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8/3/2019 BLG609E Network Architecture+WiMAX Revised
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Alper Yegin, rfan Ali BLG 609E, 20121
Overview of Wireless NetworkArchitectures
February 2012
Alper Yegin
Irfan Ali
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Objective of this lecture
Understand the need of defining an architecture for wirelessnetworks
Get an understanding of the process of how standards are writtenand from where to get standards documents
Understand the evolution of GSM family of standardsCircuit Switch (CS) domainPacket Switch (PS) domain
Understand LTE architecture Understand WiMAX architecture Basic procedure of Attach (Registration) to illustrate how the entire
architecture works
LTE Long Term Evolution
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperabil ity for Microwave Access
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Overview of this lecture
Process of StandardsWhy a cellular network architecture?How is cellular network architecture defined?Components of architecture (protocols, interfaces, etc)From Lab to Standards to Products to Deployment
GSM (3GPP) family of StandardsGSM ArchitectureUMTS ArchitectureLTE Architecture
WiMAX Standard
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Story
Internet
Mobile
terminal
Base Station
Access
Gateway
Core
Gateway
Web
server
Network discoveryand selection
Network entry
Mobility
management
Location andpower management
Quality-ofservice
Interworking
Fault tolerance
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Why Standards?
Cell phones from a large number of cellphone vendors(Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, Apple, etc.) need to workwith infrastructure of a large number of infrastructure-
vendors (Ericsson, Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN),
Huawei, Alcatel-Lucent, Samsung, etc).
Need for an open and well specified interface between cellphonesand the infrastructure. Operators would like to buy infrastructure from different
vendors.
Need for open and well specified interfaces in the infrastructure. Law of large numbers Lower-cost systemOpen and well specified systems attract a large number of vendors
to build systems (networks and cell phones)
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How?
Operators and vendors form an open alliance to definespecifications (standards) for systemsDefining entire system
3GPP Alliance (GSM [ETSI], UMTS, LTE)3GPP2 Alliance (CDMA)WiMAX Forum (WiMAX)ITU (Fixed telephony network, SS7, )IETF (Internet, e.g.: IP, TCP, UDP, PPP, )
Defining limited-scope systemsIEEE (Ethernet, WiFi, 802.16m, RS 232, RS 485, etc)
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institue
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
ITU International Telecommunications Union
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
SS7 Signalling System 7
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
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Systems Engineering and building blocks ofsystem model
Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering thatfocuses on how complex engineering projects should be designedand managed over the life cycle of the project.
In this course we will be focused on the design of cell phone systems System: There are many definitions of what a system is in the field
of systems engineering. Below are a few authoritative definitions:
ANSI/EIA-632-1999: "An aggregation of end products and enablingproducts to achieve a given purpose."
IEEE Std 1220-1998: "A set or arrangement of elements and processesthat are related and whose behavior satisfies customer/operational needs
and provides for life cycle sustainment of the products."
ISO/IEC 15288:2008: "A combination of interacting elements organized toachieve one or more stated purposes."
Source: Wikipedia
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Systems Engineering Process
Source: Wikipedia
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Systems Engineering Process and StandardsProcess
Standards
ProcessService
Requirements
Technology
DesignO
bjectives
Internet Connectivity Service Continuity Quality of Service Authenticate and Authorization Secure connection
Radio technology (CDMA,OFDM, ..)
Security Mechanisms Hardware technology
Stage-1, Stage-2 and Stage-3Specs
Conformance testingspecification
Reduce cost Reduce complexity Based on existing Design
System
Specification
ProductDevelopment
Request forProposal
(RFP)
OperatorsVendors
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The 3GPP Process of Developing a New System/Feature/Service
The process is applied to both big features e.g., LTEand to smaller features, e.g., Emergency-call support inLTE.
STAGE-1
Defines Service
requirements
STAGE-2
Defines architecture
network elements &
high level flows STAGE-3
Defines protocols
(state m/c,messages)
Timeline
Level ofDetail
Low
High
ConformanceTesting
Specifications
Stages are defined in ITU-T Specification Recommendation I.130.
http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-I.130/en
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The 3GPP Standards Process applied to LTE
STAGE-1
Defines service
requirements STAGE-2
Defines architecture
network elements & high
level flows
Timeline
Level ofDetail
TR 25.913 Requirementsfor evolved UTRA andUTRAN
Rates: DL: 100 Mbps, UL: 50Mbps (for 20 MHz spectrum)
Control plane latency (idle->active < 100 ms)
TS 22.278 Servicerequirements for the
Evolved Packet System Support of non-3GPP accesses Differentiated quality of
Service.
