blood structure

8/9/2019 blood structure

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STUDENT WORKSHEET 1BLOOD STRUCTURE

Objective : Students are able tounderstanding structure of blood(trombosyt, erythrosit, andleucosyt ).

Instrument and Material :

Microscope

Slides of blood sample (trombosyt,erythrosit, and leucosyt)

Working steps :

1. Prepare the microscope and slides of blood sample.2. Take the trombosyt, erythrosit, and leucosyt then

observe it by microscope.3. Draw the observation result and give explanation.

Discussion :

1. Pay attention the picture which observed, mention thestructure

2. Decide locations and the function of its tissue !

Blood structure based on our observation :

nucleus


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Blood structure based on internet :

a erythrocytes;b neutrophil;c eosinophil;d lymphocyte.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte


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a erythrocytes;

Erythrocytes consist mainly ofhemoglobin, a complex

metalloprotein containing theme groups whose iron atoms

temporarily link to oxygen molecules (O2) in the lungs or gills and

release them throughout the body. Oxygen can easily diffuse

through the red blood cell's cell membrane. Hemoglobin in theerythrocytes also carries some of the waste product carbon

dioxide back from the tissues; most of the carbon dioxide, however,

is transported as bicarbonate (HCO3-) dissolved in the blood

plasma. Myoglobin, a compound related to hemoglobin, acts to store

oxygen in musclecells.

The color of erythrocytes is due to the heme group of

hemoglobin. The blood plasma alone is straw-colored, but the red

blood cells change color depending on the state of the hemoglobin:

when combined with oxygen the resulting oxyhemoglobin is scarlet,

and when oxygen has been released the resulting deoxyhemoglobin

is darker, appearing bluish through the vessel wall and skin. Pulse

oximetry takes advantage of this color change to directly measure

the arterial blood oxygen saturation using colorimetric techniques.

The sequestration of oxygen carrying proteins inside

specialized cells (rather than having them dissolved in body fluid)

was an important step in theevolution ofvertebrates as it allows for

less viscous blood, higher concentrations of oxygen, and better

diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. The size of

erythrocytes varies widely among vertebrate species; erythrocyte

width is on average about 25% larger than capillary diameter and it

has been hypothesized that this improves the oxygen transfer from

erythrocytes to tissues.[7]

The only known vertebrates without erythrocytes are the

crocodile icefishes (family Channichthyidae); they live in very
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicarbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_oximetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_oximetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_saturationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorimetrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocytes#cite_note-snyder-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channichthyidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicarbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_oximetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_oximetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_saturationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorimetrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocytes#cite_note-snyder-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channichthyidae


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oxygen rich cold water and transport oxygen freely dissolved in

their blood.[8] While they don't use hemoglobin anymore, remnants

of hemoglobin genes can be found in their genome.

NucleusErythrocytes in mammals are anucleate when mature,

meaning that they lack a cell nucleus. In comparison, the

erythrocytes of other vertebrateshave nuclei; the only known

exceptions are salamanders of the Batrachoseps genus and fish of

the Maurolicus genus with closely related species.[10][11]

Secondary Functions

When erythrocytes undergo shear stress in constricted

vessels, they release ATP which causes the vessel walls to relax and

dilate so as to promote normal blood flow.[12]

When their hemoglobin molecules are deoxygenated,

erythrocytes release S-nitrosothiols which also acts to dilate vessels,[13] thus directing more blood to areas of the body depleted of

oxygen.

Erythrocytes also play a part in the body's immune response:when lysed by pathogens such as bacteria, their hemoglobin

releases free radicals that break down the pathogen's cell wall and

membrane, killing it.

b neutrophil;

Neutrophil granulocytes, generally referred to

as neutrophils, are the most abundant type ofwhite blood cells in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocytes#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachosepshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurolicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocytes#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocytes#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocytes#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-nitrosothiolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocytes#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocytes#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachosepshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurolicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocytes#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocytes#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocytes#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-nitrosothiolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocytes#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell


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mammals and form an essential part of the innate immune system.

They form part of the polymorphonuclear cell family (PMNs)

together with basophils andeosinophils. (For an overview of

neutrophils and their function, see recent reviews by Carl

Nathan[1] and Witko-Sarsat et al.[2] Also see Klebanoff & Clark[3].)

The name, neutrophil, derives from staining characteristics

on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histological or cytological preparati

ons. Whereasbasophilic white blood cells stain dark blue

and eosinophilic white blood cells stain bright red, neutrophils stain

a neutral pink. Normally neutrophils contain a nucleus divided into

2-5 lobes.

