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8/3/2019 051202 Wimax Network Architecture
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WiMAX Network ArchitectureMax Riegel, 2005-12-02
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Siemens WiMAX Network Architecture (Max Riegel) 2005-12-02 Page 2
Max Riegelhttp://www.max.franken.de/
1984 Dipl-Ing (TU) Electrical Engineering (TU Munich)
1984-1993 Philips Kommunikations Industrie, NurembergVideoconferencing Systems & VideotelephonyHardware & software & systems development1987-1993: Head of development laboratory
since 1993 on the Internet1994-2001: Founder and head of Kommunikationsnetz
Franken e.V., a non-profit community ISP
1994-1997 Teleprocessing Systeme, CadolzburgHead of Hardware development for data communication
since 1998 Siemens Information and Communication, Munich1998-2000: Expert for Internet Standardization
2000-2001: Director Internet Standardization
2001-2004: Head of Advanced Standardization
since 2004: VP Mobile Network Standardization- coordination of mobile network standardization- managing activities in IETF, ITU-T, IEEE802, WiMAX
- vice chair WiMAX NWG
Lets have fun,serve our customersand make money.
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Outline
WiMAX Applications and Markets
WiMAX Forum and IEEE802.16 Standardization
The path towards Mobile WiMAXWiMAX Network Architecture Tenets
WiMAX Network Reference Model
WiMAX Mobility ManagementWiMAX Interworking with 3G
Open issue: Indoor penetration
Conclusion
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WiMAX Applications and Markets
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The WiMAX market may be quite large
Reasons:
too complicated
especially for the 55+too expensive
especially for the casual user
There is a huge business to serve the other 50% of all householdswith broadband Internet access
Usually a wireless technology provides a more user-friendly andless expensive for casual user solution.
Many casual users may be willing to pay a monthly feeof up to 20 for their flat-rate broadband Internet access.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Online Households in Europe
Online Broadband Households in EuropeMio
Source: Jupiterresearch, Nov 2003
The broadband divide:Until 2008 only half of allInternet households will
have broadband access.
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Key figures of a wireless DSL system
Bandwidth per user (DL): 1 Mbit/s (like wireline DSL)
Maximum number of customers per base-station:
assuming an aggregate DL capacity of 20 Mbit/s per base-station
a multiplexing factor of 25(statistical multiplexing gain when combining the traffic of several users)
usual figures for wireline DSL: 30 - 150
according to traffic statistics from Korean DSL users:
20 000 DSL customers are producing a peak data rate of 500 Mbit/seach base-station may serve at least 500 customers
(even more when going for the casual-user)
required cell size:
assuming a density of 1200 households/km2 (urban area)
15% penetration for wireless DSL
Coverage area per base station: about 1,7 km (diameter)
These figures are nicely fitting into available radio technologies
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WiMAX is a different mobile business
MNO value chain WiMAX value patternASPASPASPASPASP
Subscriber
RAN
Core
Services
Subscriber
RAN
Core
Services
Subscriber
RAN
Core
Services
Internet
ISP
Carrier Carrier
ISP ISP ISP
Traffic growth: 6%/y Traffic growth: ~100%/y
Subscriber Subscriber Subscriber
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Wireless DSL deployment evolution
Todays broadband providers are tied to their wires
serving consumers and enterprises inside their reach
A wireless DSL system allows to extend the DSL business serving
customers without appropriate wires, and additionally also...addressing customers looking for a more easy-to-use solution,
providing portable and mobile access
All together may be necessary for a successful business case!
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The evolution of WiMAX
Backhaul feeding
PtP links for fixed infrastructure
Dedicated market w/ limited size
Fixed Wireless Access Wireless local loop, hotspot feeding
Suffers from poor CPE handling
Portable AccessHandover function enabling data mobility forroad warriors, train feeding and coach feeding Mobility enables persistent market growth
Nomadic Access (Hotzone)Indoor CPE thanks to better radioCPE may be integrated into terminal Most promising for mass market
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WiMAX Forum andIEEE802.16 Standardization
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Siemens WiMAX Network Architecture (Max Riegel) 2005-12-02 Page 11
- the other leg of the Internet
html xml xsl smilApplication
wwwW3C
802.2
802.3 802.4 802.5 802.11
HTTP FTP SMTP DNS SNMP
TCP
SDH GSMATMISDN
NFS
UDP
IP-EPPP ARPIETF
ITUETSI
ATMF
SCTP
M3UA
IP
Internet
Transport
Network
Link
Physical
IEEE Project 802 develops LAN and MAN standards, Only Link and Physical Layer of the OSI reference model
Some standards published by ISO as international standards
International participation, some meetings held outside the U.S.
