Biophilic and Bioclimatic Architecture

Amjad Almusaed

Biophilic andBioclimatic Architecture

Analytical Therapy for the Next Generationof Passive Sustainable Architecture

123

ISBN 978-1-84996-533-0 e-ISBN 978-1-84996-534-7

DOI 10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7

Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Control Number: 2010936626

� Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, aspermitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of thepublishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issuedby the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should besent to the publishers.

The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence ofa specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and thereforefree for general use.

The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of theinformation contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errorsor omissions that may be made.

Cover design: eStudio Calamar S.L.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Dr. Amjad AlmusaedArchcrea InstituteSøndervangen 38–2TV8260 Viby JDenmarke-mail: amjad_almusaed@yahoo.com

Preface

The architectural product, being a creation of a human work, a long time userproduce, like any other product it has not only to be produced but also to get theuser’s disposal. A true architecture is that where thinking and human feelingscome into play, creates an entire harmonic, which ensembles structure and pos-sesses significance.

Architecture is always a response to tradition and culture of its time. It reflectsthe pulse of the society, environment action, life style of inhabitants and theiraesthetic value as well as their building technology. Today several specialists inarchitecture and building design believes that, it is necessary to carry out aninnovative creation of architectural produce, which keeps up a correspondence tothe new demands of a full useful architecture but no more building.

As soon as we talk about passive and low energy building, many suppose thatwe talk about a machinery-building, a building without human sentiment. Othersbelieve that passive and low energy building is an ugly creature.

Many engineers, designers, agriculturists, etc. wrote about low energy build-ings, green buildings, etc. Although a few of them reached the right concept ofpassive and low energy building in concordance with the architectural conjecture.Therefore, we can identify the technical nature of these concepts. Passive and lowenergy building represents one of the most consistent concepts in sustainablebuilding. A high quality of building model brings the thermal comfort primarilyup-to-date to the user of the building with lowest energy costs. In this vision; allbuildings can be one of the three conceptual categories relating to; energy, naturaland physical surrounding, and building design:

• The indifference conception: energy used for heating, cooling, lighting, etc. isuncontrollable (this concept is clearly used in industrial and agriculturebuildings).

• The exclusive conception: energy employed in building design is controlled bymeans of building materials, passive heat systems, etc. The building is isolated

v

from their surroundings (this concept is clearly used in passive and low energybuildings).

• The selective conception: all habitant factors such as human comfort, environ-ment and surroundings, indoor and outdoor energy, local climate, architecturalhypothesis, etc. should be employed in building conception. The environmentbehaves as such a selective filter with dynamic energy action to environmentalincidents. That can be done by spatial configuration and optimal constructivesolution to set up in detail and then through the fitting techniques that capturesand convert free energy from the environment (this concept is the main aim ofthis book).

It is the difference between the term of ‘‘Building’’ as a policy and the term of‘‘Architecture’’ as a strategy. ‘‘Building and its component’’ is a policy of humandesign, which admits the terms of passive and low energy concepts, while‘‘Architecture’’ is a strategy, which include a large diversion of policies.

Presently it becomes an incorrect work manner when we take the buildingphenomenon and detached it from the large concept of architecture. Energy inpassive and low energy building is an important factor; but it has an abstract actwithout human sentiments.

The human comfort is the vital aim of architecture where the interactionappears between the energy such an abstract act and the human feeling andcomfort in which the balancing is extremely complex. The main aim of this bookis to establish the commune working area by means of architectural hypothesisupon a low energy building design and friendly environment.

Actually, the problem is between the innovative architectural notion and thetraditional concept of architecture. We need a clear response to the followingquestions:

• What can a architect do after a traditional education route?• Where is the creation status in our artificial life?• Is the remediation process affected by postgraduate route capable to build a

competent architect?• Where is our responsibility to nature demolishing process and climate change?

The procedure of a traditional education becomes more diminutive to include allnew requirements. We have to improve our life by an adaptive human creationfitting for our future sociality and nature.

