng gdn nhd.

O do, Chi Pheo dd gap thi Nd - mdt ngudi ddn bd xdu xi, ngdn nga, e chdng - ra sdng kin nudc

ngdi nghi rdi ngu quen. Hg dn ndm vdi nhau vd cdrig ngii say dudi trdng. Din nica dim, Chi Pheo

dau hung, non mvCa. Thi Nddiu hdn vdo trong leu, ddt len chong, ddp chieu cho han rSi ra vi...).

3. TChi Chi Pheo md mat thi trdi sang da ldu. Mat trdi chac da ldn cao, va ndng bdn ngoai chac la nic rd. Cfl nghe chim riu rit bdn ngoai du bilt. Nhung trong cai llu Im thd'p vdn mdi chi hai Id md. CJ ddy ngudi ta thly chilu luc x l trua va gap ddm khi bdn ngoai vdn sang. Chua bao gid Chi Pheo nhdn thly tbl bdi chua bao gid hd't say.

Nhung bdy gid thi ban tinh. Han bdng khudng nhu tinh ddy sau mdt can say rd't dai. Cung nhu nhiing ngudi say tinh ddy, ban thd'y midng dang, long ma hd budn. Ngudi thi bun run, chdn tay khdng budn nhle. Hay la ddi rugu ? NghT ddn rugu, ban hai rung minh. Rudt gan lai ndn nao ldn mdt ti. Han sg rugu cung nhu nhiing ngudi dm thudng sg cam. Tid'ng chim hot ngoai kia vui ve qua ! Cd tilng cudi ndi cua nhflng ngudi di chg. Anh thuyin chai gd mai cheo du6i ca. Nhihig tid'ng quen thudc d'y hdm nao cha cd. Nhung hdm nay ban mdi nghe thly... Chao di la budn !

- Vai hdm nay ban mly ?

- Kem ba xu, di a.

- Tbl thi cdn an thua gi !

- Cd kheo co mdi dugc mdt tim nam xu.

- Thdt tbl dly. Nhung chang le rang lai chai...

Chi Pheo doan chac rang mdt ngudi dan ba hdi mdt ngUdi dan ba khae di ban vai d Nam Dinh vl. Hdn lai nao nao bu6n, la vi mlu chuydn Iy nhac cho bin mdt cai gi rlt xa xdi. Hinh nhu cd mdt thdi han da ao udc cd mdt gia dinh nho nhd. Chdng cud'c mudn cay thud, vg ddt vai. Chung lai bo mdt cdn Ign nudi dl lam vd'n lid'ng. Kha gia thi mua dam ba sao rudng lam.

Tinh day hdn thly ban gia ma vdn cdn cd ddc. Bu6n thay cho ddi ! Cd li nao nhu the dugc ? Han da gia rdi hay sao ? Ngoai bd'n muoi tudi diu... Ddu sao, dd khdng phai tudi ma ngUdi ta mdi bat diu sfla soan. Han da tdi cai dd'c bin kia ciia ddi. CJ nhiing ngudi nhu ban, chiu dimg bao nhidu la chit ddc, day doa cue nhgc, ma chua bao gid d'm, mdt trdn d'm eg thi ggi la dd'u hidu bao rang ca thi da hu hdng nhilu. Nd la mgt can mUa gid cud'i thu cho bid't trdi gid ret, nay mua ddng da dd'n. Chi Pheo hinh nhu da trdng trudc thly tudi gia cua ban, ddi ret va d'm dau, va cd ddc, cai nay cdn dang sg ban ddi ret va dm dau.

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Ciing may thi Nd vao. Nlu thi khdng vao, cfl dl ban vin vo nghi mai, thi dd'n khdc dugc md't. Thi vao cap mdt cai rd, trong cd mdt ndi gi ddy vung. Do la mdt ndi chao hanh cdn ndng nguydn. La vi luc cdn ddm, thi tran trgc mdt lat, thi bdng nhiln nghT rang : cai thang liiu Enh Iy kl ra thi dang thuang, cdn gi dang thuang bang dau dm ma nam cdng queo mdt minh. Gia thfl ddm qua khdng cd thi thi ban chit. Thi kidu ngao vi da cflu sdng cho mdt ngudi. Thi thly nhu ydu ban : dd la cai long ydu cua mdt ngudi lam an. Nhung cung cd ca ldng ydu cua mdt ngudi chiu an. Mdt ngudi nhu thi Nd cang khdng qudn dugc. Cho ndn thi nghi : minh bd ban luc nay thi cung bac. Ddu sao cung da an nam vdi nhau ! An nam vdi nhau nhu Vg chdng" Tilng "vg chdng" thly ngudng ngugng ma thinh thich. Dd vdn la dilu mong mudn dm thim cua con ngudi khdn nan Iy chang ? Hay la su khoai lac cua xdc thit da lam ndi ddy nhiing tinh tinh ma thi chua bao gid bilt ?

Chi bilt rang thi mud'n gap Chi Pheo, gap hdn ma nhac lai chuydn ddm qua thi chac budn cudi lam. Gdm ! Sao lai cd thfl ngudi ddu ma li qua tbl! Ngudi ta ngdi dly ma dam xan lan ngay vao, nd cha ngang ngugc ma ngudi ta kdu be, nd lai lam to han. Md kl thi cung ngu ngd. Cai thang trdi danh khdng chd't d'y, nd cdn sg ai ma hdng kdu. Nhung ma dang kiip. Thd trdn Iy thdt la phai bid't. Cfl ggi la hdm nay nhgc dfl. Phai cho ban an ti gi mdi dugc. Dang dm tbl thi chi an chao hanh, ra dugc ml hdi thi la nhe nhdm ngudi ngay dd ma... Tbl la vfla sang thi da chay di tim gao. Hdnh thi nha thi may lai cdn. Thi nlu bd vao cai r6, mang ra cho Chi Pheo.

Thang nay rd't ngac nhidn. Hd't ngac nhidn thi ban thly mat hinh nhu uan udt. Bdi vi lin nay la lin thfl nhd't hdn dugc mdt ngudi dan ba cho. Xua nay, nao ban CO thly ai tu nhidn cho cai gi. Hdn vdn phai doa nat hay la gidt cudp. Hdn phai ldm cho ngudi ta sg. Hdn nhin bat chao bdc khdi ma bdng khudng. Thi Nd thi chi nhin trdm hdn rdi lai toe toet cudi. Trdng thi thd' ma cd duydn. Tinh ydu ldm cho cd duydn. Han thly vfla vui vfla budn. Va mdt cai gi nfla gid'ng nhu la dn nan. Cung cd thi nhu thi ldm. Ngudi ta hay hdi hdn vl tdi ac khi khdng du sflc md Ic nfla. Thi Nd giuc ban an ndng. Chi Phdo-thi Nd

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Han elm lly bat chao dua ldn m6m. Trdi cd chao men tham lam sao ! Chi khdi xdng vao mui cung du lam ngUdi nhe nhdm. Han hup mdt hup va nhdn ra rang : nhiing ngudi sud't ddi khdng an chao hanh khdng bid't rang chao hanh an rlt ngon. Nhung tai sao mai dd'n tdn bdy gid hdn mdi ndm mui vi chao ?

Hdn tii hoi rdi lai tti tra ldi: cd ai nlu cho ma an ddu ? Ma cdn ai ndii cho ma an ntta ! Ddi ban chua bao gid dugc san sdc bdi mdt bin tay "dan ba". Han nhd ddn "ba ba', cai con quy cai hay bat ban bdp chdn ma lai cfl bat bdp ldn trdn, trin nfla. Nd chi nghT dd'n sao cho thoa nd chfl cd ydu hdn ddu. H6i Iy han hai mucd. Hai mUcd tudi, ngudi ta khdng la da, nhung cung khdng toan la xac thit. NgUdi ta khdng thich cai gi ngudi ta khinh. Va lai bi mdt con dan ba ggi dih ma bdp chdn ! Han thly nhuc ban la thich, hud'ng hd lai sg. Qua thdt, tfl khi bid't rang con vg chu sai han lam mdt vide khdng chinh dang, hdn vfla lam vfla run. Khdng lam thi khdng dugc ; mgi vide trong nha, quyln ba ba. Chfl ban, hdn cdn long nao ddu ! E)lh ndi ngudi dan ba phat cau. Ba thly xa xdi khdng dugc, phai lam dd'n noi. Ba bao han rang : "May thuc tha qua ! Con trai gi hai muai tudi ml da nhu dng gia". Han vdn gia vd khdng hiiu. Ba lang la bao : "Cha nhe tao ggi mly vao chi dl bdp chdn thd' nay thdi U ?...". VI thly ban dung dang, ba mang xcd xai vao mat. Han chi thly nhuc, chfl ydu duang gi. Khdng, hdn chua dugc mdt ngudi dan ba nao ydu ca, Vi thi' ma bat chIo hanh cua thi Nd lam hdn suy nghT nhilu. Hdn cd thi tim ban duge, sao lai chi gdy ke thu ?

Bit chao hup xong rdi, thi Nd dd lly bit chao vd muc thim bat ntta. Han thly minh dim bao nhilu md hdi. M6 hdi chay ca trin diu, trin mat, nhihig gigt to nhu gigt nudc. Han dua tay do qudt ngang mdt cai, quit mui, cudi rdi lai an. Han cIng an, md hdi lai cang ra nhilu. Thi Nd nhin ban, lac diu, thuang hai. Han thly long thanh tre con. Han mud'n lam nung vdi thi nhu vdi me. Ci sao ma han hiln, ai dam bao dd la cai thang Chi Pheo vin ddp diu, rach inat ma ddm chem ngudi ? Dd 11 cai ban tinh cua ban, ngay thudng bi lip di, hay trdn dm thay ddi ban vl sinh li cung thay ddi ca tdm li ntta ? Nhihig ngudi yd'u dudi vin hay hiln lanh. Mud'n ac, phai la ke manh. Hdn ddu cdn manh ntta. Va cd luc han nglm minh ma lo. Xua nay ban chi sd'ng bang gidt eudp va doa nat. Nd'u khdng cdn sflc ma gidt cu^ , doa nat ntta thi sao ? Da danh, ban chi manh vi liiu. Nhung ban ma h6 thly rang se cd mdt luc ma ngUdi ta khdng thi liiu dugc ntta. Biy gid,mdi nguy ! Trdi cd ! Han them luang thidn, bin mud'n lam hoa vdi mgi ngudi bid't bao ! Thi Nd se md dudng cho ban. Thi cd tbl sd'ng ydn 6n vdi bin thi sao ngudi khac lai khdng thi dugc. Hg se thly rang ban cung cd tbl khdng lam hai dugc ai. Hg se lai nhdn han vio eli xa hdi bang phang, thdn thidn cua nhung ngudi luang thidn. Hdn ban khoan nhin thi Nd, nhu tham dd. Thi vin im lang, cudi tin cln. Han thly til nhidn nhe ngUdi. Han bao thi:

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- Gil cfl th^ nay mai thi thich nhi ?

Thi khdng dip, nhung cai mui dd cua thi nhu cang banh ra. Han thd'y tbl cung Ididng cd gi la xlu. Bang mdt eli gigng ndi va mdt ve mat rd't phong tinh theo y han, han bao thi:

- Hay 11 minh sang ddy d vdi td mdt nha cho vui.

Thi ludm ban. Mdt ngudi thdt xlu khi ydu cung ludm. Hdn thich chi, khanh khdch cudi. Luc tinh tao, ban cudi nghe thdt hiln. Thi Nd lly lam bang long lam. Bdy gid thi mly bit chao y chtoig da nglm. Han thly long rd't vui. [...]

Chung se lam thanh mdt cap rd't xflug ddi. Chung cung nhdn thd'y thd' va nhit dinh la lly nhau. Nhu tbl nam ngay chan, thi d nha ban ca ngay ldn ddm, tiit nhflng luc di kilrn tiln. Hdn khdng cdn kinh rugu nhung cd ud'ng cho thdt it. Di cho khdi tdn tiln, nhung nhit la dl tinh tao ma ydu nhau. Dan ba khdng cd men nhu rugu nhung cung lam ngudi say. Va ban say thi lam. Nhung thi lai la ngudi dd hoi. Din hdm thfl sau, thi thi bdng nhd rang thi cd mdt ngudi cd d ddi. Ngudi cd Iy ndi ngay nay se vl. Thi nghi bung : hay diing ydu dl hdi cd thi da.

4. Thly thi hdi, ba gia kia bdt cudi. Ba tudng chau ba ndi dua. Nhung chgt nhd ra rang chiu ba vdn dd hai. Ba bdng trd ndn hoang hdt. Ba nhuc cho dng cha nha bl. Cung cd le bl tui cho thdn ba. Ba nghT dd'n cai ddi dai dang ddc cua ba, khdng cd chdng. Bd thly chua xdt lam. Ba udt flc, udt fle vdi ai khdng bid't. Nbung rdi dd cdi ud't flc ngay lin chau ba ! Ngudi dan ba dflc hanh thly chau bd sao md di tb l ! Thdt ddn mat. Ngoai ba mucd tudi ma chua trdt ddi. Ngoai ba muai tudi... ai lai cdn di lly chdng ! Ai ddi lai cdn di ld'y chdng ! 1/! Ma cd ld'y thi la'y ai chfl ?... Ddn dng da chd't hd't ca rdi hay sao, md lai ddm diu di lly mdt thing khdng cha. Ai lai di lly thang chi cp mdt nghl la rach mat ra an va. Trdi ai ! Nhuc nha ai la nhuc nha ! Hdi dng cha nha ba ! Ba gao ldn nhu con me dai. Ba xia xdi vao mat cdi con chdu gai ba muai tudi ma chua trdt ddi. Ba bao phdt nd :

- Da nhin duge dd'n bang ndy tudi thi nhin ban ; ai lai di lly thang Chi Pheo !

Thi nghe thd'y thd' ma ldn rudt. Nhung thi bid't cai ba lam sao ? Con ngudi Iy c6 quyln ndi thi, bdi con ngudi d'y nam muai tudi rdi, nam muai tu6i cdn ai ld'y chdng. Thi bid't cai lam sao ? Ma khdng cai dugc thi gidn dfl ndi ldn dung dung. Thi hic lam ! Thi tfle lam ! Thi cln dd cai tfle Iy ldn mdt ngudi. Thi ton ton chay lin nhi nhdn ngai^*\ Thi thly ban duang udng rugu, va vfla ud'ng vfla lim bim chfli thi vl nha ldu. Han khdng quen dgi ; bdi phai dgi, bin lai ldi rugu, va ud'ng

(1) Nhdn ngdi: (khdu ngtt) ngudi tinh (thudng ditng d^ chi quan hd ydu duong khdng ddng ddn hay cd y mia mai).

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cho dd budn. Ud'ng vao thi phai' chfli, quen mdm rdi ! Nhung thi lam gi ma ban chfli ? Ma ban cd quyln gi chfli thi ? 6 , thi didn ldn mit ! Thi gilm chdn xudng dd't, rdi lai nhay cdng ldn nhu thugng dong^ \ Han thu vi qua, lac lu cai diu cudi. Lai cdn cudi! Nd nhao thi. Trdi cd ! Thi didn ldn mit, trdi cd la trdi! Thi chdng tay vao hang, vdnh vdnh cai mat, va ddn cai mdi vT dai lin, trut vao mat ban tl t ca ldi ba cd. Han nghT nggi mdt ti rdi hinh nhu bilu, baa bdng nhiln ngin ngudi.' Thoing mdt cai, ban lai nhu hit thly hod chao hanh. Han cfl ngdi ngin mat, khdng ndi gi. Thi trut xong gidn rdi. Cai mui dd cua thi di xud'ng rdi lai banh ra. Thi ha hi ldm lam. Thi ngoay ngday cai mdng dit di ra vl. Han sflng sdt, diing ldn ggi lai. Ai ma them lai ! Cdn mud'n ldi thdi cai gi ? Han dudi theo thi, nam lly tay. Thi gat ra, lai giui thdm cho mdt cai. Han lan khoeo xud'ng sdn. Da lan ra thi ban phai kdu : bao gid cha tbl. Hdn nhat mdt hdn gach vd, toan ddp diu. Nhung hinh nhu ban chua thdt say. Vi ban nghi : ddp diu d ddy chi thidt; ddp diu d ddy, di ma nam an va ai ? Han tu phai dd'n cai nha con dT Nd kia. Dd'n dl ddm chd't ca nha nha nd, ddm chd't cai con khgm gia nha nd. Nd'u khdng ddm dugc, luc Iy hay iddp diu ra kdu lang. Mud'n ddp diu, phai ud'ng thdt say. Khdng cd rugu, lly gi lam man cho nd chay ! Phai ud'ng thdm chai nfla. Va ban ud'ng. Nhung tfle qua, cang udng lai cang tinh ra. Tinh ra, chao di, budn ! Hai rugu khdng sac sua, ban cfl thoang thoang thly bed chao hanh. Han dm mat khdc rung ,rflc. Rdi lai ud'ng. R6i lai udng. Han ud'ng dd'n say mim ngudi rdi ban di. Hdn ra di vdi mdt con dao d that lung. Han lam nham : "Tao phai ddm chd't nd ! Tao phai ddm chd't nd !" Nhung ban lai cfl thang dudng ma di. Cai gi da lam ban qudn re vao nha thi Nd ? Nhihig thang didn va nhiing thing say rugu khdng bao gid lam nhiing cai ma luc ra di chung dinh lam. )

5. Trdi nang ldm, ndn dudng vdng. Han cfl di, cfl chfli, cfl doa gid't no", va cfl di. Bdy gid dd'n ngd nha cu ba. Han xdng xdiig di vao. Ca nha di lam ddng vang, chi cd minh cu ba dang nam nghi trua. Nghe tid'ng ban, cu thly sao buc minh ! Chinh thdt thi cu da dang buc minh. Bdi vi cu thly diu hai nhflc. Cu dang mudn cd mdt ban tay man mat xoa cai diu. CQng cd le, cu chi mud'n ba tu dflng di ldu qua tbl. Di ldu thd', khdng bid't rang di ddu ? Sao ba Iy cdn tre qua ! Gin bd'n mUcd rdi ma trdng cdn phdy. phdy, cdn phdy phdy qua di ntta ! Cu nam nay da ngoli sau mucd. Gia yd'u qua, nghi ma chua xdt. Gia tbl thi ba Iy chi cfing gia cho xong. Ba d'y lai cfl tre, cfl phdy phdy, cfl dep nhu mdi ngoai hai muai tu6i, ma sao da tinh. Nhin thi thich nhung ma tung tfle la. Khac gi nhai milng thit bd litt sut khi rung gin hit rang. Mat ba, midng ba, cd duydn, nhung trdng di lim ! Hai mdt ti thi cUdi

(1) Thucmg ddng : ldn ddng (mdt nghi ll md tin). Lue hdn ngudi ehdt (hoSc thdn linh) nhap vdo, con ddng thudng miia may va phan tmyIn di6u nky dilu ng.

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toe toet, tit ea mat lai, cai ma thi hdy hdy. Ma thly ghet nhttng thang trai tre, gia ldm con ba Ididng dang, ma thly ba ddu cung dua. Chung dfla nhat nhu nudc dc, chi dugc cai thd tue, ma gap ai ddu cung cudi ! Chang nghi gi dd'n dia vi ca, ngudi ddu ma vd tdm. Tfle la ! Cu chi mudn cho tit ca nhihig thing trai tre di d tu... Nhttng luc nhu thd, thi mdt ngudi diu khdn ngoan cung khdng binh tinh dugc. Nhit la khi trdng thly mdt thang chi dd'n vdi tiln udng rugu nhu Chi Pheo. Tuy vdy, cu cung mdc san nam hao. Tha mdc san dl tdng nd di cho chdng. Nhung mdc rdi, cu cung phai quat mdt cdu cho nhe ngudi:

- Chi Pheo dly hd ? Le be vfla vfla chfl, tdi khdng phai la cai kho.

Rdi nim bet nam hao xud'ng dlt, cu bao ban :

- elm lly ma cut, di di cho ranh. Rdi lam ma an chfl cfl bao ngudi ta mai a ?

Han trgn mat, chi vao mat cu :

- Tao khdng dd'n ddy xin nam hao.

Thly ban toan lam dfl, cu danh diu gigng :

- Thdi, elm ld'y vdy, tdi khdng cdn ban.

Han vdnh cai mat ldn, rlt la kidu ngao :

- Tao da bao tao khdng ddi tiln.

- Gidi! Hdm nay mdi thd'y anh khdng ddi tiln. Tbl thi anh cln gi ?

Han ddng dac:

- Tao mudn lam ngudi luong thidn !

Ba Kid'n cUdi ha ha :

- O tudng gi! Tdi chi cln anh luang thidn cho thidn ha nhd.

Han lac diu:

- Khdng dugc ! Ai cho tao luang thidn ? Lam tbl nao cho md't dugc nhiing vd't manh chai hdn mat nay ? Tao khdng tbl la ngudi luang thidn nfla. Bid't khdng ! Chi CO mdt cdch... bid't khdng !... Chi cdn mdt each la... cai nay ! Bid't khdng !...

Han rut dao ra, xdng vao. Ba Kid'n ngdi nhdm ddy, Cbi Pheo da vang dao tdi rdi. Ba Kid'n ehi kip kdu mdt tid'ng. Chi Pheo vfla chem tui bui vfla kdu lang thdt to. Han kdu lang, khdng bao gid ngudi ta vdi dd'n. Bdi tbl khi ngudi ta dd'n thi ban ciing da dang giay danh dach d gifla bao nhidu la mau tuod. Mdt ban trgn ngugc. Mdm han nglp ngap, mud'n ndi, nhung khdng ra tid'ng. CJ cd ban, thinh thoang mdu vdn cdn fl ra.

* * *

187

6. Ca lang Vfi Dai nhao ldn. Hg ban tan rlt nhilu vl vu an khdng ngd Iy. Co nhilu ke mflng tham. Khdng thilu ke miing ra mat. Cd nguM ndi xa xdi: "Trod cd mat day, anh em a !" Ngudi khac thi ndi toae : "Thing nao chfl hai thing Iy chit thi khdng ai tiec ! Rd that bgn chung nd gid't nhau, nao cd phai cln dd'n tay ngudi khac ddu" Miing nhit la bgn ki hao d trong lang. Hg tudn de'n dl hdi tham, nhung chinh la de nhin li Cudng bang nhung con mat thoa man va khilu khich. Ddi Tao, khdng cln kin dao, ndi toang toang ngay ngoai chg, trudc mat bao nhilu ngudi: "Thing bd chd't, thing con ldp nay khdng khdi ngudi ta cho an bun" Ai cha hiiu "ngudi ta" dd la chinh dng. Bgn dan em thi ban nhd : "Thing mgt gia Iy chd't, anh em minh ndn an mflng' Nhihig ngudi bid't dilu thi hay ngd vuc ; hg chep milng ndi : "Tre gia mang mgc, thing Iy chd't, cdn thing khac, chung minh cfing chang Igi ti gi ddu"

Ba cd thi Nd chi vao tan mat chau ma day nghid'n :

- Phuc ddi nha may, con nhe. Cha dm lly dng Chi Pheo.

Thi cudi va ndi lang :

- Hdm qua lam bidn ban, li Cudng nghe ddu da td'n gin mdt tram. Thidt ngudi lai thilt cua.

Nhung thi nghi tham :

- Sao cd luc nd hiln nhu dlt.

Va nhd lai nhttng luc an nim vdi bin, thi nhin trdm ba cd, rdi nhin nhanh xud'ng bung :

- Ndi dai, ne'u minh chfla, bdy gid hin chd't rdi, thi lam an thd' nao ?

Ddt nhidn thi thly thoang hidn ra mdt cai Id gach cu bd khdng, xa nha cira, va vdng ngudi lai qua ...

(Nam Cao -Tdcphdm, tap I, NXB Van hge. Ha Ndi, 1977)

HUdNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Tdm tat doan trich ; ndu y chinh cua tflng phin da dugc danh sd'.

2. Hay ndu y nghTa chi tilt tid'ng chfli cua nhdn vdt Chf Pheo.

(1) "Cdi Id ggch cii bo khdng...' : chi tiet dugc ndi dd n b ddu tmydn ("Mdt anh di tha dng luon, mdt buoi sang tinh suong, da thdy han trdn trudng va xam ngdt trong mdt vay dup dl bdn cdi Id gach bd khdng, anh ta rudc ldy va dem cho mdt ngudi dan ba god mu"). Chi tid t nay xudt hidn hai ldn trong tac phdm.

188

3. Cac md'i quan hd ba Kiln - Chf Pheo va thi Nd - Chi Pheo trong truydn ngin cd y nghTa gi trong vide the hidn sd phan, tfnh elch cua nhdn vat Chi Pheo ?

4. Ndu nhttng didn bid'n tam trang cua Chf Pheo sau khi gap thi Nd. Vi sao khi bj thi Nd dflt tinh, Chf Pheo lai xach dao di gilt ba Kid'n va tu sat ? Bi kich ldn nhit cua Chf Pheo dugc tbl hidn trong truyen la gi ?

5. Ngdn ngtt kl chuydn va ngdn ngtt nhan vat trong truydn ngin nay cd nhttng dilm gi dac sac ? (Chu y ldi trin thudt nfla true tid'p d phan md dau (phin 1) ; ddc thoai ndi tam cua Chi Pheo sau can tinh rugu (phan 3) ; nbung ldi ddi thoai gitta Chi Pheo vdi thi Nd (phin 4) va nhit la vdi ba Kiln d gin cudi truydn (phin 5)).

6. Ndu nhdn xet khIi quat vl ndi dung va nghd thudt cua tmydn ngdn Chi Pheo.

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Phdn tfch va lam ndi bdt tfnh diln hinh cua nhdn vat Chf Pheo hoac ba Kiln.

TRI THlfC Dpc - HIEU

• Nhan vat dien hinh

Cdn ggi la hinh tUdng diln hinh hay tinh each diln hinh, chi hinh tUdng nghe thuat dugc sang tao ra bang phuong phdp dien hinh hoa, vfla ed ea tinh sac net, vC/a phan anh dUdc mdt sd mat ban chdt cCia ddi sd'ng xa hdi, th i hien tinh xa hdi ciia con ngudi. Trong cac sang tac hu cau (nhu kich, tiiu thuylt, truyen ngan, truyen thd, v.v.), cac hinh tUdng nhan vat dUdc sang tao ra, du cho phuong phap xay dung nhdn vdt cd da dang nhu the nao thi cac nhan vat thanh cdng deu cd sU hoa quyen giOra tinh pho biln va tinh ddc thu, tfle la bao ham hai mdt khai quat hoa va ca the hoa, thdng qua cai ca biet di phan anh cai chung. Cac nhan vat dien hinh dugc sang tao nhu the deu cd cdi ngudn trong ddi sdng thuc t l , nhung lai cd sflc khai quat cao, tap trung, ndi bat hon, cd y nghTa xa hdi phong phii, sau sac hon, ddng thdi hap din vd thii vj hdn. Ph. Ang-ghen danh gia rat cao nhumg tac pham sang tao dugc nhufng "tinh each dien hinh trong hoan eanh dien hinh".

• Trdn thuat va trdn thuat nfla true tiep

Trin thuat (hay hep hon - kS chuyen) la toan bd viec gidi thieu, khai quat, thuyefminh, mieu ta doi vdi nhan vat, sU kien, hoan canh, su vat theo cai nhin cCia mdt ngudi tran thuat (hay ngudi ke chuyen) nhd't djnh. Chflc ndng eiia tran thuat la din ddt ngudi dgc di vao th i gidi ciia tac pham, mach bao, chi din cho hg ve each hieu nhan vat, tinh hud'ng va kheu gdi nhufng phan iing tinh cam ciia ho. Do vay, tran thuat gan lien vdi toan bd cdng viec bd cue, kit ca'u cua tac pham.

TrSn thuit nCta true tiep Id mdt dang Idi vdn nghe thuat cCia tac pham tU sU. 6 dd Idi ngudi tran thuelt (Idi gian tiep) cd ham chira nhflng y iu to Idi true tiep nhu y nghT, cam xiic, tCf ngfl... cCia nhan vdt.

189

DOC THEM

TINH THAN THE DUC

NGUYEN CONG HOAN

TIEU DAN

Nguyen Cdng Hoan (1903 1977) qud 3 lang Xudn Cau, huyen Van Giang, tinh Bac Ninh, nay Id xa NghTa Tru, huyen Van Giang, tinh Hung Yen ; xua't than trong mdt gia dinh nho sT, quan lai.

TrUdc Cdch mang thang Tdm 1945, Nguyin Cdng Hoan day hoc vd vi l t van. 6ng v i l t ca truyen ngan vd t i iu thuylt nhUng ddng gdp ddc ddo, noi bat nhat Id truyen ngan trdo phiing, bat dau tfl tap truyen ngan Kep Td^ Bin (1935). dng Id nhd van tieu bi lu eua trdo lUu van hpc hien thUe Viet Nam trUde Cach mang thang Tam 1945.

Truyen ngan Nguyen Cdng Hoan cd y nghTa phe phan manh me xa hdi thudc dja nfla phong kiln dUong thdi. Nguyen Cdng Hoan cd nhilu ddng gdp vdo sir phdt triln cua van xudi qud'c ngfl.

Sau Cach mang, Nguyen Cdng Hoan ti lp tuc sang tdc phuc vu khdng ehiln, xay dUng dl t nUdc. dng tiing dUde bau Idm Chu tjch Ban Chip hdnh Hdi Nhd van Viet Nam khoa dau tien (1957 -1958). Nguyen Cdng Hoan dUdc Nhd nude tang Giai thUdng Ho Chi Minh v l van hgc vd nghe thuat nam 1996.

Tdc pham ehinh : TrUde Cach mang, gdm cac tap t i iu thuylt nhU Ld nggc canh vang (1935), C6 giao Minh (1935), Budc dUdng cung (1938),... vd cdc tap truyen ngan Kep TuBSn (1935), Hai thkng khdn nan (1937), Dao k§p mdi C1937),... Sau Cdch mang, ngodi cae tap truyen ngan vd t i iu thuylt, dng con ed tap hoi ki Ddi vi^t vdn cda tdi (1971).