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Wireless Mobility in IEEE802
LTELTE
802.2 Logical Link Control
802.1 Bridging & ManagementInternetworking
802.3CSMA/CD
"Ethernet
LAN
802.11Wireless
LANLocalArea
WLAN
802.15Wireless
PANPersonal
Area
WPAN
802.16Wireless
MANMetropolitan
Area
... ... ...
Internet Protocols
IEEE
802
802.16emobility
802.20WirelessMobility(MBWA)
mobile topics
802.21Handoff
highlow
stationary
Level ofMobility
Bandwidth
2G/3G
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.16aIEEE 802.16a
nomadic
cellular
IEEE 802.16IEEE 802.16
IEEE802.16e802.20
IEEE802 has set up two groups with nearly identical focus
IEEE802.16e with backward compatibility to fixed and nomadic
IEEE802.20 from ground up new for enhanced mobilityIEEE802.20 is somewhat more challenging, but not ready before 2007
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IEEE 802.16 2004: One standard fits all
Feeding FWA Cellular
Completed December 2001 January 2003 June 04/Mobility 05
< 6 GHz
Non Line of Sight
Up to 15 Mbps in 5MHzchannel bandwidth
1x Scalable OFDMA
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAMPortable
Mobile (up to 120 km/h)
Scalable1,25 to 20 MHz
1-5 km
Spectrum 10 - 66 GHz < 11 GHz
Channel
Conditions
Line of Sight Only Non Line of Sight
Mobility Fixed Fixed
Bit Rate 32 134 Mbps in 28MHzchannel bandwidth
Up to 75 Mbps in 20MHzchannel bandwidth
Modulation Single Carrier
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
OFDM 256 sub-carriers
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
ChannelBandwidths
20, 25 and 28 MHz Scalable1.5 to 20 MHz
Typical CellRadius
2-5 km 7 to 10 kmMax range 50 km
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IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access
MAC
PHY
Conformance
SOFDMA
802.16-2004(802.16REVd)
< 11 GHz 10 ... 66 GHz
Coexistance802.16.2-2001
Coexistance
802.16-2001TDMA
FDD/TDD
Single Carrier
802.16aSCa
OFDM-256
OFDMA-2048
802.16c
SystemProfiles
Conf.-01: PICS ProFo.
802.16eMobility
Enhancem.
(12/2005)
(scalability)
802.16f: MIB for 802.16-2004 (09/2005)
802.16g: Mgmt. Plane Procedures and Services (??/2006)
802.16h: License Exempt
NetMan
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IEEE802.16 Network Entry
Downling Channel Synchronization MS scans for DL channel to which it is able to synchronize and decode DCD and UCD
for modulation and other parameters
Initial Ranging
MS adjusts transmission power and timing adjustments by probing the BS in the initialranging interval.
Capabilities Negotiation MS transmits its capabilities (modulation levels, coding schemes and rates, duplexing
methods) to the BS
Authentication
MS initiates authentication exchange (EAP) to establish authenticated session andassociated key material.
Registration MS initiates registration by sending message with MAC capabilities.
Transport Connection Creation
The BS establishes the preprovisioned services flows by sending request message tothe MS (=> CIDs)
Convergence Sublayer MAC layer sets up the convergence sublayers by configuring the packet classifiers and
eventual header compression over the air.