The Academic Sphere

This book is in charge for phrasing and pursuing strategies for planning politicsand spatiality for the development of an operative architectural orientation,throughout innovative interpretation of the architectural conjecture that combinesstimulates the existing environment with human requirements.

vi Preface

This book extends the study of passive and sustainable building policy, inconcordance with biophilic and bioclimatic architectural concept, in a globalinterpretation. The viewpoint of this book is both tactic and strategic.

Central District of this Book

1. Architectural theory and hypothesisIt is an act of thinking, designing and creating a habitable space which iscovering by a high performance human creation and not a buildings material.Where every architectural creation can be described by a building form, but notevery building figure can be described by architectural creation.

2. Biophilic architectureIt is a part of an innovative view in architecture, where nature, life andarchitectural theory combine to create a lively habitable building competent tosatisfy the demands, constraints and respect for both people and theenvironment.

3. Bioclimatic architectureThis notion refers to the idea of creating buildings and manipulating theenvironment within buildings by functioning with natural forces around thebuilding rather than against them to create optimal physical human comfort.

4. Passive and low energy buildingThis perception is a comprehensive approach to energy conservation which isusually requires high class insulation as well as a healthy ventilation system,that should be able to prevent the heat loss and increasing the energy efficiencyoutline to get the highest building performance in exploiters.

5. Sustainable devolvement strategySustainable development is a development that meets the requirements of thepresent without compromising the ability of our future generation to meet theirown requirements.

Denmark, 2010 Amjad Almusaed

Preface vii

Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge many who have commented and made suggestions onthis book. Without their help, there would be more difficult to be at this form.I would like to give my special thanks to my mother, father and my family.Many thanks also to Stephan K. for his help in reading the manuscript.

ix

Contents

Part I Architectural Hypothesis and Theory

1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.1 The Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.1.1 Energy Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1.2 Energy Pollution and Human Healthy . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1.3 The Greenhouse Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.1.4 Heat Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.1.5 Urban Heat Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.2 The Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.2.1 Energy Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.2.2 Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.2.3 The Idea of Affordability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.2.4 Local Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2.5 Durability Sustainable Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2.6 Human Comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2.7 Healthy Human Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2.8 Material Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2.9 Green Areas Upon Architectural Concept . . . . . . . . . 8

1.3 Sealable Produces Under Marketing Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2 Architectural Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.2 Architectural Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.3 Human Settlement and Architectural Phenomenon . . . . . . . . . 152.4 Semiotics and Representation in Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.4.1 Space Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

xi

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec15http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec15http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec16http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec16http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec18http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Sec18http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_1#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Sec5

2.5 Architecture, Form, and Perception. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.5.1 Static Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.5.2 Dynamic Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3 Architectural Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.1 Topological Psychology in Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.2 Shelter such a Protector Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.3 Action Space by a Free Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3.3.1 Human Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253.3.2 Structural Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263.3.3 Dimensional Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.3.4 Orientation of Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.4 Operational Space and Architectural Program . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.4.1 Isomorphic Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.4.2 Interfering Creation Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3.5 Analytical Creation Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.5.1 Collection of the Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.5.2 Treatment of the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.6 The Indicators of Obvious Appearance upon anArchitectural Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Part II Biophilic Architecture

4 Biophilic Architecture Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394.2 Interaction (Natural–Physical) Framework upon

Biophilic Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404.3 Green Areas Placement and Variety upon

Biophilic Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

5 Introduction on Plants and Vegetations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475.2 Horizontal Green Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

5.2.1 Grasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565.2.2 Climbing Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

5.3 Vertical Green Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605.3.1 Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615.3.2 Shrubs and Bushes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695.3.3 Herbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

xii Contents

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_2#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Sec17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_3#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_4#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_4#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_4#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_4#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_4#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_4#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_4#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_4#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_4#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Sec16http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Sec16http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Sec28http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Sec28http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Sec29http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Sec29http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Sec33http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Sec33http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Sec69http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Sec69http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_5#Bib1

