Bird Flu Edit

8/8/2019 Bird Flu Edit

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Summary 1: Bird flu

Influenza more popularly known as flu, is a viral infection that attacks through therespiratory system. Primarily moving from one person to person via virus-contaminated airborne

droplets released by coughs, sneezes and even normal conversation. Flu is not only a disease of man,

it is als a disease of birds and mammals. Virtually, everyone was infected and 3% of population died.Type A virus causes severe epidemics because its power to mutate, evading human immune defenses.

Type B virus can be lethal, it tends to hit hardest a children who have not acquired immunity from

previous bouts. Type C virus is mild, usually mistaken from the common cold. H5N1, the code of the

virus that causes bird flu,is a strain of type A. it is transmitted by infected live birds. When the virusenters a cell, these eight genes are going to be released. Symptoms of bird flu in birds include loss ofappetite, ruffled feathers, fever, weakness, diarrhea, excessive thirst and swelling. In umans, the

symptoms are fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, eye infection, pneumonia, acute respiratory,distress and viral pneumonia. The more widespread the disease is, the more likely it is that the virus

could perhaps be transmitted to humans and then cocirculate.

Summary 2 : Also In Global Health News: Bird Flu;Burundi's Global Fund Grant; Maternal Mortality In Ghana;Food Security In Africa; More

The newly confirmed human and poultry cases ofavian influenza this year are a reminder

that the virus poses a real and continuous threat to human health. The WHO noted that so far this

year, 21 human cases of H5N have been reported, including seven fatalities, five-year HIV/AIDS

grant it received from the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. The grant willfund an expansion of voluntary HIV testing, antiretroviral treatment for children and adults, and toprevent mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV/AIDS. During the meeting, the WHO's

Fleischer Djoleto "said maternal mortality in Ghana remained a major concern" and expressed "the

need to intensify family planning strategies and research into how best strategies could reach the

targeted people. The Citizen notes, "Africa needs an investment amounting to some $20 billion(Sh26 trillion) in agriculture investment in order to eradicate chronic food insecurity in the

continent where millions go hungry every year. The article explores how the campaign to support thecharity has evolved over the years, as additional water charities have come on board, and natural

disasters, such as the January earthquake in Haiti, have captured the attention of donors.


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Summary 3 :EID Journal: Transmission Of Bird Flu In

Egypt : # 4678

This months CDCs EID journal has an in depth look at the epidemiology of H5N1transmission in Egypt through March of 2009. This covers the first 63 human cases. All but 2case-patients reported exposure to domestic poultry probably infected with avian influenza virus(H5N1). No cases of human-to-human transmission were found. The lower case-fatality rate inEgypt could be caused by a less virulent virus clade. the lower mortality rate seems to be caused by thelarge number of infected children who were identified early. The virus has become endemic inEgyptian poultry since its arrival in 2006. A demographic breakdown of victims shows that femalesoutnumber males, and 97% of victims are under the age of 50. Conversely, late hospitalization and

the administration of Tamiflu was associated with greater mortality.

Discussion

Bird flu is a problem that in most of the cases affects birds. Caused by a virus developed in

wild birds, bird flu, also known as avian flu may affect people. Not like in the past when the risk of

catching the virus from an infected bird was high, nowadays we may say that bird flu in humans is

a very rare phenomenon. We also know that the virus cannot spread too easy from one human toanother. It is believed that if the virus mutates or a global flu pandemic begins the risk for humans tobe affected by bird flu increases.

The viruses named influenza A usually and normally occur in wild birds. Pretty strange isthe fact that these birds are not affecting by carrying the virus while domestic birds and even peoplemight be affected. The virus was spreading and all Asia was affected by the virus. Many cases wereseen especially in rural areas where the birds share the same water supply. In this way the virusspreads faster and may affect humans too.

Birds, just like people, get the flu. Bird flu viruses infect birds, including chickens, otherpoultry and wild birds such as ducks. Most bird flu viruses can only infect other birds. However, birdflu can pose health risks to people. The first case of a bird flu virus infecting a person directly, H5N1,was in Hong Kong in 1997. Since then, the bird flu virus has spread to birds in countries in Asia,

Africa and Europe. Human infection is still very rare, but the virus that causes the infection in birdsmight change, or mutate, to more easily infect humans. This could lead to a pandemic, or a worldwideoutbreak of the illness. During an outbreak of bird flu, people who have contact with infected birds canbecome sick. It may also be possible to catch bird flu by eating poultry that is not well cooked or

through contact with a person who has it. Bird flu can make people very sick or even cause death.There is currently no vaccine.

A possible response to infectious disease outbreak is panic. Panic can lead to difficulty in caseidentification and control of the infectious disease. A similar example of panic occurred with theSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak a few years ago. During the recent outbreak of


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bird flu infection in tropical Asia, rumors of widespread disease affected the local population. Rumorssuch as these can cause the occurrence of mental health difficulty in the general population.