Neutrophils are normally found in the blood stream. However,during the beginning (acute) phase ofinflammation, particularly as

a result ofbacterialinfection and some cancers[4][5], neutrophils are

one of first-responders of inflammatory cells to migrate toward the

site of inflammation, firstly through the blood vessels, then through

interstitial tissue, following chemical signals (such as Interleukin-

8 (IL-8), Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and C5a) in a process

called chemotaxis. They are the predominant cells in pus,

accounting for its whitish/yellowish appearance.

c eosinophil;

Eosinophil granulocytes, usually called eosinophils (or, less

commonly, acidophils), are white blood cells that are one of

the immune system components responsible for combatingmulticellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Along
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basophilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil#cite_note-CarlNathan-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil#cite_note-Witko-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil#cite_note-Klebanoff-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematoxylinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basophilichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil#cite_note-Waugh-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil#cite_note-DeLarco-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon-gammahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C5ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basophilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil#cite_note-CarlNathan-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil#cite_note-Witko-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil#cite_note-Klebanoff-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematoxylinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basophilichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil#cite_note-Waugh-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil#cite_note-DeLarco-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon-gammahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C5ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate


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with mast cells, they also control mechanisms associated

with allergy and asthma. They are granulocytes that develop

during haematopoiesis in the bone marrowbefore migrating into

blood.

These cells are eosinophilic or 'acid-loving':

Normally transparent, they appear brick-red

after staining with eosin, a red dye, using theRomanowsky method.

The staining is concentrated in small granules within the

cellular cytoplasm, which contain many chemical mediators, such

as histamine and proteins such as eosinophil

peroxidase, ribonuclease (RNase), deoxyribonucleases, lipase, plas

minogen, and major basic protein. These mediators are released by

a process called degranulation following activation of the eosinophil,

and are toxicto both parasite and host tissues.

In normal individuals eosinophils make up about 1-6% of white

blood cells, and are about 12-17 micrometers in size.[1] They are

found in themedulla and the junction between the cortex and

medulla of the thymus, and, in the

lower gastrointestinal tract, ovary, uterus, spleen, andlymph nodes,

but not in the lung, skin, esophagus, or some other internal

organs[vague] under normal conditions. The presence of eosinophils in

these latter organs is associated with disease. Eosinophils persist in

the circulation for 812 hours, and can survive in tissue for an

additional 812 days in the absence of stimulation

d lymphocyte.

Microscopically, in a Wright's stainedperipheral blood smear,

a normal lymphocyte has a large, dark-staining nucleus with little to

no eosinophiliccytoplasm. In normal situations, the coarse, densenucleus of a lymphocyte is approximately the size of a red blood cell
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopoiesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanowsky_stainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_(cell_biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophil_peroxidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophil_peroxidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonucleasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonucleasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasminogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasminogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_basic_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degranulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophil#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_nodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Unnecessary_vaguenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Unnecessary_vaguenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright's_stainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_blood_smearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopoiesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanowsky_stainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_(cell_biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophil_peroxidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophil_peroxidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonucleasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonucleasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasminogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasminogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_basic_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degranulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophil#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_nodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Unnecessary_vaguenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright's_stainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_blood_smearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilic


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(about 7 micrometres in diameter).[3] Some lymphocytes show a

clear perinuclear zone (or halo) around the nucleus or could exhibit

a small clear zone to one side of the nucleus. Polyribosomes are a

prominent feature in the lymphocytes and can be viewed with

an electron microscope.[3] The ribosomes are involved in protein

synthesis allowing the generation of large quantities

ofcytokines and immunoglobulins by these cells.

It is impossible to distinguish between T cells and B cells in a

peripheral blood smear.[3] Normally, flow cytometry testing is used

for specific lymphocyte population counts. This can be used to

specifically determine the percentage of lymphocytes that contain a

particular combination of specific cell surface proteins, such

as immunoglobulins or cluster of differentiation (CD) markers or that

produce particular proteins (for example,cytokines using

intracellular cytokine staining (ICCS)). In order to study the function

of a lymphocyte by virtue of the proteins it generates, other

scientific techniques like the ELISPOT or secretion assay techniques

can be use
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte#cite_note-Abbas-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyribosomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte#cite_note-Abbas-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte#cite_note-Abbas-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_cytometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_of_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISPOThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretion_assayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte#cite_note-Abbas-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyribosomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte#cite_note-Abbas-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte#cite_note-Abbas-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_cytometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_of_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISPOThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretion_assay


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STUDENT WORKSHEET 2BLOOD TYPE TEST

Objective :To study and understand the type of blood

Instrument and Material :

Object Glass

Needle

Cotton

Marker

Toothpick

Pipette Alcohol 70%

Anti A And Anti B Serum

Working steps :

1. Choose one of your friends and take his or herblood.

2. Clean the shoot of finger by cotton which givenalcohol first. Suck the needle in shoot of finger.

Then put it on the object glass and give A and Bcode.