6 Introduction on Growing Media (Soil). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856.1 The Natural Growing Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

6.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856.1.2 Soil Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866.1.3 Soil Density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886.1.4 Soil Temperature and Root Growth Process. . . . . . . . 896.1.5 Soil Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.1.6 Improving of Growing Media Structure. . . . . . . . . . . 91

6.2 Synthetic Lightweight Soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

7 Introduction on Irrigation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957.2 Irrigation Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957.3 Irrigation Systems Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967.4 Irrigation Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977.5 The Efficient Process of Plants Watering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987.6 Irrigation Scheduling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997.7 Irrigation Systems Competent for Biophilic Architecture . . . . . 100

7.7.1 Drip Irrigation System (Microirrigation) . . . . . . . . . . 1007.7.2 Sprinkler Irrigation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

8 Green Areas in Biophilic Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1138.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1138.2 Clime and Earth Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

8.2.1 Why is it Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn?. . . . . . . 1138.3 Clime, Plants and Environment Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158.4 The Green Areas Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1168.5 Green Area and Architectural Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1168.6 Plants and Local Microclimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1178.7 Green Areas, Biophilic Architecture and Seasons Impact . . . . 120

8.7.1 In the Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1218.7.2 In the Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

9 Climate Change and Human Health (The Challengesand Remediation Act) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1239.2 What is Global Climate Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1239.3 Climate Change in History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1259.4 The Human Challenges on Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

9.4.1 What can we do to Meet the Challenge? . . . . . . . . . . 1279.4.2 How and why Does the Natural Climate System

Vary on Decadal to Millennial Time-Scales? . . . . . . . 129

Contents xiii

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Sec12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Sec12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_6#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_7#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_8#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec6

9.5 Global Climate Change, Desertification and GreenAreas Misplaced. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

9.6 Climate Change Impacts upon General Human Lifeand Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1319.6.1 Natural Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1329.6.2 Water Quantity and Quality Affected on

Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1339.6.3 Air Quality Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1349.6.4 Social Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1359.6.5 Gardening Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

10 The Urban Heat Island Phenomenon upon Urban Components . . 13910.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13910.2 The Objective Factors of Urban Heat Island Phenomenon . . . . 14010.3 The Impacts of Heat Island Phenomenon on

Urban Human Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14210.3.1 Increase Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14210.3.2 Amplify Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14310.3.3 Increased Health Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14510.3.4 Impaired Water Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14510.3.5 Increase Thermal Discomfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

10.4 Mitigation of Heat Island Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

11 The Green Areas Benefits Upon Urban Sustainability Role . . . . . 15111.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15111.2 The Acoustical Insulation Benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15111.3 Thermal Insulation Benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15211.4 Esthetical Benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

12 Plants, Oxygen and Human Life Benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15912.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15912.2 Green Areas and Oxygen Quantity Produced . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15912.3 Photosynthesis Process such a Source of Air Quality . . . . . . . 16112.4 The Role of Photosynthesis over Microclimate . . . . . . . . . . . 164References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

13 Evapotranspiration and Environmental Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16713.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16713.2 Factors Affecting the Evapotranspiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16913.3 Estimating Evapotranspiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

xiv Contents

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_9#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_10#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_11#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_11#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_11#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_11#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_11#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_11#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_11#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_11#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_11#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_12#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_12#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_12#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_12#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_12#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_12#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_12#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_12#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_12#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_13#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_13#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_13#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_13#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_13#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_13#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_13#Bib1

14 Socio and Healthy Human Psychology uponBiophilic Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17314.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

14.1.1 Why Should This Activity Be So Popular? . . . . . . . . 17414.2 Specific Hypothetical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

14.2.1 Cultural Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17414.2.2 Evolutionary Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

14.3 The Psychological Benefits of Passively ViewingonNature Greening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17614.3.1 Which Physical Environments Are Excellent

for Humans? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17614.3.2 What Is Our Place in Nature? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