Truyen ngan Tinh thin thi due (dang tren tuln bao Tiiu thuyet thit bay s l 251, ngdy 25 - 3 -1939) vach rd tinh chit bjp tjgm eua "phong trdo the due the thao" md thiic ddn Phdp c l ddng ram rd d l ddnh lac hUdng thanh nien khi dd.

*

1. Cd Ifnh huydn mang trit quan vl lang :

Quan tri huyen huyen X.X. sUc huang lr xd Ngii Vgng tudn cur

(1) Site: tmyin ldnh (ldnh quan bang van ban) eho c ^ dudi thi hdnh.

(2) Huang li: cac chflc sdc b lang xa thdi Hidp thudc.

(3) Tudn cd: chid u theo mdnh ldnh cdp trdn ma thi hanh.

190

Nay thda lenh Tinh dudng, ngdy 19 Mars^^^ ndy, ticc 29 thdng giing An Nam, tai sdn Y2"l

van ddng huyen cd cudc dd hdng thi, nhieu chien tudng^ dd rdt hay, mgi nhe.

Vdy sAc cdc thdy phdi thong hdo cho ddn ldng biet vd phdi thdn ddn du mgt trdm

ngudi, ddng 12 gid trua den xem, khong dugc khiem dien .

Nhitng ngudi ddcdt di ducugc khanh thdnh sdn the due thdng trudc, thi ldn nay dugc

miin.

Ai cd mat tgi sdn van ddng ciing phdi dn mgc tic te, di dUng nghiem chinh, vd phdi

vd tay ludn ludn, vi hdm dy cd nhieu quan khdch.

Ldng Ngu Vgng lai phdi cd ndm Id cd, san sdng tU 10 gid sdng.

Viec ndy tuy la viec the due, nhung cdc tiidy khdng dugc coi thudng, ne'u khdng (4) tudn lenh sehi cihi .

Nay site LETHANG

* * *

2. Anh Mich nhan nhd, ndi : -

- Lay dng, dng lam phuc tha cho con, mai con phai di lam trfl ng cho dng nghi , keo

dng dy ddnh chit.

Ong ll cau mat, lac ddu, gio roi song to bang ngdn chdn cdi ldn trdi, dam doa :

- Kd mdy, theo ldnh quan, tao chid'u s6 dinh^ \ thi ldn ndy dd'n lugt may rdi.

- Can c6 con lay dng tram nghin md lay , dng md bat con di tbi dng nghi ghet con,

cd nhd con khd.

- Thi mdy ben ldm ngdy khdc vdi dng dy, khdng dugc a ?

(1) Mars (ti6ig Hiap): flidng ba.

(2) Chi^n tudng: tudng trong chidn trto; b day y ndi ed nhilu cdu thii gidi, da hay.

(3) Khiem diin: vdng mat.

(4) COu: khiln trich. "

(5) Ong nghi: dng nghi vidn.

(6) Sd dinh : s6 danh sich sd dan dinh trong lang (dinh : nhQng ngudi dsln dng thudc Ilia mdi ddng thulf than vd di linh).

(7) Trdm nghin md Igy : van lay rdt nhilu, rdt khdn thidt (md: mudi van - tfl cu, ft dting ; khdc vdi m^ trong md rau, md ci).

191

- Ddi vdi dng nghi, con la chd ddy td, con sg ldm. Con khdng dam ndi sai ldi, vi la chd con nhd vd quanh nam. Nlu khdng, vg con con chit ddi.

- Chit ddi hay chd't no, tao ddyldidng bilt, nhung gid'y quan da sflc, tao cfl phep tao lam. Dfla ndo khdng tudn, de quan git, tao trinh thi ru tu

- Lay dng, dng thuang phdn nao con nhd phdn dy.

- Mac ke chung bay, tao thuang chung bay, nhung ai thuang tao. Hdm dy may ma - (2) •>

khdng di, tao sai tudn ddn gd cd lai, diing kdu. *

* * 3. Bac Phd gdi, diu dang, dat canh cau ldn bdn, ngdi xdm d xd cfla, gai tai, ndi vdi

dng If:

- Lay thay, nha con thi chua cd't com , mdy lai sg thly mdng chiii, ndn khdng ddm din kdu. Lay thdy, quyln phep trong tay thly, thly tha cho nhd con, dflng bit nhd con di xem dd bdng vdi.

- O, viec quan khdng phai thfl chuydn dan bd cua cdc chi !

- Thi lay thdy, the ndy, ldng ta tbi ddng, thay cdt ai khdng dugc. Tai nhd con dm yiu, nen xin thdy hoan cho de'n lugt sau.

- 6m gdn chit ciing phai di. Ldnh quan nhu tbl. Ai cung ld'y cd dm yd'u ma khdng di, thi ngudi ta dd bdng cho chd xem a ?

- Thua thdy, gid nhd con khoe khodn, tbi nha con cha dam klu. Nhung, thua thly, tfl day ldn huydn, nhflng chfn cdy Id mich ', sa nhd con di nang thi cam, rdi phai lai • u - • (6) •

tbl oan gia - Day khdng bie't, ma ddy ciing khdng nghe ddu. Vg chdng thu xd'p vdi nhau thi

ndo, day mac ke ! - Thua, hay con nghi budi chg dl di thay nhd con cd dugc khdng a ?

- Khdng ! Phai Id ddn dng kia. Chfl nfl nhdn ngoai tdc^ \ ai kl.

(\) Rd tu : che't ru trong tii. (2) Tudn (chir ggi tat cua tudn dinh hoac tudn phien): trai trang trong lang dugc cdt cfl lam tudn tra,

canh phdng. (3) Cdt can : dflt con. (4) Quyen phep (khdu ngii): quyln va phep tdc, luat Id. (5) Cdy Id mech : cSy sd, kildmet (phat am theo kilu dan gian). (6) Phdi Igi thi oan gia : dm trd lai thi oan udng, tdi nghiep (phdi Igi: dm trfl lai; oan gia - khdu

ngiJ: tai va oan udng, khae vdi oan gia - tfl Han Vidt: nha, ke cd thu odn). (7) Na nhdn ngoai tdc : dan ba chi la ngudi ngodi gia tdc (quan nilm phong kid'n) ; fl day dugc

diing vdi nghia la dan ba khdng dugc kl de'n.

192

Ngucd dan ba thd dai:

- Thi thi con bilt lam thi ndo dugc ! *

* *

4. Bd cu phd Buih, mat kem nhem, vfla ndi, vfla cudd rdt vd duydn :

- Thi ldng thdnh, dng li cfl nhdn di cho chdu. Chdu hdm Iy khdng ban di an cudi thi chdu cung xin vdng. Chdu da thud thing Sang di thay cho chau cung thi. Ong ngo di Id dugc.

- I h l ngd quan bilt, cd chit tdi khdng !

- Quan dim dfl ddu ngudd Id xong, chfl ai xem the md dng sg.

- Tdi nhdn 11 cua con ba md tdi lo lam. Vi^c quan nao phai vide choi.

- Thi cfing nhu dng lam phuc dy ma li.

- Nhflng thang Sang cd khan do tfl t l , hay lai an mac nhu thdng an may dy.

- 6ng khdng phai lo vide Iy. Nd da dam mugn dugc du ca rli. Chdu mac ca va da khodn * dfl vdi nd nhu thi.

6ng li nhan mat, nhat ba hdo, bd tui:

- Ldm vide ma cfl gap phai nhflng ngudi nhu con bd, tbi tdi din chit mdt.

- Thi dng khdng cho pblp chdu d nhd, chdu phai thud ngudi khdc di thay cung thi chflgi.

- I h l din gd gdy bdm 29, bd phai bao thang Sang chuc san b dinh, tdi ddn di.

-Ay, dng cho nd com nudc thong tha da chfl. Dd bdng it ra ba bdn gid chilu mdi bit ddu kia ma. Tdi tudng 12 gid b nhd di cung vfla. Budi sang, tdi cdn mugn nd cudc mdnh vudn.

- Ba bin gid chilu mdi bat ddu, nhung quan bat din huydn tfl 12 gid trua. Dl ngdi dilm. Md quan sflc 12 gid, thi minh phai din tfl 11 gid cho sdm sua. Va lai, tdi cdn phai mang cd ldn luc 10 gid, thi cha di tfl nam sdu gid tbi di vao luc nao ? Cho ndn, mgi ngudi phai chd tdi d dinh tfl ga gdy.

-Tbltbi sdm qud.

Ong ll gat:

- Tdi khdng ldi thdi. Bd khdng bang ldng thi, thi tdi cfl bat dich danh con bd. Mac kd !

Bd phd sg hai:

- Khdng, ldnh dng tbi tbl nao tdi cha phai nghe. Ld tdi ndi chuydn thi ddy chfl.

(1) Khodn: giao cdng vide va tra edng theo kit qua ho^n thanh.

193 13-NG0VAN11/1(NC)-A

- Mdy li^^\ bao nhidu ngudi diu phai thi , chfl ridng gi ba. Bd bao thang Sang nam

com tfl chilu bdm trudc, chfl sang hdm dy ddy mod thii tbi khdng kip ddu.

-Vdng .

*

* *

5. Ngay tfl sang td md hdm 29, d sdn dinh ldng Ngu Vgng, da cd tilng dng If qudt

thdo om sdm :

- Thilu nhttng mudi tam thang kia a ? Tuln ddu, d in tdn nhd chung nd, ldi c l chung

nd ra day. Chfl da hen di lai cdn dinh chudn phdng !

Sau tid'ng da ran, nhiing nggn dude linh tinh keo di cac nga. Ong If dan theo, tilng

oang oang :

- H i dfla nao lao, cfl ddnh sac tid't ' chung nd ra, tdi va dng chiu. Me bd chung nd !

Vide quan th i ndy cd chd't cha ngUdi ta khdng ! Chung bay gd c l ca, giai cho dugc ra ddy

cho dng !

Lai mdt tilng da nfla, gifla nhihig tid'ng chd rdng ddy. Nggn Ifla dd nhu ndi linh binh

trong biln suang mu.

Tbi dai khai cai canh diln ra nhu tb l ndy :

Hai ngudi tudn, mdt ngudi e lm dudc, mdt ngudi e lm tay thudc, dap cfla vao nhd

thing Cd. Sau khi tim sue khap gian ngodi, budng trong, khdng thdy mdt ai, hg xudng

blp, choc tay thudc vdo cdt gio va bd trdu. Rdi ho lung ra me sau nhd. Cung vd hidu.

Nhung bdng cd tilng tre khdc thet ldn, thi bai anh tudn mdi khdm phd ra chd ngUcd

trd'n : thang Cd nam ep vdi con b canh ddng ram, phu ldn minh ddy rom.

Nd bi ldi ra ngoai. Nd van lay :

- Lay cdc bdc, cdc bdc cho tdi d nha lam an.

- Sao anh da ben vdi dng If, lai khdng di, d l dng Iy chfli dia ldn kia kia.

- Tdi di thi tdi mdt ca ngdy, ma mdt budi lam tbi tdi vdi chau nhin ddi.

- Tdi khdng bid't!

- Mdy li tdi khdng mugn ddu dugc qudn do.

- Khdng bid't! Anh ra dinh ma kdu vdi dng If.

(1) Mdy li (phat am b mdt sd vung ndng thdn nuin Bdc): vdi lai. (2) Sdc tiii: hdc mau mdm, mau mui. (3) Chid dia : chin dm I, ddy gian dfl.

194 1 3 - N G 0 V A N 1 1 / 1 ( N C ) - B

Thdng be con nhdm nghiln mdt, dm chat ldy bd'. Nd sg qua, khdng khdc dugc nfla. Thdng Cd chua kip tra ldi, da bi ldi xinh xdeh di.

*

6. Cudc san du rdo riit din dau cung khdng sao trdc du mdt tram ngudi phai di xem dd bdng. Dam sdu anh khdn ngoan, dd keo den ngii nhd nhd Idiac, hoac ldng khdc. Hg lam nhu ldnh nan.

Khi thdy da chdm gid, dng If trudng nghien rang ndi:

- Oiling nd ngu nhu Ign. Ngudi ta cho xem dd bdng chfl ai lam gi ma cung phai bdt. Rdi quan thdy khdng dii sd, lai chiii dng khdng tdn tam.

Rdi dng ra ldnh :

- Chfn muoi tu thdng d ddy, xd'p hdng nam lai, di cho deu budc. Tudn chiing bay phai kem chung quanh giflp tao. Dfla ndo trdn vl thi dng bdo.

Doan dng lo ldng, di cud'i cung, mat nhanh nhen dl coi cln than nhu coi tii binh.

- Me bd chung nd, cho di xem dd bdng chfl ai gilt che't md phai trd'n nhu trd'n giac !

1938 (Theo Tuyen tap Nguyen Cdng Hoan, tap I,

NXB Van hgc. Ha Ndi, 1983)

Hl/dNG DAN DOC THEM

1. Dgc ki tmydn ngdn, dat cho mdi phdn (dugc ddnh sd tfl 1 din 6) mdt cdi tdn thich hgp nhdt. 2. Bd cue vd cdch dung tmydn ciia Nguydn Cdng Hoan trong truyen ngdn ndy cd gi dac

bidt ? (Ggi y : Sau phdn md ddu ghi nguydn van td trdt ciia tri huydn Ld Thang, tmyen gdm mdy canh, cdc canh dd cd quan hd vdi nhau vd quan bd vdi td trdt nhu the nao ?).

3. Nghd thuat trdo phiing cua thidn truyen dugc xay dung tren nhiing mau thudn trdo phung. Anh (chi) hdy cho bilt mdu thudn trdo phung chung cua todn truydn. Tren ca sfl mau thudn chung dy, mau thudn trdo phiing rieng cua tittig doan Id gi ?

4. C!ac thii phdp ndi gidu, cudng dieu, cdch ddn tmyen, ngdn ngfl dd'i thoai,... cua tdc gia trong tmydn ngdn nay rdt tu nhidn md bdi hudc. Hay tim vd phdn tich mdt vdi chi tie't dac sdc dl minh boa.

5. Hay ndu y nghia phd phdn cua truydn Tinh thdn the due.

(1) Trdc: ldng bat ki dugc.

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DOC TIEU THUYDT VA TRUYDN NGAN

K^T QUA CAN DAT

• Hieu dugc mdt sd dgc diem chung cua tiiu thuyii va truyen ngdn.

• Bii't cdch dgc tdc phdm thudc cdc the logi ndy.

I - DAC DIEM CHUNG CUA TIEU THUYET vA TRUYDN NGAN

Tiiu thuylt va truydn ngan la hai thi loai tidu bilu nhit cua loai hFuyln, tuy rlt khac nhau nhung vdn cd nhihig dac dilm chung. Vi vdy, hgc each doc tac phim thudc hai thi loai nay cimg giiip cho vile dgc cac tic phim fliudc thi loai truyin khic. Loai fruydn (tu su) rlt da dang, bao g6m elc hruyin thin thoai, s6 thi, truyin thuyd't, ngu ngdn, cd tfch, truyin Id, fruydn Ndm,... Dac dilm chung cua hnyln la co cd't truydn, nhdn vdt, ldi kl eua ngudi kl chuydn... Cln bam sit cac ylii td Iy dl nam bat thdng tin cua tic phim.

1. Hinh tugng nh&n vat

Nhdn vdt la ydu td quan trgng hang diu cua cac thi loai nay. Mdt tic phim thudng cd nhilu nhdn vdt, trong dd phai cd nhdn vdt chfnh sdng ddng, sac net, cd y nghia sdu xa.

Nhdn vdt thudng bilu hidn qua cac phuang didn sau, tuy theo dac dilm cua tac phim cu tbl :

a) Ngoai hinh, ndi tdm, hanh ddng, bidn cd, ngdn ngfl cua nhdn vdt. Ngoai hinh cua nhdn vdt thudng dugc gidi thidu trong tac phim (nhu cac doan midu ta chdn dung cua Chf Pheo, thi Nd trong tac phim Chi Pheo cua Nam Cao). Hanh ddng la nhihig vide lam cua nhdn vdt, bdc Id tinh each hay danh diu sil thay ddi tmh each nhdn vdt. Chang ban, ddi vdi Chi Pheo, dd la cac hanh ddng chid, say, an va, dih vdi thi Nd, ddi luang thiin, gilt ba Kiln va til sat. Ndi tdm nhdn vdt thudng cd net ridng cho thly nhuug bi In cua tdm hdn, phim chit, li tudng cua nhdn vdt. Dac bidt la nhiing d6i thay trong y thflc, thii dd sdng va tdm If cua nhdn vdt qua cac giai doan. Ngdn ngfl nhdn vdt thudng cd each ndi ridng, bdi dd la su bdc 16 true ti^p cua tdm hdn, tfnh each (chang ban : cleh ndi, tid'ng chfli cua Chf Pheo,...).

b) Md'i quan hd cua cac nhdn vdt va gifla nhdn vdt vdi hoan canh xung quanh. Cac quan hd nay bdc Id dia vi, tinh each vl sd phdn cua nhdn vdt. Chang han, quan hd giua Chi Pheo vdi ba Kid'n, thi Nd, vdi hoan canh xa hdi cua lang Vu Dai.

196

c) Y nghia cua nhdn vdt trong tac phim. Nha van sang tao nhdn vdt dl giii gam tu tudng, tinh cam va quan nidm cua minh vl cudc ddi. Chang ban, Chi Pheo Id hiln thte cho kiip ngudi luang thidn bi cha dap, bi lam bid'n dang, nhung ludn khat khao trd lai ldm ngudi. Sd phdn cua ban la ldi td cao dd'i vdi xa hdi dp bflc, vd nhdn tfnh, ddng thdi thi hidn long ddng cam cua nha van dd'i vdi cac nan nhdn cua xahdidd.

2. C t truyen, chi tiet

Cdt truydn la hd thdng su kidn (bid'n cd) xay ra trong ddi sd'ng cua nhdn vdt, c6 tac dung bdc Id tfnh each, sd phdn nhdn vdt. Vf du cdt truydn cua Hai dda tre (Thach Lam), Chd ngudi td tu (Nguyin Tudn), cd't truydn cua doan trfch Hqnh phiic cua mdt tang gia (Sddd - Vu Trgng Phung). Chi tid't la nhflng bilu hiln cu thi, lam khi nhd nhat, nhung lai cho thd'y tinh each nhdn vdt va diln biln quan hd cua chung, ddng thdi cung tbl hidn su quan sat va nghd thudt kl chuydn cua tic gia. Do dd, chi tidt rlt quan trgng dd'i vdi nhdn vdt, vfla tao ra sflc hip din, thu vi vfla bdc Id y nghia cua chung. Chang ban, chi tid't hai chi em Lidn thflc dgi chuyd'n tau ddm, canh ngudi tfl tu cho chfl, cac chi tid't vl thai dd khum num, ngudng md cua nguc quan, cac chi tid't vl dam tang cu td diu cd y nghia rd't sdu sac.

3. Su mieu ta hoan canh

Hoan canh la toan bd cac quan hi xa hdi, dilu kidn sd'ng tao thanh nin tang khdch quan cua ddi sd'ng nhdn vdt.

Su midu ta hoan canh cd tac dung bilu hidn dia vi, tdm tinh nhdn vdt va gdy khdng khf hflng thu cho ngudi dgc. Vi du, canh chilu hdm nai phd huydn (Hai dita tre), canh nghidm ngat nai giam ngudi tfl tfl (Chd ngudi td td), canh dam ma (doan trich Hgnh phiic cua mdt tang gia), canh ddi kem, thid'u vide lam (Lao Hgc -Nam Cao),...

4. Ket cau Kit elu la each t6 chflc tac phim. Kd't elu tiiu thuyd't va tmydn ngan rlt khdc nhau.

Tiiu thuyd't la tbl loai tU sU cd ldn (J'am qud'c dien nghia, Truyin Kiiu, Sd'dd,...) cd nhilu nhdn vdt, nhilu tuyd'n cd't truydn, cho ndn cln kit cd'u sao cho tmh cdch, sd phdn va quan hd cua cac nhdn vdt dugc tbl hidn trong qua tnnh va bii canh rdng ldn. Truydn ngan la tbl loai tu su cd nhd, nhdn vdt it, su vide it, lai cln cd each kd't elu khac, sao cho phu hgp vdi dung lugng. Tuy vdy, kit cd'u cua chiing vin cd nhflng dilm chung cln luu y. Mdt la phin md diu va phin kit thuc phdi cd su phdi hgp dl tao ra y nghia cua tdc phim. Hai la su lua chgii va sap xd'p cdc chi tilt ddi sd'ng cd tie dung lam ndi bdt y nghia cua tac phim. Ba la su sap xip thfl ht cac chuang, doan cd hiiu qua tao su dgi chd, gdy hflng thu cho ngudi <Joc. Chang han, truyin Ldo Hgc va Chi Pheo cua Nam Cao nlu md diu bang

197

cii chd't cua nhdn vdt, chdc khdng gdy bit ngd cho ngudi dgc nhu truyin vdn cd. Nhung nd'u flnydn bat diu bang cai chit cua nhdn vdt thi tidp theo phai cho thly diln biln va nguydn nhdn din ddn cai chd't dd.

5. Ldi ke

Ngoai ngdn ngfl nhdn vdt nhu da ndi trdn, ldi kl trong tiiu thuylt va truydn ngan cd vi tri rlt quan trgng. Thfl nhit, cleh dung tfl ngfl trong xung hd, miiu ta thi hiln dilm nhin cua ngudi kl trong vide hudng din ngudi dgc cam thu tie phim. Ldi kl cho bid't ai kl, kl theo dilm nhin cua ai. Vf du elch ggi hdn, thi ; elch kl lai tid'ng chfli cua Chf Pheo, ldi kl khdng cho ta bid't Chf Pheo chfli cu tbl bang nhihig ldi le nao (dilu nay thd tuc, khdng cln thid't), ma chi cho ta thly ndi dung ti^ng chiti va tdm trang phin ult, bit luc cua nhdn vdt, danh diu khat vgng ma h6 cua nhdn vdt mudn ddi thay sd' phdn cua minh. Thfl hai, ngdn ngfl trong truyin thudng cd tinh mdi me, sang tao, cd ca tmh cua tie gia. Ldi kl trong truydn Chi Pheo giau kich tfnh va tinh ddi thoai. Thfl ba, phong each ldi van cua tac gia thudng cd gigng didu ridng, cd each khai thac vd'n tfl, each diln dat, midu ta ddc dao. Vi du ldi kl trong Hgnh phuc cua nidt tang gia cd gigng didu mia mai va giau tinh hai hudc.

n - CACH DOC TIEU THUYET vA TRUYEN NGAN

1. Dgc tiiu thuyd't va truydn ngan trudc hit phai nam dugc nhdn vdt, cdt truydn va kd't elu. Nhdn vdt chfnh trai qua nhihig chang ddi nao, kd't thuc ra sao. Nam dugc cac yd'u td' dd sa bd cd tbl bilu dugc y nghia chung cua tic phim va tu tudng, thai dd chung cua tac gia. Ngudi dgc nin tu kl tdm tat cdt truyin dl kilm tra minh da bilu dung tac phim chua.

2. Thfl hai, mud'n bilu sdu ban thi phai phdn tfch nhdn vdt chfnh theo cle yiu td da ndu d trdn. Chu y nam bat chi tid't vl chdn dung, hanh ddng, y ngM, ngdn tfl cua nhdn vdt; quan hd cua nhdn vdt vdi hoan canh va vdi cac nhdn vdt khac. Cac chi tilt Iy vfla cho ta bid't vl nhdn vdt mdt each cu thi, sd'ng ddng, vfla la can cfl dl suy nghi vl nhdn vdt.

3. Thfl ba, cln dgc ki ldi kl cua ngudi kl chuydn. Qua cleh xung ggi, elch midu ta, dilm nhin trin thudt, cle bidn phap tu tfl cd thi ndm bat rlt nhilu thdng tin ve tinh cam, thai dd, khuynh hudng thim mi va phong each ddc dao cua nha van.

LUYEN TAP 1. Thuc hiln cac yiu elu dudi ddy :

- Dua vao bai hgc trin, kl ra nhutig dac dilm chung cua tiiu thuylt vl truyin ngan.

198

- Chi ra cac yiu td cln chu y khi phdn tfch nhdn vdt tiiu thuyd't va truydn ngan. Nlu vf du tfl cle nhdn vdt trong truydn ngan Hai dda tre va Chd ngudi td td

- Cho bilt cac thdng tin cd tbl khai thac tfl ldi kl chuydn trong tieu thuyd't va traydn ngan. Ndu vf du tfl ldi kl trong ChU ngUdi td tu va doan trich Hgnh phuc cm mdt tang gia.

- Hay nlu mdt sd tidu chi chung dl xem xet kd't cd'u cua tiiu thuyd't va truydn ngan. Ndu vi du vl kit elu truydn ngan Hai dda tre va Chd ngudi td tu.

2. Dgc truydn ngan sau ddy va phdn tfch, danh gia theo ddc dilm cua tbl loai.

HLTONGOI Tdi sue nhd din sd bao diu thu sap tdi. Cha vid't mdt bai chdng - tdi bao. Ong gia khdng ndi. Dang nhip ngum tra tham phflc mui ngdu. Hoa ngdu

nam ngoai.

Budi chilu, cd Ngdn sang chai. Cd hang xdm vfla du hgc d 6-xtrdy-li-a vl. Cho mdt dia di chfn.

Cdy vudn bdn ngay xUa, cfl thu vl la huang di toa sang. Huang nhe nhe bdng khudng. Nhung tu6i tha tdi chang bao gid dugc an 6i vudn bdn. Tid'ng con be Ngdn nu rit treo hai qua. Tid'ng mua thu riu rit. Nhung cha tdi elm, khdng cho sang. Hai nha khdng giao thidp. Chi cd huang 6i la bay sang.

Tdi cung chang mly khi gap me Ngdn. Ba dep lam. Dep la lung. Nghe ndi ngdy tre, cha tdi ydu bd. Unh ydu tfl tudi lu tha cd mui huang 6i. Nhmig me cha khdng Ung thly kf nhdt tnnh nghio, chang ga. Cha ru ba trdn. Ba khdng dam. Rli mdt hdm thly phio cudi treo trdn nhanh di nd tung toe, qua chin rai lup bup. Cha bd nhdn chang trai dang la Id su cdng chinh vl d rl.

Bflc tudng ngdn dugc xdy cao thdm va ldn rdu nam thang tfl Iy. Nhung huang li thu vl vin cfl bay sang.

Me tdi va cha Ngdn cung md't mdt dd, each ddy mly ndm. Ba me chat cdy di qu;y nhung da cdi. Tid'ng dao chat gd chan chat trong mdt budi sdm diu thu. Cha tdi ngdi bdn cfla s6 run run luc tim nhiing trang vid't d vang, nhung vin cdn thoang mui huong di linh diu...

Vdy sao hdm nay lai cd nhiing trai 6i dao ? - Em uam gid'ng cu trdng mdi dly. Nam nay ra trai bdi - Ngdn ndi.

Tdi can trai 6i mua diu. Va mdi cha mdt trai. Rang dng da yd'u. Nhung trai cua dng chin mim...

(Nguydn Phan Hach - NhCtng trang vdn chgn lgc)

(1) Thdy ki nhdt trinh : nha bdo. (2) Kisu cdng chinh : Id su cdu dudng.

199

LUYEN TAP KET HOP CAC THAO TAC • • •

LAP LUAN

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Hieu sdu thim vai trd ciia cdc thao tdc lap lugn trong vdn nghi ludn.

• Bii't van dung mat sd thao tdc lap ludn dd hgc de vii't bdi vdn nghi ludn.

1. Dgc cac doan trich sau, chi ra ludn dilm va cac thao tac ldp ludn dugc sfl dung (so sanh, phdn tfch, chiing minh, giai thieh,...).

a) "Nhdn ddn ta cd truyin thd'ng ldu ddi dum bge, doan kit vdi nhau theo phuang chdm "Nhilu dilu phu lly gil guang''. Ban sac Iy tbl hiln manh me nhit trong canh uude nha ldm nguy, ngoai bang de doa. Nhung til'c rang phim chit cao quy Iy thudng lai khdng ddm net trong vide lam an, cd tbl do anh hudng cua phuang thflc san xult nhd, tfnh dd' ki vd'n cd cua ld'i sd'ng theo thfl bdc, khdng phai theo nang luc va ld'i nghT "trdu budc ghet trdu an' dd'i vdi ngudi ban minh d ling qud thdi phong kid'n. Ta cd tbl quan sat thly dilu do ngay trong nhihig vile nhd nhat : vf du vao tham bao tang thi ngUdi Nhdt tum tum vao vdi nhau cham chu nghe thuyd't minh, cdn ngudi Vidt Nam ta thi lai ldp tfle tan ra xem nhihig thfl minh thich ; ngudi Hoa d nudc ngoai thudng cuu mang nhau, song ngudi Vidt lai thudng dd ki nhau..."

(Vu Khoan, trong sdch Mdt gdc nhin cda tri thiCc)

b) "Nha khoa hgc Han Qud'c Huynh Sup Choi md ta con dudng phat triln khoa hgc cdng nghd cua nude minh nhu qua tnnh tid'n hoa tfl bdt chude ngudi di tnidc. Kd' dd'n phai bid't tiiu hod, hay bdn dia hod di bid'n cac thfl bat chudc thanh cua chinh minh. Cud'i cung la doi mdi de canh tranh. Theo dng Choi, ngudi Nhdt da lam nhu thd' ban mdt tram nam tii thdi Minh Tri. Cho ddn thdp ki bay mUcd thi' ki XX ngudi Nhdt vdn du nhdp hang nam hang nghin danh mue cdng nghd dl bat chudc. Vidt Nam cung bit chudc va ban dia hoa du thfl. Cd chd thanh cdng, cd chd chua thanh cdng. Cdn ddi mdi dl canh tranh thi qui it. Mudn thue hiln qui tiinh tid'n hoa khoa hgc cdng nghd Iy cln cd mdt ddi ngu nha khoa hgc cdng nghd linh nghl, bdi vi ngay mud'n bat chudc cung phai cd trinh dd cao mdi lam dugc"

(Theo Pham Duy Hiln, trong sach Mdt gdc nhin cOa tri thdc)

200

c) "Dgc Nguyin Du tdi vin thudng dflng lai bdi hdi vl nhihig bdng trang trong tha dng. Trang soi ngudi bilt li "Nfla in gdi chile, nfla soi dam trudng" ; trdng ggi mdt kl nidm tinh cu dau bud't "May ai trang mdi in ngin". Lang dang trdn cac trang Kiiu, ngudi ta vin gap nbuiig ving fl-ang xao xuydn long ngudi. d nai khac, trong tha chtt Han, Nguyin Du vin ndi vl trang cd cdu nhu sau ddy :

Luc cdng dudng trdng Igi di'n thdm ta,

Ba muai ndm trdng theo ta sud't chdn trdi gdc bien.