3. Give anti A serum in A code and anti B serum in Bcode.

4. Scramble the blood by toothpick.5. Observe for about five minutes whether any

agglutination or not.6. Decide the blood type of your friends :

If the blood in A code is occurring agglutinationand in B code isnt. The type blood is A.

If the blood in B code is occurring agglutinationand in A code isnt. The type blood is B.

If the blood in B code is occurring agglutinationand in A code too. The type blood is AB.

If the blood in B code isnt occurringagglutination and either do A code. The typeblood is O.

Discussing :

1. What is the antigen contains in cells of your blood

friend ?My friends has A antigen. Because in A


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2. What is the type blood of your friend ?

Discussing :

Basic principle classification of blood and transportationsystem of man

1. Explain classification the type of blood based onaglutinogen and rhesus system !

A blood type (also called a blood group) is a

classification ofblood based on the presence or absence

ofinheritedantigenic substances on the surface ofred blood

cells (RBCs). These antigens may

be proteins,carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids,

depending on the blood group system, and some of these

antigens are also present on the surface of other types

ofcells of various tissues. Several of these red blood cell

surface antigens, that stem from one allele (or very closely

linked genes), collectively form a blood group system.[1]

Blood types are inherited and represent contributions

from both parents. A total of 30 human blood group

systemsare now recognized by the International Society of

Blood Transfusion (ISBT).[2]

Many pregnant women carry a fetus with a different

blood type from their own, and the mother can form

antibodies against fetal RBCs. Sometimes these maternal

antibodies are IgG, a small immunoglobulin, which can cross

the placenta and cause hemolysis of fetal RBCs, which in turn

can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn, an illness oflow

fetal blood counts which ranges from mild to severe
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)#Eukaryotic_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_inheritancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood_group_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood_group_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Blood_Transfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Blood_Transfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-iccbba-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)#Eukaryotic_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_inheritancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood_group_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood_group_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Blood_Transfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Blood_Transfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-iccbba-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia


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ABO and Rh blood grouping

Agglutination of blood cells tested with antibodies for determination of blood type

in the laboratory. The discovery of this type of agglutination was an important

medical breakthrough.

Anti-A and Anti-B, the common IgM antibodies to the RBC

surface antigens of the ABO blood group system, are sometimes

described as being "naturally occurring"; however, this is a

misnomer, because these antibodies are formed in infancy by

sensitization in the same way as other antibodies. The theory that

explains how these antibodies are developed states that antigens

similar to the A and B antigens occur in nature, including in food,

plants, and bacteria. After birth an infant's gut becomes colonized

with normal flora that express these A-like and B-like antigens,

causing the immune system to make antibodies to those antigens

that the red blood cells do not possess. People who are blood type A

will have Anti-B antibodies, blood type B will have Anti-A antibodies,

blood type O will have both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies, and blood
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tube_blood_banking.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system


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type AB will have neither. Because of these so called "naturally

occurring" and expected antibodies, it is important to correctly

determine a patient's blood type prior to transfusion of any blood

component.

These naturally occurring antibodies are of the IgM class,

which have the capability of agglutinating (clumping) and damaging

red blood cells within the blood vessels, possibly leading to death. It

is not necessary to determine any other blood groups because

almost all other red blood cell antibodies can develop only through

active immunization, which can occur only through either previous

blood transfusion or pregnancy. A test called the Antibody Screen is

always performed on patients who may require red blood cell

transfusion, and this test will detect most clinically significant red

blood cell antibodies.

The RhD antigen is also important in determining a person's

blood type. The terms "positive" or "negative" refer to either the

presence or absence of the RhD antigen irrespective of the presence

or absence of the other antigens of the Rhesus system. Anti-RhD is

not usually a naturally occurring antibody as the Anti-A and Anti-B

antibodies are. Cross-matching for the RhD antigen is extremely

important, because the RhD antigen is immunogenic, meaning that

a person who is RhD negative is very likely to make Anti-RhD when

exposed to the RhD antigen (perhaps through either transfusion or

pregnancy). Once an individual is sensitized to RhD antigens, his or

her blood will contain RhD IgG antibodies, which can bind to RhD

positive RBCs and may cross the placenta.