14.4 Stress, Green Areas, and Mental Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17714.4.1 Why Should Green Areas Reduce Stress Levels

in the Majority of the People? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17814.5 Psycho Physiological Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

14.5.1 Affective Benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18014.5.2 Cognitive Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18014.5.3 Gardening Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18114.5.4 The Social Benefits of Gardening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18114.5.5 14.5.5 The Spiritual Benefits of Gardening . . . . . . . . 18214.5.5 The Physical Benefits of Gardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18214.5.7 Horticultural Therapy Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

15 Green Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18715.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18715.2 What is a Green Roof? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18815.3 Green Roofs Today. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19015.4 Green Roofs Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

15.4.1 After Roofs Inclination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19115.4.2 After Structure form Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

15.5 Green Roofs Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915.5.1 Waterproofing Layer (A Seal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915.5.2 Drainage Layer and Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915.5.3 Substrate (Growing Medium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20115.5.4 Plants and Vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

15.6 Green Roofs Maintenance and Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

16 Green Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20516.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20516.2 Why Green Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Contents xv

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec15http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec15http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec16http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec16http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec19http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Sec19http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_14#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec15http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec15http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec16http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec16http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec18http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Sec18http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_15#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_16http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_16http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_16#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_16#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_16#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_16#Sec2

16.3 Green Walls Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20716.3.1 Extensive Green Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20716.3.2 Intensive Green Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

16.4 Analytical Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Part III Bioclimatic Architecture

17 Interaction between Architectural Creation andEnvironmental Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21917.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21917.2 Energy upon Ambience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

17.2.1 Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22017.2.2 Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22117.2.3 Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22117.2.4 Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

17.3 Energy upon Architectural Conception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22217.4 Physical Environment and Human Comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

17.4.1 Acoustical Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22417.4.2 Optical Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22417.4.3 Thermal Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

18 Vernacular Architecture and Human Experiences . . . . . . . . . . . . 22918.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22918.2 Vernacular Architecture Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

18.2.1 Vernacular Architecture Conception . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23018.2.2 Vernacular Architectural Spaces Values . . . . . . . . . . 23118.2.3 Architectural Elements Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

19 Vernacular Architecture from Hot Regions (Basrah, Iraq) . . . . . . 23319.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23319.2 Climate in Basrah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23419.3 Vernacular Architecture and Buildings Specific . . . . . . . . . . . 23419.4 Vernacular Architecture Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

19.4.1 Habitat Spaces with Thermal Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23619.4.2 Architectural Elements with Thermal Role . . . . . . . . 24019.4.3 Natural Elements with Positive Effects . . . . . . . . . . . 243

19.5 Habitat-Specific Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24519.5.1 Urban Texture Specific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24519.5.2 Specific Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24519.5.3 Specific Habitat Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

xvi Contents

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_16#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_16#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_16#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_16#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_16#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_16#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_16#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_16#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_16#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_17#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_18http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_18http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_18#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_18#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_18#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_18#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_18#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_18#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_18#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_18#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_18#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_18#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_18#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec23http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec23http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec24http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec24http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec25http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec25http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec25http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec25

19.5.4 Specific Building Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24719.5.5 Energy on Vernacular Dwellings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

20 Vernacular Architecture from Cold and TemperateRegions (Aarhus, Denmark) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25120.1 Climate in Aarhus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

20.1.1 Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25120.1.2 Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25120.1.3 Sunshine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

20.2 Habitat Type in History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25220.3 Vernacular Architecture Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

20.3.1 Closed Functional Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25620.3.2 Intermediary Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25620.3.3 Open Functional Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25620.3.4 Landscape Elements with Thermal Elements . . . . . . . 257

20.4 Habitat Concept Specific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25820.4.1 Specific Urban Texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25820.4.2 Specific Habitat Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26020.4.3 Specific Habitat Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26020.4.4 Specific Construction Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26120.4.5 Heating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

21 Improvement of Exterior and Interior Energy Allocate . . . . . . . . 26521.1 Improvement of Exterior Energy Allocate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