Dgc hai cdu tha trdn tdi bang hoang nghidm ra rang nlu khdng cd ba muai nam "chdn trdi gdc biln" kia thi lam sao cd dugc ving trang Iy trong Truyin Kiiu".

(Theo Hoang Fhu Nggc Tudng)

d) "Cd mdt hang van si mdi khi dgc mdt bai van khdng phai cua minh thi diu mdi lac diu, ha mdt gigng khinh bi:

- Rdng tud'eh !

Tuy nhiln cung ndn phdn bidt ra nhilu thfl rdng.

Rdng nhu trd'ng ca rflng, danh ndn tid'ng hflng dung. Rdng nhu chudng ehfla, nin ndn tid'ng thanh cao. Rdng nhu cdy ti ba, gay ndn dm tao nha. Rdng nhu tfl va con du kdu dugc trdm. Rdng nhu cai md, nheo nheo nhu reo quan vidn. Rdng nhu trdng khIu long tong. Rdng nhu v6 thung, ddp lam cung chi kdu bdm bdp.

Nhung lam tbl nao ma bid't cho ranh ?

Tid'c thay, Chung Ki khdng cdn d lai dl lang tai cho rd hd nhau !".

(Theo Phiing Tdt Ddc)

2. Kd't hgp cac thao tac ldp ludn thich hgp (so sanh, phdn tich, chflng minh, giai thfch,...) di vid't doan vdn thi hidn mdt trong cac ndi dung sau ddy :

a) Lf tudng la ngudn sang va sflc manh trong ddi.

b) Nha tha ^ i Dd Ta-go ndi: "Ydu la tdn ggi khac cua su bilu nhau".

c) Nha tha Anh Brao-ninh ndi: "Nd'u tudc bd tinh ydu thi trai dlt se trd thanh ndm md".

d) Con ngudi khdng tbl thid'u ban.

d) Unh cam rudt thit gifla cha me va con cai la tinh cam tu nhidn nhd't, chdn thdnh nhit va thidng Udng nhd't.

201

D 6 I THl/A

NAM CAO

KET QUA CAN OAT

• Hieu dugc bi kich tinh thdn dau ddn cua ngitdi nghe sT ngheo cd hodi bdo trong xd hdi cU vd thdi do thuang cam trdn trgng cua Nam Cao ddi vdi hg.

• Thdy dugc nghi thudt miiu td tdm li nhdn vdt, nghi thudt ke chuyen vd ngdn ngd dac sdc cua tdc gid.

TIEU DAN

Truyen ngan Ddi thCfa dUac dang l in d iu tr in tuln bao Tiiu thuyit thd bay. Truyen tap trung di sdu vdo t in bi kjch tinh thin dau ddn, dai dang c^a ngUdi tri thflc ngheo khao khat sing cudc sd'ng cd -j nghTa, dm ap mot "hodi bao Idn" v l sU nghiep van chuong cd ich cho xa hdi, nhUng cull cijng chi vi gdnh nang cam do gia dinh md phai sing cudc sd'ng vd nghTa, vd I'ch, mdt "ddi thiia" Vd khi da sd'ng "thfla" thi nhOmg dilu qu ^ gia trong tU each lam ngUdi -nhu "Idng thuong" - cung dan din bj ddnh mit.

Van ban dUdi day ed luge mdt so doan.

* * *

1. Tfl ngflng mat ldn nhin Hd ba lin. Ba Hn, Tfl mud'n ndi, nhung lai khdng dam ndi. Han dang dgc cham chu qua. Ddi ldng may rdm eua ban chdu diu lai vdi nhau va hai xd'ch ldn mdt chut. Ddi mat sang quae ed ve l6i ra. Cii tran rdng hai nhan. Ddi ludng quyln dflng siing sflng trin bd hai eli hd' sdu cua ma thi bdng nhdy. Ca cai mui cao va thang tap cung bdng lin nhu vdy. Cii mat hdc hac Iy, nghiing nghidng bdn trdn quyln sleh, trdng khac khd di'n thanh dfl tgn. Tfl thly sg...

(Lugc mgt dogn : TU hdi tudng Igi viic Hd da cvCu vdl, cuu mang me con Tic khi Tut bi tinh phu,

nhitng ngdy thdng yiu thuang vd hgnh phdc,... Cdn Hd nghT: "ddng leHd phdi sung sudng ldm").

(1) Ludng quyin : gd ma.

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Nhung Hd chi sung sudng dugc it ldu thdi. Sau cai hanh vi dep cua bin, va cai hanh vi Iy dugc tra cdng bang mdt tinh ydu rlt dm dim, hdn chi cdn nghi dd'n gia dinh, chi cd't lam sao nudi dugc gia dinh. Hd vdn ngheo. Hdn la mdt nha van, trudc kia, vdi each vid't thdn trgng cua hdn, ban chi kidm dugc vfla du de mdt minh bin sdng mdt cleh eo hep, cd the ndi la cue khd. Nhung bay gid hdn chi cd mdt minh. Ddi ret khdng cd nghia li gi dd'i vdi ga tre tudi say md If tudng. Ldng bin dep. Diu hdn mang mdt hoai bao ldn. Hdn khinh nhiing lo ldng tun mun vl vdt chit. Hdn chi lo vun trdng cho cai tai cua ban ngay mdt thdm nay nd. Hdn dgc, nglm nghi, tim toi, nhdn xet va suy tudng khdng bid't chan. Dd'i vdi bin Iflc Iy, nghd thudt la tit ca ; ngoai nghd thudt khdng cdn gi dang quan tdm nfla. Hdn ban khodn nghi din mdt tac phim nd se lam md bit cac tac phim khac cung ra mdt thdi... Tbl rdi, khi da ghep ddi Tfl vao cudc ddi cua bin, hdn cd ca mdt gia dinh phai cham lo. Hdn bilu thi nao la gia tri cua ddng tiln ; hdn bilu nhiing ndi dau khd cua mdt ke dan dng khi thly vg con minh ddi rach. Nhiing bdn rdn tep nhep, vd nghia li nhung khdng thi khdng nghi tdi, ngdn mdt phin ldn thi gid cua bin. Han phai cho in nhilu cud'n van vilt vdi vang. Han phai vid't nhiing bai bao dl ngudi ta dgc rdi qudn ngay sau liic dgc. Rdi mdi Hn dgc lai mdt cud'n sach bay mdt doan van ki tdn minh, bin lai do mat ldn, cau may, nghid'n rang vd nat sach va mdng minh nhu mdt thing khd'n nan... Khd'n nan ! Khdn nan ! Khd'n nan thay cho bin ! Bdi vi chinh bin la mdt thing khd'n nan ! Hdn chinh la mdt ke bit luang ! Su elu tha trong bit cfl nghl gi Cling la mdt su bit luang rdi. Nhung su elu tha trong van chuang thi thdt la dd tidn. Chao di! Hdn da vid't nhiing gi ? Toan nhung cai vd vi, nhat nheo, ggi nhiing tinh cam rlt nhe, rlt ndng, didn mdt vai y rlt thdng thudng quiy loang trong mdt thfl van bang phang va qua u dd dai. Hdn chdng dem mdt chut mdi la gi dd'n van chuong. Tbl nghia la bin la mdt ke vd ich, mdt ngudi thfla. Van chuang khdng cln dd'n nhiing ngudi thg kheo tay, lam theo mdt vai kilu mlu dua cho. Van chuang chi dung nap nhiing ngudi bid't dao sdu, bid't tim tdi, khai nhihig ngudn chua ai khai va sang tao nhiing cai gi chua cd... Hdn nghi the va budn, budn ldm ! Con gi budn ban chinh minh lai chan minh ? Cdn gi dau ddn ban cho mdt ke vdn khat khao lam mdt cai gi ndng cao gia tri ddi sd'ng cua minh, ma kit cue chdng lam dugc cai gi, chi nhung lo cam ao ma du mdt ? Hdn dl mac vg con khd sd u ? Hdn bd liiu, bin rudng rdy chung, bin hi sinh nhu ngudi ta vdn ndi u ? Da mdt vai lin bin thly y nghi trdn ddy thoang qua diu. Va ban nghi din cdu ndi hung hdn ciia mdt nha trid't hgc kia : "Phai bid't ac, bid't tan nhdn de sdng cho manh me" Nhung bin lai nghi thdm ring : Tfl rlt dang ydu, rlt dang thuang, bin cd tbl hi smh tinh ydu, thfl tinh ydu vi ki di ; nhung hdn khdng the bd ldng thuong ; cd le hdn nhu nhugc, hen nhat, tim thudng, nhung ban vdn cdn dugc la ngudi ; hdn la ngudi chfl khdng phai la mdt thfl quai vdt bi sai khid'n bdi long tu ai. Ke manh khdng phai la ke gilm ldn vai ke khac dl thoa man ldng ich ki. Ke manh chinh la

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ke giup dd ke khic trdn ddi vai minh. Va lai, hen bilt bao la mdt thang con trai khdng nudi ndi vg con thi cdn mong lam ndn trd gi ntta ?... Hin tu bao : "Ta danh phi di mdt vai nam di kilhi tiln. Khi Tfl da cd mdt sd vd'n con dl lam an ! Su sinh boat luc nay chang dl dang ddu !". Tfl khi dfla con nay chua kip ldn ldn, dfl a con khic da vdi ra, ma dfla con nao cung nhilu den, nhilu sai, quiy rflc, khdc mlu sud't ngay ddm va quanh nam ud'ng thud'c. Tfl san sdc chung da du dm nguM rdi, chang cdn cd thi lam thdm mdt vide khic ntta. Hd diln ngudi ldn vi phai xoay tiln. Han cdn didn ldn vi con khdc, nha khdng luc nao dugc ydn tinh dl cho han vid't hay dgc sach. Han thly minh khd qua, buc bdi qui. Han trd ndn cau cd va gat gdng. Hdn git gong vdi con, vdi vg, vdi bit cfl ai, vdi chinh minh. Va nhilu khi, khdng cdn chiu ndi cai khdng khf buc tfle d trong nha, bin dang ngdi bdng dflng phdt ldn, mat chan chfla nudc, mat him him, vung vang di ra phd, vfla di vfla nudt nghen. Han di lang thang, Ididng chu dfeh gi. Rdi khi gid iiilt d bdn ngoai da lim cai tran ndng biing ngudi bdt di va long trut nhe duge ft nhilu ult gidn, han tat vao mdt tidm giai khat nao ma ud'ng mdt cdc bia hay cdc nude chanh. Han tim mdt ngudi ban thdn nao dl ndi chuydn van chuang, ngd y kiln vl mdt vai quyln sleh mdi ra, mdt vai tdn ki mdi trdn cac bao, phac hoa mdt cai chuang trinh ma ban bilt ngay khi ndi la chang bao gid ban cd thi thuc hanh, r6i lang le nghi dih cai tie phim du dinh tfl mly nam nay dl ma chan ngan. Han thfl mat ra nhu mdt ke phai di day, mdt budi ehilu dm thim kia, ngdi trong mdt lan khdi nang u budn ma nhd qud huang. Han cung nhd nhung mdt cai gi rlt xa xdi... nhihig mdng dep ngay xua... mdt eon ngudi rd't dang ydu da chang la minh ntta. Han lac diu tu bao : "Thdi tbl la hd't ! Ta da hdng ! Ta da hong dut r6i" Va ban nghl dd'n cii tdn ban dang md din dang sau nhttng tdn khac mdi trdi ra, rUc rd ban... Rdi ban ra vl, thd thin. Nhttng su buc tfle da chim di. Ldng ban khdng cdn sdi ndi ntta, nhung ru budn...

(Lugc mdt dogn : Cudc sd'ng gia dinh cdng khd khdn, Hd cdng dau khd ddn vgt vi vd mdng, hodi bdo tiiu tan. Anh tim den vdi bia rUgu. Mdi ldn say anh trd thdnh mdt ke VM phu ddng sg vd khi tinh rUgu Igi dn hdn, the thdt, hda hen vdi Tic nhU mdt ngudi chdng tdt... Mgch truyen trd ve hien tgi, ke tii'p viic Hd dang dgc vdn 'chdm chu qud", bdng nhiin ngdng mat lin trd chuyin vdi Tic).

2. Nhung Hd bdng ngoanh mat ldn. Han vfla gap duge mdt doan hay lam ndn ngflng dgc, ngdm nghi va dl cho cai khoai cam ngdn ra trong ldng. Ddi mat ban, tuy mdi rdi trang sach da nhin ngay lai phfa Tfl. Han mim cudi, Tfl cung mim cudi. Han bao :

- Nay, Tfl a... Nghi cho la, ddi tdi khdng ding khd ma hoa khd, chfnh tdi lam cai thdn tdi khd, tdi md van qua ndn mdi khd. Ay th^, ma tuy kh6 thi kh6 thdt, nhung thfl cd ngudi giau bac van nao thudn ddi lly cii dia vi cua tdi, chua chac tdi da ddi. Tdi cho rang : nhiing khi dugc dgc mdt doan van nhu doan nay, ml lai hiiu

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dugc tit cl eli hay, thi diu an mdt mdn an ngon din ddu cung khdng thfch bang. Sudng lam ! Sao thidn ha lai cd ngudi tai din th^ ? Minh tfnh : ngudi ta ta eli canh mdt ngudi nhd qui huang chi mit cd ba cdu, dung ba cdu !... Minh cd bilu khdng ?... Ba cdu gian di mdt each khdng ngd ma hay dugc din nhu tbl nay...

Hdn dgc lai doan van. Han dich nglua dl Tfl nghe. Han giang giai cho Tfl. Tuy Tfl chang hiiu dugc bao nhilu, nhung cung tin ldi ban lam. Tfl gitt mai nu cudi hiln diu trong khi nghe bin ndi. Khi han ngflng ndi da dugc mdt luc khi ldu, Tfl mdi lam nhu chgt nhd:

- Cd le hdm nay da 11 mdng hai, mdng ba tdy rdi, minh nhi ?

- A phai! Hdm nay mdng ba... Gia minh khdng hdi tdi thi tdi qudn... Tdi phai di xudng phd.

Tfl nhac khio:

- HIn nlo md em thly ngudi thu tiln nha sang nay da dih...

Hd slm mat lai:

- Tiln nhi... tiln giat... tiln thudc... tiln nude mam... Cdn chiu t i t ! Thang vfla rdi tidu tdn qui, mdi mdng mudi da hdt tiln. May ma cdn cd dlt mua chiu dugc.

Han nghl dih mdn tiln ban da tidu phf mly hdm diu thang. Mdi lin ban buc tfle hay chin nan, ban lai di udng rugu, thanh thfl hit tiln sdm. Tfl khdng hi mdi phin nin nfla tilng, nhung ca thing Tfl an va bat cdc con an kham khd, thudng thudng ddi ntta ! Qua sdng thi bd ban, cd khi btta tdi cung chiu nhin com, an chao. Hd trdng thly thd', thuang vg, thuang con qud, vd dn hdn vi minh da tidu qua frdn. Bdi vdy sudt tfl mdng mudi din hit thing, bin khdng ra khdi nha dl chang phai tidu thdm tf gi...

Hdn vfla mac quin do, vfla nhac thim trong trf :

- Nhit dinh hdm nay khdng di ddu ca... Lly tiln xong la vl ngay...

Nhung Tfl bao:

- Minh di phd thi di an nhe. Cdn cd it gao chi du cho lu tre. Em cha dong thdm ntta, dl mai tra tiln rdi lly thim ludn mdt thi... Em khdng dl cam minh ddu dly... Nhi chang cdn gi an...

Hd hai cau mdy. Bdi vi ban sg budc vao tilm an ldm. Han cd thi gap d ddy mdt vai ngudi ban... vl khi Iy thi... di thdi ! Mac kd gia dinh va nhflng cdi gi cdn lai !... Han se ud'ng rlt khoe, ndi toan nhttng chuydn va trdi lip biln, rdi di la ca din hit ddm mdi vl. Han nghi nggi mdt chut rdi han bao :

- Dugc ! Tdi se mua cai gi vl di ca nha cung an.

- Ducng philn ntta ! Em cfl cho chung nd an com tnidc rdi di ngu.

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- Dflng an trudc... Dgi tdi dem thflc an vl, an mdt tbl. Tdi vl sdm. Ca thing chung nd ddi khat, khd sd, hdm nay cd tiln cung nin cho chung nd mdt btta an ra hdn.

Tfl mim cudi:

- Ve chuydn ! Han mim cudi, dap lai. Hdn lai gin Tfl, cui xud'ng nam lly tay dfla be vl ggi

nd. Mat hdn va mat Tfl ghe sat. Han cd y khe cham mdi minh vao ma Tfl mdt cH, Tfl vd giu md'y cai bui d tay ao ban. Vg chdng nhin nhau du yd'm. Han vudt ml Tfl mdt cai rdi ra di.

3. O toa bao ra, Hd di thing tdi mdt hidu thit quay. Han dinh mua mly hao thit, vai cai banh tdy, gdi dem vl. Ldng ban sang bflng. Han tudng tugng ra eli canh lu con hau an va ddi khat, rdn thit bang tay va an nhihig milhg banh thdt to, midng phung phiu va mdi bdng nhdn nhihig md. Cai canh thd tuc va cam ddng ! Han se cudi thoa thich. Cdn Tfl se ngdi bdn han ma nhin chung, ddi mat sung sudng va thuang hai loang loang udt... Dd'n trUde cfla hidu thit quay, Hd dflng lai. Han cln thdn nhin trudc, nhin sau, trudc khi vao. Mdt ngUdi quen cd thi di qua, va nd'u hg bat gap ban dang cd nbet mdt gdi thit vao tui ao !... Khdng ! Khdng cd gi dang ngai, ngoai dudng phd... Nhung trong hidu, mdt thid'u ntt dep dang mac ca... Han danh dgi vdy. Trong khi dgi, hai tay chap sau lung, ban lam ra ve dgi mgt ngudi ban vfla vao mdt nha nao gin dly. Bdng mdt ban tay ddp vao vai khiln ban gidt minh quay lai.

(Luge mgt dogn : Hd gap Trung vd Mao, biit tin cudn Dudng vl cua mdt ngUdi bgn sdp dugc dich ra tii'ng Anh, khdng cudng Igi dugc ndi bdc xiic trong long, anh Igi di udng rUgu).

Hd da qudn ban vg con. Han chi cdn hlo bflc mud'n bid't thdm vl vide quyln Dudng vi cua Quyln dugc dich ra-tid'ng Anh. Han bam lly Mao va Trung. Ba ngudi vao mdt tidm giai khat d Bd Hd. Va chi dd nfla gid sau, Mao va Trung da thly Hd dd tai, ddng mdt cai vd chai bia xUd'ng mat ban :

- Cud'n Dudng vi chi cd gia tri dia phuang thdi, cac anh cd hiiu khdng ? Ngudi ta dich nd vi mudn bid't phong tuc cua mgi nai. Nd chi ta dugc cai bl ngoai cua xa hdi. Tdi cho la xoang lam ! Mdt tie phim thdt gid tri, phai vugt ldn bin fl-ln td't ca cac bd cdi va gidi han, phai la mdt tac phim ehung cho ea loai ngudi. Nd phai chfla dung dugc mdt cai gi ldn lao, manh me, vfla dau ddn, lai vfla phin khdi. Nd ca tung long thuang, tinh bac ai, sU cdng binh... Nd lam cho ngUdi gin ngUdi ban. Nhu tbl mdi thdt la mdt tac phim hay, cac anh cd hiiu khdng ? Tdi chua thit vgng ddu ! Rdi cac anh xem... Ca mdt ddi tdi, tdi se chi vilt mdt quyln thdi, nhung quyln d'y se an giai Nd-ben^ ^ va dich ra du mgi thfl tid'ng trdn hoan elu,!

(1) Gidi Nd-ben: giai thudng qud'c tl hang nam, dugc dat ra tfl nam 1901, theo di chflc ciia nhd hod hgc va cdng nghd Thuy Didn An-phrit Nd-ben (1837 - 1896). Day la mdt giai thudng ldn, trao cho nhung ngudi cd ddng gdp xudt sdc trdn nhilu linh vuc, trong dd cd sdng tdc van hgc.

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Tmng gdt gu cudi, vin eli cudi lang le cua y. Mao thi cudi hd hd. Hd khdng cudi, mat cang ldn vi hung khdi^^\ Hin ndi say sua ldm. Va dd'n luc den phd bdt, Trung va Mao mud'n vl, Hd bao ludn :

- Thong tha da ! Di ddu ma vdi ? Chung minh di ud'ng rugu... Tdi cd tiln...

* * *

4. Sang hdm sau. Hdn thflc ddy trdn cai giudng nha ban. Hdn thly minh mly dau nhu din, diu nang, midng khd va ddng. Cd thi rao va rat chay. Han dua tay vdi din nudc d trdn ban dl ud'ng. Am nudc dly va nudc hay cdn Im. Dd la su y tfl cua Tfl. Hd bilu thi, va ldng budn nao nao. Bdi bin Id md nhd ra ring : hinh nhu ddm qua bin say rugu, di la ca chan rdi vl, lai gdy su vdi Tfl ; hmh nhu bin lai danh ca Tfl, dudi Tfl di, rdi mdi ddng cfla lai va di ngu,... Hdn ddt nhidn hoang sg, nhdm ddy, mdt nhdn nhac tim Tfl. Nhung khdng ! Tfl vdn cdn nha... Chdc ban trong luc qua say, ban gai cfla nhung chua gai dugc, thanh thfl khi thd'y ban ngu mdt rdi, Tfl lai bl con vao. Bdy gid Tfl dang thidp di trdn vdng, dfla con nhd ndm bdn. Tfl vd'n ddy sdm quen. Sang nay, chdc Tfl mdt qua, vfla mdi lim di, ndn mdi ngu trua nhu thi. Diu Tfl ngoeo vl mdt bdn. Mdt tay Tfl trdt ra ngoai mep vdng, sa xud'ng, cai ban tay hoi xoe ra long leo. Dang ndm thdt la khd nhgc va khd nao. Hin bui ngui. Chao di! Trdng Tfl ndm thdt dang thuang ! Hen chi ma Tfl khd ca mdt ddi ngudi! Cai tudng vlt va Id ra ca dd'n trong gilc ngu. Hd nhd ra rang : mdt ddi luc, nd'u nhin kT thi Tfl khd mat lam. Ddt nhidn Hd nay ra y mud'n lai gin Tfl, nhin Id xem mat Tfl luc bdy gid ra sao ? Hdn rdn ren, di chdn khdng lai. Hdn ngdi xdm ngay xudng dlt, bdn canh vdng va cd thd cho that khe. Hdn nglm nghia mat Tfl ldu lam. Da mat Tfl xanh nhgt; mdi nhgt nhat; mi mdt bed tim tim va xung quanh mdt cd quing, ddi ma da hoi hdp lai khid'n mat hoi cd canh. Hd khe thd dai va lie diu ai ngai. Han diu dang nam lly tay sa xud'ng cua Tfl. Cai ban tay lung cung rat nhung xuong ! Trdn mu ban tay, nhiing dudng gdn xanh bdng ra, lan da mdng va xanh Uong, xanh lgc. Cai c6 tay mdng manh. Tit ca Id mdt cii gi mim yd'u, mdt cai gi 0 la, cln dugc bin che chd va bdnh vuc... mdt ve bac mdnh, mdt cai gi dau khd va

chdt vdt, cln dugc ban vd vl an ui... Thi ma bin da lam gi dl cho ddi Tfl dd khd hon ? Han da lam gi di cho Tfl khdi khd ? Nudc mat hiln bdt ra nhu nudc mdt qua chanh ma ngudi ta bdp manh. Vd hdn khdc... 6i chao ! Hdn khdc ! Han khdc nflc nd, khdc nhu thi khdng ra tid'ng khdc. Hin dm chat lly cai ban tay be nhd cua Tfl vdo nguc minh ml khdc. Tfl thflc ddy, Tfl bilu ngay, khdng cln hdi mdt cdu nao ciuig hiiu. Va Tfl cam ddng. Mit Tfl gian giua nude. Tfl khe rut tay ra, vdng ldn cd chdng, nhe nhang nfu bin vao, dl bin guc diu lin canh nguc Tfl. Hin lai cang khdc to hon va cd ndi qua tid'ng khdc :

(1) Hiicng khdi: tam trang vui thich, nflc ldng.

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- Anh ... anh ... chi la... mdt thang... khdn nan !...

- Khdng !... Anh chi la mdt ngudi khd sd !... Chfnh vi em ma anh khd...

Tfl bao thd. Tay Tfl nfu manh hon mdt chut. Nguc Tii thdn thflc. Tii chuc nga diu sat vao vai Hd. Nhtmg diia con, bi gilng, khdc thet ldn. Tfl vdi budng ch^g ra dl vd con. Tid'ng vSn cdn udt Id, Tfl dd nd:

- A f Mg ddy ! Mg ddy ma ! 6 i chao ! Con tdi nd gidt minh... Mg thuang...

Hd da tranh chd dl Tfl dua vdng... Tfl vfla dua, vfla hat:

Ai ldm cho khoi len gioi, Cho mua xud'ng ddt, cho ngudi biit li;

Ai ldm cho Nam, Bdc phdn ki, Cho hai hdng li ddm dia tdm thdn...

(Nam Cao - Tdc phdm, tap II, NXB Van hgc. Ha Ndi, 1977)

Hl/dNG D A N HOC BAi

1. Dua vao ndi dung truydn ngin, hay ndu ro :

a) If nghia cua hai chtt "dci thfla" dugc dung lam tin truyin.

b) Vide tu y thflc dugc tinh trang sd'ng "thfla" nhu th^ cho thly dac dilm ndi bdt gi 6 nhdn vdt tri thflc cua Nam Cao.

2. Truydn thi hidn nhihig mdu thuin cti trd di trd lai gilng xe ndi tdm nhdn v|t Hd. Dd la nhiing mdu thudn gi ? Vi sao Hd khdng giai quylt dugc nhihig mau thuin Iy ?

3. Ndi dau tinh thin cua Hd la ndi dau gi ? Trong khi thi hidn ndi dau nay cua Hd, Nam Cao khdng chi bdc Id long cam thuong ma cdn thi hidn nilm trdn trgng dd'i vdi nhan vat cua minh. Hay phan tfch dl lam ro dilu dd.

4. Phan tfch bidt tai midu ta tam If nhdn vat cua Nam Cao trong mdt vai phin cu the (phin 1 hoac phin 4).

5. Su dan xen gitta nhihig doan kl vl hidn tai vdi nhiing doan kl vl qua khfl (theo hdi flc cua nhan vat) trong truydn ngan cd tie dung thd' nao ddi vdi vide tao tinh ham sue va vide the hidn tam If nhan vdt ?

6. Cd tbl xem Ddi thda la truyin ngin mang y nghia tuydn ngdn nghd thuat cua Nam Cao. Dgc doan 1 va 3, chi ra va giai thfch mdt sd cau, doan tidu bilu dl lam rd "tuydn ngdn" Iy.

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Ngdn ngtt Ddi thda ddm chit suy tu trid't If. Hay tim va phan tfch mdt sd bilu hidn GU thi cua dac diem nay trong tac phim.

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NAM CAO

KET QUA C A N DAT

• Hieu dugc ddc diem vi con ngudi, vi quan diem nghi thudt vd nhidig tu tudng ca bdn chi phdi cdc tdc phdm tiiu bieu ciia Nam Cao.

• Ndm dugc nhdng net ddc sdc vi nghi thudt viit truyin ciia nhd vdn, ddc biit Id ddng gdp cua dng trong viic hodn thiin the logi truyin ngdn Men dgi.

I-CUOCD6I

1. Tiiu sut

Nam Cao (1917 1951) tdn khai sinh la Trin HOu Tri, sinh trong mdt gia dinh ndng dan tai lang Dai Hoang, tdng Cao Da, huydn Nam Sang^'\ phu Lf Nhdn (nay thudc xa Hoa Hdu, huydn Lf Nhdn), tinh Ha Nam. Hgc hit bac Thanh chung. Nam Cao vao Sai Gdn sd'ng khoang ba nam vdi mdt ngudi cdu, cd y dinh tim each xult duong du hgc. Do dm dau, dng phai trd vl qui va khdng tim dugc vide lam. Sau dd, cd thdi gian Nam Cao day cho mdt hudng tu thuc d Ha Ndi, nhung quan Nhat keo sang chid'm ddng, trudng ddng cfla, dng phai sd'ng li chat vat bdng nghl vid't van, lam gia su. Ndm 1943,

Nam Cao tham gia nhdm Van hoa cflu qfld'c d Ha Ndi. Bi khung bd, dng phai trinh vl qud va tham gia Tdng khdi nghia (thang 8 - 1945) d ddy. Nam 1946, Nam Cao cd mat trong doan quan Nam tid'n vao dd'n Nam Trung Bd. Sau dd, dng ldn chiin khu Vidt Bac lam cdng tac van nghd d Trung uong. Nam 1950, dng tham gia

(1) Biit danh Nam Cao Id ghep hai chO ddu cua hai dia danh que dng : huydn Nam Sang va tdng Cao Dd.

