Biotechnology in Agriculture Development by KS Manjunath

8/14/2019 Biotechnology in Agriculture Development by KS Manjunath

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BiotechnologyBiotechnology

inin

Agriculture DevelopmentAgriculture Development

MANJUNATHA K. SMA

NJUNATHA K. SLecturer in BiotechnologyLecturer in Biotechnology

Sir M. V. Govt. Science CollegeSir M. V. Govt. Science College

BHADRAVATHIBHADRAVATHI


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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

India is predominantly an agricultureIndia is predominantly an agriculture

based countrybased country

Agriculture accounts for a greater share inAgriculture accounts for a greater share inthe Indian economythe Indian economy

Agricultural science involves the use ofAgricultural science involves the use of

both plant and animal speciesboth plant and animal species

Improving plant and animal breeds,Improving plant and animal breeds,

improving productivity and getting moreimproving productivity and getting more

ield is the oalield is the oal


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Biotechnology Application of variousBiotechnology Application of various

modern technologies in biological studiesmodern technologies in biological studies In broad sense, Biotechnology has twoIn broad sense, Biotechnology has two

impacts on agriculture development:impacts on agriculture development:

Disease-resistant and other such newDisease-resistant and other such new

varieties could be developed; the time forvarieties could be developed; the time for

generating and evaluating new varietiesgenerating and evaluating new varieties

could be reducedcould be reduced

Agricultural wastes and byproducts couldAgricultural wastes and byproducts could

be used as raw materials for manybe used as raw materials for many


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Impact of Biotechnology onImpact of Biotechnology on

AgricultureAgriculture1.1. Developing and introducing high yieldingDeveloping and introducing high yielding

varieties: The gene responsible isvarieties: The gene responsible is

introduced or made to express moreintroduced or made to express more

2.2. Developing Disease-resistant varieties:Developing Disease-resistant varieties:The gene for resistance is identified andThe gene for resistance is identified and

made to express moremade to express more If there is no such gene, it is artificiallyIf there is no such gene, it is artificially

introduced so that the host acquiresintroduced so that the host acquiresresistanceresistance

Or the gene for the production of toxinOr the gene for the production of toxin

against pest/pathogen could be inserted intoagainst pest/pathogen could be inserted into

the plant so that the plant itself produces thethe plant so that the plant itself produces the


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1.1. Biofertilizers: Formulations of livingBiofertilizers: Formulations of living

microorganisms which are able to fixmicroorganisms which are able to fix

atmospheric nitrogen in the suitableatmospheric nitrogen in the suitable

form for plants either by living freely inform for plants either by living freely inthe soil or associated symbiotically withthe soil or associated symbiotically with

plantsplants

Eg:Eg: Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Azotobacter,Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Azotobacter,

Mycobacterium, Rhodomicrobium,Mycobacterium, Rhodomicrobium,

MycorrhizaMycorrhiza


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Advantages ofAdvantages of

BiofertilizersBiofertilizers Less energy consumption compared to theLess energy consumption compared to the

chemical fertilizerschemical fertilizers

Non-polluting; eco-friendlyNon-polluting; eco-friendly

Low cost; easy technique; can be opted byLow cost; easy technique; can be opted bysmall farmerssmall farmers

Soil fertility increasesSoil fertility increases

10-30% of the total nitrogen fixed by10-30% of the total nitrogen fixed bysymbiotic fixer will be added to the soil;symbiotic fixer will be added to the soil;

used by other plantsused by other plants

Secrete growth promotersSecrete growth promoters


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Also secrete antibiotic - like substancesAlso secrete antibiotic - like substances

which prevent the attack of otherwhich prevent the attack of other

microorganismsmicroorganisms

Phosphor intake is considerably increasedPhosphor intake is considerably increased

Eg: VAM BiofertilizerEg: VAM Biofertilizer

Stress tolerance of plant increasesStress tolerance of plant increases

Absorptive area of roots increases andAbsorptive area of roots increases and


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1.1.