21.1.1 Ameliorate of Local Microclimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26521.1.2 The Effect of Local Earth Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26521.1.3 The Effect of Water and Vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

21.2 Improvement of Interior Energy Allocate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26821.2.1 Architectural Functions and Human

Comfort Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26821.2.2 Building Thermal Zones Such as Cascade . . . . . . . . . 270

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

22 Improvement of Thermal Insulation (Passive Buildings). . . . . . . . 27722.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27722.2 Insulation Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

22.2.1 Energy Saving and Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27822.2.2 Energy Changes and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27822.2.3 Condensation Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27922.2.4 Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

22.3 Insulation Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28022.3.1 Permanent Insulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28022.3.2 Movable Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

Contents xvii

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec26http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec26http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec27http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Sec27http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_19#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec16http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec16http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec20http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec20http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec21http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec21http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec22http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec22http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec23http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec23http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec24http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec24http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec25http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Sec25http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_20#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_21#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec12

22.4 Insulation in Passive Buildings Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28522.4.1 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28522.4.2 External Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28622.4.3 Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28722.4.4 Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28722.4.5 Cold Bridging Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28722.4.6 Air Tightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28822.4.7 Heating by Radiant Asymmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

23 Improvement of Energy Saving Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29123.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29123.2 Green Buildings Covering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29123.3 Double Skin Façade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29223.4 Heating Recovery Systems by Ventilative Development . . . . . 29323.5 Heat Break Transfer Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

23.5.1 Underground Energy is Source ofPermanent Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

23.5.2 Sun Energy such Resource of Permanent Energy . . . . 29823.5.3 Heat Break Concept in Double Skin Façade . . . . . . . 298

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

24 Windows Between Optical and Thermal Roles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30124.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30124.2 The Optical Roles of Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30124.3 Windows Orientation and Emplacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

24.3.1 Optimal Orientation for Buildings in Temperateand Cold Climate (Southeast) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

24.3.2 Optimal Orientation for Buildings in HotArid (Northeast) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

24.4 The Thermal Roles of Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30424.4.1 Windows in Hot Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30524.4.2 Windows in Cold and Temperate Climate . . . . . . . . . 306

24.5 Improvement of Windows Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30624.5.1 Reducing of Heat Gain in Summer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30624.5.2 Reducing of Heat Loss in Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

24.6 Windows and Heat Break Transfer Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

25 Illuminations by Sun–Skylight Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31125.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31125.2 Tubular Sun–Skylight in History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31225.3 The Concept of Sun–Skylight Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

xviii Contents

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec16http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec16http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec17http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec18http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec18http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec19http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec19http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec20http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec20http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec21http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Sec21http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_22#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_23#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_24#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec3

25.4 How the Sun–Skylight Tube System Works. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31425.4.1 Collector or Concentrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31525.4.2 Light Transporter System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31525.4.3 Emitter or Diffuser (Distributor). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

25.5 Sun–Skylight Tube Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31725.6 Developments of Future Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

26 Illumination by Optical Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31926.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31926.2 How Arteries Optics Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31926.3 The Application of Optical Arteries Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

26.3.1 Spaces Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32126.3.2 Other Applications of Optical Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . 321

26.4 The System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

27 Illuminate by Light Shelves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32527.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32527.2 Light Shelves Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32627.3 Light Shelves Position and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32727.4 Distance Sunlight’s Reflective System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

27.4.1 Sun Reflective Spots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32827.4.2 Special Sunlight Canals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32927.4.3 How the Light System Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

28 Cooling by Effective Shading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33328.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33328.2 Shading Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

28.2.1 Shading by Agglomerate of Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . 33528.2.2 Shading on Courtyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33628.2.3 Shading by Space in Space Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33728.2.4 Shading by Natural Elements (Vertical Plan) . . . . . . . 33828.2.5 Shading by Devices (see Movable Insulation) . . . . . . 339

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

29 Cooling by Comfort Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34529.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34529.2 Cross Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34529.3 Wind Catcher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34729.4 Nocturnal Ventilative Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