14A.NGiJvAN11-NC,T1 209

chie'n dich Bidn gidi. Thang 11-1951, trdn dudng vao cdng tie vung dich hdu

Lidn khu III, Nam Cao bi giac Phap phuc kfch bat va sat hai

Nam Cao vid't van tfl nam 1936, luc diu khdng chi vidt truydn ma cdn lam tho,

soan kich. Tfl nam 1941, vdi Chi Pheo, nha van mdi that su chflng to tai nang ddc

dao va xac dinh chac chin con dudng nghd thudt cua minh. Sau CIch mang thang

Tam, Nam Cao hang hai dem ngdi but phuc vu each mang va khing chilh, chdn

thanh dat Igi ich cua each mang va khang chidn lin trin hi't. Rlt tid'c dng da sdm

hi sinh khi sflc sang tao dang dly hfla hen.

Nam Cao dugc Nha nude tang Giai thudng Hd Chf Minh vl van hgc va nghl

thudt nam 1996.

2. Con nguoi

Con ngudi Nam Cao cd ba dac dilm co ban chi phdi sdu sac sing tac cua dng.

Bl ngoai Nam Cao vung vl, ft ndi, ed ve lanh lung, nhung ddi sdng ndi tdm thi ludn ludn sdi sue, cd khi cang thang : Nam Cao thudng lly lim xlu hd vl nhttng tu tudng ma dng tu thly la tim thudng, hen kem cua minh. Nam Cao mud'n khac phuc nhttng tu tudng Iy dl sd'ng xflng dang vdi danh hiiu Con Ngudi. Hlu nhu dng khdng bao gid cd dugc cudc sdng bdn trong thanh than. Trong tdm hdn ndng bdng d'y, thudng xuydn diln ra cudc xung ddt dm thim ma gay gat gitta long nhdn dao va thdi fch ki, gitta tinh thin dung cam va thai dd hen nhat, gitta tfnh chdn thuc va sU gia dd'i, gitta nhiing khat vgng tinh thin cao ca va nhttng due vgng pham tuc. Dilu nay thi hidn rlt rd trong nhiing tac phim cua dng vid't vl ngudi trf thflc ngheo.

Nam Cao rd't giau dn tinh dd'i vdi ngudi ngheo khd bi ap bflc va bi khinh milt

trong xa hdi cu. Theo dng, khdng cd tinh thuong dd'i vdi ddng loai thi khdng dang

ggi la ngudi (Ddi thda). Mdi tie phim cua dng vid't vl ngUdi ngheo (chu yiu Id

ndng ddn) la mdt thidn trtt tinh dly xdt thuong dd'i vdi nhiing kid'p sdng lim than.

Ong ludn suy tu vl ban thdn, cudc sdng, ddng loai, tfl kinh nghiim thuc t l ma dl ldn nhiing khai quit trid't li sdu sac va dly tdm huyd't.

(1) Noi Nam Cao hi giac bdt thudc lang Vu Dai, xa Gia Xuan, huydn Gia Viin, tinh Ninh Binh.

210 • M - N G 0 V A N 1 1 M ( N C ) - B

n - SlTNGHIEP V A N HOC

1. Quan diem ve nghe thuat

Vdi tu each la nha vdn, Nam Cao rd't cd y thflc vl quan dilm nghd thudt

cua minh. Cd tbl ndi, chu nghia hidn thuc trong van hgc Vidt Nam ra ddi tfl

diu tb l ki XX, dd'n Nam Cao mdi thdt su tu giac dly du vl nhflng nguydn tac

sang t ic cua nd.

Cac truydn ngan Trdng sdng, Ddi thda dugc xem nhu nbung tuydn ngdn nghd

thudt cua Nam Cao. Qua hai ban "tuydn ngdn" d'y, nha van phd phan thfl vdn

chuang thi vi boa cudc sdng den td'i, bit cdng, phuc vu thi hid'u "lang man" cua

bgn trudng gia no nd, nhan rdi. Ong danh gia cao vdn chuang, xem dd la mdt hinh

thdi lao ddng cao quy, dly trach nhidm xa hdi. Vi tbl, nha vdn phai cd luong tdm,

cd nhdn each xflng dang vdi nghl nghidp cua minh, khdng dugc ddi tra, elu tha,

chay theo ddng tiln. Van chuong la mdt boat ddng sang tao, nd chi "dung nap

dugc nhiing ngudi bid't dao sdu, bilt tim tdi, khoi nhiing ngudn chua ai khoi, va

sang tao nhiing cai gi chua cd". Ong chu truong vdn hgc phai phan anh chdn thUe

va sdu sac ddi sd'ng cue khd cua nhdn ddn trdn tinh thin nhdn dao chu nghia.

Truydn Tu cdch md tuy khdng ndi gi dd'n nghd thudt, nhung thuc ra rd't cd y

nghia dd'i vdi quan nidm van hgc hidn thuc chu nghia. Tac phim mud'n thuyd't

minh cho ludn dilm : hoan canh sd'ng quyd't dinh tdm li, tinh each con ngudi. Tuy

nhidn, qua tic phim nay, nha van chi thd'y con ngudi la nan nhdn bd't luc cua hoan

canh, chfl chua thd'y con ngudi cdn cd tbl tac ddng tdi hoan canh va cai tao dugc

hoan canh. Dd la dilu Nam Cao sau nay se nhdn ra dugc trong tac phim Ddi mdt,

ciing la mdt ban tuydn ngdn nghd thudt khac, ra ddi sau Cach mang thang Tdm.

Thuc ra, ngay trudc Cach mang, trong nhilu tac phim. Nam Cao cung da ddt ra vin

dl "ddi mat" - cd tbl la chua hoan toan tu giac. Ong tihig din cdu vdn sdu ddy cua

mdt ijha van Phap d l d l tfl cho truydn ngdn Nudc mdt: "Ngudi ta chi xlu xa, hu

hong trudc ddi mat rao hoanh cua phudng fch k i ; va nudc mat la mdt milng kinh

bid'n hinh vu tru". Nam Cao mud'n ndi, phai cd ddi mat cua tinh thuang mdi bilu

thiu dugc ban chit td't dep cua nhdn ddn lao ddng du ban chd't d'y bi che lip bdi cai

bl ngoli gin dd, ngu ngd'c, xlu xa nhu d lao Hac, mu Lgi, lang Rdn, Chi Pheo, thi

Nd, v.v. Sau cudc khdi nghia thang Tam 1945, nhd giac ngd vl vai trd each mang

ciia quin chung nhdn ddn, dng khdng chi nhin hg bang ddi mat cua tinh thuong

ml cdn bang ddi mat dly cam phuc trudc nhiing con ngudi cd kha nang cai tao

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hoan canh, nhihig con ngudi bit khult, nhttng tfnh each anh hung. Cd thi ndi, dat ra \in di "ddi mit" la mdt trong nhung dac dilm co ban cua sang tac Nam Cao.

2. Cac 6i tai chinh cua Nam Cao

Nhung sang tie cua Nam Cao trudc Cach mang thing Tam gdm gin sau mud truydn ngdn, mdt truydn vfla (Truyin ngudi hdng xdm), mdt tiiu thuylt (Sdng mdn), vai vd kich ngan va dam bai tho. Kich va tho khdng cd gi dac sac, nhung nhttng thidn truydn thi dung la tac phim ciia mdt nha van ldn.

Truydn Nam Cao chu yiu xoay quanh hai dl tai : ngUdi tri thdc ngheo va ngudi ndng ddn ngheo. Can cfl vao nhiing tie phim tidu bilu cua dng, ta thly du vid't vl dl tai nao, truydn Nam Cao cung thudng thi hidn tu tudng chung : ndi ban khoan dd'n dau ddn trudc tinh trang con ngudi bi buy hoai ve nhdn phim do cudc sd'ng ddi ngheo day tdi.

Tit nhidn khi khai thac mdi dl tai, truydn Nam Cao lai cd nhttng kham pha ridng.

a) Dl tai ngudi tri thflc ngheo

Nam Cao dat tdn cho cud'n tiiu thuyi't minh vid't vl nhihig nguod tri thflc ngheo la Chi't mdn. Khi xult ban, ngudi ta ddi tdn la Sd'ng mdn Cd thi ndi, toan bd nhiing nhan vat tri thflc ngheo trong cac tac phim dai, ngin cua Nam Cao diu "sd'ng mdn" hay "chd't mdn" d nhung mflc do va dang thflc khac nhau.

vay trong quan nidm cua Nam Cao, thd' nao la "chd't mdn" (hay "sdiig mdn") ? Qua cac tac pham cua nha van, ta thly dng quan nidm sd'ng chd't 6 ddy la sdng chit vl tinh thin, sd'ng chd't vdi tu each con ngudi. Ban chit con ngudi, theo Nam Cao, la phai cd tinh thuong ydu ddng loai, phai lam mdt vide gi cd fch cho xa hdi, phai la mdt nhan each van boa, cd tri thflc va tam hdn, bid't rung cam vdi cai dep cua van chuong nghd thudt. Tri thflc van hoa lam cho con ngudi bid't tu trgng va*dd cung la mdt ngudn hanh phuc, nilm tu hao cua con ngudi. Nhung tit ca nhiing nhan vat tri thflc trong truydn Nam Cao diu d trong tinh trang mdn mdi vl tuih thin, bi buy hoai din nhiing phim chit ngudi ndi trdn. Vi sao vay ? Chu yiu la do cudc sd'ng ngheo khd "ao com ghi sat dlt" da khid'n tam hdn hg khdng sao cit canh ldn dugc (Ddi thda, Nudc mat, Quen diiu do, Cudi, Sd'ng mdn,...).

(1) Tac pham viet xong ngay 1 10 - 1944, Nam Cao dat tdn la Che't mdn. Mai dd n nam 1956, sau khi nha van mdt, tac pham mdi dugc xudt ban ldn ddu. Mdt sd nha van ban dng ddi tdn la Sd'ng mdn (NXB Van nghe. Ha Ndi).

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b) Dl tai ngudi ndng dan ngheo

Vilt vl ndng ddn. Nam Cao thudng chu y dd'n nhung sd phdn bi tham. Ong khdng dat nhdn vdt cua minh trong nhiing quan hd xa hdi rdng ldn, ma chi di vao nhiing win dl thudc quan hd gia dinh nhd hep diln ra dm thim trong nhflng tup llu tdi tdm. Tfl nhung don vi gia dinh trong qua tnnh bin cung hod va li tan d'y, dng phan anh dugc chd' dd thuc ddn trong nhiing ngay cudi cung cua nd da bdc Idt, vo vet ngudi ddn lao ddng dd'n cung kidt nhu tbl nao.

Tuy nhidn, dilu Nam Cao mud'n ndi khdng phai chi cd tbl. Phat hidn sdu sac nhit cua nha van la ngudi ndng ddn dang bi buy didt md't nhdn tfnh khi bi dly vao cudc sdng khdn cung khdng ld'i thoat (Tucdch md. Mat bda no,...). Cdn Chi Pheo chang nhiing bi tudc doat nhdn tfnh ma eon bi huy hoai ca nhdn hinh nfla. Ngudi ndng ddn bi luu manh boa Iy, cud'i cflng da thflc tinh. Nhung dilu bi tham la anh ta chi mudn trd lai lam ngudi ma khdng dugc.

3. Nghe thuat vie't truyen cua Nam Cao

Nam Cao cd tdi ddc biit trong viic phdn tich vd diin td tdm li nhdn vdt. Ngdi biit cua dng cd tbl thdm nhdp vao nhiing qua tnnh tdm li phflc tap, nhiing ngd ngdch sdu kin nhd't cua tdm hdn con ngudi; tfl dd, dung ldn dugc nhflng nhdn vdt -tu tudng vfla cd tim khai quat ldn vfla cd ca tinh ddc dao. Theo ddng cam nghi cua nhdn vdt, mach tu su cua tac phim Nam Cao thudng dao ldn trdt tu tu nhidn cua thdi gian, khdng gian, tao ndn ld'i kd't cd'u vfla linh boat vfla hd't sflc chat che. Cung vi am bilu tdm If nhdn vdt ma Nam Cao da tao dugc nhilu doan dd'i thoai va ddc thoai ndi tdm rd't chdn thdt, sinh ddng.

Mdt net blp ddn khac cua truydn Nam Cao la tinh triit li sdu sdc, trid't li ma khdng khd khan, xud't phat tfl cudc sd'ng thuc va tfl tdm tu dly dau ddn ddn vat cua nha van. Dgc truydn Nam Cao, khdng ndn chi chu y tdi dl tai hay ndi dung xa hdi true tid'p cua tac phim ma cdn phai cdn cfl vao nhdng tu tudng cua dng phat bilu qua hinh tugng va nhttng mdnh dl trid't li dng rflt ra tfl thuc tl.

Truydn Nam Cao ludn thay doi gigng diiu, trong dd cd hai gigng co ban nhd't: gigng tu su lanh lung vdi nhflng dai tfl nhdn xung cd sac thai dflng dung hay khinh bac : y, thi, ban,... va gigng trfl tinh sdi ndi tha thid't, thudng md diu bang nhttng thin tfl nhfl "chao di", "hdi di",... Hai gigng vdn dd'i ldp nhau cfl chuyin hod qua lai, tao ndn nhiing trang vid't thu vi, ldi cudn. Ngoai ra la gigng didu khac nhau cua cdc nhdn vdt dugc trin thudt bang ldi kl true tid'p hay nfla true tid'p.

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Ndi den truyen Nam Cao, cung cln thly ddng gdp ldn cua dng dd'i vdi suphat

trien phong phu cua ngdn ngtt van xudi d nudc ta.

Su nghidp van hgc cua Nam Cao, ngoai tiiu thuyd't Sd'ng mon, chu yd'u la

truydn ngdn. Vdi Nam Cao, truyin ngdn Viet Nam the hien day du tinh hiin dqi,

ddng thdi dgt tdi do hodn thiin - truydn ngin ma sflc khai quit Idii, khic hoa dugc

nhiing tinh each sdu sic va day gdc canh.

Sau Cach mang thang Tam, Nam Cao nhidt tinh dung ngdi but phuc vu each mang va khang chid'n. Vd'n la mdt tdm hdn chdn that, mdt tri tud sdu sic, ludn nghidm khdc vdi nhiing tu tudng tidu cue, nha van da tid'n nhiing budc vttng chdc trdn con dudng nghd thudt each mang. Vi sdm hi sinh ndn Nam Cao khdng vid't dugc nhilu. Trong sd cac tac pham sau Cach mang, truydn ngin Ddi mdt xflng dang dugc xem la tac pham vao loai xuat sic nhit cua van xudi Vidt Nam thdi ki khang chid'n chdng thuc ddn Phap.

Nam Cao la mdt cay but ldn. Ong da dl lai cho nin van xudi hidn thuc nudc ta nhilu kidt tac vdi nhihig'tim tdi ddc dao, nhiing sang tao mdi me vl tu tudng va nghd thudt. Ong cd nhilu ddng gdp quan trgng dd'i vdi vide hoan thidn thi truydn ngin va tieu thuyd't Viet Nam trdn qua tnnh hidn dai hoa nfla diu thd' ki XX. Cudc ddi cua Nam Cao la mdt tim guong sang ve tinh thin phlh diu, tu dudng tu tudng va ve nhdn each cua mdt nha van each mang.

Hl/dNG DAN H O C BAI

1. Hay dung lai bd cue va tdm tit y chinh trong tiing phin cua bai hgc.

2. Quan dilm nghd thuat cua Nam Cao cd nhihig ngi dung gi ?

3. Tu tudng CO ban chi phdi cac tie phim tidu bieu cua Nam Cao (du vid't vl dl tai

ngudi tri thdc ngheo hay ngUdi ndng ddn ngheo) la gi ?

4. Hay ndu nhung net dac sac vl nghd thudt vid't truydn cua Nam Cao : vl xdy

dung nhdn vdt, ve kd't ciu truydn, vl nghd thudt trin thuat va gigng didu

trin thudt.

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LUYEN TAP VE PHONG CACH NGON NG0 BAO CHI

KETQUACANDAT

• Cling cd kii'n thdc vi phong cdch ngdn ngd bdo chi.

• Nhdn ra vd bii't trdnh nhung cdch diin dgt thii'u trong sdng thudng gap.

1. Cho bid't nhdn xet cua anh (chi) vl each sfl dung ngdn ngfl trong nhiing cdu (doan) sau. Vid't lai nhiing cdu (doan) d'y theo bilu bid't cua anh (chi).

a) - Theo cdi mode cua nhiing ngudi ndi tii'ng, cd lap ra mdt ki hogch di trd thdnh mdt superstar. Tii'ng hdt cua cd td sdng MTV bd xudng, theo dudng cdp tod di chdng chit cdc neo, hdp du mgnh me tdng ldp thanh niin cdp tii'n bii't the ndo Id tudo sau nhiing cdch ndi "How are you ?" vd "overnight".

- Tgi khu chg, mdy second-hand bdy hdn nhiiu vd ki. Cd nhdng shop chuyin mua lgi mdy thanh li, ldm thdnh mdt bd "com" (computer) vda vdi tui tiin khdch hdng.

b) Nhiiu sinh viin dang theo hgc d cdc trudng dgi hgc trong thdnh phd'dd din tham quan CVPM Quang Trung.

- Ngdnh CNSH da dugc su quan tdm cua xd hdi.

- Chu truang xdy dung KPVH dugc nhdn ddn todn qudn hudng Ung rdng rdi.

c) - Hdm rdi tdi gap lgi anh Tu xe dm, thdy bd dgng anh chdng bdnh tdn, khdng mang ve mat phong trdn ddm mua ddi ndng nda.

- Mat chuyi'n di du lich Dd Lgt nhu vdy, tinh sa sa, ciing mdt dd vdi ve.

- Mgi ngudi trdn xoe mdt hudng vi anh chdng dgp xich Id trong bd dgng nghio rdt mdng tai, vdi mii, do, qudn rdch te tua nhu hi chudt gam, vdy md chdng "ddn biiu" ndy tinh ba diing xe mdc diin thogi di ddng ra nghe vd ndi vung vd. Qud ngheo md chdnh.

2. Vilt doan van theo phong each ngdn ngfl bao chi phan anh vide gifl gin mdi hudng xanh, sach, dep d trudng anh (chi).

215

VINH BIET ClJtJ TRUNG DAI

(Trich va NhuTd)

NGUYSN HUY TUbNG

KET QUA CAN DAT

Hieu dugc bi kich cua nhitng nghe si nhiiu tdi ndng, khdt vgng md khdng cd diiu kiin thi thd, thixc hien vd thdi dd cdm thdng, trdn trgng cua Nguyin Huy Tudng dd'i vdi hg.

Thdy dugc nhdng net ddc sdc trong nghi thudt kich cua tdc gid qua dogn trich.

TI^U DAN

Nguyin Huy Tudng (1912 - 1960)

que cl Idng Due Tu, huyen Ddng Anh,

Hd Ndi, xult than trong mdt gia dinh

nhd nho. Ong sdm tham gia cdch

mang, hod minh vdo cac hoat ddng

van hoa, cflu qud'c cija dan tdc do

Dang lanh dao. Nguyen Huy Tudng

cd thien hUdng ro ret v l d l tdi Ijch sii

vd thanh cdng hon ca d hai th i loai

t i iu thuylt vd kich.

Sang tac cija Nguyen Huy Tudng

kha phong phu, trong dd tieu bilu

Id cdc vd kjch Vu NhU Td (1941),

Bic San (1946), NhOng ngUdi d

lai (1948) ; kjch ban phim Luy hoa (1960) ; cac t i i u thuyl t D§m hdi

Long Tri (1942), An ft/(1945), Song mai vdi Thd dd (1961) ; ki Kl sU Cao -

Lang (1951) ; Tim me, La cd theu sau chur vang (truydn thilu nhi),...

NguySn Huy Tudng dugc Nha nUde tang Giai thudng Ho Chi Minh y l vdn

hpc vd nghe thuat nam 1996.

Vu Nhu Td Id vd kich Ijch sfl nam hdi vi l t v l mdt sU ki6n xay ra cl Thdng

Long khoang nam 1516- 1517.

216

Ld TUdng Due, mdt hdn qudn bao chua, khao khat xdy dung Cflu Trung Ddi di Idm noi vui choi vdi eac cung nfl. NgUdi duy nhd't ed th i giup y thifc hien nilm khao khdt I y Id Vu NhU Td, mdt kiln true sU thien tdi. Nhung vd'n Id nghe sT chan chinh, gan bd vdi nhan ddn, Vu NhU Td van kien quylt tfl chii xay Cflu Trijng Ddi cho bao chua (Hdi I).

Mot cung nii ten Id Oan Thilm khuyen dng chap nhdn yeu cau ciia Le Tuong Due, ldi dung quyln t h i vd tiln bac cija han, tro hit tdi ndng, xay dUng cho dat nUdc mot tod Idu ddi vTdai "bin nhU trdng sao", cd th i "tranh tinh xao vdi hoa cdng"* ', dem lai vinh du cho non sdng vd niem tU hdo cho hau the.

Theo ldi khuydn, Vu NhUTd chip nhan xdy C ^ Trijng Ddi. Tiidd, bang mpi gid, dng doc sflc xay dung sao cho ddi Cflu Trijng that hung v7, trang le. Odi oam thay, cdng cudc xdy Ciiu Trijng Ddi cdng gan k l thdnh edng thi mau thuin gifla Vu NhU Td vdi nhiimg ngUdi thd lanh nghe va ngUdi ddn lao ddng md dng hang yeu min cdng gay gat hdn (Hdi II, III, IV).

Ldi dung tinh hinh roi ren vd mdu thuin Iy, Trjnh Duy San cam dau mdt phe cdnh dd'i nghjch trong trieu dinh da day binh noi loan, Idi keo thd thuyen Idm phan, gilt Le TUdng Difc, Vu NhU Td, Oan Thilm vd thieu huy Cifu Trijng Odi (Hdi V).

Dudi day tn'ch Hdi V (Mdf cung cdm) cua vd kjch.

* * *

LdPi Vd NhuTd -Dan Thiim

VU N H U ' T O - Cd vide gi ma ba chay hdt ho hdt hai ? Mat ba cat khdng cdn hdt mau.

DAN THIEM (thdhdn hen) - Nguy dd'n noi rdi... Ong Ca !

VU NHU* TO - La chua, nguy lam sao ? Dai Cflu Trflng chia nam da dugc

mdt phin.

DAN THIEM - Ong trd'n di, mau ldn khdng thi khdng kip.

VU N H C T O - Sao ba ndi la ? Dai Cflu Trung chua xong, tdi trdn di ddu.

Ldm gi phai trd'n ?

DAN THIEM - Ong nghe tdi ! Ong trd'n di ! Ong nghe tdi ! Ong phai trdn di

mdi duoc !

(1) "Tranh tinh xdo vdi hod cdng" : tranh tai khdo leo vdi trdi ddt, tu nhidn.

217

VU NHU'TO - Lam sao tdi cln phai fl-dn ? Ba ndi rd cho la vi sao ? Khi hudc tdi

nhd ba mach dudng chay trd'n, ba khuydn khdng ndn, bdy gid ba bao tdi di trdn, thi la u~ - o(i) nghia gl .'

DAN THIEM - Cd nghia lam. Tdi khdng lam mdt vide gi vd If ca. Khi trudc

trd'n di thi dng nguy, bdy gid trd'n di thi dng thoat chd't.

VU NHU'TO - Sao tb l ?

DAN THIEM - Loan dd'n noi rdi. Ddn gian ddi kem n6i ldn tfl tung. Giac Trin

Cao* ' trudc da bi quan qudn dudi danh, nay lai v l ddng d B6 D l , thanh thi rlt

manh. Trong trilu, Nguydn Qudn cdng Trinh Duy San vi can vua ifta bi danh, nay

muu vdi md'y tdn ddng chi, gia mugn tid'ng di dep giac rdi quay binh v l lam loan.

VU NHU'TO - Tdi lam gi ndn tdi ?

DAN THIEM - Vdy ma ai ai cung cho dng la thu pham. Vua xa xi la vi dng,

cdng khd bao hut la vi dng, ddn gian lim than la vi dng, man di oan gidn la vi dng,

thin nhdn trach mdc la vi dng. Cflu Trung Dai, hg cd cln ddu ? Hg dly nghia cdt

gid't dng, pha Cflu Trung Dai.

VU NHU'TO - Pha Cflu Trung Dai ? Khdng ddi nao ! Ma tdi thi khdng ldm gi

ndn tdi. Hg hiiu nhim.

DAN THIEM - Ong phai trdn di. (Cd tiing qudn dm dm, tiing trdng, tiing

chieng, tii'ng tu vd, tii'ng ngUa hi) Ong phai trd'n di (ldi cd ve van lan). Trong luc

bid'n cd nay, dng hay tam lanh di. Khi ddn ndi ldn, hg ndng ndi vd cung. Hg khdng

phdn bidt phai trai. Ong trd'n di. Tai kia khdng ndn d l udng. Ong ma cd mdnh hd ^

nao thi nudc ta khdng cdn ai td dilm ntta.

(1) Luc Vu Nhu Td mdi bi bat, dng nhd Dan Thi^m "mach dudng chay trdn". Dan Thilm khuydn Nhu Td b lai xay dai, vi nhu thef vfla thue hidn dugc hoai bao, vfla bao toan dugc vg con, hg hang (khdng bi Ld Tuong Due khep tdi tra di).

(2) Trdn Cao : mdt thii Enh quSn khcd nghia chdng tri^u dinh nha Ld th^ ki XVI.

(3) Bd De: tdn mdt vdng ddt d bd bdc sdng Hdng (nay thudc quto Long Bidn, Ha Ndi).

(4) Trong thM gian xay Cflu Triing Dai xay ra rdt nhi^u tai nan, thidn tai, mdt mtia ddi kdm,... Ngudi xua cho dd la do thdn thanh qud phat, ldng ngudi o6n trach, mdt di6m rdt xdu khidn ddn tinh hoang mang.

(5) Minh he : chuydn rui ro lidn quan dd n tfnh mdnh. Ong md cd minh hi ndo..., <f ndi : dng ma chdt...

218

Mdt canh trong vd kjch VO Nhu To (Nha belt Tuoi tre trinh dien)

VU NHU'TO - Ba khdng ndn lo cho tdi. Tdi khdng trdn ddu. Ngudi qudn tfl

khdng bao gid sg chd't. Ma van nhd't cd chd't, thi cung phai dl cho mgi ngudi bid't

rang cdng vide minh lam chinh dai quang minh Tdi sd'ng vdi Cihi Trflng Dai,

chit cung vdi Cflu Trung Dai. Tdi khdng tbl xa Cflu Trflng Dai mdt budc. Hdn tdi

dl ca ddy, thi tdi chay di ddu ?

DAN THIEM - Ong Ca ! Ong nghe tdi. Trd'n di dl chd co hdi khac. Dai su

hdng rdi.

VU NHU'TO - Da ta ba. Tim long cua ba, cbi cd long cha me tdi mdi sdnh kip.

Nhung tdi da quyd't, khdng chiu rdi Cflu Trung Dai mdt budc. Tdi quyd't d ddy.

DAN THIEM (thd't vgng) - Ong Ca o i !

LCfPII

Nhdng ngudi trin, thim Nguyin Vd

NGUYEN VU^ ^ (lgt ddt vd xdc xich) - Kia, thly Ca.

(1) Chinh dgi quang minh : chinh dang d ^ g hoang. (2) Nguyen VU: tay sai ciia Ld Tuong Due, giQ chflc Ddng cdc dai hgc si.

219

v u NHU'TO - Lay Cu ldn.

N G U Y I N v u - Thly cd bid't vide gi khdng ?

VU NHU'TO - Bim Cu ldn, khdng. Duy cd ba Dan Thilm ddy vfla mdi bao vdi chung tdi rang Nguydn Qudn cdng lam phan.

NGUYfiN VU (hdt hdm hdi Dan Thiim) - Thd nlo ?

DAN THIEM - Chung tdi cung khdng rd. Nghe nhu Qudn cdng lam phan. Cu ldn cd bid't tin gi thdm khdng ?

NGUYEN VU - Dung thd' dd:y. Ta vfla chay dd'n ddy. Thidn tii ddu ? Chilu hdm kia ta cdn ud'ng rugu trong ndi didn ' vdi Hoang thugng^ .

DAN THIEM {ru lin) - Cii gi dd ? (Cd tii'ng ddng dm dm d xa). Hg tidn lai ddy chang ? (Quay bdo Vu. Nhu To) Ong trd'n di, mau ldn, khd lam (long tai). Cd tid'ng qudn reo... (liu ludi).

NGUYEN VU - Ta lo cho Hoang thugng lam. Duy San la mdt dfla tiiu nhdn. Nd vdn cam gidn Hoang thugng va ta. Ta hdi khdng can Hoang thugng, lai dl cho Ngai sai danh nd qua dau, ma lai d ngay gitta chg. Then qua hoa gidn, dfla tiiu nhdn thi nghi chi dd'n nghia vua tdi!

DAN THIEM (quay bdo Vd Nhu Td) - Ong dinh chd't d ddy sao ? Ong gin qua. Qudn edng cd ua gi dng ddu ?

VU NHU'TO (sdng) - Ba dl mac tdi. Tdi tu cd each khu xfl.

DAN THIEM - Dd'y, tid'ng reo mdi luc mdt gin. Kia, thai giam^^\ chac cd tin gi ?

Ndi gidm hodng hot vdo.

L 6 P III

Nhdng ngudi trin, thim Li Trung Mgi

LE TRUNG MAI - Bim Cu ldn, nguy ddn noi rdi. Kia mu Dan Thilm sao lai d day ? Mu ra la gid'ng quai,...

NGUYEN VU - Cd vide chi, Trung Mai ?

(1) Ndi diin : cung didn ridng cua nha vua b sau trong Hoang thanh. (2) Hodng thugng: nha vua, b day la Ld Tuong Due. (3), (4) Thdi gidm, ndi gidm : ndi gidm la nguM hdu ha, giam sat cdc vide trong cung cdm. Thdi

gidm cung la ndi giam nhimg cd chflc vi cao hon, dugc trgng thi hon. (5) Li Trung Mgi: tdn mdt vidn thai giam than eta eua hosing hau, giQ chflc Ddng ede hgc si.

220

LE TRUNG MAI - Bim Cu ldn, Trinh Duy San muu vdi lu Ld Quang Dd, Trinh Tri Sdm ldp vua khic, ddm qua da keo qudn vao cfla Ble Thin....

NGUYEN VU -Thidn tfl dau?