TS 23.401 GRPS
Enhancements for E-UTRANAccess
Describes the overall LTE system
architecture
TS 36.300 E-UTRA & E-UTRANOverall Description
Describes the Radio AccessNetwork part of LTE
Large number of specs (key)
36.331 Radio Resource Control 24.301 Non Access Stratum (NAS) 24.274 Generic Tunneling Protocol
(GTP) ,
2Q 2004 March 20081Q 2005 Dec 2008
STAGE-3Defines protocols
(state m/c,
messages)
Stages are defined in ITU-T Specification Recommendation I.130.
http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-I.130/en
March 2007
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What are the components of CommunicationSystem Architecture Specification?
A model of the system is created. An abstraction of reality designed to answer specific questions about the real world An imitation, analogue, or representation of a real world process or structure; or A conceptual, mathematical, or physical tool to assist a decision maker.
Key components of model description are: Block Diagrams: Block diagram is a diagram of a system, in which the principal parts or
functions are represented by blocks connected by lines, that show the relationships ofthe blocks. (a.k.a., NRM Network Reference Model)
Message Sequence Charts/ Sequence Diagrams: A sequence diagram shows objectinteractions arranged in time sequence. It depicts the objects and classes involved in
the scenario and the sequence of messages exchanged between the objects needed
to carry out the functionality of the scenario. (a.k.a., call flows)
Protocol level State Diagram: State diagrams model the system as composed of a finitenumber of states and the events that lead to transition between these states. (a.k.a.,
state machine)
Source: Wikipedia
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Block Diagram example: LTEArchitecture
UE
MME
HSS
Serving
GWPDN GW
Operators IPServices
Internet
S6a
S11
S1u
S1-MME
LTE-Uu
S5
SGi
eNB
S10
X2
Online
Charging
Function
Onffline
Charging
Function
Billing
Domain
Ro
Rf
Bx
Functional EntityLogical Entity
Network Entity
InterfacesReference Points
SGi
eNB Enhanced Node B
MME Mobility Management Entity
S-GW Serving GatewayPDN GW Packet data network GW
HSS Home Subscriber System
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Message Sequence Chart Example: Restaurant
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State Diagram Example: Enhanced Mobility Management(EMM) States in Mobile for LTE
EMM-NULLEMM-TRACKING-
AREA-UPDATING-INITIATED
EMM-DEREGISTERED
- DETACH requested
(not power off)
EMM-REGISTERED
Any state
EMM-DEREGISTERED-
INITIATED
- ATTACH
requested
DETACH requested(power off)
- DETACH accepted- Lower layer failure
- TAU
requested
- TAU accepted- TAU failed
EMM-REGISTERED-
INITIATED
EMM-SERVICE-REQUEST-INITIATED
- SR accepted- SR failed
- SR initiated
-
TAU rejected(#13, #15, #25)
-
- ATTACH rejected
-Network init. DETACH requested-Lower layer failure
- enableS1 mode
- disable S1 andS101 mode
TAU rejected
(other causes)-
ATTACHaccepted and
default EPS bearer
context activated
-
- enable S1 andS101 mode
- disableS1 mode
-Network init. DETACH requested- local DETACH- intersystem change to cdma2000
HRPD completed
- SR rejected(#13, #15, #18,#25, #39)
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LTE/EPC Specifications
UE
MME
HSS
Serving
GW
PDN GW
PCRF
Internet
S6a
S11
S1u
S1-MME
LTE-Uu
S5
Gx
Rx
SGieNB
S10
X2
SPR
Sp
Stage-1SpecificationStage-2SpecificationStage-3Specification
Stage-1: 22.278
E-UTRAN Stage-2:36.300
Evolved Packet Core Stage 2: 23.401
29.274 GTPC
29.281 GTPU
29.274 GTPC
36.410 General
36.411 Layer 1
36.412 (Sig xport)
36.413 (S1AP)
29.212
29.213 Sig Flow
36.201,211,213,214 PHY
36.321 MAC
36.322 RLC
36.323 PDCP
36.331 RRC
36.410 General
36.411 Layer 1
36.414 (Data xport)
29.281 GTPU
PCC Stage 2: 23.203Charging Stage 2: 32.240
36.420 General
36.421 Layer 1
36.422 (Sig xport)
36.424 (Data xport)
36.423 (X2AP)
29.281 GTPU
29.214
36.304 Idle
36.306 Capability
36.314 Measurement
23.122 Idle-NAS
24.301 NAS
Unspecified
Online
Charging
Function
Offline
Charging
Function
Billing
Domain
Gy/Ro
Gz/Rf
Bx
32.251
32.251
General:
23.003 Identifiers
29.303 DNS
33.401 Security Stage 2&3
S9
29.215
29.061
29.272
36.133 RRM Reqds
OperatorServices
Link to get latest 3GPP specs per release: ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/Specs/latestLink to find out what a spec covers: http://www.3gpp.org/Specification-Numbering
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Protocols and Architecture
A communications protocol is a formal description of message formats andthe rules for exchanging those messages (source: Wikipedia).