Biological Control: It refers to the processBiological Control: It refers to the process

of controlling or inhibiting the populationof controlling or inhibiting the population

of an organism by another organismof an organism by another organism

Biotechnology uses this concept wherein theBiotechnology uses this concept wherein the

natural enemies of a pest/pathogen arenatural enemies of a pest/pathogen are

identified, suitably modified if required andidentified, suitably modified if required and

introduced resulting in the control of disease.introduced resulting in the control of disease.

Eg: Bt Cotton, Bt TobaccoEg: Bt Cotton, Bt Tobacco

The usage of chemical pesticides, weedicidesThe usage of chemical pesticides, weedicides

gets reducedgets reduced


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Bt CottonBt Cotton

Bacillus thuringiensisBacillus thuringiensis, a wide spread, a wide spread

bacterium, produces several toxins withbacterium, produces several toxins with

insecticidal properties againstinsecticidal properties against

lepidopteran larvalepidopteran larva

The bacterial genes for the insecticidalThe bacterial genes for the insecticidalproperty are introduced into theproperty are introduced into the

susceptible host plantsusceptible host plant


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1.1. Cell Culture/Tissue Culture: wonderfulCell Culture/Tissue Culture: wonderful

science wherein an organ, or a tissue orscience wherein an organ, or a tissue oreven a plant can be developed from aeven a plant can be developed from a

single cell or a mass of cells :single cell or a mass of cells :

The time required for the regeneration ofThe time required for the regeneration ofplant gets considerably reducedplant gets considerably reduced

More number of plants from a single parentMore number of plants from a single parent

Nearly extinct plants, plants confined to aNearly extinct plants, plants confined to a

particular area can be grown in the labparticular area can be grown in the lab

Facilitates extensive plant researchFacilitates extensive plant research

Genetic manipulations could be done to getGenetic manipulations could be done to get

the desired qualitiesthe desired qualities


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1.1.

Animal Breeding: It is the application ofAnimal Breeding: It is the application ofGenetics and Physiological Science ofGenetics and Physiological Science of

Reproduction for the animalReproduction for the animal

improvementimprovement Aim is to obtain genetically improved,Aim is to obtain genetically improved,

efficient livestock. Desired traits could beefficient livestock. Desired traits could be

made to express moremade to express more

Necessary in India since the country isNecessary in India since the country is

endowed with large genetic pool of domesticendowed with large genetic pool of domestic

livestock specieslivestock species


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Few Other Benefits ofFew Other Benefits of

BiotechnologyBiotechnology

The level of nutrition supplied by plants isThe level of nutrition supplied by plants is

dependent on their ability to trap solardependent on their ability to trap solar

energy. This ability of a plant is beingenergy. This ability of a plant is being

improvedimproved

Preservation of agricultural products for a longPreservation of agricultural products for a long

timetime

Genetically altered plants (Transgenic plants)Genetically altered plants (Transgenic plants)

are used as bioreactors for getting variousare used as bioreactors for getting various

commercially valuable productscommercially valuable products

Bioremediation and many more such microbialBioremediation and many more such microbial


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Industrial Biotechnology utilizesIndustrial Biotechnology utilizes

agricultural wastes and byproducts for theagricultural wastes and byproducts for the

production of various commerciallyproduction of various commercially

important productsimportant products

Hypovirulence-Biotechnological process ofHypovirulence-Biotechnological process of

decreasing/reducing the virulencedecreasing/reducing the virulence

(infecting ability) of a pathogen(infecting ability) of a pathogen

Biocontrol agents likeBiocontrol agents like SuicidalSuicidal

baculoviruses have been developed whichbaculoviruses have been developed which

gets self destroyed after infecting andgets self destroyed after infecting and

killing the insect pestskilling the insect pests


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The list keepsThe list keeps

growinggrowing


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Biotechnology in Agriculture Development by KS Manjunath