LE TRUNG MAI - Bim, nguydn Trinh Duy San sam sfla thuyin be khi gidi, hgp d bin dd Thii Cue, ndi reo ldn la di danh Trin Cao, rdi duong ddm dem ba nghin qudn Kim Ngd *-* hd vd vao cfla Bae Thln -* dd't Ifla cho sang,...

NGUYEN VU (ndng rudt, gidm chdn gdt) - Thidn tfl ddu ? Ndi mau ldn.

LE TRUNG MAI - Hoang thugng trdng thly Ifla sang, hdt hoang tudng la giac dp din vdi ldn ngua len ra cfla Bao Khanh, trdi thi td'i ma cfl lao minh di khdng den dudc gi ca. Khi ngai qua cfla Thai Hgc dd'n ao Chu Tudc d phudng Bich Cdu thi vfla gap DUy San...

NGUYEN VU - Gap Duy San ? Trdi! Tbl thi cdn gi ? Ndi mau ldn.

LE TRUNG MAI - Ngai hdi nd : Gidc d ddu ? Nd khdng dap, ngoanh mat di cudi nhat. Ngai quit ngua vl phia tdy, nd sai vd si la tdn Hach dudi theo, ddm vua nga ngua rdi gilt chdt (khdc).

NGUYEN y u (khdc) - Hoang thugng oi ! Ha thin mdi nghe cdu chuydn da doan ngay cd su nay (cdm ddng qud, ngd xud'ng).

LE TRUNG MAI (ndc nd) - Khd'n nan, Khdm dflc Hoang hdu thuang vua cung nhay vao Ifla chd't... (khdng ndi dugc nda).

VU N H U T O - Xin Cu ldn hay dl nghe xem cd thuc,khdng da. Khdng cd le... (vUc Nguyin VU day). Bim Cu ldn.

NGUYEN VU (vdn khdc) - Thuc dly rdi. Thdi dl mdc ta. Duy San ta da bii't, no tan nhin vd cung. Hoang thugng oi ! On tri ngd mdi dugc tam nam... Hoang thugng bang ha lao thin cung khdng ydn dugc vdi chung. An lde cua vua, xin chit vi nan cfla vua. Lao thin khdng mudn keo dai kid'p sd'ng tan lam gi nfla (riit dao ddm c6 tu td vd ngd ldn ra).

LE TRUNG MAI - Trdi oi! Cu ldn Ddng cac ! (yuc day, mdu me ddm dia).

, NGUYEN VU - Thdi mac ta cho ta chd't. Sdng chi thdm nhuc nha. (Ngdt di).

(1) Qudn Kim Ngd : quan cam vd hay quan tam phdc, than can cd nhidm vu bao vd Hoang thanh (Kim ngd vdn la mdt loai chim, bi^u tugng eho nhQng gi gdn vdi nha vua).

(2) Cia Bdc Thdn : (cung nhu cfla Bao Khanh, cfla Thai Hge, ao Chu Tude, phudng Bich Cau,...) tdn mdt cdng v^o thanh Thang Long thdi bdy gid ddng thdi la danh thdng.

(3) On tri ngd : on ngudi b^ trdn hi^u bid't va hau dai minh.

(4) Bdng hd: chQ diing trang Ugng, danh ridng di ndi vide vua chdt.

221

VU N H U T O (nhin Dan Thiim, nhin thdy Nguyin Vu) - Tham nao chua ?

LE TRUNG MAI (sd ngudi Nguyen Vu) - Cd le Cu ldn chd't rdi. Sao chdng tbl dugc ? Chd't thuc rdi!

DAN THIEM (thd ddi) - Bid'n ^ din thd la cung !

Mgt bgn ngi gidm nda vdo.

LCfP IV

Nhdng ngudi trin, thim mgt bgn ndi gidm khdc

MOT TEN NOI GL\M - Cu ldn lam sao ? Tinh thd' nguy ngdp ! Dflng d ddy dl chd't ca lu U ?

LE TRUNG MAI - Vide chi ntta ?

TEN NOI GIAM - Trinh Duy San gid't Thidn tfl, hdi trilu dinh ldp con Muc Y Vuong la Quang Tri ldn ngdi. Cd Vd Ta Hlu la Phung Mai diing ldn mang qudn phan nghich. Dang ac bat Phung Mai chem ngay d nha Nghi su. Trong trilu cdn dang rd'i loan thi An Hoa Hlu Nguydn Hoang Du d bdn Bd Di dugc tin vua bi gilt, keo qudn ve ddt pha kinh thanh. Thg xdy Cflu Trung Dai qua nfla theo vl qudn phan nghich. Tinh hinh nguy ngdp lam rdi.

VU N H U T O - Thg theo qudn phan nghich ? Thd' cdn Cflu Trung Dai ?

TEN NOI GIAM - Ke pha, ngudi ddt...

VU NHUTO - Vd li.

BON N O I G I A M - Vd If ? Vd If ? Dl Cflu Trung Dai lam gi ? Vi ddu ma ed qudn phan nghich ? An Hoa Hlu dang cho tim mly lu cung ntt di phanh thdy lam tram manh. May khdng bid't tdi hay sao ?

VU N H U T O - Vd li. (Cd tie'ng kiu mdi liic mdt gdn : "Bao chua da chl t. Cdn thing Vu Nhu Td, dem phanh thdy tram manh'', Cd tieng dS dm dm. Hg chgy cd).

LE TRUNG MAI (nhdy bgn ngi gidm) - Tam thdp luc kl', tlu vi thuong sach . Tham quyln cd vi gi, anh em nghi sao ?

BON NOI GIAM - Chay di anh em oi! (Hg chgy ndt).

(1) Bie'n: binh bi^n, loan lac.

(2) Tam thdp luc ke, tdu vi thugng sdch : ba muoi sdu kd , chay trdn la k€f hay nhdt. (3) Tham quyen cd'vi: tham quy^n thd', bam giu ldy chflc vi.

222

LOPV Vu NhuTd -Dan Thiim

DAN THIEM - 6ng Ca ! Ong chay di ! Ong cd nghe tid'ng gi khdng ? Qudn giac dang tim dng dly : trdn di!

VU NHUTO - Hg tun tdi, nhung cd K gi hg gid't tdi. Tdi cd gdy oan gdy thu gi vdiai?

DAN THIEM - Ong diing mo mdng ntta. Ddn chung ndng ndi, dl sinh tan ac. Hg khdng bilu cdng vide cua dng. Tranh di ! Trd'n di ! Dgi thdi la thugng sach. Diing dl phf tai trdi. Trd'n di!

VtJ NHUTO - Cdn ba ?

DAN THIEM - Tdi d ddy. (Cd tii'ng qudn reo ddddi: "Gid't chd't Vu Nhu Td, gid't chd't lu cung ntt").

VU NHUTO (thdn nhiin) - Ba d ddy. Vdy tdi cung d ddy, nguy biln ta cung chiu.

DAN THIEM - Khdng dugc ! Tdi chd't di khdng thidt hai cho ddi. Cdn dng, dng phai di di mdi dugc. (Cd tieng nhd do, tii'ng cda do). Ong di di khdng thi khdng kip. (Ndng chdp tay Igy) Tdi xin dng, dng nghe tdi trd'n di.

Cd tiing gidy dip nhd'n nhdo. Bgn cung ndhd't hodng di vdo.

LCIP VI Nhdng ngudi trin -Kim Phugng^^^ - Cung nd

KIM PHLtiNG (khdc Idc) - Lam tbl nao bdy gid ? Cfla didn bi chung pha rdi! Chung dflng dly ngoai sdn. (Hdi Dan Thiim) Ddy cd cfla ra dang sau khdng ?

DAN THIEM - Dd'n ddy la dudng cung rdi! Ddy la tfl dia !

CUNG N C - T r d i oi!

DAN THIEM (bdo Vu NhuTd) - Ong Ca oi ! Cd trd'n cung khdng dugc nfla. Ong nguy md't (ndng khdc).

Qudn khdi logn keo vdo, guam gido sdng loe.

LCfP VII

Nhdng ngudi trin, thim Ngd Hgch vd qudn khdi logn

QUAN K H 6 I L O A N - Ddy rdi! Vu Nhu Td ! Lu cung nfl !

(1) Kim Phugng: thfl phi ciia Ld Tuong Due dugc tdn bao chiia nay ydu quy, chi^u chudng dac bidt. Y xay Cflu Trdng Dai cung la di vui chcd vdi Kim Phugng.

(2) Ngd Hgch : mdt nhan vat trong phe ndi loan, vd si cua Trinh Duy San.

223

NGO HACH - Qudn bay, vao bat lu cung ntt trude.

CUNG NU'( My xud'ng) - Tram lay tudng qudn, tram lay tudng qudn.

NGO HACH - Ta vdng tudng ldnh vao bat cle ngUoi.

KIM P H U O N G (quy xud'ng) - Chi em chung tdi khdng cd tdi gi. Xin Wdng qudn sinh phuc. (Dan Thiim biu mdi thd ddi). Ke hay xuc xiim vua la a kia (chi Dan Thiim). Chfnh nd md hoac vua. Chfnh nd dan diu vdi Vu Nhu Td, lam ul tap noi cung elm, chfnh nd la thu pham^ .

CUNG NLT- Chfnh nd la thu pham.

DAN THIEM - Lu ydu quai khdng dugc dat di ndn nhdi, tudng qudn ndn thiu cho. Tdi khdng sg chd't, nguydn xin dugc chit. Nhung tdi khdng phai la con ngudi bit chfnh. Tdi ndi thd' khdng hd vdi quy thin hai vai, khdng hd vdi thanh thidn bach nhdt.

CUNG N C - Chfnh con Dan Thilm la thu pham. (Nhin ldng la, bon qudn sT nhu bi quyin rd).

NGO HACH - Ta da bid't! Quan bay, vao bat lly gian phu dam phu.

DAN THIEM - Tudng quan khdng ndn ndi thd'.

VU N H U T O - Gid't thi cfl gidt, nhung diing nghi oan.

DAN THIEM - Tudng quan nghe tdi. Bao nhidu tdi tdi xin chiu hit. Nhung xin tudng qudn tha cho dng Ca. Ong Iy la mdt ngUdi tai...

QUAN K H 6 I LOAN (cudi dm) - Thi' ma cdn md m6m cai. May chit dl chdng may sd'ng a ?

DAN THIEM - Cac ngudi chi nghi nhiing dilu qua quit.

QUAN K H 6 I LOAN - Chung dng chi cd thd, con di gil cam milng.

NGO HACH - Trdi c6 nd lai.

DAN THIEM (quy xud'ng) - Tudng qudn tha cho dng Ca. Nudc ta cdn cln nhilu thg tai dl td dilm.

NGO HACH (cudi ha hd) - Cln thg tai dl td dilm. Dl hao hut edng khd, dl ddn gian lim than.

VU NHU TO - Dan Thilm, ba dflng day. Sao ba lin thin thd, lay ca mdt dfla tiiu nhan ?

(1) Dan Thi^m vdn la cung nQ cd tai, sdc, nang quy trgng vd hod hgp dac bidt vdi Vu Nhu Td. Hg Id nhiing nguM cd tam hdn nghd si trong sang, cao thugng. Nhung quan hd tdt dep dy lai bi ngudi ddi hiiu ldm, cdn bgn Kim Phugng thi ed tinh vu khdng, bdi nhg ndng.

224

DAN THIEM (diing day) - Tudng qudn hay nghe tdi, diing pham vao tdi ac. Dflng gi^t dng Ca. Keo tudng quan mang hdn vl mudn ddi ! Tha cho dng Ca. Tdi xin chiu ehl't.

NGO HACH (truyin) - Trdi c6 con di gia lai.

DAN THIEM - Tudng qudn tha...

QUAN KHOI LOAN (xdm vdo trdi ndng) - Dflng ndi ntta vd fch, con dam phu.

DAN THIEM - ...Tha cho dng Ca.

NGO HACH (thdy Nhu Td chgy lgi) - Trdi thing Vu Nhu Td lai (qudn si xdng vdo trdi chdng cd ve ddc y).

DAN THIEM (thdt vgng) - Chi tai dng khdng nghe tdi, dflng dang mai. Bdy gid... (Ndi vdi Ngd Hgch) Xin tudng qudn...

NGO HACH - Din nd di, khdng cho nd ndi nham niia, rdm tai ^ (qudn si ddn ndng ra).

DAN THIEM - 6ng Ca ! Dai ldn tan tanh ! Ong Ca oi! Xm cung dng vmh bidt! (Hg keo ndng ra tdn nhdn).

LCJP VIM Nhihig ngudi trin, trd Dan Thiim

VU N H U T 6 - Xin da ta td'm long tri ki. Dan Thilm, xin cung ba vinh bidt ! (Budn rdu, trdn tinh ngay) Ddi ta chua tdn, mdnh ta chua cung. Ta se xdy mdt dai vi dai dl ta long tri ki.

NGO HACH (chi bgn cung nd bdo may tin qudn) - Din hg vl dinh ta dgi ldnh.

MXY TEN QUAN - Xin vdng ldnh (ddn cung nd ra).

VU N H U T 6 (khinh bi) - Mi thuc la mdt tdn bi 6i. Sao trdi lai di cho mi sdng lam nhuc cuong thudng !

NGO HACH - Din thing nay vl hinh chu tudng.

VU NHUTO (ddy hi vgng) - Din ta ra mat An Hoi Hlu, dl ta phdn trin, dl ta giang giai, cho ngudi ddi bilt rd nguydn vgng cua ta. Ta tdi gi. Khdng, ta chi cd mdt hoai bao la td dilm dd't nude, dem hd't tai ra xdy cho ndi gidng mdt toa ddi hoa Id, thach ca nhiing cdng tnnh sau trudc, tranh tinh xao vdi hod cdng. Vdy thi ta cd tdi gi ? Ta xdy Cflu Trung Dai cd phai ddu dl hai nudc ? Khdng, khdng ! Nguyin Hoang Du se bid't cho ta, ta khdng cd tdi va chu tudng cae ngUdi se cdi frdi cho ta dl ta xdy ndt Cflu Trung Dai, dung mdt ki cdng mudn thud...

(1) Rdm tai (hay rudm tai): chin tai, khdng mud'n nghe. (2) Cuang thudng: tam cuong va ngu thudng. Xem ehii thich (3) ttang 90.

225 i5-NGbyANlii(NC)-'A

QUAN SI (cudi dm) - Cdm ngay di. Qudn diln rd, cdm ngay di khdng chung dng va vd midng bdy gid. May khdng bid't mly nghin ngUdi chd't vi Cflu Trung Dai, me md't con, vg md't chdng vi may do u ? NgUdi ta oan may hon oin quy. Cam ngay di!

VU N H U T O - ... Vai nam ntta, dai Cflu Trung hoan thanh,- cao ca, huy hoang, gitta coi trin lao luc, cd mdt canh Bdng Lai...

QUAN SI - Cdm mdm !

VU N H U T O - ... Xult hidn...

QUAN SI - Cdm mdm ! (Hg xum vdo vd miing Vii NhuTd).

VU N H U T O - Ta cd thu oan gi vdi cac ngUdi ?

NGO HACH - Din nd ra pblp trudng. Khdng dl nd ndi nham trudc mat chu tudng mit thi gid.

QUAN Si - Ra phip trudng !

VU N H U T O - KJidng, din ta ra mat,chu tudng. Ta mudn ndi chuyin vdi An Hoa Hlu. Cac ngudi khdng bilu dugc ta. (Cd tii'ng dm dm nhu long trdi Id ddt).

MOI NGubl - Cai chi nghe kinh ngudi ?

Mdt Id qudn vdo.

LdPIX Nhdng ngudi trin, thim mdt lu qudn

NGO HACH - Chung bay di dau ?

LU QUAN - Bim tudng qudn ! Kinh thanh phit hoa !

NGO HACH - Ai ra ldnh Iy ?

M O T TEN QUAN-Chinh An Hoa Hlu! '

VU NHUTO - Chfnh An Hoa Hlu ! Thd' Cihi Triing Dai ?

LU QUAN - Cflu Trung Dai u ? Da trang xe elt^^^! Cflu Trung Dai sap la mdt ddng tro tan !

VU N H U T O - Vd li ! Vd If!

NGO HACH - Ro quan ngu mudi ! Dih diu may cha chac, ndi chi din Ciiu Trung Dai ma cdn tin tudng.

VU NHU TO - Ddi ta khdng quy bang Cflu Trung Ddi.

QUAN Si - Gid'ng vat khdng bid't nhuc.

(l)Dd trdng xe cdt: (nghia In du) vide ldm tin cdng vd fch.

226 15-NGavAN11/1<NC)-fl

NGO HACH - Din nd di. (Chgt cd dnh Ida sdng rue, cd tdn than, bid khdi bay vdo).

VU NHUTO (nhin ra, ru len) - Dd't thuc rdi ! Dot thuc rdi I Oi dang ac I Oi mudn phin cam gidn ! Trdi oi ! Phu cho ta cai tai larrj gi ? Oi mdng ldn ! Oi Dan Thilm ! Oi Cflu Trung Dai! (Cd tii'ng ltd vui vi: "Cflu Trung Dai da chay !").

QUAN Si - Thuc dang an mflng.

VU NHUTO (chua chdt) -. Thdi tbl la hd't. Din ta dd'n phap trudng !

Mdn hg nhanh

Mfla ha nam 1941 (Theo Tuyen tap Nguyin Huy Tudng, tap 1,

, NXB Van hgc. Ha Ndi, 1984)

Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI

L Tdm tit ndi dung doan trfch.

2. Phan tfch cac mau thuin co ban cua vd kich dugc tbl hidn,cu tbl trong chin ldp cua Hdi V.

3. Phan tfch tfnh each, didn bid'n tam trang cua Vu Nhu Td va Dan Thilm trong dqan trich. Tic gia da tbl hidn thai dd nhu tbl nao khi midu ta hai nhan vat nay ?

4. Mau thuin gitta quan nidm nghd thuat cua mudn ddi vd lgi ich thid't thuc cua ddi sd'ng nhan dan tbl hiln d Hdi V cua vd kich cd ^ nghia gi ?

5. Tim bilu, nhdn xet vl each diln ta khdng khf, nhip dilu cua su vide, each din dlt xung ddt kich (qua nghd thuat dan canh, phan ldp) va nhttng dilm dac sdc-vl ngdn ngtt phu hgp vdi mdt vd bi kich lich sfl thi hidn trong doan trich (bao gdm ca ldi nhdn vdt va ldi chi din sdn khlu cua tic gia).

6. Bdn canh nhihig ldi thoai dly kich tinh cua nhan vat, elc chu thfch nghd thuat ciia tac gia (in nghidng va dat trong ngoac don) trong doan trich trdn cd gia tri nhu tbl nao ?

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Trong ldi di tua vd kich VU NhuTd, Nguydn Huy Tudng ed vid't:

Than di! NhuTd phdi hay nhdng ke gii't NhuTd phdi ? Ta chdng bii't.

Cdm bilt chdng qiui cung mgt binh vdi Dan Thiim.

Bing nhflng bilu bid't vl doan trich vl vd kich, anh (chi) hay phat bilu y kid'n vl ldi dl ttia trdn.

227

TRI THLTC DOC - Hliu

Bi kich Bi kjch Id mdt th i cua loai hinh kjch, doi lap vdi hdi kjch.

Ngodi cae dac dilm chung cua loai, bi kjch cdn mang nhflng dac diem ridng cCia thi. Nhiing die diem rieng ndy the hien qua xung dot, nhan v i t vd qua nhilu y iu td khdc cCia bi kjch.

Xung ddt bi kich dUdc tao dung tfl nhCmg mdu thuan "khdng the giai quylt" vd mgi cdch khic phuc mau thuan diu ddn din "sUdiet vong nhiing gia trj quan trgng".

Nhan vat bi kich mang trong minh khdng chi nhiing say me, khat vgng Idn lao md cdn mang ca nhOfng lam lac trong hdnh ddng vd tUduy. Khdng bao gid chju khult phuc hodn canh, nhdn vat bi kjch budng binh vijng len chd'ng lai s l phdn, thach thflc s l phdn.

Bi kich mieu ta thUc tai theo Hi nhan manh, cd dac cac mdu thuan ben trong, phdi bdy nhOhg xung dot sdu sac cua thUe tai dUdi dang bao hod va cang thing d in cUc dd, mang 'ji nghTa tUdng trUng nghe thudt. Tdc phim bi kjch thUdng ddt ddc gia trUdc nhufng cau hoi phflc tap, hdc bua, nhiic nhoi eiia cudc sd'ng.

Cdc vd bi kjch tieu bilu dUde hgc: R6-m&-6 va Giu-li-et (Slch-xpia), Vu NhU T6 (Nguyin Huy Tu6ng),...

LUYEN TAP VE TACH CAU

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Phdn biit dugc hiin tucmg tdch cdu vdi loi vi cdu vi thiiu thdnh phdn hdng cdt.

• Bii't van dung cdch tdch cdu khi cdn thii't.

1. Doc nhung cdu sau va thuc hiln nhilm vu nlu d dudi:

- Ong gid khdng ndi. Dang nhdp ngum trd tham phdc mdi ngdu.

- Cd hdng xdm vda du hgc d 0-xtrdy-li-a vi. Cho mdt dia di chin.

- Bd dep ldm. Dep Ig lung.

- Tdi cdn trdi oi mua ddu. Vd mdi cha mdt trdi.

- Chdng sg hdi gi trudc con meo nanh dc, con chim khuyin be tea. Sd xudng. M long.

- Trudc nhidig ldi de dog trdng trgn nhu vdy, ngudi ddn dng gdy md cao. Chi mim cudi.

a) Nhuug trudng hgp trin ddy diu dung diu chim mdt each bit thudng. Hay xac dinh trudng hgp nao la sai ngtt phap.

228

b) Theo anh (ehi), trong nhuug trudng hgp nlo thi ed tbl dung dIu chim dl tich cdu ?

c) 6 nhung trudng hgp dung ngtt phap, nlu khdng tach cdu (va thdm dd'u phly, nlu cln), thi hidu qua diln dat se thay ddi nhu tbl nlo ?

2. So sinh cac cap (a), (b) vdi nhau va thuc hidn nhidm vu ndu d dudi:

- Tdi vi, tdi khdng sao ngu dugc, cd nghi mdi di'n chuyin dd xdy ra. Cd chuyin sdp xdy ra. (la)

-Td'i vi, tdi khdng sao ngu dugc, cd nghi mdi. Din chuyin dd xdy ra. Cd chuyin sdp xdy ra. (lb)

- Dd Id mdt cudn sdch hay. Vd ggi nhiiu suy nghi. (2a)

- Dd Id mdt cud'n sdch. Hay vd ggi nhiiu suy nghi. (2b)

- Svtng sdng ddng trudc dng Id chdng trai khoe mgnh, vgm vd. Cdi cdu bi ngdy xua gdy gd, oat aeo tudng nhu khdng nudi ndi dy. (3a)

- Chdng trai khoe mgnh, vgm vd. Cdi cdu be ngdy xua gdy gd, oat aeo tudng nhu khdng nudi noi ay. Sdng sdng ddng trudc dng. (3b)

- Rdi dot ngdt, mdt cdi ddu Id lin. Tddudi gdm bdn. (4a)

- Rdi dot ngdt, td dudi gdm bdn. Mdt cdi ddu Id lin. (4b)

-Anh cd gid cud'n sdch dy di. Ni'u cdn. (5a)

- Ni'u cdn. Anh cd gid cud'n sdch dy di. (5b)

a) Xac dinh d trudng hgp nao vide tach cdu la chip nhdn dugc.

b) Tfl dd, theo anh (chi) dilu kidn cua vide dflng dd'u c h ^ dl tach cdu la gi ?

3. Nhihig cdu sau ddy trich tfl tac phim cua mdt sd nha van, nhung cd dilu chinh vl dd'u cdu. Thfl tach mdi cdu dd thanh hai bode ba cdu dung ngfl phap.

-Thdm chi, chdng dgi phdi cd cdc td chdc tha vdn nhu thi', khi bdng hdu gap nhau, cdc cu vdn hinh vdn hin ki trd, cung rugu, dudi trdng, cd't Id cd hgn hien vd tha hay.

-Bd Hd ghet vg chdng anh xe ra mdt, nhdt Id chi vg.

-Dd Id mdt nghi di nhiiu, thdy rdng, gdn gUi vdi thiin nhiin.

-Bdng hg ngd vdo nhau, dcud'i dudng.

-Tdi nghi di'n sdc mgnh ciia tha, chdc ndng vd vinh ducua tha.

-Bd'n ngudi linh diu cui ddu, tdc xod gd'i trong Idc tii'ng ddn vdn klidc khodi vang lin nhung chd ddn li biit, bdn chdn.

(1) Bang hihi: ban bd.

229

4. Phin dugc tach (in ddm) trong nhihig doan van sau ddy cd tac dung gi trong doan trich ? ^

- Dung Id cd gdi rugu bd beo chii nhd. Chdng dep gi nhung cung mum mim vd trdng treo. Md lqi dien. Cd diin nhdt vung ndy.

(Nam Cao)

-Tdi phdi bdy ra nhiiu trd khdc de thdy minh cd ich. Nhu dgc sdch. Tdi nghi trong khdng chii'n minh khdng cd nhiiu thi gid, lgi thii'u sdch thi nay cdmd dgc.

(NguySn Van Bdng)

/v' A/

PHONG VAN VA TRA LOl PHONG VAN

KETQUACANDAT

• Hieu dugc cdc yiu cdu ca bdn cua phong vdn vd trd ldi phong van.

• Bii't cdch chuan bi vd thuc hiin cudc phong vdn.

1. Phdng vd'n la phuong thflc hoi dip trong hdi thoai nham thu nhdn true tilp thdng tin tfl mdt dd'i tugng. Vi du : phdng vin ngudi vfla dat thanh tfch cao trong mgt cudc tbi, phdng vd'n chuydn gia vl mdt linh vUe dang dugc xa hdi quan tdm, phong vd'n trong tuyin chgn, sit bach dl kilm tra, dinh gil nang lUc cua ngUdi du tuyin,... Cd nhilu hinh thflc : phdng vin true tilp, phdng vin bang philu hoi, phdng vd'n qua didn thoai, qua in-to-net,... trong dd hinh thflc thudng gap nhit 11 phdng vin true tid'p. Trong phdng vin, nang luc tu duy va diln dat (dac bidt la kha nang trinh bay midng) cua nhung ngudi tham gia cung nhu nang luc flng xfl trong van boa giao tid'p dugc bdc Id rd't ro. >

Hinh thflc phdng vin dugc sfl dung kha phd bid'n trdn bio chf va trong ddi sdng xa bgi. Ddi vdi Ifla tudi thanh nidn hge sinh, vide tham gia vao elc cudc phdng v^, tra ldi phdng vin se gdp phin ren luydn kha nang quan sat, phan tfch, thii dd chii dgng tu tin va cac ki nang giao tilp.

2. Mdt cudc phdng vin dat duge bilu qua giao til'p khi dam bao cle yiu ciu CO ban sau :

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a) Ddi vdi ngucd phdng vin

Vdi muc dich khai thac, thu nhdn thdng tin, ngudi phdng vd'n cln ehuin bi thdt cliu dio cho cudc phong vin.

- Trudc phdng vin : Cln xdc dinh rd muc dich phdng vd'n ; cd su bilu bid't nhd't dinh vl vin dl va dd'i tugng phdng vin, tfl dd xdy dung dugc mdt dl cuong phdng vin vdi hd thd'ng cdu hdi thich hgp.

- Trong khi phdng vin : Cln ed thai dd tdn trgng ngudi dugc phdng vin va tdn trgng cac quy tic giao tid'p. Cln cd each hdi dl bilu dl ngudi dugc phdng vin dl dang nim bit y dd phdng vin ; tranh each ddt vd'n dl qua phflc tap bode chung chung, tranh nhiing cdu hdi thid'u t l nhi hodc xuc pham dd'n ngudi dugc phdng vd'n. Cln bid't lang nghe, ghi chip, suy nghT vl cac cdu tra ldi dl cd su nhay ben, kheo leo trong vide duy tri va phat triln mach phdng vd'n.

- Sau phdng vd'n : Cln sfl dung mdt each trung thuc nhiing thdng tin thu nhdn dugc dl dang tin, cdng bd' bai phdng vd'n khi cd su ddng y cua ngudi dugc phdng vdh (trong phdng vd'n bao chi) bode dl lam cdn cfl nhdn xet, danh gia vl ngudi dugc phdng vin (trong phdng vin tuyin chgn, sat bach). Bai phdng vd'n thudng dugc trinh bdy theo hinh thflc hdi dap true tid'p, hoac cd tbl theo ldi tudng thudt.

b) Ddi vdi ngudi dugc phdng vin

- La ngudi cung d p thdng tin, bay td quan dilm, su bilu bid't cua minh trudc mdt vd'n dl, ngudi dugc phdng vd'n cln ehuin bi chu dao nhiing kiln thflc, ki ndng lidn quan dd'n vd'n dl phdng vd'n, ddng thdi cd trach nhidm dd'i vdi thdng tin ma minh cung dp .

- Ngudi dugc phdng vd'n cd tbl tra ldi bode khdng tra ldi cdu hdi, tuy nhidn ndn cd thai dd cdi md, hgp tac trong dd'i thoai, cd su tu tin va kha ndng phan xa nhanh trudc cac tinh hud'ng dat ra, ddng thdi tranh tra ldi lan man, dai ddng, xa rdi frgng tdm.

LUYEN TAP

Xem xet tinh hud'ng sau va tra ldi cac cdu hdi ndu d dudi. E)i thu thdp tu lidu cho chuydn mue "Trang vang truyin thd'ng" cua td bao

Doln nhdn dip Ngay Nha giao Vidt Nam 2 0 - 1 1 , anh (chi) dugc giao nhidm vu phdng vin cle nhan vdt sau :

- Thly (cd) hidu trudng ; - Mdt thly (cd) gilo da day hgc lau nam tai trudng ; - Bdc lao cdng, ngUdi da cd nhilu nam lam vide tai trudng. 1. Vdi mdi dd'i tugng, anh (ehi) du dinh se phdng vin vl vin dl gi ? 2. Anh (chi) se ehuin bi hd thd'ng cdu hdi nhu thd' nao cho tiing dd'i tugng ?