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IEEE802.16 MAC Frame Structure
Header DL Burst#1 DL Burst#2 DL Burst#3 DL Burst#4 Contention SS#1 SS#2 SS#3 SS#4
DL Frame UL Frame
P
reamble
DL-M
AP
UL-M
AP
DCD
UCD
FCH
Hea
der
Payload
CR
C
Hea
der
Payload
CR
C
Hea
der
Payload
CR
C
Hea
der
Payload
CR
C
Prea
mble
Initial
ranging
B
andwidth
request
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IEEE802.16 MAC: Connections over the Air
MAC Layer implements connection-oriented paradigm over the air
Three management connections Zero or more user connections Managed Quality of Service on a per connection basis
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Voting membership in IEEE802.16
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Airspan
Alca
tel
Alva
rion
Ericsson
ETRI
Free
scale
Fujitsu
Huawei
Intel
LG
Luce
nt
Moto
rola
Nokia
Nortel
Posdata
Qualcomm
Redline
Runcom
Sam
sung
Siem
ens
Wavesat
Wi-L
AN
ZTE
Nov '03
Mar '04
Jul '04
Nov '04
Mar '05
Jul '05
W ld id I t bilit
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Worldwide Interoperabilityfor Microwave Access
The purpose of WiMAX is to promote deployment of broadbandwireless access networks by using a global standard and certifyinginteroperability of products and technologies.
Support IEEE 802.16 standard Propose and promote access profiles for their IEEE 802.16 standard
Certify interoperability levels both in network and the cell
Achieve global acceptance
Promote use of broadband wireless access overall
WiMAX Forum grew up to more than 350 members within in this year
Chaired by Intel
WiMAX Board
Marketing
MWG
Regulatory
RWG
ServiceProviderSPWG
Application
AWG
Network
NWG
Technical
TWG
Certification
CWG
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The path towards Mobile WiMAX
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WiMAX Evolution Path
FWA Nomadic Portable Mobile
Simple Mobility Full Mobility
OFDM-256
SOFDMA
Mobile Access Network required
Evolving from fixed to mobile:
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Evolving from fixed to mobile:WiMAX becomes a full-blown mobile network
WiMAX
Internet
AAACRMBilling
802.3802.2
802.3802.2
IP
802.3802.2
802.16802.2
802.3802.2
802.3802.2PPPoE
PPPIP
802.3802.2
PPPoEPPPIP
802.3802.2
802.16802.2
DSL
AM
WiMAX
???nomadic/portable/mobile WiMAX network
HLR
AAA
3GPP
MNO
LR
RRM
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Relation IEEE802.16 vs. WiMAX NWG
CS SAP
Service SpecificConvergence Sublayer
(CS)MAC SAP
MAC Common PartSublayer
(MAC CPS)
Privacy Sublayer
Pysical Layer(PHY)
PHY SAP
MAC
PHY
Management EntityService Specific
Convergence Sublayer
Management Entity
MAC Common PartSublayer
Privacy Sublayer
Management Entity
PHY Layer
IEEE802.16/802.16eData/Control Plane
802.16f/g NetManManagement Plane
WiMAX NWGRAN Architecture
RANControl
&Transport
Functions
ExternalNetworks
IEEE802.16-2004 & 802.16e define only data and control planeManagement plane functions are added by 802.16f & g (NETMAN)
IEEE P802.16 does not deal with functions usually provided by the RAN
The standardization of these missing parts of a portable/mobile WiMAX
access network is the scope of the WiMAX NWG.
The roots of the WiMAX Network WG:
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The roots of the WiMAX Network WG :WiMAX E2EARCH WG (MINA)
Founded by Intel in June 2004 for development of an end-to-endindustry specification for WiMAX portable and mobile wirelessbroadband systems
Address interfaces, RAN infrastructure elements and interworking -
beyond the scope of 802.16 Provide foundation for subsequent system level interoperability specs
driven through WiMAX Forum
Invited companies: Alvarion, Arraycomm, Alcatel, Cisco, Intel,Motorola, (Nortel, left in September 04) Samsung, Siemens, ZTE
Process aligned to 3GPP/3GPP2 with Stage 1 (Requirements),Stage 2 (Architecture) and Stage 3 (Protocols)
Fast progress and demand for more interaction with ServiceProvider WG led to transition into WiMAX NWG in January 05
Extremely tight schedule for NWG:
Stage 2 (Architecture): E11/05
Stage 3 (Protocols): E07/06
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WiMAX Network Architecture Tenets
Tenets for WiMAX RAN Architecture
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Tenets for WiMAX RAN Architecture(Siemens contribution to MINA; July 04)
WiMAX is evolving out of wireline broadband access:
DSL/Cable -> FWA -> Nomadic -> Portable -> Mobile
Align WiMAX network architecture to common DSL/Cable
architectures smaller networks may follow WiFi hotspot concepts