In this case of bird flu panic, the diagnostic processes began with observation that there wereno actual physical flu-like symptoms and also that the patient expressed excessive fear of bird flu

infection. In this case, if no careful history taking and physical examination were performed, anumber of unnecessary laboratory investigations (e.g., complete blood count (CBC), serological test,viral culture, as well as PCR assays for H5N1) could be expected. Indeed, bird flu infection is a viralinfection and the disease occurs rarely after a week of contact. In addition, only living or seeing in

the area of outbreak without history of close contact with infected chickens has never been reported tobe a mode of transmission of bird flu. Without of course minimizing the potential severity of actualbird flu, clinicians should consider that psychological symptoms can occur during times of bird fluoutbreak that are not due to physical symptoms from bird flu and may just be a psychologicalreaction to the presence of bird flu.

Reaction

Avian influenza cannot be diagnosed by symptoms alone, so a laboratory test is required.Avian influenza is usually diagnosed by collecting a swab from the nose or throat during the firstfew days of illness. This swab is then sent to a laboratory, where they will either look for avianinfluenza virus using a molecular test, or they will try to grow the virus. Growing avian influenzaviruses should only be done in laboratories with high levels of protection. If it is late in the illness, it

may be difficult to find an avian influenza virus directly using these methods. If this is the case, itmay still be possible to diagnose avian influenza by looking for evidence of the body's response to thevirus. This is not always an option because it requires two blood specimens (one taken during the

first few days of illness and another taken some weeks later), and it can take several weeks to verifythe results.

They used a mathematical technique to identify specific amino acids - the building blocks ofprotein - that are more likely to be in bird flu strains than in humans. It's these differences that canact as markers to track changes in bird flu strains that threaten humans.

"Influenza mutates rapidly, so that any marker that is not the same in bird flu but remainsstable in human flu is likely to be important," St. Jude research associate David Finkelstein said in astatement. "If human specific markers start accumulating in bird flu viruses that infect humans,

that suggests that the bird flu may be adapting to humans and could spread."

"While we can't directly estimate how long it would take an avian virus such as H5N1 (bird

flu) to acquire these traits, we can use these markers to roughly measure the distance between anavian influenza and a pandemic,"

An overall emphasis was laid on the consequence of modern poultry industry. Chickens and

other commercial birds are raised in closed, crowded, stressful and unsanitary industrial poultry

facilities, offering the bird flu virus opportunities for infection, mutation and spread. The drasticchanges in poultry farming worldwide will trigger the inevitable pandemic.


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Prevention

An important path to managing the bird flu is preventing its spread. The spread of the bird flu can be

limited much in the same way that other strains of the virus are prevented. Hygiene

and education are two of the most important weapons against the bird flu.Bird Flu Prevention while Travelling

Keep away from persons who are coughing and sneezing; avoid shaking hands and kissing; don'tstand close to people when talking.

Dont attend mass gatherings such as movies and concerts, and avoid crowded venues such asshopping malls, buses, trains, planes, elevators, supermarkets, schools, banks, the post office, and thedoctor's office.

If you must travel in crowded situations, wear a bird flu mask orbird flu respirator, for protectionagainst any airborne bird flu virus released when people cough, sneeze and talk.

Bird Flu Prevention at Work

Arrange with your employer to work from home, if your work situation permits. If you must go towork, bring your own coffee cup, use a disposable towel to open the toilet door and to turn on water towash your hands. Wearbird flu gloves when using shared equipment.

Encourage your employer to assemble a bird flu survival kit for the workers and wear a bird flu maskor respirator if you or your co-workers are coughing and sneezing.

Bird Flu Prevention While Shopping

Avoid eating in restaurants and do not buy takeaway foods. When shopping, be sure to wear a birdflu mask or respirator, to avoid any airborne bird flu virus.

Wear disposable gloves when handling equipment that other people use, such as shopping trolleys andcredit card/debit card devices. These will be sure carriers of the bird flu virus during a pandemic. Anexcellent way to prevent infection with the bird flu virus is to use disposable towels to open all doors,especially to and from toilets.


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Protective Equipment

Bird Flu Gloves - are designed to help you avoid contact with harmful microorganisms. If a bird flupandemic occurs, you should wear these disposable gloves whenever you care for people who are infectedwith the bird flu virus, and whenever you must use machines or equipment that may have been

touched by people infected with the virus.

1. Wearing gloves protects you from direct contact with any contaminated surfaces/equipment (ATMmachines, door handles, steering wheels, etc) or body fluids when caring for a bird flu patient;

2. Gloves reduce the chances of spreading the bird flu virus to others, since they are discarded after use(make sure to have a special container for disposal of contaminated gloves and masks); and

3. Disposable gloves, when worn by the carer, will protect the sick person from any microorganismsthat may be present on the carers hands (these must be discarded when leaving the sickroom).