Contents xix

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_25#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_26http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_26http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_26#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_26#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_26#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_26#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_26#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_26#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_26#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_26#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_26#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_26#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_26#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_26#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_26#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_27#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_28#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29#Sec4

29.5 Ventilative Cooling Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34829.5.1 Ventilative Cooling by Open Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34829.5.2 Ventilative Cooling by Closed Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

30 Cooling by Direct Evaporative Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35330.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35330.2 Evaporative Cooling Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35330.3 Direct Evaporative Cooling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

31 Cooling by Indirect Evaporative Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36331.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36331.2 Cooling by Water Roof Spray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36331.3 Cooling by Roof Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36331.4 Cooling by Perforate Front Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36431.5 Cooling by Using of Cold Water Storage Tank . . . . . . . . . . . 365References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

32 Cooling by Thermal Earth Inertia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36732.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36732.2 Cooling by Underground Thermal Inertia Systems . . . . . . . . . 368

32.2.1 Cooling Using a Free Underground Space . . . . . . . . . 36932.2.2 Cooling Using Bedrock on Underground Spaces . . . . 370

32.3 Underground Building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37032.4 Cooling by Underground Earth Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

32.4.1 Tubes Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37232.4.2 Tube Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37232.4.3 Tube Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37232.4.4 Tube Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

32.5 Earth Tubes Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37232.5.1 Vertical Closed-Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37332.5.2 Horizontal Closed-Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

32.6 General Consideration of Cooling Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

33 Passive Heating Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37733.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37733.2 Natural Phenomenon and Passive Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

33.2.1 Greenhouse Phenomenon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37833.2.2 Thermodynamics Phenomenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

33.3 Passive Heating Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37933.3.1 Heating Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37933.3.2 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

xx Contents

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_29#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_30http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_30http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_30#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_30#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_30#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_30#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_30#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_30#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_30#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_31http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_31http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_31#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_31#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_31#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_31#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_31#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_31#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_31#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_31#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_31#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_31#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_31#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec31http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec31http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_32#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec12http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec12

33.4 Energy and Building Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38233.4.1 South Building Facing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38233.4.2 North Building Facing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

34 Solar Passive Heating Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38534.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38534.2 Sunspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

34.2.1 Sunspace’s Disadvantage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38734.3 Thermal Storage Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38734.4 Thermal Mass Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38834.5 Thermal Mass (storage) Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

34.5.1 Simple Frontal Storage Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38934.5.2 The Size Thermal Storage Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39034.5.3 Bedrock as Thermal Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

35 Passive Heating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39335.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39335.2 Direct Gain System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39435.3 Indirect Gain System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39435.4 Heating Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

35.4.1 Heating by Trombe Wall (Thermosyphon). . . . . . . . . 39635.4.2 Heating by Remote Storage Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39735.4.3 Heating by Water Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39835.4.4 Heating by Roof Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40035.4.5 Isolated Gain System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40135.4.6 Thermosyphon Collector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40235.4.7 Auxiliary Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

36 Remembering Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

Contents xxi

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec13http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec15http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Sec15http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_34#Sec9http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_33#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec3http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec4http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec5http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec6http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec7http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec10http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec11http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec14http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec15http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Sec15http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_35#Bib1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_36http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_36

List of Figures

1.1 The interaction between the biophilic and bioclimatic architectureconcepts

2.1 Deferent forms of architectural spaces and volumes2.2 a The subordinate relation system. b Environmental transformations

process. c Diachronic perspective2.3 Perception and representation of architectural spaces2.4 Bearing structure2.5 Modular structure2.6 The movement of a point2.7 Transmission a vertical line on horizontal direction2.8 Radiant vision types3.1 Human–shelter space relation3.2 Human spaces categories and the communication between private and

collective spaces3.3 The correlation between spaces; actor–spectator (Theater example)3.4 Human action approach3.5 Schematic insight of structural transfer3.6 The differences between (centric–linear) growth actions3.7 The spaces types3.8 From the structure problem to object configuration4.1 The components of human settlement (Building–Human–Nature)4.2 Interaction between physical and natural framework in biophilic