Keep regulatory issues of broadband access in mind
unbundeled access/bitstream access in Europe nomadic scenario without handover
Support network sharing
faster deployment possible
Do not stick with existing 3G core networks
3G optimized for small-to-medium data rates per user
may become too expensive for broadband usage
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Basic Tenets for WiMAX Network Architecture
The WiMAX NWG end-to-end architecture framework shall bemodular and flexible enough to not preclude a broad range offlexible implementation and deployment options ranging from:
Centralized or fully distributed or hybrid architecturesCost effective small-scale to large-scale (sparse to dense radio
coverage and capacity) deployments
Urban, suburban and rural radio propagation environments shallbe accommodated
Licensed and/or licensed exempt frequency bands
Hierarchical, non-hierarchical or flat access topologies
Co-existence of fixed, nomadic, portable and mobile usage models
The challenge: Come up with an architecture framework that enablesvendor-interoperability without sacrificing implementation flexibility
and avoiding over-specification
S
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WiMAX Architecture is aligned to DSL
Internet
NSPUE NAP ASP
WiMAX Architecture
Abbreviations:
UEUser Equipment
NAPNetwork Access
ProviderAC
AccessConcentrator
NSPNetwork Service
ProviderASP
ApplicationService Provider
AC
DSL Architecture
ATM/ETH
N k O R l i hi
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Network Operator Relationships
Network Access Provider (NAP)
A business entity that provides WiMAX radio access infrastructure to oneor more WiMAX Network Service Providers (NSPs). A NAP implements this
infrastructure using one or more Access Service Networks (ASN)Network Service Provider (NSP)
A business entity that provides IP connectivity and WiMAX services toWiMAX subscribers compliant with the Service Level Agreement it
establishes with WiMAX subscribers. To provide these services, an NSPestablishes contractual agreements with one or more NAPs.
An NSP may also establish roaming agreements with other NSPs andcontractual agreements with third-party application providers (e.g. ASP orISPs) for providing WiMAX services to subscribers.
ASP (Application Service Provider)
Provides value added services, Layer 3+ (e.g. IMS, corporate access, ...)
Provides and manages applications on top of IP
WiMAX N t k A hit t (l i l i )
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WiMAX Network Architecture (logical view)
For comparison:Equivalent functions in a 3G networkNodeB RNC, SGSN GGSN IMS
UE
BS
ASNGW
Internet
AccessNetwork
ManagedIP
Network
CSNASP
MNOASN Managed
IPNetworkBS
BS
Lnk Link Concentration Link ForwardingCtrl Control
IPCtrl Ctrl
APPCtrl
APPCtrl
IP
Scope of WiMAX NWG
All kind of wide-area IP (access) networks are following the same structure/layers
Plain link-layer infrastructure for concentrating traffic of individual users (most economic)
An entity providing an IP address to the UE for access to IP based applications/services
Applications being agnostic to the particular infrastructure based on plain IP connectivity
WiMAX Network Architecture
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et o c tectu ew/ NAP sharing
ASN
ASN
ASN
CSN
CSN
Internet
IPBackbone
NAP#1
NAP#2
NSP#A
NSP#B
HLR
WAG
3GMNO
ASP
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WiMAX Network Reference Model
NWGs Network Reference Model (NRM)
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Siemens WiMAX Network Architecture (Max Riegel) 2005-12-02 Page 33
NWGs Network Reference Model (NRM)
BS
BS
(Mobile)Subscriber
Station
ASN
ASNGW(FA)
R8
R6
CSN
NSP
R1 R3
AnotherASN
R8 R4
Private IP services tunneling Red lines represent NRM reference points
R2
R6 HA AAA
AnotherOperators
CSN
RoamingR5
NRM can be decomposed into a number of WiMAX access topological variants:Flat/Distributed, Hierarchical/Centralized, Decomposed versus Integrated BS
The network reference model can be sliced up
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The network reference model can be sliced up(R1, R3, R6 Illustrated)
MSSASN
CSN
Authentication
Authorization
Pag. & Loc
QoS Ctrl
DataPath
Mob Mgmt
Authentication
Authorization
Pag. & Loc
QoS Ctrl
Mob Mgmt
R1 R3
DataPath
HO
QoS
PKM
Pg/SMPg/SM
PKM
QoS
HO
DataPath
R6
Encaps Encaps
RRM-SRRM-C
Config
Points to note about Reference Model!
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Points to note about Reference Model!