Protocol: A formal set of procedures that are adopted to ensurecommunication between two or more functions within the same layer of ahierarchy of functions (source: ITU-T I.112).
Protocols are typically created for meeting a simple function and assumesimple architecture, e.g.: Point to Point Protocol (PPP) (RFC 1661): Setting up serial link between a PPP
client and PPP Server
Mobile IPv6: IP-layer mobility support between an IPv6 client and a MIPv6 homeagent.
IEEE 802.16e: Physical and MAC layer protocols between two modems usingOFDM technology.
Network architecture is the design of a communications network to meet acomplex set of functionality.
It includes specifying functional elements, reference points between them,protocols running on those reference points, and the interactions.
3GPP LTE architecture WiMAX architecture 3GPP2 architecture
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Reference point, Interface and Protocols
Reference point: A conceptual point at the conjunction of two non-overlapping functional groups (source: ITU-T I.112).
Interface: The common boundary between two associated systems(source: ITU-T I.112). Terms reference point andinterface are used inter-changeably in
standards
One or more protocols are used on a reference point. In case of 3GPP up-to a maximum of one user-plane and one control-plane protocolis used on an interface For WiMAX, multiple protocols may exist on a reference point.
ASN
GW CSN
R3
R3MIPFAEAPauthr
AAAclient
MIPHA
EAPserver
AAAserverMIPv4, EAP, Radius
SGW PGW
S5
SGW PGW
S5
GTP
(GTPC + GTPU)
3GPP WiMAX
GPRS General Packet Radio System
GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol
EAP Extensible Authentication ProtocolAAA Authentication Authorization and
Accounting
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WiMAX Standard =
WiMAXForum
(full-stackend-to-endarchitecture
definedbyWMFNWG)
IEEE
(PHYandMAClayers
forairlinkdefinedby
IEEE802.16WG)
3GPP
(e.g.,PCC,IMS)
IETF
(e.g.,MIP,EAP,
DHCP,IPv6,etc.)
OMA
(e.g.,OMA-DM)
DSLF
(e.g.,TR-69)
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
WG Working Group
PCC Policy and Charging Control
IMS Internet Multimedia System
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
MIP Mobile IP
OMA Open Mobile AllianceDM Device Management
DSLF Digital Subscriber Line Forum
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Packaging
IETF
WiMAXForum
NWG
IEEE802.16e
IETF
WiMAXstandards WiMAXproduct
IEEE802.16e
WiMAXForum
NWGWiMAXForum
NWG
IEEE802.16e
IETF
WiMAXdeployment
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Wireless Technology Lifecycle
Labresearch
Industryinterest
SDOTechnology
spec.
Productspec.
Product DeploymentMarket
use
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Iterations
Labresearch
Industryinterest
SDOTechnology
spec.
Productspec.
Product DeploymentMarket
use
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Bumpy Ride
Labresearch
Industryinterest
SDOTechnology
spec.
Productspec.
Product DeploymentMarket
use
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Source: Adapted from, Amitava Ghosh, WiMAX or LTE or what else and beyond IEEE Radio and Wireless Week, 18 22 Jan 2009
3GPP R9LTE,EPC
3GPP R10LTE-A
From Standards to Products
Samsung Craft
TeliaSonera, Sweden
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WiMAX Network Architecture
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WiMAX
WiMAX is a IEEE 802.16d/e/m standard-based technology enablingthe delivery of last mile mobile wireless access at broadband
speeds.
