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RealWorld Vehicle Emissions Measurements Gary A. Bishop and Donald H. Stedman Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208 www.feat.biochem.du.edu ARPA-E Powertrain Innovations in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles Workshop Denver, Colorado May 14 – May 15, 2015

Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

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Page 1: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Real‐World Vehicle Emissions Measurements

Gary A. Bishop and Donald H. StedmanDepartment of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Denver, Denver, CO 80208

www.feat.biochem.du.edu

ARPA-E Powertrain Innovations in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles Workshop

Denver, ColoradoMay 14 – May 15, 2015

Page 2: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Acknowledgements• Colorado Office of Energy Conservation• Coordinating Research Council• California Air Resources Board• Envirotest Systems Corp. (commercial partner)• Numerous foundations, city, state, federal 

agencies, international groups, many students and other professional co‐workers.

Our Data, Reports and Publication Repositorywww.feat.biochem.du.edu

Page 3: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Fuel Efficiency Automobile TestIn 1987, with a grant from the Colorado Office of Energy Conservation, the first successful remote sensor used to test light‐duty vehicle emissions was developed at the University of Denver and named FEAT (Fuel Efficiency Automobile Test).

Research concept was to measure the tailpipe emissions of in‐use vehicles and find the highest carbon monoxide emitting vehicles and repair them to improve their fuel efficiency.

More than 50 peer reviewed journal articles and an additional 100+ reports 

Page 4: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Roadside Instrument Setup

Speed Bars

IR/UV Light Source

Calibration Cylinder

FEAT NDIR Detector

UV SpectrometersQuartz Fiber Coupled

Page 5: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation
Page 6: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

IR Plume Signal vs. Time5

4

3

2

1

0

Vol

ts

5004003002001000Time (ms)

ReferenceCOCO2HC

Page 7: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Pollutant Readings vs Time1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Perc

ent i

n 8c

m

5004003002001000Time (ms)

HC

(ppm) in 8cm

CO2COHC

0.0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Page 8: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Pollutant Ratio Plots0.75

0.50

0.25

0.00

Perc

ent C

O in

8cm

2.01.51.00.50.0Percent CO2 in 8cm

HC

(ppm) in 8cm

CO/CO2 = 0.41 gCO/kg ~ 550

0.0

50

100

150

200

250

300

HC/CO2 = 0.0067 gHC/kg ~ 14

Page 9: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Current FEAT Remote Sensor• Measures absorptions using: 

– Infrared (non‐dispersive)•CO @ 2170 cm‐1 /  CO2 @ 2330 cm‐1

•HC @ 2940 cm‐1  /  Reference 2560 cm‐1

– Ultraviolet (dispersive)•NO @ 226nm, SO2 @ 215nm and NH3 @ 205nm•NO2 @ 430 nm

•FEAT compares the pollutant ratios (CO/CO2, HC/CO2, NO/CO2 etc.)  in the vehicle exhaust to the pollutant ratios in a certified gas cylinder.

Page 10: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation
Page 11: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Lion’s Gate Bridge, Vancouver BC

Page 12: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

FEAT Record More than 1.6 million light‐duty car and truck measurements collected from more than 30 locations in the US and 21 countries worldwide.More than 27,000 Heavy‐duty truck measurements.Snowmobile and Snow‐Coach measurements in Yellowstone National ParkLocomotive measurements in NE and WACommercial Aircraft at Heathrow AirportOcean going vessels in Vancouver BCSmall water craft at a lock in Seattle

Page 13: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Colorado On‐Road Mean COEmission Trends

250

200

150

100

50

0

Mea

n gC

O/k

g of

Fue

l

20102005200019951990

Measurement Year

Page 14: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Colorado On‐Road Mean HC and NO Emission Trends

20

15

10

5

0

Mea

n g/

kg o

f Fue

l

20102005200019951990

Measurement Year

HCNO

Page 15: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Colorado is not Unique!Emissions are decreasing Everywhere

60

40

20

0

gCO

/kg

of F

uel

8

6

4

2

0

gHC

/kg

of F

uel

(Adj

uste

d)

ChicagoDenverLA LaBreaLA RiversidePhoenixTulsa

8

6

4

2

0

gN

O/k

g of

Fue

l

201420122010200820062004200220001998

Measurement Year

Page 16: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Vehicle Emissions Distributions are Extremely Skewed

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

gCO

/kg

of F

uel

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Decile

Los Angeles (Mean / Median)2013 (16 / 4)2003 (43 / 9)1991 (96 / 18)

Page 17: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Colorado 99th Percentile Trends1000

800

600

400

200

0

gCO

/kg

99th

Per

cent

ile

20102005200019951990

Measurement Year

200

150

100

50

0

gHC

or NO

/kg 99th Percentile

COHCNO

Page 18: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

The Tail Wags the Dog

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00Top

1% C

O F

ract

ion

2000199519901985

Mean Model Year

I/MNo I/M

Page 19: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Who are the 99th Percentile?