Interoperability enforced via reference points without dictating howvendors implement edges of reference points
Introduces the notion of functional entities which can be
combined or decomposed by vendor and/or operatorNo specific physical entities are introduced ala SGSN, PDSN from
the 3G world
No single physical ASN or CSN topology is mandated allowingroom for vendor / operator differentiation
Mapping functions to ASN Profiles
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Mapping functions to ASN Profiles
nearly all ASN functions in BS
BS anchored by standard routerInter BS control over Ethernet
All radio-specific functions in BS
Handover-Ctrl (RRM) in BSRouting and AAA/Pg in ASN-GW
ASNGW
BS
BSBS
ASNBS
BSBS
ASN
Data Path
Func.
Data Path
Func.
HO
Func.
Context
Server
Context
Client
HO
Func.
Authent.
Relay
Authenticator
Virtual
MIP Client
FA
Paging
Initiator
Paging
Controller
Paging
Agent
Location
Register
Location
Agent
RRM-C
RRM-A
ASN
Release 1Protocols
Inter-FunctionsTriggers(not specified)
Profiles under discussion:
Standard
PHY and partly MAC in BTS
Handover-Ctrl (RRM) in ASN-GWRouting and AAA/Pg in ASN-GW
BTS
BTSBTS
ASN
ASN-GW
[BSC]
BA C
CSN Functional Decomposition
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CSN Functional Decomposition
Connectivity to Internet, ASP and other PLMNs and CorporateNetworks.
User, equipment and services authentication, authorization and
accounting (AAA). (Home) NSP distributes such user/equipment profile to the NAP directly
or using Visited NSP (selected by the subscriber).
Roaming between NSPs
IP address management (based on PoA management)
Location management between ASNs
Mobility and roaming between ASNs
including connectivity and transport between multiple ASN coveragezones (subject to hierarchal structure).
Policy & QoS management based on the SLA/contract with the user.
Base Station Functional Decomposition
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Base Station Functional Decomposition
802.16 interface handling (e.g. PHY, MAC, CS, Scheduler) andprocesses as handover, power control and network entry.
QoS PEP for traffic via air interface
Micro Mobility HO triggering for mobility tunnel establishmentRadio Resource Management Update
MSS Activity Status update (Active, Idle)
Supporting tunneling protocol toward ASN GW EPTraffic classification
DHCP Proxy
Key Management
TEC/KEK Generation and delivery to the BS/MSS
Session Management (RSVP proxy)
Managing Multicast Group association (IGMP proxy)
ASN GW Decomposition
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ASN GW Decomposition
Intra ASN Location Management & Paging
Network Session/Mobility Management (server)
Regional Radio Resource Management & Admission control
ASN Temporary Cashing subscriber profile and encryption keys(ASN like-VLR)
AAA Client/Proxy
delivery Radius/Diameter messaging to selected CSN AAA
Mobility Tunneling establishment and management with BSs
Session/mobility management (client)
QoS and Policy EnforcementForeign Agent (FA) (with Proxy MIP)
Routing to selected CSN
Protocol Layering
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Protocol Layering
MS ASN
PHY PHYPHY PHY PHY PHY
CSN CSNASN-GWBS
MAC MACLNK LNK LNK LNK
.16Ctrl .16CtrlIP IP IP IP
PHY PHYPHY PHY
PHY PHYPHY PHYMAC MAC
LNK LNKLNK LNK
LNK LNKIP-CS IP-CSIP IP
IP IPIP IPIP IP
GREIP
GREIPIPIP
ASNctrl ASNctrl CSNctrl CSNctrl
Control
IP CS Data Path
R3 R5R1
R6
PHY PHY
PHY PHY
PHY PHYPHY PHY
MAC MACLNK LNK
LNK LNKLNK LNK
ETH-CS ETH-CSIP IP
IP IPIP IPIP IP
GRE
IP
GRE
IPIPIP
ETH CS Data Path
ETHETH ETH ETH
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WiMAX Mobility Management
Mobility Scope
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Mobility Scope
ASN (NAP-A)
CSN (NSP-B)ASN Gateway (FA)
ASN Gateway (FA)
HA
R6
R4