Blood group systemsA total of 30 human blood group systems are now recognized

by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT).[2] A

complete blood type would describe a full set of 30 substances on

the surface of RBCs, and an individual's blood type is one of the

many possible combinations of blood-group antigens. Across the 30

blood groups, over 600 different blood-group antigens have been

found,[6] but many of these are very rare or are mainly found in

certain ethnic groups.
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Almost always, an individual has the same blood group for life,

but very rarely an individual's blood type changes through addition

or suppression of an antigen in infection, malignancy,

orautoimmune disease.[7][8][9][10] An example of this rare phenomenon

is the case ofDemi-Lee Brennan, an Australian citizen, whose blood

group changed after a livertransplant.[11][12]Another more common

cause in blood-type change is a bone marrow transplant. Bone-

marrow transplants are performed for many leukemias and

lymphomas, among other diseases. If a person receives bone

marrow from someone who is a different ABO type (eg, a type A

patient receives a type O bone marrow), the patient's blood type will

eventually convert to the donor's type.

Some blood types are associated with inheritance of other

diseases; for example, the Kell antigen is sometimes associated

with McLeod syndrome.[13] Certain blood types may affect

susceptibility to infections, an example being the resistance to

specific malaria species seen in individuals lacking the Duffy

antigen.[14] The Duffy antigen, presumably as a result ofnatural

selection, is less common in ethnic groups from areas with a high

incidence of malaria.[15]

ABO blood group system

ABO blood group system - diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that

determine the ABO blood group
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi-Lee_Brennanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-sikora-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-Dunlop-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kell_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLeod_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ABO_blood_group_diagram.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi-Lee_Brennanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-sikora-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-Dunlop-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kell_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLeod_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#cite_note-14


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The ABO system is the most important blood-group system

in human-blood transfusion. The associated anti-A antibodiesand

anti-B antibodies are usually "Immunoglobulin M", abbreviated IgM,

antibodies. ABO IgM antibodies are produced in the first years of life

by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria,

and viruses. The "O" in ABO is often called "0" (zero/null) in other

languages.

Phenotype

Genotype

A AA or AO

B BB or BO

AB AB

O OO

Rhesus blood group system

The Rhesus system is the second most significant blood-group

system in human-blood transfusion. The most significant Rhesus

antigen is the RhD antigen because it is the most immunogenic of

the five main rhesus antigens. It is common for RhD-negative

individuals not to have any anti-RhD IgG or IgM antibodies, becauseanti-RhD antibodies are not usually produced by sensitization

against environmental substances. However, RhD-negative

individuals can produce IgG anti-RhD antibodies following a

sensitizing event: possibly a fetomaternal transfusion of blood from

a fetus in pregnancy or occasionally a blood transfusion with RhD

positive RBCs.[5]Rh disease can develop in these cases.
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2. Explain the transfusion of blood !

Transfusion medicine is a specialized branch

ofhematology that is concerned with the study of blood groups,along with the work of a blood bank to provide a transfusion service

for blood and other blood products. Across the world, blood products

must be prescribed by a medical doctor

(licensed physician or surgeon) in a similar way as medicines. In the

USA, blood products are tightly regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug

Administration.

Main symptoms ofacute hemolytic reaction due to blood type mismatch.[52][53]

Much of the routine work of a blood bank involves testing

blood from both donors and recipients to ensure that every

individual recipient is given blood that is compatible and is as safe

as possible. If a unit of incompatible blood is transfused between

a donor and recipient, a severe acute hemolytic

reaction with hemolysis (RBC destruction), renal failure and shock is

likely to occur, and death is a possibility. Antibodies can be highly

active and can attack RBCs and bind components of

the complement system to cause massive hemolysis of the

transfused blood.

Patients should ideally receive their own blood or type-specific

blood products to minimize the chance of a transfusion reaction.

Risks can be further reduced by cross-matching blood, but this may

be skipped when blood is required for an emergency. Cross-

matching involves mixing a sample of the recipient's serum with asample of the donor's red blood cells and checking if the
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mixture agglutinates, or forms clumps. If agglutination is not

obvious by direct vision, blood bank technicians usually check

for agglutination with a microscope. If agglutination occurs, that

particular donor's blood cannot be transfused to that particular

recipient. In a blood bank it is vital that all blood specimens are

correctly identified, so labeling has been standardized using

a barcode system known as ISBT 128.

The blood group may be included on identification tags or

on tattoos worn by military personnel, in case they should need an

emergency blood transfusion. Frontline German Waffen-SS had

blood group tattoos during World War II.

Rare blood types can cause supply problems for bloodbanks and hospitals. For example Duffy-negative blood occurs much

more frequently in people of African origin,[54] and the rarity of this

blood type in the rest of the population can result in a shortage of

Duffy-negative blood for patients of African ethnicity. Similarly for

RhD negative people, there is a risk associated with travelling to

parts of the world where supplies of RhD negative blood are rare,

particularly East Asia, where blood services may endeavor to

encourage Westerners to donate blood.
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Documents

blood structure