Bird Flu Masks - provides protection by acting as a barrier between airborne viruses and your noseand mouth. A surgical mask should be worn when there is the likelihood of airborne infectionoccurring, as from an infected person coughing and sneezing on buses, trains, in stores, waitingrooms, and elevators. Wearing a bird flu mask will also reduce your chances of spreading the bird fluvirus, if you are infected.

Cleaning Equipment

Buy plenty of disposable paper towels, liquid soap and appropriate dispensers, forhandwashing athome. (Bars of soap often spread infections.) And purchase a good alchohol-based handwash, fordisinfecting your hands when you are not able to use soap and water.

Disposable paper towels, utility gloves, and detergent and bleach will be necessary forcleaning upspills of body fluids contaminated with the bird flu virus. Use special containers for storingcontaminated laundry and waste.

Bird Flu Treatment

Treatment for birdflu includes:

y Acetaminophen for pain andfevery Ibuprofen for pain andfevery Cough medicationsy Decongestant medicationsy Drink plenty of liquidsy Anti-viral medications:

o Amantadineo Rimantadineo Oseltamivir(Tamiflu)o Zanamivir(Relenza)

y Antibiotics forpneumonia:o For those who developpneumonia due to bacteria

y Birdflu clinical trials


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Latest Avian / Bird Flu News

Monday, September 06, 2010

Medical News Today

Stay Vigilant, Bird Flu Could Spark Next Global Outbreak

GLOBAL - Robert Webster, an influenza expert, says health authorities worldwide need to remain

watchful for possible influenza outbreaks, despite swine flu being much less deadly than people had

originally feared. Professor Webster, chairman of the virology and molecular biology department at St

Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, USA, says that bird flu remains a possible

threat and could be the cause of the next global outbreak.

Satellite Data Reveals That Migrating Birds Have Small Window to Spread Bird Flu

GLOBAL - In 2005, an outbreak of the H5N1 bird flu virus in South East Asia led to widespread fear with

predictions that the intercontinental migration of wild birds could lead to global pandemic. Such fears

were never realised, and now research published in the British Ecological Society's Journal of Applied

Ecology reveals why the global spread of bird flu by direct migration of wildfowl is unlikely, while also

providing a new framework for quantifying the risk of avian-borne diseases.

Friday, September 03, 2010

ThePoultrySiteNewsdesk

Nepal Declared Free of Bird Flu

NEPAL - Routine surveillance has revealed no samples positive for H5N1 highly pathogenic avian

influenza (HPAI).

Wednesday, September 01, 2010

World Health Orgnization

Avian Influenza - Situation in Egypt - Update 37

EGYPT - The Ministry of Healthhas announced a new human case of A(H5N1) avian influenza infection.

The case is a 33 year-old woman from Qaluibia governorate. She developed symptoms on 17 August anddied on 26 August. Of the 112 laboratory confirmed cases of Avian influenza A(H5N1) reported in Egypt,

36 have been fatal.

WHO Reports Human H5N1 Death Toll Reaches 300

GLOBAL - WHO reports that there have been 37 cases of H5N1 flu in humans so far this year, 18 of

whom have died. Most of the victims have been in Egypt (22 cases; nine deaths) but there have also

been seven cases in Viet Nam, six in Indonesia and one each in Cambodia and China. These bring the

totals since 2003 to 503 cases, of whom 300 have died.

Thursday, August 26, 2010

ThePoultrySite News DeskEgypt Confirms New Human Case of Bird Flu

EGYPT - Egypt confirmed on Wednesday one new H5N1 case, bringing the total number of infections by

the avian flu among humans to 112 in the most-populated Arab nation.

Viet Nam Reports Six Outbreaks of Bird Flu

VIET NAM - There were six outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) across the country

between early May and mid-July this year.

Tuesday, August 17, 2010

Food & Agriculture Organization

US, FAO Continue Joint Battle against Infectious Disease Threats

GLOBAL - The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is renewing its support ofFAO's efforts to combat highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and other emerging infectious diseases.

USAID's commitment totals US$26.3 million for the period running from October 2011 to September

2012.

Thursday, August 12, 2010


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World Health Organization


EGYPT - The Ministry of Health has announced a new human case of A(H5N1) avian influenza infection.

The case is a two-year-old girl from Elsalam district, Cairo. She developed symptoms on 2 August, and is

currently under treatment in hospital. Of the 111 laboratory confirmed cases of Avian influenza A(H5N1)

reported in Egypt, 35 have been fatal.WHO Reports Human H5N1 Cases Reach 504


whom have died. Most of the victims have been in Egypt (21 cases; eight deaths) but there have also

been seven cases in Viet Nam, six in Indonesia and one each in Cambodia and China. These bring the

totals since 2003 to 504 cases, of whom 299 have died.