WiMAX NWG Handover scenarios
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WiMAX NWG Handover scenarios
CSN(HA)
ASN-
GW(FA)
ASN-GW
#2
BS1 BS2 BS3 BS4
R3
R4
R6
R8BS5
Proxy-MIP/Client-MIP Mobility
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y y
Internet
CSNMSS ASN ASPProxy-MIP: MIP Client residesin ASN-GW
IP802.16 802.16
GREIP
LNK LNKIP
LNKIP
GREIP
LNK
IPIPMIP
IPLNK
LNKIP IP
LNK
HA
MIP
FA
IP
Client-MIP: MIP Client resides in MSS
Internet
CSNMSS
IP
HA
ASN ASP
MIP
802.16
IP
802.16
GRE
IPLNK LNKIP LNKIP
GRE
IPLNK
MIPIPMIP
IPLNK LNK
IP IP
LNK
IP
FA
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WiMAX Interworking with 3G
WiMAX Interworking is like WLAN Interworking
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g g
AC
AAAH
3GPP2MNO
HLR
WAG/AAAH
3GPPMNO
AAAH
Home
ISP
RoamingBroker
MSS NAP NSP
Access
Control
WISP
WLAN
WiMAX
3GPP WLAN Interworking Scenarios
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(UMA)
tbd
IPsec VPN
AAA Roaming
Stage 1: 3GPP TS 22.234
Stage 2: 3GPP TS 23.234
WLAN access Scenario 1: Common Billing and Customer Care Scenario 2: 3GPP system based
Access Control and Charging
Access to 3G services over WLAN Scenario 3: Access to 3GPP PS based services Scenario 4: Service Continuity Scenario 5: Seamless services
Scenario 6: Access to 3GPP CS Services
g
WLAN 3GPP IP Access
3GPP Home Network
WLAN Access Network
WLAN
UE
Ww
HSS HLR
CGw/CCF
OCSWa
Wn
Wx
D'/G
r'
Wf
Wo
Wi
Intranet /
Internet
Wm
WAGWp
PDG
Wg
Wu
Dw
SLF
3GPP AAA
Server
3GPP Scenario 3
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Scenario 3
(WiMAX) Wn
Scenario 3 defines an E2E VPN solution based on IP connectivity
Scenario 3 may be combined with scenario 2 (dual authentication)
Wn: reference point between the WLAN Access Network and WAG
The specific method to implement this interface is subject to localagreement between the WLAN AN and the PLMN
Basics of stage 3 clarified in SA3 (EAP-SIM/AKA over IKEv2)
WiMAX Interworking model
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AC
AAAH
3GPP2MNO
HLR
WAG/AAAH
3GPPMNO
AAAH
HomeISP
RoamingBroker
MSS
NAP
NSP
PHY
MAC
CS
IP
PHY
MAC
CS
LNK
IP
GRE
LNK
IP
GRE
LNK
IP
MIP
LNK
IP
MIP
IP
LNK
IP
LNK
IP
LNK
IP
LNK
IP
R1 R3 R5
ASN CSN
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Open issue:
Indoor penetration
FWA is remaining important,even when going full mobility
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even when going full mobility
WiMAX relaying issues
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WiFiASN
CSN-A
CSN-BRelay
WiMAX-WiFi relays are solving the indoor penetration issues
Relays should work without any configuration (consumer market!)
Relays may be concurrently used by several MSSs MSSs may belong to different NSPs
NSPs may use overlapping (private) IP address space
The same subscription should be usable behind a WiMAX-WiFi relay
Providing the prerequisites for QoS-enabled secure WLAN access (VoIP!)
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Conclusion
Mobile WiMAX Networking
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MS
BS Internet
CSN ASP
MNOServicesASN
ManagedIP
NetworkBS
BS
WiMAX Network WG (NWG)IEEE802.16
WiMAX Certification
For comparison: Equivalent functions in a 3G network
UE NodeB RNC, SGSN GGSN, HSS IMS
BS
ASN
AccessNetwork Managed
IPNetwork
Access
Network
ASN
GW
ASN
GW
ASN: Access Serving NetworkCSN: Connectivity Serving Network
ASP: Appl ication Service Provider
IEEE802.16 takes care of PHY and MAC of radio interface 802.16e extends MAC & PHY for mobility Dec. 05
WiMAX provides profiles and certification for .16e End 05/Mid 06
WiMAX NWG specifies access network architecture Rel 1: Mid 06
based on IETF protocols, merged 3GPP2/DSL/(3GPP) architecture
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The End
Thank you for your attention!