Page 20: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation
Page 21: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00

Flee

t Fra

ctio

n

1993 2000 2001 2005 2009 2013Model Year

2008 Recession Repercussions seen in the Denver On-Road Fleet

Bishop and Stedman, The recession of 2008 and it impact on light‐duty vehicle emissions in three western US cities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 14822‐14827.

Page 22: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Comparison with pre‐Recession 2007 Denver On‐Road Fleet

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00

Flee

t Fra

ctio

n

25 20 15 10 5 0Vehicle Age (years)

2007 Denver Fleet2014 Denver Fleet

Page 23: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Recession Effects on Fleet Age in Denver and Los Angeles

10

8

6

4

2

0

Mea

n Fl

eet A

ge (y

ears

)

201520102005200019951990

Measurement Year

Denver I-25/6th Ave.Other Denver SitesWest Los Angeles I-10/La Brea Ave.Other LA Basin Sites

Page 24: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Recession Impacts on On‐Road Fleet Fuel Specific Emissions in Denver 

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Mea

n g/

kg

CO HC x 10 NO x 10 NH x 10Emission Species

2014 MeasuredModeled (2007)

28%11%

31%

16%

3

Page 25: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

Certification Does not Always Work

50

40

30

20

10

0

gNO

x/kg

of F

uel

2014201220102008200620042002

Model Year

2L Pass. Engines> 2L Pass. EnginesTrucks All Engines

2013 LD Diesel Data from Denver, LA and Tulsa

Page 26: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

2013 LD 2 Liter Diesel NO2/NOx Ratios2013 Data from Denver, LA and Tulsa

Bishop and Stedman, Reactive Nitrogen Species Trends in Light/Medium Duty U. S. Fleet Emissions. In preparation for ES&T. 

50

40

30

20

10

0

gNO

x/kg

of F

uel

2014201220102008200620042002

Diesel Model Year

NONO2

0.3 0.6Mass

NO2/NOx

Page 27: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

2012 Heavy‐duty NOx EmissionsPeralta Weigh Station California

50

40

30

20

10

0Mea

n gN

Ox/

kg o

f fue

l

20102005200019951990Chassis Model Year

2004 Cert.2007 Cert.

2010 Cert.

Bishop et al., Heavy‐Duty Truck Emissions in the South Coast Air Basin of California. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, (16), 9523‐9529

Page 28: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

On‐road Heavy‐duty Measurement System

Bishop et al., On‐road Heavy‐duty Vehicle Emissions Monitoring System. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645.

Page 29: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

2013 Heavy‐duty PM EmissionsCottonwood Weigh Station California

Page 30: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

SummaryWe’ve made lots and lots of vehicle emission measurements with FEAT!

The “Great News” is that the US transportation fleet continues to have lower and lower emissions.

The not so great news is that because of the skewed nature of emissions distribution a minority of vehicles (broken ones) holds the fleet back from realizing even lower emission levels.

Since broken vehicles dominate emission distributions special emission certifications and so‐called “clean fuels” are generally irrelevant.  

Regulations that reward the user usually meet great success.Those that don’t are usually nullified by human nature.

Page 31: Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS ...2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e. Title Microsoft PowerPoint - Bishop ARPA-E POWERTRAIN INNOVATIONS WORKSHOP Presentation

References• Bishop, G. A.; Starkey, J. R.; Ihlenfeldt, A.; Williams, W. J.; Stedman, D. H., IR 

long‐path photometry, A remote sensing tool for automobile emissions. Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 671A‐677A, DOI: 10.1021/ac00185a746.

• Bishop, G. A.; Stedman, D. H., A decade of on‐road emissions measurements. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, (5), 1651‐1656, DOI: 10.1021/es702413b.

• Bishop, G. A.; Schuchmann, B. G.; Stedman, D. H.; Lawson, D. R., Multispecies remote sensing measurements of vehicle emissions on Sherman Way in Van Nuys, California. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2012, 62, (10), 1127‐1133, DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2012.699015.

• Bishop, G. A.; Schuchmann, B. G.; Stedman, D. H., Heavy‐Duty Truck Emissions in the South Coast Air Basin of California. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, (16), 9523‐9529, DOI: 10.1021/es401487b.

• Bishop, G. A.; Stedman, D. H., The recession of 2008 and it impact on light‐duty vehicle emissions in three western US cities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014,48, 14822‐14827, DOI: 10.1021/es5043518.

• Bishop, G. A.; Hottor‐Raguindin, R.; Stedman, D. H.; McClintock, P.; Theobald, E.; Johnson, J. D.; Lee, D.‐W.; Zietsman, J.; Misra, C., On‐road Heavy‐duty Vehicle Emissions Monitoring System. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, (3), 1639‐1645, DOI: 10.1021/es505534e.