CharacteristicsBroadband (Rel. 1 primarily for 5 MHz. Rel 1.5 supports up-to 20 MHz)Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)All-IPNon-line of sightFixed, nomadic, and mobile deployment
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WiMAX Evolution
Source: Kamran Etemad, Overview of Mobile WiMAX Technology and Evolution, IEEE Communications Magazine, October 2008
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WiMAX Network Architecture: PS Domain only
Internet,
IMS
BS BS BS
ASN-GW(FA)
ASN-GW(FA)
MIP HA
R3
R8
Access Service Network(ASN)
R6
Connectivity Service Network(CSN)
AAA Server
R4
DHCP Server
R1
MS
NRM Network Reference Model
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WiMAX Network Architecture
Handover function
Paging agent
Authentication
relay
RRC
Service flow
management
OAM
Security
Context function
Inter BS Mobility
Anchoring
Foreign Agent
MS IP address
Allocation
BS
ASN-GW
MIP HA
R6
Authentication server
AAA Server
User-Plane
Functional Entity
Control-Plane
Functional Entity Radio Bearer
Transmission (L1/
L2/L3)
Subscription Inter ASN-GW
Mobility Anchoring
Internet,
IMS
BS BS BS
ASN-GW(FA)
ASN-GW(FA)
MIP HA
R3
R8
R6
AAA Server
R4
DHCP Server
R3
R1
MS
Paging controller
Host configuration
Functional Decomposition
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802.16 PHY
802.16 MAC
CS
IPv6 [IPv4]
802.16 PHY
802.16 MAC
CS
PHY
L2 / Intra ASN
Data Path
MS BS
PHY
IPv6 [IPv4]
L2 / Intra ASN
Data Path
PHY
IPv6 / IPv4
L2
PHY
IPv6 / IPv4
PMIPv6PMIPv6
L2
MAG LMA
R1 R6 R3/R5
Control and Data Planes
802.16 PHY
802.16 MAC
CS
IPv6 [IPv4]
802.16 PHY
802.16 MAC
CS
PHY
L2 / Intra ASN
Data Path
MS BS
PHY
IPv6 [IPv4]
L2 / Intra ASN
Data Path
PHY
GRE / IPv6 /IPv4
L2
PHY
GRE / IPv6 /IPv4
IPv6 [IPv4]IPv6 [IPv4]
L2
MAG LMA
PHY
IPv6 [IPv4]
L2
CN
R1 R6 R3
ASN CSN 3rd Party
(ASN-GW)
Protocol Stack
(ASN-GW)
(Core Router)
(Core Router)
Other end
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MS Performs attach Part 1 of 3
2. Ranging and PHY
adjustment
ASN-GW
3. SBC-REQ(MSID, Capabilities)
4. MS Pre-attachment Req
(MSID)
5. MS Pre-attachment
Resp6. SBC-RSP (Auth
framework)
7. MS Pre-attachment Ack
8.AuthRelay_EAP_Transfer
(EAP Payload: EAP Request/Identity)9. PKMv2-RSP/EAP
Transfer (EAP
Request/ Identity)
10. PKMv2-REQ/EAP-
Transfer(EAP Response/
Identity -NAI)11.AuthRelay_EAP_Transfer(
EAP Response / Identity-NAI)
BSMS
1. DL channel acqusition,
MAC synch, UL ch. params.
Call Flow
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LMA
InternetMS Performs Attach Part 2 of 3
AAAServer
BSMS
12. EAP Authentication Method(e.g. EAP-TTLS, EAP-TLS, EAP-AKA)
13 EAP Success is
indicated and security
context is acquired
14. AuthRelay_EAP_Transfer(EAP Payload, EAP-Success)
15. PKMv2-RSP/EAP-
Transfer(EAP Success)
24 Connections
Establishment (DSA-REQ/
RSP/ ACK)
25 Data Path Establishment
18. PKMv2 3whs, key req/
reply
16. Key_Change_Directive
(AK Context)
17. Key_Change_Ack
19. REG-REQ 20. MS Attachment
Request
21. MS Attachment Resp
22. REG-RSP
23. MS Attachment Ack
ASN-GW
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LMA
InternetMS Performs Attach Part 3 of 3
AAAServer
BSMS ASN-GW
26. Proxy Binding Update 27. Access Request
28. Access Accept
29. Proxy Binding Ack.
30. Router advertisement
31. DHCPv6 Solicit
32. DHCPv6 Advertise
33. DHCPv6 Request
34. DHCPv6 Reply
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WiMAX Identifiers
Device identifier 48-bit Ethernet-like MAC address: 00-1A-45-C2-FE-9D Every WiMAX device is manufactured with a unique MAC address and a X.509
certificate
MAC address can be cryptographically authenticated using PKI (a.k.a.device authentication)
Identifier of MS in the ASN. Subscriber identifier
NAI (RFC 4282): [email protected] Identifier of the subscriber in the CSN.
A subscriber can use multiple devices Exception:
Device identifier can also substitute for subscriber identifier. 1-to-1mapping between Bob and 00-1A-45-C2-FE-9D