Wednesday, August 04, 2010


Avian Influenza Situation in Indonesia - Update 3

INDONESIA - The Ministry of Health has announced a new case of human infection of H5N1 avian

influenza. A 34-year-old woman from Tangerang District, Banten Province developed symptoms on 2 Julyand died on 7 July. Of the 168 cases confirmed to date in Indonesia, 139 have been fatal.

WHO Reports Human H5N1 Cases Reach 503


whom have died. Most of the victims have been in Egypt (20 cases) but there have also been seven

cases in Viet Nam, six in Indonesia and one each in Cambodia and China. These bring the totals since

2003 to 503 cases, of whom 299 have died.

July 26 and 30, 2010



EGYPT - The Ministry of Health has announced a new human case of A(H5N1) avian influenza infection.

The case is a 20-year-old woman from ShobraElkhima district, Qliubia Governorate who died on 27 July.

She had had contact with sick and dead poultry. Of the 110 laboratory-confirmed cases of Avian influenza

A(H5N1) reported in Egypt, 35 have been fatal.

Avian Influenza Situation in Indonesia - Update 2

INDONESIA - The Ministry of Health of Indonesia has announced a new case of human infection of H5N1

avian influenza. A 13-year-old girl from Sukoharjo District in Central Java Province developed symptoms

on 16 June, was hospitalized on 21 June and died on 24 June. Of the 167 cases confirmed to date in

Indonesia, 138 have been fatal.

WHO Reports Human H5N1 Cases Reach 501

GLOBAL - WHO reports that there have been 33 cases of H5N1 flu in humans so far this year, 15 ofwhom have died. Most of the victims have been in Egypt (19 cases) but there have also been seven

cases in Viet Nam, five in Indonesia and one each in Cambodia and China. These bring the totals since

2003 to 501 cases, of whom 297 have died.


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Avian influenza / Bird flu

(aka bird flu, avian flu) is caused by a type of influenza virus that is hosted by birds, butmay infect several species of mammals.

first identified in Italy in the early 1900s and is now known to exist worldwide. A strain of the H5N1-type of avian influenza virus that emerged in 1997 has been identified

as the most likely source of a future influenza pandemic.Strains of avian influenza virus may infect various types of animals, including birds, pigs,horses, seals, whales and humans. However, wild fowl act as natural asymptomatic carriers,spreading it to more susceptible domestic stocks.

Avian influenza virus spreads in the air and in manure and there is no evidence that thevirus can survive in well cooked

meat.

Diagnosis :How to Recognise

Avian Influenza

y Ruffled feathersy Soft-shelled eggsy Depression and droopinessy Sudden drop in egg productiony Loss of appetitey Cyanosis (purplish-blue coloring) of wattles

and comby Edema and swelling of head, eyelids, comb,

wattles, and hocksy Green diarrhoeay Blood-tinged discharge from nostrilsy Incoordination, including loss of ability to

walk and standy Pin-point hemorrhages (most easily seen on

the feet and shanks)y Respiratory distressy Increased death losses in a flocky Sudden deathy Nasal discharges


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Poultry Vaccination as a strategy for controllingAI in commercial birds

Outbreaks of avian influenza in the poultry industry

cause devastating economic losses and is generally

controlled through extensive culling of infected birds.Alternative strategies also use vaccination as a

supplementary control measure during avian influenza

outbreaks.

Advantages of Vaccination

y Vaccination reduces susceptibility to infection.y A higher dose of virus is necessary to infect the

vaccinated birds.y Vaccinated birds shed less virus.

- Decreased contamination of the environment.- Decreased risk of human infection

y Used strategically vaccination compliments astamping out strategy by slowing/stopping thespread of the virus

Biosecurity

Avian Influenza (Fowl Plague) is a potentiallydevastating disease, predominantly of chickens and

turkeys, although the virus can also affect game birds(pheasants, partridge and quail), ratites (ostrich and

emu), psittacine and passerine birds.

Avian Influenza is caused by an orthomyxovirus, or

influenza virus and can survive for considerablelengths of time outside of the host and birds are infected

through contact with other birds, mechanical vectorssuch as vehicles and equipment and personnel travellingbetween farms, markets and abattoirs.

Precautionary requirements include cleaning and

disinfection of premises and the establishment of aBiosecurity barrier to help prevent spread of disease isessential.


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Image of how a virus enter into a humans body

The circulation while the virus is inside the

body


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History of Bird Flu


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Cycle : Bird flu transmission to humans

Bird flu kit


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Patients

MEDICINES AND VACCINES


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PEOPLE WHO WEAR MASK

PREVENTION


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Documents

Bird Flu Edit