Bms Slides-research Process_notes

8/2/2019 Bms Slides-research Process_notes

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Methods of Research in Business

SYBMS Mithibai College

Siddharth Sankhe


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Research

What it means?

The systematic investigation into and study of

materials and sources in order to establish facts

and reach new conclusions.


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A Research Problem refers to

Some difficulty an organization faces and wishes toobtain a solution from the same

About Research Problem..

The most important part of solving a research problemis to CLEARLY DEFINE THE PROBLEM

problem clearly stated is half solved Ambiguous research problem leads to ambiguous

results


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Research Methodology

A method to solve the research problem

systematically

What does it involve Gathering data

Using of statistical techniques

Interpreting data

Drawing conclusions based on the data interpreted

Moreover, Research methodology is a blue-print of the actual

study


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RESEARCH PROCESS


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Refers to

establishing

relation

between

variables.

Identify a

CAUSE of an

effect or

vice-versa

Research Question

Development of Hypothesis*

Scope

Exploratory*

Descriptive*

Causal*

Sample type*

Sample size

Primary*

Secondary*

Editing

Coding

Tabulating

To shed light

on the real

nature of the

problem

(EXPLORE)

More specific

towards a

problem and

describes the

currentsituation

(DESCRIBE)


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Data collection

TYPES OF DATA

PRIMARY DATA

OBSERVATION SURVEY

QUESTIONNAIREPERSONALINTERVIEW

FORMAL & INFORMAL

INDIVIDUAL & FOCUS GROUP

EXPERIMENTAL

SECONDARY DATA

INTERNAL

E.g.:

Sales Records

Financial

Statements

Debtors and

Creditors reports

EXTERNAL

Consulting reports

Books

Magazines

Newspapers

Internet

Other ReportsAnd Records


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Introduction

Defn: A hypothesis is an unproven statement

or proposition about a factor or phenomenon

that is of interest to the researcher.

It may, for example, be a tentative statement

about relationships between two or more

variables.

Often, Not always, a hypothesis is a possible

answer to the research question.


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A hypothesis is extremely useful but it can be

done without.

For instance, researching about glass frit or

glass elevation or micro chips. (exploratory)


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Example (null not included)

Situation: in the midst of global meltdown and

forecasts by financial analysts with respect to

current market situations, NOTHING is more

comforting than trusted, familiar foods andtreats.

For instance, does hot soup make people feel better

on a rainy day or when they have cold, partiallybecause they have consumed the same during

the same situations when they were growing up?


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Consider doing market research for

COMFORT FOODS?, derive hypothesis.

RQ1: What foods are considered to be comfort foods?

H1:Potato chips are considered comfort food

H2:Ice cream is considered comfort food

RQ2: When do people eat comfort foods?H3:People eat comfort food when they are happy

H4:People eat comfort food when they are sad

RQ3: How do people become attached to comfort foods?H5:People are attached to comfort foods that are consistent with

their personality

H6:People are attached to comfort foods because of past associations


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Sources of

Hypothesis

Theory

Observation

Past

ExperienceCase studies

Similarity

Deducing from a general

existing theory. E.g.:

PSUs are socially

responsible to provide

employment

Generalobservation

methods .

E.g.: Mystery

shopping

A company

producing

apparels tellsthe

researcher

that jeans are

fastest

moving

apparels

Published

cases

Mostly in relation to

human beings foe

e.g.: dressing, food

habits, culture etc.


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Role of Hypothesis

Helps guide investigator in the right direction

Clarity of thoughts in terms of what is to be

studied

Determine the type of research

Hypothesis, formulated or tested, if found to

be true becomes a part of accepted theory


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Characteristics of a good hypothesis

Clarity of concept- should emphasize on concept

Logical-should make sense

Ability to test-verifiable

Statistical tools-verifiable using stat tools

Subjectivity elimination- no ambiguity e.g.:overlook, financial year endings

Clear/specific-clear cut statement

Simple-less assumptions Theory support-should be drawn from an existing

theory and support the new theory


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Characteristics of a good hypothesis

Clarity of concept

Logical

Ability to test

Statistical tools

Subjectivity elimination

Clear/specific

Simple

Theory support


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Types of Hypothesis

2 major types of Hypothesis

1) Null

2) Alternate

The simplistic definition of the null is as the opposite of the alternativehypothesis, H1, although the principle is a little more complex than that.