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3. Vdi mdi ddi tugng, anh (chi) se chuIn bi ldi md diu va kit thuc nhu thd' nao ?

4. Gia dinh la ngudi dugc phdng vdh, vdi mdi cdu hoi nlu ra, anh (chi) se cd phuong an tra ldi nhu thd' nao ?

5.Gia dinh anh (chi) da hoan thanh bai phong vlh, khi dua nhihig ndi dung phdng vin trdn vao chuydn muc, anh (chi) se trinh bay bai phong v&i nhu thi nao ?

Tham khao bai phong vSui sau : -

THAM N H A B A C "DE MEN" (Trd chuydn vdi nhd van Td Hodi nhdn dip 50 nam bdo Thii'u nien tiin phong)

Nha van Td Hoai vin dugc cac ban nho ggi thdn mat la bac "Dl Men". Nha bic nam bdn hd Thiin Quang tho mdng. Nam nay bac da tam lam tudi nhflng trdng vin "cudng trIng" lim. Gigng bac chdm, chic ma vang. Bac ndi : "Nhanh that. Mdi dly ma da nam muoi nam. Bac cdng tac vdi bao Thie'u niin tiin phong ngay tfl nhihig sd diu tidn, thdi bac Phong Nha lam Tdng bidn tap ^y".

* Truyin ddu tiin cua bdc ddng trin bdo "Thii'u niin tien phong" Id truyin gi g ?

- O, bac khdng nhd dau nhung dang nhidu lam. Khdng chi truydn ngan, truydn dai ki, truydn tranh,... thudng xuydn cd mat trdn bao ma bac cdn tham gia vid't bai ntta co.

* Tinh din nay, bdc dd in bao nhiiu tap sdch^ddnh cho thii'u nhi vd tap ndo bdc cho la hay nhdt g ?

- Bac da in khoang trdn hai tram tap sach, trong dd mdt nfla la truydn danh cho thid'u nhi. Bac khdng bao gid cho tac phim nao cua minh la hay lihlt ma chi nghl la da cd gIng nhit. Ca cudc ddi bac chi danh vid't mdt sd dl tai chfnh : thid'u nhi. Ha Ndi, miln nui,... Dd la nhung di tai bac gan bd va ydu mlh vd cung.

* Cdch vii't vdn cua bdc nhu the ndo g ?

- Khdng phai chi luc nao cd cam hflng mdi vilt ma ngay nao cung vid't. Mdi ngay vid't khoang tfl nam dd'n bay trang, du bilt vid't xong khdng dung vin cfl vilt. Phai luydn thanh thdi quen, ngdi vao ban la vid't. Huy ddng dd'n mflc cao nhit tit ca nhiing gi minh nhd.

* Thua bdc, detrd thdnh mgt nhd vdn, cdn phdi cd ye'u to gi g ?

- Mud'n trd thanh nha van, trudc hit phai ydu tid'ng Vidt, hiiu tilng Vidt. Ngudi vid't van khdng nhiing phai "giau" chtt ma cdn phai bid't dung tfl "dlt". Ndi chung nghl van phai tdi luydn lau dai, bilt quan sat tinh t^ va thudng xuydn ren chtt,

* Cdm an bdc. Chiic bdc sdc khoe vd tiep tuc cd nhung tdc phdm mdi vii't cho thii'u nhi.

(Theo bdo Thieu nien tiin phong, sd 39, thdng 5 - 2004)

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TINH YEU VA THU HAN (Trich Rd-mi-d vd Giu-li-et)

(1)

SECH-XPIA

KETQUACANDAT

• Ndm dugc ngi dung ca nggi tinh yiu trong trdng, bd't chdp thd hdn cda ddi nam nd thanh niin trong cdnh ndy.

• Hiiu dugc nghi thudt xdy dung kich cua tdc gid trong doan trich.

TIEU DAN

1. Slch-xpia vd thdi dai Phuc hutig

UyHi-am Sicti-xpia (William Shakespeare, 1564 - 1616) Id nhd soan kjch Anh ndi tilng cudi thdi dai Phuc hung d Tay Au.

Thdi dai Phuc hung trdi ddi chii yeu hai t h i ki XV vd XVI Id giai doan dau cOa thdi ki qua do tfl Trung co phong kiln sang thdi can dai tu ban chii nghTa. Ang-ghen danh gid thdi dai Phuc.hung la "budc ngodt ti ln bd vT dai nhit tfl trudc din bay gid lodi ngudi chua tiing thay". Cdt Idi ciia thdi dai Phuc hung la chii nghTa nhdn vdn, k i t tinh khat vgng tu gidi phdng ciia eon ngudi thdi dd khdi nhflng xilng xich ciia ch i dd phong kiln va chO nghTa kho hanh cCia gido hdi thdi Trung co. Chii nghTa nhan vdn len an t i t ca nhufng gi kim ham tu do ciia con ngudi, da'u tranh eho con ngudi dUdc hudng quyen sd'ng chinh dang vd hanh phuc tu nhien d ngay tren th i gian nay.

Tu lieu ve cudc ddi vd su nghidp sang tdc ciia Slch-xpia cdn it di, cd nhilu dilm chua thdng nhat. Cha dng Id mdt thuong nhdn ban bdt ngu cle, len da, ve sau khd gia, gifl nhieu chflc vu trong bd may hdnh chinh tai thj t r in

Slch-xpia [Ma-tin Dranhan ve, 1623)

(1) Canh nay Uong nguydn ban la tho.

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Xtd-ret-phdt dn £-vdn, qud hUdng dng, miln tdy nam nUdc Anh. Thud nho, Slch-xpia hgc d que nhd. Nam 1578, gia dinh sa sut, dng phai thdi hgc d l kilm song. Nam 1585, dng d in Luan Bdn, xin vdo lam viec cl doan kjch cda Hau tudc Xtd-ren-gid, mdi dau lanfi chdn gifl ngUa 5 cfla rap, roi Idm ngUdi nhac vd, dan dan ti ln tdi Idm dien vien, cull ciing trd thdnh nhd vilt kjch. Nam 1599, dodn kjch Slch-xpia tham gia luc biy gid lap mdt nha hat d Ludn Gdn, lay ten Id Nhd hdt Dja cau, mdt sU kien hit sflc quan trgng, vi trUdc dd cl Anh kjch diln ngodi trdi. Nam 1612, Slch-xpia ddt nhien tfl gia hoat ddng sdn khau v l sing tai thj tr in que hUdng. Bdn nam sau, dng qua ddi diing vdo ngdy sinh, 23 thdng tu.

Slch-xpia d l lai ba mUdi bay vd kjch gdm cdc the loai : kjch Ijch sfl nhU Vua Hen-ri VI, Vua Gidn,...; hai kjch nhU Gidc mdng dem he, Chang thuang gia thanh Va-ni-da, D§m thd mudi hai,... ; bi kjch nhU R6-mi-6 va Giu-li-et, Ham-let, O-te-lo, Mao-bet, Vua Lia,... Ong cdn Id tdc gia ciia mdt s l truyen thd ddi va mdt tram nam mUdi tU bdi xon-ne (the thd moi bai gdm mUdi bin cdu thd).

2. Vd kjch Rd-mS-6 vk Giu-li-et

Rd-me-d va Giu-li-et, sang tac khoang 1594 -1595, Id vd kich thd xen lin van xudi nhu hau hit cad vd kjch cGa Slch-xpia. Kjch chia thdnh nam hoi, sU viSe dat vao bd'i canh thdnh Ve-rd-na, nUdc l-ta-li-a, tai nhilu dja dilm khac nhau, trif canh dau ciia Hdi V, hdnh ddng kjch dien ra 5 thdnh Man-tua.

Hai ddng hg Mdn-ta-ghiu vd Ca-piu-let cl thdnh Ve-rd-na cd moi hdn thii vdi nhau tfl Idu ddi. Vdo mdt ngdy chu nhdt, sau khi ngUdi nhd hai ben xay ra xd xdt, loan da, Rd-me-d thudc ddng hg Mdn-ta-ghiu xult hien, buin it ru vi chdng yeu Rd-da-lin ma khdng dUdc dap lai. Oe chdng khudy khoa, t i i hdm dd ban be keo chang cai trang vdo nhd Ca-piu-let dU buoi da hdi to chflc nhdn djp Giu-li-et sap trdn mUdi bin tuoi va bd tUdc Pa-rit, chau eiia VUdng chii thdnh Ve-rd-na, dang cd y mudn cau hdn. Rd-md-d say me nhan s ic ldng lay cua Giu-li-et, vd Giu-li-et cung thly Idng v in vUdng (H6i /)• Ddm khuya ra v l , mdi di dUdc mly bUdc, Rd-md-d bd mdc ban be, quay trd lai, treo tUdng vdo vudn gap Giu-li-et (xem Tmh yeu va thu hin). Hai ngUdi th i nguyin. Hdm sau, hg din gap tu sT Lau-ran vd dUde tu sT lam le eho ndn vg ndn chong (Hdi II). Vin ngay hdm ay, xay ra xd xdt giufa Ti-bdn, anh hg ciia Giu-li-et, vdi Md-kiu-xi-d Id ban ciia Rd-me-d. Rd-me-d xdng vdo can ; Ti-bdn da ludn kilm dUdi canh tay ciia Rd-me-d, ddm chit Md-kiu-xi-d. Rd-md-d gi l t Ti-bdn tra thii cho ban. Vuong chu ra lenh budc Rd-me-d phai dj khoi thdnh Ve-rd-na. Dem hdm Iy, Rd-me-d treo qua cfla so vdo phdng tfl biet Giu-lhet roi di Man-tua. Thly con gdi dau budn, cha me ndng lai tudng nguydn nhdn Id do cai chit cCia Ti-bdn ndn khuyen roi ep ndng lay Pa-rit cho quen di noi tang tdc. Ddm eU6i dU djnh t l chiic vdo sang thfl nam (Hdi III). Sang ngay thfl ba, Giu-li-et d in d u ciiu tu sT Lau-ran. Tu sT bay eho nang gia vd chap nhdn cudc hdn nhdn vdi Pa-rit, r l i t i i hdm sau, thfl tU, khi di ngii uing mdt lieu thuoc do tu sT dUia cho, hdi thd vd mach mdu se ngflng trong bin mUdi hai tilng ding h i . Gia dinh nghT ndng dd

234

chit se dUa thi t h i vdo him md cua ddng hg ; trong thdi gian dd, tu sT se sai ngUdi di bdo cho Rd-me-d kjp thdi quay v l liic ndng tinh lai di dUa ndng di khdi Ve-rd-na. Ca ngdy thfl tU, gia dinh Ca-piu-let ban rdn chuan bj cho ddm cudi, nhung sang ngdy thfl nam, dam cUdi trd thdnh ddm tang (Hoi IV). Song, mgi viec dien ra khdng diing nhutinh toan cua tu sT Lau-ran. NgUdi md tu sT phai di Mantua, gap true trac khdng di dugc. Trong khi dd, mdt ngUdi hau eiia Rd-me-d nghe tin Giu-li-et chit, vdi phi ngifa tram din bao tin diicho chdng. Rd-me-d tuyet vgng, ldp tfle trd v l Ve-rd-na, trdn dudng gap mdt thly lang, mua lieu thud'c dge. Canh cud'i ciing diin ra cl nhd ml. Pa-rit cung tdi dly. Thly Rd-me-d diing ddn bay cay cilia ham md, Pa-rft tudng chdng djnh xuc pham din ngUdi da chet nen xdng ra. Hai ben danh nhau. Rd-me-d ddm chet Pa-rft roi ud'ng thud'c ddc tif tfl. Khi Giu-li-et tinh lai, ndng dau ddn, tU sat bang chinh con dao ciia Rd-me-d. TnJflc t in bi kjch tinh yeu Iy, hai ddng hg Mdn-ta-ghiu va Ca-piu-let nghe theo Idi Vuong chu giai moi han thu xite (Hdi V).

* * *

Vudn nhd Ca-piu-lit

Rd-mi-d ra

1^*\ RO-ME-O - Ke chua tihig bi thuong thi hd sg gi seo !

Giu-li-et xudt hiin trin cda sd

Ay, khe khe chfl ! Anh sang nao vfla loe trdn cfla sd kia ? Dd'y la phuong ddng, vl nang Giu-li-et la mat trdi ! - Viing duong dep tuoi oi, hay hidn ldn di, vl gid't chit a Hang Nga d6 ki, heo hon va nhgt nhat vi dau budn khi thd'y cd hlu cua'a lai dep ban a rlt nhilu. A ghen vdi em thd' thi em theo a lam gi ? Bd canh ddng cdt cua a xanh xao nhgt nhat, chi hgp vdi nhiing dd ngu xuln, em hay vflt nd di. Dly 11 ngudi ta quy. 6 i ! Dly la ngudi ta ydu ! 6i, gia nang bid't nhi! - Nang dang ndi kia, nhung nang cd ndi gi ddu : vdy la gi tbl ? Ddi mdt nang ldn tid'ng, ta se dip ldi. Ta liiu qua : cd phai nang ndi vdi ta ddu, chang qua hai ngdi sao dep nhit blu frdi cd vide phai di vang, da tha thid't nhd mat nang lip lanh, chd din luc sao vl. U*, nd'u mat ndng ldn thay cho sao, va sao xud'ng nam dudi ddi ldng may kia thi thi nlo nhi ? Ve rUc rd cua ddi gd ma nang se lam cho cac vi tinh tu Iy phai hd nguoi,

(*) Cdc sd thfl tu do ngudi bidn soan thdm vko dl tidn theo ddi cac ldi thoai. (l)Cd hdu ciia a: nang trinh nii dugc coi la thi nii cua nii thdn Mat trang ; b day chi Giu-li-et. (2) Bd cdnh ddng cd't: bd qudn do ciia nhiing bd ddng bdng md tm.

235

nhu anh sang ban ngly lam cho den nd'n phai then thung ; cdn cap mat nang trdn blu trdi se rgi khap khdng gian mdt lan anh sing tung bflng di'n ndi chim chdc se ldn tid'ng hdt vang va tudng la ddm da tan. Kia, nang ti ma ldn ban tay ! Oi! LTdc gi ta la chide bao tay, dl duge man trdn gd ma d'y !

2. GIU-LI-ET - Oi chao !

3. R6-ME-6 - Nang ldn tid'ng ! - Hdi nang tidn ldng lly, hay ndi nfla di ! Bdi ddm nay, nang toa anh hao quang, trdn diu ta, nhu mdt sfl gia nha trdi cd canh, dang cudi nhiing ang mdy liing Id ludt nhe frdn khdng trung, khidn nhihig ke trin tuc phai cd ngude ddi mdt fring da ldn ma chidm ngudng.

4. GIU-LI-ET - Oi, Rd-md-d, chang Rd-md-d ! Sao chang lai la Rd-md-d nhi ? Chang hay khudc tfl cha chang, va tfl chd'i dong hg eua chang di; hoac nd'u khdng thi chang hay tbl la ydu em di, va em se khdng cdn la con chau nha Ca-piu-let niia.

5. RO-ME-6 - ndi riing - Minh cfl nghe thdm ntta, hay minh ndn ldn tid'ng nhi ?

6. GIU-LI-ET - Chi cd tin hg chang la thu dich cua em thdi. Nlu chang phai la ngudi hg Mdn-ta-gMu thi chang cung vin cfl la ching. Mdn-ta-ghiu la cai gi nhi ? Dd dau phai la ban tay, hay ban chan, hay cInh tay, hay mat mui, hay mdt bd phdn nao dly cua co tbl con ngudi. Chang oi ! Hay mang tdn hg nao khac di! Cai tdn nd cd nghia gi ddu ? Bdng hdng kia, gia chung ta ggi bing mdt tdn khac thi huong thom cung vin nggt ngao. Vay ndu chang Rd-md-d chang mang tdn Rd-md-d ntta, thi mudi phdn chang cung vin ven mudi... Rd-md-d chang oi, chang hay vut bo tdn hg ciia chang di ; chang hay dem tdn hg Iy, nd ddu phai xuong thit cua chang, ddi lly ca em day ! Ban cdng phdng Giu-li-et

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7. RO-ME-6 - Dung la midng em ndi thi dly nhe ! Chi cln em ggi tdi 1| ngudi ydu, tdi se thay ten ddi hg ; tfl nay, tdi se khdng bao gid cdn la Rd-md-d ntta.

8. GIU-LI-ET - Ngudi la ai, ma khult trong ddm td'i, chgt bid't dugc dilu tdi Ip u trong long ?

9. RO-ME-O - Tdi khdng bid't xung danh cung em tbl nao. Nang tidn ydu quy cua tdi oi, tdi thu ghet cai tdn tdi, vi nd la ke thu cua em. Nd'u chinh tay tdi da vilt tdn dd, thi tdi xe nat nd ra.

10. GIU-LI-ET - Tai tdi nghe chua trgn mdt tram tid'ng thd't tfl midng dd ra ma tdi da nhan ra tid'ng ai rdi. Chang phai anh Rd-md-d, va la hg nha Mdn-ta-ghiu dlyu?

11. RO-ME-O - Hdi nang tidn kilu didm, chang phai Rd-md-d cung chdng phai Mdn-ta-ghiu, nd'u em khdng ua tdn hg dd.

12. GIU-LI-ET - Anh lam tbl nao tdi dugc chd'n nay, anh oi, vl tdi lam gi the ? Tudng vudn nay cao, rlt khd treo qua ; va noi tfl dia, anh bid't minh la ai rdi dly, nd'u anh bi hg hang nha em bat gap noi day.

13. RO-ME-O - Tdi vugt dugc tudng nay la nhd ddi dnh nhe nhang cua tinh ydu ; mly bflc tudng da ngan sao dugc tinh ydu ; ma cai gi tinh ydu cd tbl lam la tinh ydu dim lam ; vay ngudi nha em ngan sao ndi tdi.

14. GIU-LI-ET - Hg ma bit gap anh, hg se gid't chd't anh.

15. RO-ME-O - Em oi ! Anh mit cua em cdn nguy hilm cho tdi hon hai chuc ludi kid'm cua hg ; em hay nhin tdi du yd'm la tdi chang ngai gi ldng ban thu cua hg nfla ddu.

16. GIU-LI-ET - Em chdng ddi nao mud'n hg bit gap anh noi day.

(SECH-XPIA, Rd-me-d vd Giu-li-et, ldp 2, Hdi II (trich) Theo ban dich ciia DANG THE BINH,

trong Tuyen tap kich Seeh-xpia, NXB San khdu. Ha Ndi, 1995)

Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Xac dinh didn bid'n hai giai doan cua eanh Tinh yeu vd thu hdn qua xem xet:

a) Ddi tinh nhdn thuc su frd chuydn vdi nhau tfl ldi thoai sd mly (dua vao dac dilm cua dd'i thoai) ?

b) Tfnh chit cac ldi thoai cua hai nhan vdt trudc khi hg thuc su trd chuydn vdi nhau (xem phin Tri thdc dgc - hiiu).

2. Ldi thoai diu tidn tbl hiln tam trang cua Rd-md-d. Hay chflng minh mach suy nghT cua ching didn ra theo frat tu hgp If va md'i lidn tudng so sanh phu hgp vdi khung canh luc biy gid.

237

3. Tim hiiu cac chang diln bid'n tdm trang phflc tap cua Giu-li-et frong Tinh yiu vd thu hdn. Tai sao cd tbl ndi vin dl "tinh yiu va thu hdn" da dugc giai quylt sau mudi sau ldi thoai ?

4. O doan trich nay cd su xung ddt gifla tinh ydu cua ddi nam ntt thanh nidn vdi mdi thu hdn gitta hai ddng hg hay chi la tinh ydu frong frang diln ra frdn cai nin cua md'i hdn thu d'y ?

BAI TAP NANG CAO

Cam nghl vl phim chd't hai nhdn vdt Rd-md-d, Giu-li-et vl y nghia tinh ydu cua hg frong canh Tinh yeu vd thu hdn.

TRI THLTC DOC - HIEU

Tinh Udc le cua ngon ngfl kjch

Khi tim hiiu mdt van ban kich, cln chii y d in tinh Udc le san khau vd hinh dung canh ay dien ra tren sdn khdu nhuthi ndo. Khdn gia bao gid cung nhin thly vd nghe thay hit eac nhan vdt tren sdn diln. Nhung trong nhflng tinh hud'ng cu th i , phai gia djnh nhan vat ndo day khdng nhin thly hoac khdng nghe tha'y nhan vat kia, tuy hg deu d trdn sdn khau vd khoang cdch gifla hg khdngxa. Mat khdc, do tinh dac thu cua nghe thudt kjch, cdc ddc thoai ndi tdm ciia nhdn vat cung phai thot len thdnh tilng d l khan gia nghe dUdc ; nhung ta cung phai gia dinh Id cac nhdn vat khac cd mdt trdn sdn khau liic bd'y gid chang nghe thay gi...

DOC KICH BAN VAN HOC

KET QUA CAN OAT

Hieu mat sd'dgc diem kich bdn vdn hgc.

Bii't cdch doc kich bdn vdn hoc.

I - DAC DIEM CUA KICH B A N V A N HOC

1. Hanh dong, xung dot va bo cue cua kich

Kich ban van hgc tuy cd nhilu dilm gid'ng vdi van ban van hgc khac nhu cd nhdn vdt, cd't truydn, ldi thoai, nhung dac bidt cd nhihig dilm ridng rlt quan frgng, chi phdi each elu tao cle dac dilm kia. Thd nhd't la hanh ddng, xung ddt kich.

238

Hanh ddng kich la hanh ddng tbl hiln tinh each va y chf tu do cua nhdn vdt chfnh, gdy xung ddt vdi hoan canh xung quanh. Chang ban, hanh ddng cua Rd-md-d bit chip hilm nguy, cudi Giu-U-et lam vg ; hanh ddng cua Vu Nhu Td chip nhdn dl nghi cua mdt hdn qudn xdy Cflu Trung Dai,... Xung ddt kich la xung dot vl tu tudng, nhdn each, nay sinh, phat triln va giai quyd't trong pham vi kich ban. Khi man cua hdi kit ha xudng thi xung dot kich phai giai quyd't xong. Mdt truydn nhu Hai diJca tre cua Thach Lam do thid'u hanh ddng va thid'u xung ddt ndn rat khd. chuyin tbl thanh kich ban van hgc. Thd hai, do vid't dl bilu didn trdn sdn khlu, mdt khdng gian ban chi, bd cue kich ban van hgc phai xfl li theo ddc dilm cua khdng gian, thdi gian bilu diln, ndn phai chia hdi, phdn canh, phdn ldp. Mdi hdi tbl hidn mdt su kidn quan trgng kd't thuc bang mdt lin ba man. Mdi canh cd mdt khdng gian, bdi canh cd dinh. Mdi ldp gdm cd mdt sd nhdn vdt boat ddng trdn sdn khlu.

2. Loi thoai hudng tdi ngudi xem

Kich ban van hgc do vid't dl cho didn vidn bilu diln, cho ndn khdng cd ldi kl nhu trong truyin. Thay vao dd la nhiing ldi chf din nham thuyd't minh vl each bai fri sdn khlu, ghi chu vl hanh ddng, bilu hidn cua nhdn vdt. Thanh phin chu yd'u cua kich ban van hgc la ldi thoai cua nhdn vdt. Ldi thoai frong kich cd tbl la ldi ddi dip, ldi ddc thoai (nhdn vdt tu ndi mdt minh). Cac ldi thoai d'y khdng gid'ng nhu ldi ndi trong sinh boat ddi thudng. Ldi thoai ddi thudng Id su giao luu don tuyin gitta ngUdi ndi va ngudi nghe. Ldi thoai trong kich la giao luu da tuyd'n, da chflc nang : cdc tuyin nhdn vdt kich ndi vdi nhau cho ngudi xem nghe. Ldi thoai kich md phdng hinh thflc hdi thoai dl phan anh ddi sd'ng va bilu hidn tu tudng tac gia. Vi tbl ldi thoai frong kich ngoai vide bilu hidn tinh cleh, hanh ddng nhdn vdt, cdn phai cd yd'u td trin thudt, cung ed'p mgi thdng tin vl cudc sd'ng cua nhdn vdt ml ngudi nghe cln cd dl bilu dugc vd kich : thdng tin vl cd't truydn va vl nhdn vdt khac, vl xung ddt cua cac nhdn vdt va ngudn gd'c cua xung ddt d'y,...

3. Ldi thoai mang tinh hanh dgng

Ldi thoai trong kich khdng ehi bilu dat tu tudng, tinh cam cua nhdn vdt, ma cdn mang tfnh hdnh ddng, hanh ddng thuc t l va hanh ddng ndi tdm cua nhdn vdt. Dd Id nhiing ldi thuc dly hanh ddng, khic sdu mdu thuin, xung ddt gitta cle nhdn vdt. Dd cung la nhiing ldi gan rudt ma nhdn vdt mudn thd Id ra cho ngudi dd'i thoai, mud'n tbl hiln minh. Chinh vi vdy, ldi thoai trong kich thudng tao khdng khi cang thang, tbl hidn xung ddt tu tudng, xung ddt nhdn each va du bid nhttng hanh ddng tid'p theo cho dd'n hit vd kich.

Ldi thoai cfla nhdn vdt kich vao nhiing thdi dilm xung ddt cdng thang nhit thudng cd tinh chit frid't If, y vi thdm frim, nghe nhu nhiing ldi each ngdn.

239

II - CACH DOC KICH B A N V A N HOC

1. Dgc kich ban van hgc chu yd'u la dgc ldi thoai cua eac nhdn vdt. Qua mdi ldi thoai cln nhdn ra tdm tu, tinh cam, sac thai, ddng co bdn trong va bilu hidn bdn ngoai cua cac nhdn vdt, dac bidt la cua nhdn vdt chfnh. Tfl do phit hidn tinh each cua tiing nhdn vdt chfnh, chi ra dugc nhihig cdu ndi tidu bilu cho tinh elch.

2. Dgc kich ban van hgc phai nhdn ra xung ddt gitta cac nhan vat, nam bat cdt truydn kich va xu thd phit triln cua xung ddt, phat hidn xung ddt chu y^u dang din nhan vdt ddn kit thuc dau bu6n (bi kich) hay ki't thuc vui ve, bu6n cudi (hai kich).

3. Cd tbl phdn vai, dge diln cam di thSiy dugc y vi, ngtt didu, hinh anh cung ve dep cua cac ldi thoai.

LUYEN TAP

1. Doan trich Vinh biit Ciiu Triing Ddi (Nguyin Huy Tudng) cd mly canh va mly ldp ? Cac canh va ldp phan bidt nhau d nhflng dilm nao ? Su phdn canh nhu vdy cd y nglua gi ?

2. Doc doan trfch Hdi V kich Rd-mi-d vd Giu-li-et cua Sd'ch-xpia va trl ldi cle can hoi ndu ra d dudi.

"Rd-mi-d ra, theo sau Id Ban-ta-da, mang dudc, cudc vd ddn bdy

RO-ME-O - Dua cho ta cud'c va ddn biy day. Va elm lly thu nay. Sing sdm mai dua thu cho tudng cdng thdn phu ta. Dua dud'c day. Mudn sdng thi nghe ldi ta dan ; du mi nhin thd'y hoac nghe thly gi cung phai frinh xa, khdng dugc tdi ngan trd cdng vide cua ta. Ta budc chdn xud'ng sao huydt nay cua tfl thin, phlh la dl ngam dung nhan ngUdi ydu, nhung nhd't la dl thao d ngdn tay nang mdt chile nhin quy, mdt chid'c nhin ma ta phai dung vao mdt vide thdn ydu. Vdy mi hay di di... Nd'u vi nghi ngd dilu chi ma mi dam quay trd lai dd xet vide ta sap lam, thi ta tbl vdi trdi dlt ta se xe mi ra tiing manh va quang chdn tay mi ra bai tha ma dang them xac ngudi nay. Gid phut nay cung ghd gdm nhu quyd't dinh cua ta ; nd hung ac va tan nhdn ban hd ddi va biln dtt.

B A N - T O - D A - Thua cdng tfl, tdi xin di ngay, va se khdng dam ngan frd cdng tfl! ' -

R 6 - M E - 6 - LT, thd' mdi la mdt long mdt da vdi ta. Ddy, ta thudng cho ; ta chuc cho nguoi dugc may min. Thdi, tfl bidt ngUdi hdi nghia bdc.

B A N - T O - D A , ndi rieng - Mac, ta cfl trdn quanh ddy. Bd mat cdng tfl frdng mdi ghd lam sao, ma y dinh thi that la kha nghi.

Vdo

240

RO-ME-O - Hdi cai midng dang cam ghet kia, rudt gan cua thin chdt, nguoi no nd vdi milng mdi quy bau nhd't trin gian nhung ta se vanh cai ham thdi tha cua ngUoi ra va bat nguoi phai nudt thdm mdi ntta.

Bay cda hdm md PA-RIT - Thi ra ddy la cai thing Mdn-ta-ghiu kidu cang da bi tdi phat luu, cai

thing da gid't bilu huynh cua ngudi may ydu. Cd le chfnh vi su dau budn nay ma nang da chd't. Nay nd lai dd'n ddy xuc pham tdi thi tbl ngudi qua cd. Ta phai bat no.

Tii'n ra - Thing Mdn-ta-ghiu hen ha kia ! Hay ngiing cdng vide frai dao nghia cua

nguod lai ! Ngudi ta da chd't rdi ma mi cdn mudn bao thu nfla u ? Thing da bi kd't an kia, ta quyd't bit nguoi. Hay tudn ldnh va di theo ta, vi nguoi se phai chd't.

R6-ME-6 - Dung la ta se phai chd't, ndn ta mdi tdi ddy... Chang thanh nidn tuln nha kia oi, diing trdu vao mdt ke tuydt vgng. Hay di di, mac ta d ddy... Hay nghi tdi nhiing thdy ma kia, hay run sg ma di di. Td van nguoi, hdi chang tre tudi, dflng khiln ta ndi gidn, diing dd thdm mdt tdi ac ldn diu ta nfla... Thdi, di di. Ta thi vdi frdi la ta cdn quy nha nguoi bon chfnh ban thdn ta. Vi khi gidi ta mang theo ddy chinh la danh cho ta dly thdi. Diing d lai nfla, di di. Nguoi hay sd'ng, va sau nay hay ndi rang ldng thuong cua mdt ke didn rd da giuc gia nguoi chay trd'n.

