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BLOOD GROUPS
FACTS ABOUT BLOOD GROUPS
• THE MOST IMPORTANT BLOOD GROUP IN THE U.S. IS THE ABO GROUP
• 3 ALLELES FOR THIS GROUP: A,B & O
• A PERSON CAN ONLY INHERIT 2 ALLELES (GENES) FOR THIS
POSSIBLE GENE COMBINATIONS
GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE (alleles) (actual blood
type) AA
AO
BB
BO
AB
OO
A
A
B
B
AB
O
Antigen
• In immunology, an antigen is a substance that evokes the production of one or more antibodies. Each antibody binds to a specific antigen by way of an interaction similar to the fit between a lock and a key
Antibody• An antibody (Ab), also known as an
immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses
• So the foreign antigen is the “bad guy” and the antibody is the molecule your body uses to fight the foreign antigen
• Serology – the study of antigen – antibody reactions
Laboratory Examination - Individualization
• The surface of a RBC contains antigens
• Antigen (Ag) – a glycoprotein that stimulates the body to produce antibodies (Ab) against it
• Antigens impart blood-type characteristics to the RBC
Laboratory Examination –ABO and Rh system
Recipient Donor A B AB O
A (antigen A and antibody B)
B (antigen B and antibody A
AB (antigen A and B and no antibodies)
O (not antigens but both antibody A and B*)
Meaning they have the following blood type
Recipient Donor A B AB O
A (antigen A and antibody B)
B (antigen B and antibody A
AB (antigen A and B and no antibodies)
O (not antigens but both antibody A and B*)
Rh FactorRh Factor
Recipient Donor Positive Negative
Positive Negative
Laboratory Examination –ABO and Rh system
• The population distribution of blood types varies with location and race throughout the world
• In the US, a typical distribution:
0
20
40
60
O type A type B type AB type
Percent
FREQUENCY OF BLOOD TYPES
A
B
AB
O
45% MOST COMMON
41 %
10 %
4 % LEAST COMMON
UNIVERSAL DONOR: THE BLOOD TYPE THAT CAN BE GIVEN TO ALL OTHER BLOOD TYPES.
TYPE O- IS THE UNIVERSAL DONOR.
UNIVERSAL ACCEPTOR: THE BLOOD TYPE THAT CAN RECEIVE ALL OTHER BLOOD TYPES.
TYPE AB+ IS THE UNIVERSAL ACCEPTOR.
Rh FACTOR
• THE Rh FACTOR IS ANOTHER ANTIGEN (PROTEIN) THAT CAN BE FOUND ON THE SURFACE OF SOME RBC’S
• PEOPLE WITH THIS PROTEIN ON THEIR RBC’S ARE Rh+
• .• PEOPLE WHO LACK THIS PROTEIN ARE Rh-.
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
• A HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORNS.
• THE RESULT OF Rh INCOMPATIBILITY
• THE MOTHER IS Rh- & THE FATHER IS Rh+
• BOTH HEMOLYSIS & AGGLUTINATION WILL RESULT
NORMAL RBC
IMMATURE RBC
(NUCLEATED)
BROKEN RBC
WHAT DISEASE CONDITIONS WOULD YOU EXPECT THIS BABY
TO HAVE AT BIRTH?
•ANEMIA
•JAUNDICE
WHAT IS THE Tx FOR THESE BABIES?
A COMPLETE BLOOD TRANSFUSION
• RHOGAM: CONTAINS ANTI-Rh ANTIBODIES• HOW IS IT ADMINISTERED?
• INJECTION• WHEN IS IT ADMINISTERED?
• DURING THE PREGNANCY & WITHIN 72 HOURS AFTER DELIVERY
.
PREVENTION?