The null hypothesis is a hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove,reject or nullify. Never accept a null, ether reject or fail to reject.

The 'null' often refers to the common view of something, while thealternative hypothesis is what the researcher really thinks is the cause of aphenomenon.

An experiment conclusion always refers to the null, rejecting or accepting

H0 rather than H1.


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Alternate hypothesis:

H1: Tomato plants exhibit a higher rate ofgrowth when planted in compost rather than

in soil.

And a null hypothesis:

H0: Tomato plants do not exhibit a higher rateof growth when planted in compost ratherthan soil.


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Research Objective: to identify-When studentsattend seminar classes, in addition to lectures,their performance increases.

The null and alternative hypothesis? Null Hypotheses (Ho): Undertaking seminar

classes has no effect on students

performance. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): Undertaking

seminar class has a positive effect onstudents performance.


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Further classification on types of hypotheses

in notes


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SAMPLING


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Population

The aggregate of all the elements,sharing some common set ofcharacteristics that comprises theuniverse for the purpose ofmarketing research problem

Sample

A subgroup of the elements ofthe population selected for

the participation in the study


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Sampling process

1 Define the Population

2 Identify the sampling Frame

3 Specify the sampling Unit

4 Selection of sampling Method

5 Determination of sample Size

6 Specify sampling Plan

7

Selection ofSample

Depends on what your

research problem is

Want to know about

students? University is

my frame

Narrowed down sample.

Individuals who are to be

contacted are the sampling units

Probability sampling OR non

probability sampling

Depends on various factors such as

type of research, accuracy required

and size of populationA sampling plan is a detailed outline of

which measurements will be taken at

what times, on which material, in what

manner, and by whom.

You know what this means, right?


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Essentials of good sample

Representative Adequate Uniform IndependentGood

Sample

The sampleshould truly

represent the

characteristics of

the verse.

The size of thesample should be

adequate i.e.,

neither too large

nor small but

commensurate

with the size of

the population.

There should behomogeneity in

the nature of all

the units

selected for the

sample.

The method ofselection of the

sample should

be such that the

items of the

sample are

selected in an

independent

manner.


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NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Sampling techniques that do not use chance

selection procedures. Rather, they rely on

PERSONAL JUDGEMENT of the researcher

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Sampling procedure in which each element ofthe population has a chance of being selected

for the sample


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Convenience Sample:

Respondents are selected because they happen to be inthe right place at the right time.

e.g.: interviewing people on the streets

Judgmental sampling:

Respondents are selected on based on the judgment

(belief) of the researcher.e.g.: selecting college students for AXE research

Quota sampling:

A two stage sampling technique. First stage consists ofdeveloping quotas. In the second stage, sample isselected either by convenience or Judgment.

e.g.: Interviewing 70 females and 30 males visiting a mall

for a research on fairness cream


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Simple Random sampling:


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Simple Random sampling:

Each element in the population has an equal chance of being selected as the sample. The

method is equivalent to lottery system.

e.g.: Randomly selecting roll numbers from class based on lottery

Systematic sampling:

In systematic sampling, the sample is chosen by selecting a random starting point and then

picking every nth interval

e.g.: every 10th roll number (1,11,21,31,41,51,61)

Stratified sampling: A two-step process in which the population is divided into sub-

population, or strata. Next, elements are selected from each stratum, usually using

simple random sampling techniques

e.g.: Creating a strata based on location/age/community and then respectively selecting a

sample from each strata.

Cluster sampling: A group of people are formed into different clusters based on various

classification/similarity/difference and then the clusters are chosen using simple random

sampling.

e.g.: We have 20000 people in a locality. We need to select 500 people for a research. So

based on sub localities, we create 80 units of 250 people and then randomly choose 2(2*250=500)


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THANK YOU

VERY MUCH

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