PA-RIT - Ta khdng them nghe nhiing ldi van xin cua nguoi. Nguoi la thing pham trgng tdi, ta phai bat.

R 6 - M E - 6 - Nguoi mud'n thach thflc ta chdng ? Da tbl tbi, thing nhai kia, hay coi ddy!

Ddnh nhau TIEU DONG - Trdi oi, hg danh nhau kia ! Ta phai chay di ggi Ifnh tuln tdi! PA-RIT, ngd- Chao di, ta bi tfl thuang rdi !... Nd'u nguoi la ke dai lugng, hay

md him md ra va dat ta nam bdn nang Giu-li-et - Thd hai cud'i cdng. R 6 - M E - 6 - Ta hfla se lam theo ldi ydu elu cua nguoi... Xem la ai nao... Ba

con cua Mo-kiu-xi-d ddy, ba tudc Pa-rit ! Tdn gia nhdn da bao gi ta nhi, khi ta va han dang cung phi ngUa ? Rudt gan ta luc Iy rd'i bdi, ndn ta cung chang nghe thly han ndi gi ntta... Hinh nhu ban ndi la Pa-rit le ra da ld'y Giu-li-et. Han cd ndi thi thdt khdng ? Hay ta da mo ngu ma thd'y tbl ? Hay la vi nghe ban kl chuydn Giu-U-et ma ta da didn dai tudng tugng ra vdy thdi ? 6i, hdi ngudi cung cd tdn vdi ta frong sd doan trudng^^^ hay cho ta elm tay ! Ta se ddt nguoi trong mdt ndm md vmh quang... Mdt nim md ? Khdng, hdi chang tre tudi sdm thidt phdn, dd la cai v6m cua mdt toa ldu dai, vi cd Giu-li-et nam dly, va sac dep cua nang khid'n nha ml nly xin lan nhu mdt phdng da hdi den dud'c tung bflng.

(1) Nguyen van: s6 ciia s l phan cay ddng.

241 18-NGQrvAN11/1(NC)-A

Ddt Pa-rit vdo hdmmd

Hdi ngudi da khult, hay nam ddy, ke chdn nguoi cung la mdt ke chit r6i. Nhilu khi, nhihig ke sap chd't tu nhidn. thly vui ban ldn, ngudi cham nom hg thudng ggi dd la tia chdp trudc gid chit... 6i, ta ed tbl ggi gid phut nay la tia chdp khdng nhi ? Hdi ngudi yiu eua ta, hdi vg ta ci ! Thin ehl't da hut mdt nggt cua hoi thd em, nhung chua xdm pham dugc tdi dung nhan em ; man cd cua sac dep cgn dd tuoi frdn mdi, frdn ma em, va la cd nhgt nhat cua Thin chd't chua tdi do dugc. Ti-bdn ! Anh nam dd, frong tim vai lidm dim man dd u ? Tdi cdn lam gi vui long anh hon dugc ntta, vi vdi chfnh ban tay da cdt dflt tu6i<fre cua anh, tdi se chem gay tudi fre cua ke thu anh. Xin anh tha thfl cho tdi. Em Giu-U-et ydu quy, sao em vdn dep lam vdy ! Phai eliang Thin chd't cung si tinh, va cai bdng ma xuong xlu hai hiing kia mudn gitt em frong cdi dm u nay dl tfnh chuydn li dn ? Vi lo nhu vdy, ndn anh se d lai day vdi em, va se khdng bao gid rdi khoi toa lau dai cua ddm td'i nay ntta. Anh mud'n d day, d dly vdi lu a hoan cua em, nhiing ddi bg ! Oi, ddy se la noi an nghi mai mai cua ta ; ta se giang ra khdi xfeh xilng cua cac hung tinh nam xuong thit da chan mui trin thi nay ! Ddi mat ta ci, hay nhin mdt lin cudi; ddi dnh tay ta ci, hay dm mdt lin cudi! Va hdi ddi mdi cua ta, noi hoi 'thd vao ra, hay hdn mdt cai hdn trung thflc dl kf kit vinh viin vdi tfl thin tham lam. Cdm Ig thud'c dgc.

Nao, lai ddy, hdi ngudi ehi neo ding cay ! Nlo, lai ddy, hdi ke dua dudng chua chat ! Hdi anh Hi dd tuylt vgng, hay dua ngay vao da cho tan tanh chide thuyin anh da mdi mdt chan chudng ! Hdi ngudi ydu quy, anh xin ndng chen vi em ! '

Ud'ng thud'c ddc

6i, thly lang thdt tha, thudc cua thly hay that... Tbl la ta dugc hdn nang ma chd't!

Hdn Giu-li-et rdi chi't".

(Trich Tuyen tap kich Si'ch-xpia, Sdd)

Cau hoi

a) Doan trfch frdn thudc hdi kd't cua vd kich. Cho bid't doan trich cd mly canh vl md'y ldp, can cfl dl phdn bidt canh va ldp d day.

b) Thudt lai bid'n cd, xung ddt frong doan trich va cho bidt vi tri cua chung frong vd kich Rd-me-d vd Giu-li-et. ^

c) Phdn tich tinh chit hanh ddng trong ngdn ngfl cua cle nhdn vat Rd-md-d va Pa-rit trong ldp kich.

d) Phdn tich cac ldi thoai eua doan trich. Chi ra ldi thoai nao la ddi thoai, ldi nao la ddc thoai va chflc nang bilu dat cua chung. Phdn tfch mdt vai ldi thoai giau chit tho.

(1) Vl thud'c ddc vdi bae lai, vd than thi minh vdi eon thuyin.

242

. >^ ON TAP VE LAM VAN

KETQUACANDAT

• Ndm dugc cdc ngi dung ca bdn cua phdn Ldm vdn trong sdch gido khoa Ngtt van 11 Ndng cao, tap mdt.

• Bii't van dung cdc ngi dung ndy vdo viic viit bdi kiem tra tdng hgp cudi Hgc ki L

On lai ndi dung phin Lam van da hgc trong sach giao khoa Ngd vdn 11 Ndng cao, tdp mdt theo cac ydu'ciu sau :

1. Sach Ngd vdn 11 Ndng cao, tdp mdt ndu ldn nhung ndi dung 11 thuyd't lam vdn nao ? Nhiing ndi dung nay da dugc hgc d cac ldp dudi chua ? On lai va phat triln ndng cao hay la ndi dung hoan toan mdi ?

2. Ldp ludn phdn tich la gi ? Vai trd va tac dung cua ldp ludn phdn tich ? Mdt sd each phdn tich thudng gap la nhttng each nao ? Cdch vid't mdt doan vdn phdn tfch.

3. Nhiing dilm gid'ng va khdc nhau cua vide phdn tich mdt vd'n dl xa hdi vdi phdn tfch van hgc (tacjf phim tho va tac phim van xudi nghd thudt) ?

4. Ldp ludn so sanh la gi ? Phdn loai va d p dd cua so sanh. Vai trd vd tac dung cua so sdnh. Cach vid't mdt doan van so sdnh.

5. Tim va chip lai mdt vai doan van phdn tfch va so sanh hay, ddc dao.

6. Nhiing dilm cln chu y khi phdn tich dl, ldp dan y cho mdt bai van nghi ludn xahdi.

7. Muc dfeh, ndi dung, ydu elu va nhiing dilm luu y vl phdng vd'n.

8. Thdng kd, phdn loai va nhdn xet cac dl van da ndu trong sach giao khoa, tfl Bdi vii't sd 1 din Bdi vii't so 3. •

9. Muc dich, ndi dung, yiu d u va nhttng luu y cln thid't vl bai kilm tra tong hgp cudi Hgc ki I (dc ndi dung d n chu y, hinh thflc fric nghiim va tu ludn, nhiing sai sdt cln frInh,...).

243

^ ON TAP VE VAN HOC (Hgc ki I)

KETQUACANDAT

• Ndm vdng nhdng kii'n thdc ca bdn vi mdi tdc gid, tdc phdm trong sdch gido khoa Ngtt van 11 Ndng cao, tap mgt.

• He thdng hod nhdng kii'n thdc dy trin hai phuang diin lich sd vdn hoc vd the loai.

A - NOI DUNG ON TAP

Phin Van hgc d Hgc ki I chu yd'u gdm cac tic pham van hgc Vidt Nam. Van hgc nudc ngoai chi cd mdt tac phim : kich Rd-mi-d vd Giu-li-et (trfch).

I - VAN HOC VIET NAM

1. Van hgc trung dai

Cac tac gia, tie phim van hgc Vidt Nam dugc hgc b Hgc ki I gdih hai nhdm ; nhdm thudc thdi ki trung dai va nhdm thugc thdi ki tfl diu thd' ki XX dd'n nam 1945.

a) Nhung tac gia, tac phim van hgc Vidt Nam thdi trung dai dugc hgc d Hgc ki I diu thudc nhiing giai doan cud'i cung cua thdi ki nay. Vi vdy, trudc hit cln kit hgp dn tdp bai Khdi qudt vdn hgc Viet Nam td the kiX de'n hi't thiki XIX da dugc hgc didp 10:

- Thdi ki van hgc trung dai Vidt Nam phat triln qua mly giai doan ? Nhihig tic gia, tie phim van hgc Vidt Nam trong chuong tnnh Hgc ki I ra ddi vao nhihig giai doan nao ? Ve so dd qua' tnnh phat triln cua van hgc trung dai Vidt Nam qua d c giai doan lich sfl va ghi tdn cac tac gia, tac phim ndi frdn vao dung vi tri cua chflng frong so do.

- Van hgc trung dai Viet Nam trong hai giai doan cud'i cung (thfl ba, thfl tu) cd nhiing dac dilm gi ? Thanh phin chtt Han, thanh phin chtt Ndm phat trien ra sao ? Su van ddng manh me cua van hgc theo hudng dan tdc hoa, dan chu hoa trong van hgc trung dai thi hidn cu tbl nhu the nao ? Din ra va phan tfch nhiing tac pham trong chuong tnnh b Hgc ki I dl minh boa.

244

b) Nhiing tac phim van hgc Vidt Nam trong chuong tnnh Hgc ki I thudc nhilu thi loai khic nhau : thit ngdn bat cu, tho cd the, truyen Ndm, kf, chid'u, van tl, tho hit ndi, kich ban tudng.

- Khi dn tap, cln dgc lai d c phin Tri thdc dgc - hieu di nim chic dac dilm cua d c the loai van.trdn va flng dung vao vide phan tich, danh gia cac tac phim thudc tbl loai van tuong flng.

- On tap phai toan didn, nbung trudc het phai nam dugc dilu cd't yd'u. Mdi tac phim trong chuong tnnh deu cd dac sic ridng vl ndi dung va hinh thflc. Khi dn tdp, cln nim dugc nhung dac sic co ban nhat cua mdi tac pham.

+ Nguyin Dinh Chiiu, Triiyin Luc Vdn Tien, Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giudc, Chgy gidc. Dilu dac sic d Nguydn Dinh Chilu la nhiet tinh diu tranh cho dao dflc. Tinh thin vi ddn, thuong ddn la co sd dao dflc cua Nguydn Dinh Chilu, vi the dao dflc trd thanh tinh cam ydu ghet phan minh, diit khoat. Van tho Nguydn Dinh C!hilu bao gid cung chan that, chit phac, bdc true, rat Nam Bd. Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giudc la mdt kidt tac xult hidn ddt ngdt trong ddi sdng van hgc Vidt Nam cud'i thdi trung dai vdi hinh anh nhiing ngudi ndng ddn nghia si lin diu tidn dugc khdc boa dep mdt each hung trang, lim lidt ngay trong cai ve chit phac va lam lu rlt hidn thuc cua ngudi ndng ddn.

+ Tu tinh (bai II) cua Hd Xudn Huong, Bdi ca ngdn di trin bdi cdt cua Cao Ba Quat, Bdi ca ngdt ngudng cua Nguydn Cdng Trfl. Qua ba bai tho nay, cac tac gia mdi ngudi theo each ridng, diu cdng khai khang dinh ca tfnh ddc dao cua minh. Van tho cua hg tbl hidn su bflc bd'i cua lich sfl mud'n tung pha cai khudn khd chdt hep, tu tung va gia dd'i eua che dd phong kid'n trong thdi ki suy thoai.

+ Cdu cd mda thu, Khdc Duong Khui ciia Nguydn Khuyd'n, Thuang vg cixa Tu Xuong, Bdi ca phong cdnh Huang San cua Chu Manh Trinh la nhiing bai tho trfl tinh vid't vl tinh ban, tinh gia dinh va tinh cam ddi vdi thidn nhidn, cdn Tiin si gidy ciia Nguydn Khuyd'n va Vinh khoa thi Huang cua Tu Xuong la nhiing bai tho trao phung. Tuy dl tai, but phap, gigng didu khac nhau, nhung tit ca diu tbl hidn ldng ydu nudc vl dao li lam ngudi cua nhiing nha nho chdn chinh.

+ Cdc bdi ki. Kf xult hidn va nd rd trdn co sd tinh hinh xa hdi cd nhilu bid'n ddng vl y thflc ca nhdn da kha phat triln d ngudi d m but. Net dac sdc dang chu y cua ki: su xult hidn cdi tdi ca nhan cua ngudi vid't va su sfl dung but phap ta thuc.

+ Kich ban tudng San Hdu. Phan tfch tu tudng trung hid'u qua binh tugng hai me con Ddng Mlu. Dgc Tri thdc dgc - hieu vl nghd thudt tudng va vdn dung phan tich doan trfch Ddng Mdu trong vd tudng.

245

2. Van hgc thdi ki tiit dau the ki XX den Cach mang thang Tam 1945

a) Dgc ki bai Khdi qudt.vdn hgc Viet Nam tdddu the kiXXdi'n Cdch mgng thdng Tdm 1945. Chu y : Cac dac diem cua van hgc thdi ki nay, nhihig thanh tuu trong cdng cudc ddi mdi trdn d c tbl loai van hgc, su phan hoa ciia van hgc - hai bd phan (hgp phap va bit hgp phap), hai khuynh hudng thim ml chfnh (hidn thuc va lang man). .

Nhiing hiiu bid't ndi trdn se soi sang cho su tim hiiu d c tac gia, tie phim van hgc trong chuong tnnh Hgc ki I.

b) Nhiing tac phim van hgc thudc thdi ki tfl diu thd' ki XX dih nam 1945 trong chuong trinh Hgc ki I chu yd'u thudc tbl truydn ngin. Ngoai ra cd tiiu thuyd't va hai thi loai hoan toan mdi: phdng su va kich.

- Cln dgc lai cac phin Tri thdc dgc - hii'u di nim chac dac dilm cua cle tbl loai va flng dung vao vide phdn tich, danh gia cac tie phim thudc thi van tuong flng.

- Khi phan tich, danh gia cac tac phim, ngoai hiiu bid't vl dac trung thi loai cua Chung cln nim dugc nhttng dac sac ridng cua tflng tic phim. Cung la truydn ngin hidn dai nhung Hai dda tre thudc loai truydn trtt tinh, truydn didn ra chu yd'u trong ndi tam nhan vat, nhan vat hlu nhu khdng cd hanh ddng gi. Ngudi ta ggi la loai truydn "khdng cd chuydn". Chd ngUdi td til chu yd'u dung thu phap ddi ldp (dd'i lap gitta bdng td'i va Inh sing, gifta eli dep va su nho bin, gifla thidn luong va tdi ac). Chi Pheo la mdt truydn ngin cd dung lugng rlt ldn dl cap dd'n cudc ddi va sd phdn mdt con ngudi. Day la tin bi kich cua mdt ndng ddn bi buy hoai ca nhan tfnh lin nhan hinh, mud'n trd lai lam ngudi ma bi xa hdi tfl chd'i ; nghd thuat didn ta tdm If xult sic : theo ddi va phan tfch ca mdt qua trinh didn bid'n tam li phflc tap cua nhdn vait. Tinh thdn the due la mdt truydn ngan trao phung. Cln tim hiiu mau thuin trao phung cua tac phim Va thu phap gidu nhai dugc sfl dung nhu the nao. Do'/ thda vid't ve than phan mdt tri thflc ngheo bi dat vao mdt tinh hud'ng bi kich (gdm hai man thuin : Khat vgng thi ldn nhung cudc sd'ng tung quin "lo cdm ghi sat dlt" khdng cho phep dat dugc, coi thuong ydu con ngudi la le sd'ng ma lai tu minh vi pham vao chfnh le sd'ng Iy). Ddi thda cdn la mdt tuydn ngdn nghd thuat rlt tid'n bd va sau sac cua Nam Cao. "Vi hanh" thi dac sic nha't la su sang tao tinh hudng ddc dao va su chuyin canh, chuyin gigng rlt linh boat, nghd thuat cham bidm sic sao. Cha con nghia ndng va Sd do la hai cud'n tiiu thuyd't. Cha con nghia ndng tuy la tieu thuyd't hidn dai nhung ra ddi trong thdi ki qua dd ndn cdn mang nhilu yd'u td cua tiiu thuyd't trung dai : kd't ciu chuong h6i va kd't thuc cd hau. Cdn Sd do la tiiu thuyd't trao phung xult sic. Mdi chuong la'mdt

246

tin hai kich xoay quanh mdt mau thuin gay cudi. Hay tim hiiu mau thuin gay cudi trong chuong Hgnh phuc cua mgt tang gia. Vu Nhu Td la mdt vd kich lich sfl cd quy md holnh trIng. Dd la dac diem chung cua tic phim Nguydn Huy Tudng.

II - VAN HOC NUdc NGO Al Phin Van hgc nudc ngoai d Hgc ki I chi cd mdt vd kich Rd-mi-d vd Giu-li-et

(trich doan). Cln dgc ki phin Tri thdc dgc - hieu de vdn dung vao phan tich doan trfch tic phim nay : mdu thuin kich, ngdn ngfl dd'i thoai, ddc thoai, gil tri nhan van,...

III - LI LUAN VAN HOC

Chu y van dung kid'n thflc If thuyd't vao thuc hanh dgc - bilu cac tac phim cu tbl. d day la van dung nhiing kid'n thflc vl dac dilm cua the loai tiiu thuyd't, truydn ngin va kich ban van hgc d cae bai vl li ludn van hgc trong sach giao khoa NgU vdn 11 Ndng cao vao vide dgc - bilu cac truydn ngin Hai dda tre (Thach Lam), Chd ngudi td til (Nguydn Tuan), "Vi hdnh" (Nguydn Ai Qudc), Tinh than thi due (Nguydn Cdng Hoan), Chi Pheo, Ddi thita (Nam Cao) va doan trich Vinh Met Cicu Triing Ddi (kich Vu NhuTd cua Nguydn Huy Tudng).

B - PHUONG PHAP O N TAP

Hgc sinh lap de cuong phat bieu vl cac vin dl ndu trong ndi dung dn tap ; dd'n ldp thao luan dudi su hudng din cua giao vidn.

BAI VIET SO 4 (Kilm tra tdng hgp cud'i Hgc ki I)

KETQUACANDAT

Ndm vdng cdc ngi dung ca bdn cua cd ba phdn Vdn hgc, Tii'ng Viit vd Ldm vdn trong sdch gido khoa Ngft vdn 11 Ndng cao, tap mdt.

Bii't van dung nhitng kiin 'thdc vd ki ndng dd hgc mgt cdch tdng hgp, todn diin dildm bdi kiem tra cud'i Hgc ki.

247

Di ehuin bi cho bai kilm fra tdng hgp cud'i Hgc ki I, hgc sinh cln chu y nam dugc mdt sd' ydu elu sau ddy.

1. Vl ndi dung cac phin Van hgc, Tid'ng Vidt va Lam van

a) Dd'i vdi phin Van hgc, cln nam dugc nhttng ndi dung chfnh trong sleh Ngd vdn 11 Ndng cao, tdp mdt la nhttng ndi dung nao. Su chuyin bil'n gitta hai thdi ki ldn cua van hgc vid't cd gi ding chu y ? Hd thdng lai cle van ban da hgc theo cac tidu chi : di tdi, chd di, ndi dung cd't truyin, hi thd'ng nhdn vdt,... the logi, ngdn ngd, cdc phuang thdc bieu dgt ; cdc yi'u td nghi thudt noi bat. (Kd't hgp vdn dung cac kid'n thflc va kT nang cua phin Tid'ng Vidt di cung cd thdm). Bdn canh vide nim vttng ndi dung va hinh thflc vfla ndu eua cac van ban da hgc cln chu y :

- Nhiing bilu bid't vl tie gia va hoan eanh ra ddi cua tac phim ;

- Nhiing tri thflc dgc - hiiu (van hgc sfl. If luan van hgc, van hod, lieh sfl,...) va vai trd cua chung frong vide hinh thanh ki nang dgc - hiiu, phuong phip til'p cdn mdt tac phim van hgc ;

- Chip lai vd hgc thudc nhiing doan van tho hay d cac tae phim frong sleh Ngdvdn 11 Ndng cao, tdp mdt (kl ca cac van ban phu, van ban dgc thim cua phin Tid'ng Vidt, Lam van).

b) Phin Tid'ng Vidt va Lam van d sleh Ngd vdn Tl Ndng cao, tdp mdt tap trung vao nhiing vin dl gi ? Nhung ndi dung If thuyi't nao cln chu y (dc phong each va dac dilm cua mdi phong dch. Ngtt canh va tim quan frgng cua ngtt dnh, vai trd cua ngdn ngtt chung va ldi ndi ca nhdn, d c thao tie ldp luan nao dugc hgc mdi ?...). Bdn canh nhiing ndi dung If thuyd't la cac bai luydn tap vl tid'ng Vidt dn lai cac kiln thflc da hgc d Trung hgc co sd va gan vdi phin Van hge ; thue hanh vl cac thao tac ldp ludn ; vl dch phan tich di nghi ludn van hgc hoac xa hdi ; vl phdng vd'n va fra ldi phong vin,...

2. Khi hgc dn ehuin bi cho bai kilm tra tdng hgp cud'i Hgc ki I, hgc sinh khdng nin chi hgc If thuyd't ma cln tdp trung nhilu vao thuc hanh. Thuc hanh dgc - bilu, phdn tich d c van ban trong phin Van hgc (ca nhiing van ban dgc thdm). Thuc hanh tid'ng Vidt gin vdi cac tinh hud'ng giao tilp, d e ngtt canh cu tbl. Thuc hanh dl vdn dung mdt dch linh boat, sing t^o d c kid'n thflc va ki nang tid'ng Vidt, tranh cflng nhac, mdn slo va gugng ep. Thuc hanh vid't d c doan van vdi quan nidm doan van hoan chinh thuc sU la mdt bai van thu nhd. Thuc hinh vdn dung cac thao tac nghi ludn dl vii't dugc d c doan van, bai van ; luydn tap cleh phat hidn, dl xult vd phat triln ludn dilm ; thuc hinh elch lap luan,...

248

3. Khi dn tap, hgc sinh cung cln thly tfnh chit tfch hgp cua phin Van hgc va Lam van thi hidn frong sach nay. Tinh tfch hgp dugc tbl hidn khdng chi frong vide sfl dung cac van ban van hgc nhu la ngtt lidu dl hgc vl lam van ma cdn frong vide sfl dung va khai thac d c ndi dung xa hdi, chfnh tri, tu tudng cung nhu d c v ^ dl nghd thuat dat ra trong cac tac phim b phin Van hgc, nhiing kid'n thflc vl til'ng Vidt va luydn tap sfla chtta cac ldi frong sfl dung tilng Vidt. Vide tfch hgp nay vfla gdp phin soi sing thdm cho ndi dung dgc - hiiu van ban, vfla lam cho d c kid'n thflc tilng Vidt frd ndn gin gui va thid't thuc ban.

Van nghi luan da hgc b Trung hgc co sd, nhung cac ndi dung d ldp 11 dugc nang cao hon ca vl If thuyd't lin hd thdng dl van thuc hanh. Vi thd', khi dn tap hgc sinh cln lidn hd, so sanh dl thSfy su k l thfla va phat triln cua cac ndi dung nay b sach Ngd vdn 11 Ndng cao, tap mdt.

4. Dl dap flng ydu elu ddi mdi danh gil (da ndu trong sleh Ngdvdn 10 Ndng cao), bai kilm tra thudng ap dung mdt phin hinh thflc thi frac nghidm kd't hgp vdi tu luan. Ti Id dilm trie nghidm va tu luan tuy thudc vao muc dfeh vl ydu ciu cua bai kilm fra (frIc nghidm thudng chiim 30 - 40%). Phin trie nghidm nay se kilm fra mdt each tdng hgp cac kid'n thflc da hgc, ca Van hgc, Tilng Vidt va Lam van. Phin tu luan kilm tra nang luc cam thu van hgc va cac ki nang vid't bai van, doan van va kT nang sfl dung tilng Vidt.

Dl khuyd'n khich nhihig suy nghT tim tdi, sing tao trong qua trinh vid't bii cua hgc sinh, dl bai kilm tra tdng hgp cd thi lua chgn eac doan van ban tuong tu vdi cic van ban tic phim da hgc nhung chua dugc giang trdn ldp dl danh gia cae tri thflc dgc - hiiu van ban va tilng Vilt. Cac dl van tu luan cung dugc thay ddi theo cic yiu elu co ban nhu : khdng vid't dai; chu y ca nghi luan van hgc va nghi luan xa hdi; vid't phai cd ludn dilm, luan cfl va lap luan rd rang, chic chin ; bilt van dung hgp If cac thao tic lap luan frong diln dat; bid't trinh bay bai vilt sing sua, mach lac, chu y chtt vid't, chfnh ta, tfl ngtt, ngtt pblp,... Dac bidt khuyin khich cac bai vilt cd y tfl phong phu, bid't soi sang v ^ dl dudi nhilu gdc canh, dl dua ra dugc d c nhan xet, danh gia hoac kit luan ddc dio, mang dam mau sic chu quan nhung hgp If va cd sflc thuyd't phuc cao. Cac ydu d u nay da dugc ren luydn trong cac bai vid't thudng ki.

Hgc sinh cd thi tham khao bai kilm fra tdng hgp sau day.

DE LUYEN TAP CUOI HOC KI I

Thdi gian ldm bdi: 90 phut

De bai (gdm hai phdn)

Phdn L Trie nghiem (12 cdu, mdi cau dung dugc 0,25 dilm, tdng cdng : 3 dilm)

249 lWAfiNG0rvAN11-NC,T1

Cho doan trich sau :

"Nhin chung trong tho cd diln cua ta, bao gdm tfl Chu Manh Trinh trd ldn, nlu xet vl khfa canh cd tfnh ddn tdc ban ca, cd le tho Hd Xuan Huong "Thi treo giai nhdt chi nhudng cho ai !". Tha Xudn Huang Vidt Nam ban ca, vi da thdng nhdt dugc dd'n cao dd hai tfnh cdch ddn tdc vd dai chung. Xudn Huang cung la mdt "nhd nho" chang kim ai, cung gidi chfl Han, khi cdn cung ra dugc cau ddi "mac do gidp ddi cdi chfl dinh", cung gidi chiit tu "duydn thidn diu doc, phan lidu net ngang", va dung tdn cdc vi thudc bdc mdt cdch tdi tinh. Nhung Xudn Huang khdng chiu khoe chfl. Xudn Huang ddi ldp ban vdi cai thdi cue On Nhu Hdu, bai Cung odn ngdm khdc cua dng : "Ang dao kilm ddm bdng nao chung -Khoe thu ba dgn sdng khuynh thdnh" ldn nhdn nhiing chfl Han ndng tnnh trich.

Ndi dung tho Xudn Huang todt ra tfl ddi sdng binh ddn, hang ngdy, vd trdn ddt nudc nhd. Xudn Huang ndi ngay nhiing canh cd thuc cua nfli sdng ta, vflt hit sach vd khudn sdo, ld'y hai con mdt cua minh ma nhin. Cdi deo Ba Ddi cua Xudn Huang rd la deo ba ddi, ba deo tum hum ndc, lun phun rdu, gid lit leo, suang dim dia, phong canh sdng cfl cua qudy ldn, chfl chang phai chilu Id nhu cdi Deo Ngang cua Bd Huydn Thanh Quan, tuy c6 thanh nha, dep xinh nhung bi dap bep cho vdo dflng im nhu trong mdt bflc tranh in d ^ chen bay Ig cd. Dd it thi si ndo dl lai ddu dn tho tren nudc fa nhilu nhu Xudn Huong : chg Trdi, Kem Trdng, Qudn Khdnh (Thanh Hod), ddng Huong Tfch,... Dd ft nha thi si nao la ngudi Ha Ndi nhu Xudn Huang, xua dau d gdn Lf Qud'c Su, da tutng di dao canh Hd Tdy, ghe choi chua Trdn Qud'c, tiing hodi cd tnidc cung Thdi Hod nhd Lf, tdi ddi Khan Xudn, vd cdn dl lai tho hay thdch ca su lang qudn cua thdi gian, Xudn Huong vinh vidn hod cdi chua Qudn Sfl cua thdi ndng".

(Xuan Dieu - din tit HS Xudn Huang - Ve tdc gia va tdc phdm, NXB Giao due, 2001)

Dgc doan trich trdn vd tra ldi cdc cdu hdi bang cdch khoanh trdn chfl cdi dflng trudc cau tra ldi dung.

1. Vi sao doan trich trdn dugc coi Id mdt doan vdn nghi ludn ?

A. Vi cd ludn dilm mdi me, sdc sao vd cd ludn cfl gidu sflc thuylt phuc

B. Vi cd luan cfl gidu sflc thuylt phuc va each ldp ludn chat che

C. Vi cd ldp ludn chat che vd cd luan dilm mdi me, sic sao

D. Vi cd ddy du cac yd'u td ludn dilm, ludn cfl vd ldp ludn.

2. Tidu dl nao sau ddy phfl hgp nhdt vdi ndi dung doan trfch trdn ?

A. Tha Ndm Hd Xudn Huang

B. Hd Xudn Huang - "Bd Chua Tho Ndm"

C. Tfnh ddn tdc trong tha Hd Xudn Huong

D. Ndi dung tho Hd Xudn Huong.

250 17B>NG0r.VAN<1}-NCiT1

3. Y ndo sau ddy cd tbl coi Id ludn dilm ciia doan trfch ?

A. Xudn Huang cung Id mdt "nhd nho", cung gioi chfl Hdn

B. Nhin chung trong tha c6 diln ciia ta, bao gdm tfl Chu Manh Trinh trd ldn, tha Hd Xuan Huang cd tfnh ddn tdc han ca

C. Ndi dung tha Xuan Huang todt ra tfl ddi sdng binh ddn, hdng ngdy

D. Xudn Huang ndi ngay nhiing canh cd thuc cua niii sdng ta, vflt hit sdch vd khudn sdo, ldy bai con mdt ciia minh ma nhin.

4. "Cdi dec Ba Ddi cfla Xuan Huang ro Id deo ba ddi (...), phong canh sdng cfl cua qudy ldn, chfl chang phai chilu Id nhu cdi Deo Ngang cua Bd Huydn Thanh Quan, tuy cd thanh nha, dep xinh nhung bi dap bep cho vdo dflng im nhu trong mdt bflc tranh in d dm chen hay Ig cd".

Y chfnh ma cdu van trdn mudn bilu dat Id gi ?

A. Tha Bd Huydn Thanh Quan khdng bay

B. Tha Hd Xudn Huang hay ban tha Bd Huydn Thanh Quan

C. Tha Bd Huydn Tbanb Quan thanh nha ban tha Xuan Huang

D. Tha Ba Huydn tbanb nhd, dep xinh nhung khdng sd'ng ddng bdng tha Xudn Huang.

5. "Dl ft tbi si ndo dl lai ddu dn tha trdn nudc ta nhilu nhu Xuan Huang".

Cdu van trdn ndn bilu theo nghia ndo ?

A. Khdng cd thi sT ndo d nudc ta ldm nhieu tha nhu Xuan Huang

B. It nhd tha nao d nudc ta dl lai nhilu tha nhu Xuan Huang

C. It cd nhd tho ndo vilt nhilu vl phong canh nudc ta nhu Xudn Huong

D. Trdn dd't nudc ta ddu dau cung thdy hinh bdng Xuan Huang.

6."... khi cdn cQng ra dugc cau ddi "mac do gidp dai cdi chfl dinh", cung gidi chiit tu "duydn thidn ddu dgc, phan lidu net ngang", vd diing tdn cdc vi thud'c bdc mdt cdch tdi tinh".

Cdc chi tilt ndu trdn nham chflng minh Xuan Huang la ngudi nhu tbl nao ?

A. Gioi chai chfl

B. Gidi chfl Hdn

C. Gioi nghl thud'c

D. Gioi cdu dd'i.

7. Trong doan trich trdn, tha Hd Xudn Huang dugc so sdnh vdi tha cua ai ?

A. Chu Manh Trinh vd Bd Huydn Thanh Quan

B. 6n Nhu Hdu vd C3iu Manh Trinh

, C. Bd Huydn Thanh Quan vd On Nhu Hdu

D. Bd Huydn Thanh Quan.

251

8. Mdt khi Xudn Huong di dao canh Hd Tdy, ghe chai chua Trdn Qudc, hodi cd Uudc cung Thai Hod nha Lf, tdi tham dai Khan Xudn.

Cdu van trdn mac phai I6i nao ?

A. Dung sai nglua cua tfl

B. Cdu thilu bd phdn vi ngfl

C. Cdu thilu chu ngtt

D. Cdu thilu ca chu ngfl ldn vi ngtt.

9. Diln cum tfl nao cho dung vd hay vao diu ba chdm frong cdu van sau :

. "Nhin chung trong tha c6 diln cua ta, bao gdm tfl Chu Manh Trinh trd ldn, nlu xet vl khfa canh cd tfnh ddn tdc ban ca, cd le tha H 6 Xudn Huong...".

A. Ludn di trUdc

B. Ludn tidu bilu

C. danh giai nhdt

D. Hay tuydt vdi.

10. "Dl ft thi si nao dl lai ddu dh tha trdn nudc ta nhilu nhu Xudn Huang".

Cach diln dat ndo dudi ddy tuong duong vdi cdu trdn ?

A. Khdng tbl cd thi si ndo dl lai ddu Sai tha trdn nudc ta nhilu nhu Xudn Huong

B. Dl khdng ft tbi si da dl lai ddu dn tha trdn nudc ta nhilu nhu Xudn Huong

C. Kl sao dugc nhiing tbi si da dl lai ddu dn tho trdn nudc ta nhilu nhu Xudn Huong

D. Thdt It cd thi si nao da dl lai ddu dh tha trdn nudc ta nhilu nhu Xuan Huang.

11. "Xudn Huang cung la mdt "nha nho" chang kdm ai, ciing gidi chfl Han, khi cdn cung ra dugc cdu dd'i "mac do giap dai cdi chfl dinh", cung gidi chiit tu "duydn thidn diu doc, phdn hlu net ngang", vd dung tdn cdc vi thud'c bdc mdt cdch tai tinh".

Trong cau van trdn day, tdc gia chu yiu sfl dung bidn phap tu tfl ndo ?

A. So sanh

B. Lidt kd

C. Didp ngfl

D. Phdng dai.

12. Ndi dung chfnh Xuan Didu mudn lam ndi bat trong doan trfch Id gi ?

A. Tha Hd Xudn Huong ddm da tmh ddn tdc

B. Tha Hd Xudn Huong rdt tai hoa, uydn bac

C. Tha Hd Xudn Huong rdt phong phu, sdng ddng

D. Tho Hd Xudn Huong frdn dly tmh thin ydu nudc.

252

Phdn IL Tu luan (7 dilm) Cdu I. (2 diim) Nhd trilt hgc Hi Lap, Dd-ndng (346 - 264 trUdc Cdng nguydn)

ndi vdi mdt ngudi bem mep : "Chung ta cd bai tai va mdt midng dl nghe nhilu hom vd ndi ft ban".

Bang mdt doan van ngan, giai thfch y ngbla cau ndi trdn.

Cdu 2. (5 dilm) Chgn mdt trong cdc vdn dl sau dl vilt thanh bdi van ngdn :

- But phap lang man trong tmydn ChitngUdi tvctd cua Nguyin Tudn.

- Chf Pheo cua Nam Cao, mdt nhdn vdt diln hinh.

- Nghd thuat cham bilm sac sao cua Vu Trong Hiung qua doan trich Hgnh phuc cda mgt tang gia (trich Sddd).

/ v '

LUYEN TAP PHONG VAN VA TRA LOl / v '

PHONG VAN

Ke'TQUAcANOAT

Bii't phdng vdn vd trd ldi ddp true tiip.

phdng vdn qua hinh thdc hdi -

I - C H U A N BI

1. Anh (chi) hay lua chgn mdt sd vin dl dang dugc hgc sinh quan tam dl thuc

hanh phdng vin, vf du :

- Trang phuc cua hgc sinh trong hgc tap va sinh boat;

- Tinh ban, tinh ydu tuoi hgc dudng ;

- \S6c mo, hoai bao cua tudi fre ;

- L l hdi van hoi qud huong ;

- Thanh nidn Vidt Nam frong dip giao luu vdi be ban qud'c tl.

253

Sau khi lua chgn van dl, anh (chi) hay xac dinh ddi tugng phong vin va tra ldi phdng vin (cd the la mdt hoac mdt sd hgc sinh trong ldp ; thly, cd giao hoac mdt dd'i tugng gia dinh khac,...).

2. xay dung dl cuong phdng vin (dd'i vdi ngudi phdng vin)

Nhung dieu cln luu y khi xay dung dl cuong phong vin :

- Cln dinh hudng cu the, rd rang ndi dung phong v&.

- Cau hdi phai tap hgp dugc cac y tudng cua ngudi phdng vin vl mdt vlti dl nhit dinh, ddng thdi cd nhiing cau hdi then chd't dl phit triln mach phdng vdii.

- Cln ^han doan cac phuong In tra ldi cua dd'i tugng dl cd su nhay ben trong vide phan ung, bd sung cau hdi nhim thu dugc thdng tin cln thii't.

3. Nd'u anh (chi) la ngudi dugc mdi tra ldi phdng vin, cln cd su suy nghT, tim bilu vin de de cd the tham gia tich cue vao cudc phdng vSai.

II - THI/C HANH TREN L 6 P

- Cach thflc phdng vin : chia nhdm dl thuc hanh phdng vin va tra ldi phdng vin.

- Khi tiln hanh phdng vin cln chu y nhiing ydu ciu dd'i vdi ngudi phdng vin va ngudi dugc phdng vin.

- Cd su theo ddi, trao doi, nhan xet, rut kinh nghidm cho ban thdn.

254

LUYEN TAP v£ Ttr HAN VIET

KET QUA CAN DAT

Hieu dugc nghia vd cdch dUng mdt so tUHdn Viet ddn ra trong bdi tap ; qua dd trau ddi y thdc thudng xuyin ren luyin vi nghia vd cdch ddng cdc tUHdn Viet khdc.

1. Dgc cau tho sau day va thuc hidn nhidm vu ndu d dudi:

Trdi nghe hg gidi ai ngdm nga

Tii'ng ngdm vang cd sdng Ngdn Hd !

(Tan Da - Hdu Trdi)

a) Chi ra nghTa eua tid'ng hg, tid'ng gidi va cua tfl hg gidi dugc dflng frong cau tho frdn.

b) Cho bid't nghTa cua tfl cdnh gidi trong mdi cau sau :

- Vdn Id mgt ngUdi sd'ng xuat thdn trong mdt cdnh gidi khdc vdi vgn vdt khdng cdn nguyin hinh tudng.

(Bflu Y - Dam me)

- Ho dd khdn ngoan chgn hudng ngugc gid de tii'n lgi gdn, nhung vdn khdng thodt khdi ddi mdt tinh tudng cua con khi dang ldm nhiem vu cdnh gidi.

c) Chi ra nghia cua cac tid'ng gidi frong nhiing tfl Han Vidt sau ddy : biin gidi, dia gidi, gidi hgn, gidi nghiim, gidi thieu, gidi tinh, gidi td, khi gidi, nam gidi, phdn gidi, qudn gidi, thi'gidi.

d) Tim nhiing tfl Han Vidt khac cd tid'ng hg vdi nghTa nhu frong tfl hg gidi.

d) Nghia cua tfl hg gidi cd gi khac vdi tfl trdn gidi (Non Dodi dd tdi que trdn gidi -Trdng lin chu tiin khdng cdn ai - Tan Da) khdng ? Tim tfl trai nghia vdi tfl hg gidi, trdn gidi.

2. Dgc cdu tho sau day va thuc hidn nhidm vu ndu d dudi:

Ldng tdi rdng nhung lugng trdi cdchdt

Khdng cho ddi thdi tre cua nhdn gian.

(Xuan Dieu - Vdi vdng)

255

a) Chi ra nghTa cua ti6ig nhdn, tidng gian va cua tfl nhdn gian dvtac dflng trong cdu tho trdn.

b) Tra tfl diln rdi chi ra nglua cua cac tidng nhdn ttong nhiing tfl sau day : danh ntidn, nguyin nhdn, nhdn di, nhdn cdch, nhdn danh, nhdn ddn, nhdn dgo, nhdn hdu, nhdn logi, nhdn khdu, nhdn qud, nhdn sdm, nhdn sinh, nhdn tdi, nhdn tgo, nhdn thg, nhdn to, nhdn vdn.

c) Tra tfl diln rdi chi ra nglua cua d c tiing gian ttong nhttng tfl sau day : ddn gian, duang gian, gian hiem, gian hdng, gian lao, gian.nan, gian nguy, gian td, gian tdc, gian thdn, gian trudn, khdng gian, the'gian, trung gian.

3. Dgc cau tho sau day va thuc hidn nhidm vu ndu b dudi:

Tuang tu thdc mdy dim rdi,

Bii't cho ai, hdi ai ngudi bii't cho !

(Nguydn Bfnh - Tuang tu)

a) Chi ra nghTa cua tid'ng tuang, til'ng tu va cua tfl tuang tu dugc dung ttong cdu tho trdn.

b) Tim nhihig tfl Han Vilt khac cd tid'ng tuang vdi nghia nhu ttong tfl tuang tu.

c) Phan bidt nghTa cua d c tfl tuang tu, tuang tri (Td rdng : 'Tdm phdc tuang tri - Sao chua thodt khoi nd nhi thudng tinh", Nguydn Du- Truyin Kiiu), tuang tdn (")Qn quy thudn Tg thdnh - Miin tuang tdn cd't nhuc" - San Hdu).

d) Tra tfl diln rdi chi ra nghTa cua d c til'ng tu ttong nhflng tfl HIn Vidt sau day : ddu tu, tu bdn, tu biin, tu cdch, tu chdt, tu doanh, tu duy, tu hdu, tu linh, tu lieu, tunhdn, tuphdp, tusdn, tutudng, tuvd'n.

4. Dgc cau tho sau ddy va thuc hidn nhilm vu nlu b dudi:

Chong den, huyen trudng ldm cdng viic,

Trdi dd't Lai Tdn vdn thdi binh.

(Hd Chi Minh - Lai Tdn)

a) Chi ra nghTa cua tid'ng thdi, tid'ng binh va cua tfl thdi binh dugc diing ttong cdu tho trdn.

b) Tra tfl diln rdi chi ra nghTa cua d c tid'ng thdi trong nhflng tfl sau day : thdi dp, thdi cd, thdi cue, thdi duang, thdi do, thdi gidm, thdi hdu, thdi su, thdi td.

c) Tra tfl diln rdi chi ra nghTa cua d c tid'ng binh ttong nhihig tfl sau ddy : binh ddn, binh di, binh diin, binh ddng, binh dinh, binh dd, binh ludn, binh nguyen, binh phong, binh phuc, binh phuang, binh qudn, binh tinh, phi binh, trung binh.

256

BAN TIN

KETQUACANDAT

• Co mdt sd hieu bii't khdi qudt vi bdn tin : khdi niim, phdn logi, yiu cdu vd cdu true cua bdn tin.

• Bii't van dung nhdng hieu bii't trin de phdn tich, nhdn diin bdn tin.

1. Khai niem

Ban tin la tbl loai co ban cua van ban bao chi nham truyin dat, phan anh vl mdt su kidn mdi xay ra dugc cdng chung quan tdm. Ban tin cd chflc nang thdng bao su kidn mdt dch nhanh va ngdn ggn trdn bio chi, ddc bidt bao ngay, bao didn tfl, dai phit thanh va dai truyin hinh. Trong thdi dai ngay nay, nhu d u nam bat, frao ddi thdng tin cua xa hdi la hi't sflc d p thid't. Bdi tbl, ban tin cd vai frd vd cung quan frgng frong ddi sdng hang ngay.

2. Phan loai va yeu cau dd'i vdi ban tin

Ban tin cd nhilu loai: ban tin anh (dua tin bang anh tinh hoac anh ddng), ban tin chtt,... d ddy, chung ta chu yd'u lam quen vdi ban tin chtt. Ban tin chtt cd nhilu dang : tin vin, tin thudng, tin tudng thudt, tin tdng hgp,... Tin vdn la ban tin khdng cd diu di, dai dudi 100 chtt. Tin thudng thi cd diu dl va dd dai tfl 100 di'n 350 chtt. Day la dang ban tin chid'm ti Id cao nhit trong ITnh vuc bdo chf. Ban tin tudng thuat la tin phan anh tfl diu din cud'i mdt su kidn cu thi nlo dd. Dd dai cua ban tin nay tuy thudc vao ndi dung, diln bid'n cua su kidn dugc phan anh. Ban tin tdng hgp la ban tin phan anh nhilu su kidn tfl nhilu ngudn khac nhau thanh mdt hidn tugng ddng quan tdm.

Ban tin dugc coi la hay khi dap flng dugc cac ydu elu co ban sau :

- Mdi me, giau tfnh thdi su;

- Chan thuc, chfnh xae ;

- Ngan ggn, cd dgng, gay chu y.

3. Ca'u true mgt ban tin

Ciu tnic ban tin phu thudc rlt nhilu vao cac phuong tidn phat tfli (bao chi, phit thanh, fruyin hinh). 6 dang dly du nhit, mdt ban tin thudng cd elu true nhu sau :

257

- Ddu di cdn ggi la tiiu di, nhan di, tit bdi (tid'ng Phap : titre). Diu dl phai ngan ggn va cung d p cho ngudi dgc lugng thdng tin quan frgng nhit. Tuy nhidn, mdt so ban tin khdng cd diu dl, nhit la d loai tin van.,

- Ndi dung : Cung d p mdt dch chfnh xac vl thdi gian, dia dilm, diln bil'n va kit qua cua cac su kidn, hidn tugng da xay ra frong tu nhidn va ddi sdng xa hdi. Trong mdt ban tin, su kidn quan ttgng nhit phai dugc ndu ldn diu tidn, sau dd mdi ndu cac su kidn thfl yd'u (nd'u cd).

- Ngudi vid't cd tbl thuyd't minh thdm (nd'u cln), nhung nhin chung ban tin thudng ndu d c su kidn mdt each khach quan, khdng cd kd't luan.

LUYEN TAP

1. Phan tich dac dilm, elu true cua ban tin dl cho bid't d c ban tin sau day thudc loai ban tin nao :

"Theo Business Review Weekly vdi tdng tri gia khoang 200 trilu USD, ntt didn vidn tdc vang Ni-cau Kit-man da ttd thanh ngudi giau thfl tu Au-xtra-li-a va la phu ntt giau nhit nude nay nam 2006".

(Bao NgUdi dgi hieu nhdn ddn, 20 - 9 - 2006)

"THEM MOT B A N DICH TRUYEN KIEU SANG TIENG NHAT

Ngay 17 - 3 - 2005 vfla qua tai thanh phd 6-ka-y-a-ma, Nhat Ban, dng Say-ghi Sa-td va nfl thi sT Y-d-si-cd Ku-rd-da, ddng dich gia, da t6 chflc gidi thidu quyln Truyin Kiiu cua Vidt Nam da dugc dng ba dich sang tid'ng Nhat. Gin mdt ttam vi khach, gdm d c quan chflc, dai didn cac co quan van hoa, van nghd sT, nha bio, ban dgc Nhat Ban va thuc tap sinh, luu hge sinh Vidt Nam da dd'n du. Dai didn cua Dai sfl quan Vidt Nam tai Nhat Ban da gidi thidu vdi ddc gia vl than thd, su nghilp van hgc cua thi hao Nguyin Du va chuc miing thanh cdng cua hai dich gia ngudi Nhat. Day la lin thfl tu Truyin Kiiu dugc cac dich gia Nhat Ban dich sang tilng Nhat tfl cac ban til'ng Vilt, tidng Phap, tid'ng Anh. Ban dich lin nay eua dng Say-ghi Sa-td va ba Y-d-si-cd Ku-rd-da dich tfl cud'n Truyen Kiiu song ngtt Vidt - Anh do Nha xult ban Van hgc In hanh".

(Bao Vdn nghi, ngdy 15 - 5 - 2005)

(1) Tudn hdo thucmg mgi (ti€hg Anh).

258

2. Hay sip xd'p lai elu true va dat diu dl cho ban tin sau day sao cho hgp li :

a) Du kid'n sau khi hoan thanh, chid'c den keo quan nay se dugc dua dd'n Cung Van hoi thid'u nhi Ha Ndi vao dung td'i Rim Trung thu de chung vui vdi thid'u nhi Ha Ndi trong chuong tnnh Ciu truyin hinh true tid'p Ha Ndi - Hue - Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.

b) Chid'c den cao sau met, dudng kinh hai met rudi, va mat day rdng chin met vudng, cd elu tao gdm ba phin rdi nhau la hai thdn den va de den ndn cd thi thao lip dd dang khi di chuyin.

c) Ngay 18-9 , chid'c den keo quan ldn nhit tfl trudc tdi nay da dugc nghd nhan Vu Van Sinh d xa Cao Vidn, Thanh Oai, Ha Ndi cung vdi mdt so nghd nhan khdi dung.

LUYEN TAP VIET BAN TIN

KET QUA CAN DAT

Biit vii't mgt ban tin dan gidn, ddng quy cdch.

Dgc ki d c tinh hud'ng sau ddy va vid't ban tin cho phu hgp :

1. Ddi bdng da trudng anh (chi) cd tran giao hflu ydi trudng ban vao chilu chu nhat.

2. Nhan Ngay Nha giao Viet Nam, trudng cua anh (chi) da td chflc rlt nhilu hoat ddng cd y nghTa cln dugc tuydn truyin rdng rai.

3. Nhilu boat ddng quyln gdp giup dd nhiing tre em ngheo hgc gidi cln dugc phan anh, bilu duong.

4. Tudng thuat Id khai giang nam hgc mdi.

Ggi y : Di vid't dugc ban tin, hgc sinh d n chu y :

- Xem xet mdi tinh hud'ng da ndu d trdn phu hgp vdi loai tin nao (tin vin, tin thudng hay tin tudng thuat), xac dinh dd dai cua tin.

- Ndi dung mdi tin cln ndu nhung gi ? Thdng tin nao md diu va thfl tu d c thdng tin tid'p theo ?

- Tin nao cln cd nhan dl, tin nao khdng cln nhan dl ?

259

/ v '

TRA BAI VIET SO 4

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Ndm duac ddc diem vd cdc sd4.

• Bii't cdch phdn tich mdt di nhugc diem cua bdi vii't.

yiu cdu ca

vdn vd thdy

bdn cua Bai vilt

dugc nhdng Uu,

Di tid't Trd bdi vii't sd 4 cd hidu qua, hgc sinh xem nhihig ydu elu da ndu b tilt Trd bdi vii't so 1 va chu y thdm mdt so dilm sau.

1. Muc dich, ydu d u cua Bdi vii't so 4 la tap trung kilm tta mdt dch tdng hgp va toan didn vl nhiing ndi dung da hgc. Tfnh chit tdng hgp vl toan didn tbl hidn d ydu elu ca vl ndi dung va hinh thflc. Vl ndi dung, kilm tta kiln thflc cua ca ba phin, nhilu don vi kii'n thflc d nhilu bai khac nhau (ca nghi luan van hgc va nghi luan xa hdi). Vl hinh thflc, kit hgp d vide kilm tra bang d c cau hoi frac nghiim va cau hdi tu luan.

2. Chu y lidn hd vdi cac ndi dung da hgc trong phin Van hgc va Lam van, dac bidt la cac bai On tap vi Vdn hgc. On tap vi Ldm vdn; Dgc tieu thuyi't vd truyin ngdn, Thao tdc lap ludn phdn tich, Thao tdc lap ludn so sdnh, cac tie phim van hgc Vidt Nam diu tbl ki XX,... dl xem xet va danh gia uu dilm, nhuoc dilm cua Bdi vii't so 4.

260

MUC LUC

Tuln

1

2

3

4

5

6

Ten bai

- Vdo phu chda Trinh (Trfch Thugng kinh MsU-hb Huu Trie) Dgc thim: Cha tdi (Trfch Dgng Dich Trai ngdn hdnh luc - Dang Huy Trfl)

- Ngdn ngtt ehung va ldi ndi c l nhan - Luydn tdp phan tfch dl , Mp dan y cho bai van nghi luan xa hdi

- Le^iet ^luang (Trfch Truyin Luc Vdn Tiin - Nguyin D5nh Chilu) Dgc them: Chgy gidc (Nguyin Dinh Chilu)

- Luydn tap vl ngdn ngtt ehung va ldi ndi d nhan - B a i vilt s d i

- Vdn ti'nghia si Cdn Giudc (Nguyin Dinh Chilu) - NguySn Dinh Chilu - Luydn tap vl hiln tugng tach tfl

- Tu tinh (bai n - Hd Xuan Huong) - Bdi ca ngdn di trin bdi cdt (Sa hdnh dodn ca - Cao Ba Quat) - Tra bii vid't sd 1 - Bii vid't sd 2 (Nghi luan xa hdi - Bai lam d nha)

- Cdu cd mda thu (Thu dii'u - Nguyin Khuyd'n) - Tii'n si gidy (Nguyin Khuyd'n)

Dgc thim : Khdc Duang Khui (Nguyin Khuyd'n)

- Luyin tap vl trudng tfl vUng va tfl frai nghTa

- Nguyin Khuyd'n - r/iM-oTig v(r (Trin T l Xuong)

Dgc thim: Vinh khoa thi Huang (Trin T l Xuong)

- Thao tdc lap luan phan tich - Luyin tap thao tac lap luan phan tich (Vl xa hdi)

Trang

3

11 16 18

21

25 26 28

29 35 42

43 45 48 49

51 52

55 57

59 66

68 70 74

261

7

8

9

10

11

12

- Bdi ca ngdt ngudng (Nguyin Cdng Trfl) Dgc thim:

Bdi ca phong cdnh Huong Son (Huang Son phong cdnh ca -

Chu Manh Trinh)

- Luydn tap thao tac lap luan phan tfch (Vl tie phim tho)

- Tra bai vid't sd 2

- Chii'u cdu hiin (Cdu hiin chie'u — Ngd Thi Nhdm) Dgc thim :

-1- A/n lap khoa ludt (Trich Tecdp bdt diiu - Nguyin Trudng Td) -1- Dong Mdu (Trich San Hdu) - On tdp van hgc trung dai Vidt Nam - Ngtt dnh

- JChai quat van hgc Vidt Nam tfl diu thd ki XX dih Cach mang thang Tam 1945

- Bai.vid't sd 3 (Nghi ludn van hge)

- Hai dda tri (Thach Lam) Dgc thim : Cha con nghia ndng (Trich - Hd Bilu Chanh)

- Ngtt canh (Tilp theo) - Luyin tap thao tac lap ludn phdn tfch (Vl tie phim van xudi)

- Chd ngudi td tu (Nguydn Tudn) Dgc thim : 'Vihdnh" (Nguydn Ai Qudc)

- Thao tac ldp luan so sanh - Luydn tap vl thao tac lap luan so sanh

- Hgnh phiic cda mat tang gia (Trfch Sddo - Vu Trgng Phung) Dgc thim : Nghi thudt bdm thit gd (Trich Viic ldng - Ngd Tit Td)

- Phong each ngdn ngtt bao chf - Tra bai vid't sd 3

76

80

82

84

85

89 93 102 106

109 119

121

131 137 140

142

150 155 157

159

167 173 177

262

' 13

14

15

16

17

18

-Chi Pheo (Nam Csio) Dgc thim : Tinh thdn thi due (Nguydn Cdng Hoan)

- Dgc tiiu thuyd't va truydn ngdn - Luydn tdp kd't hgp cac thao tac ldp ludn

- Ddi thita (Nam Cao) - Nam Cao - Luydn tdp vl phong each ngdn ngfl bao chi

- Vinh biit Cdu Triing Ddi (Trfch Vu NhuTd - Nguyin Huy Tudng) - Luyin tdp vl tach cau - Phong vin va fra ldi phdng vin

- Tinh yiu vd thu hdn (Trich Rd-me-d vd Giu-li-et - Sd'ch-xpia) - Dgc kich ban van hgc - On tap vl Lam van

- 6 n tap vl Van hgc (Hgc ki I) - Bai vid't sd 4 (Kilm tra tdng hgp cud'i Hgc ki I) - Luydn tap phdng vin va tra ldi phong vin

- Luydn tap vl tfl Hdn Vidt - Ban tin - Luydn tap vilt ban tin - T r a bai vid't sd 4

178

190 196 200

202 209 215

216 228 230

233 238 243

244 247 253

255 257 259 260

263

Chiu trdch nhiem xudt bdn : Chu tich HDQT kiem T6ng Gidm d6c N G 6 T R X N AI Pho T6ng Gidm ddc kiem T6ng bien tap NGUYEN QUt THAO

Biin tap ndi dung : PHAM VAN TRONG - VU HlTONG

Biin tdp kl thudt: N G 6 KIM ANH - DINH XUAN DUNG

Trinh bdy bia vd minh hog : TRAN Tl£u LAM

S«a bdn in : PHAM VAN TRONG

. Che bdn : C O N G TY CP THI^T K £ VA PHAT HANH SACH GIAO DUC

"Tranh bia: Thuyen tren song Huong (trich doan) cua hoa si To Ngpc Vdn".

Trong sdch co su dung mot sd dnh tu lieu cua Thong tan xa Viet Nam,

sdch Cuoc thi imh di tai GiAo due va mot sd sach l<hdc.

N G Q V A N 11 - NANG CAO, TAP MOT

Masd:NH111T0

In 15.000 cudn (QO 08/KH2010). khd 17x24 cm. In tai Cdng ty CP In Nghe An. 216 - Tran Phu - TP Vinh - Nghe An. Sdin: 21GK. Sd xuatban: 01-2010/0X6/750-1485/GD. In xong va nop liiu chieu th^ng 01 nam 2010.

264

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m HUAN CHUONG HO C H I MINH

VUONG MIEN KIM CUONG CHAT LU0NG QUOC TE

\k SACH GIAO KHOA LOP 1 11 /

LTOANHOC

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• HiNH HOC 11

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6. LICH SCf 11

7. DIA Li 11

8. TIN HOC 11

9. CONG NGHE 11 ,

1 0 . G I A O D U C C O N G D A N 1 1

11. GlAO DUC QUOC P H 6 N G - AN NINH 11

12. NGOAI NGCf

• TltNGANHII .TieNGPHAPII

• TltNGNGAII • TIENG TRUNG QU6C 11

SACH GIAO KHOA LOP 11 - NANG CAO

Ban Khoa hoc Tu nhien

Ban Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van :

, TOAN HOC (OAI SO vA GIAI TICH 11, HINH HOC 11)

. VAT Ll 11 , HOA HOC 11 . SINH HOC 11

.NGLfVANII (tap mot, tap hai)

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NGOAI NGU (TIENG ANH 11, TIENG PHAP 11,

TIENG NGA 11, TI NG TRUNG QUOC 11)

934980110 0 7 5 0 1 Gid: 10.500 dong