architecture model4.3 Interaction by the spatial pressure model4.4 Interaction by edge-to-edge contact4.5 Interaction by face-to-face, contact4.6 Interaction by interconnecting surfaces4.7 Architectural pattern in context of living nature upon biophilic

architecture model4.8 Green area allocate by pointed form4.9 Green area allocate in a linear form

xxiii

4.10 Green area allocate in a radial form4.11 Green area allocate in a clustered form4.12 Green area allocate in a grid form4.13 Green area allocate in a wide-ranging form5.1 Selective Poa species5.2 Selective Festuca species5.3 Selective Carex species5.4 Selective Calamagrostis species5.5 Selective species of sedum5.6 Selective species of Allium5.7 Selective species of climbing plant5.8 A form of Oak tree5.9 A form of Maple tree5.10 A form of Ash tree5.11 A form of Lindens tree5.12 A form of Elms tree5.13 A form of Palmer tree5.14 Selective species of shrubs and bush5.15 Selective species of shrubs and bush5.16 Selective species of shrubs and bush5.17 Selective species of shrubs and bush5.18 Selective species of shrubs and bush5.19 Selective species of shrubs and bush5.20 Selective species of herbs5.21 Selective species of herbs5.22 Selective species of herbs6.1 The natural soil compassion6.2 Natural soil is a resourceful growing media6.3 USDA soil triangle6.4 Synthetics lightweight soil7.1 Drip irrigation system7.2 Wetting pattern for a single sprinkler7.3 Relative position of interior and exterior sprinklers8.1 Earth climates map8.2 Trees shade morphologic in correspondence to world climate specific8.3 Trees form in correspondence to earth climate9.1 Show how total climate has changed during the time9.2 The world climate change9.3 The global and continental temperature change10.1 Urban heat island dealings10.2 Earth Surface temperature through 24 h10.3 The thermal field interaction between buildings10.4 Increasing of summertime temperatures increase cooling requirements10.5 The benefits of mitigation strategies12.1 Plants, oxygen and human life

xxiv List of Figures

12.2 Leaf action and photosynthesis12.3 Plants and environment cooperation15.1 The ziggurat of Nanna in the ancient city of Ur15.2 The hanging garden imagined by Almsad15.3 Green roof from Scandinavian countries15.4 Grube house from Viking in Denmark15.5 Green roof pattern15.6 School of Art and Design, Singapore15.7 The California Academy of sciences, as featured on the growspot.com15.8 Heden proposal, Gothenburg, Sweden, and Monterey Bay Shores15.9 The EFA, Radio Satellite station Custav Peichi Aflenz Austria 1976–197915.10 Inviting garden, with view of Boston’s harbor15.11 The famous Chicago city hall green roof15.12 The drainage layer16.1 Spots green suspended walls16.2 Compact green suspended walls system, Aarhus University in Denmark16.3 Tower flower16.4 Climatic skin layer, detail for a proposal project of cultural house from

Gjellerup, Aarhus, Denmark19.1 Clime analyze for Basrah-Iraq19.2 Traditional house from Basrah-Iraq19.3 Gallery in traditional house from hot climate19.4 Traditional Patio function in the day (Basrah-Iraq)19.5 Traditional Patio function at the night (Basrah-Iraq)19.6 Wooden terrace in front of the house19.7 Terrace on the roof for sleeping in summer19.8 Iwan such as traditional spaces for houses from arid climate regions19.9 Wind tower is an original architectural element in a hot climate region19.10 Wooden jigsaws pieces19.11 Fountain in traditional house from hot climates19.12 Traditional doors and outside beautification19.13 Palmer is a specific tree in Basrah19.14 Urban texture specific (Basrah city)19.15 Volumes specific habitat from Arid zones (Iraq)19.16 Specific habitat plan for hot climate20.1 Clime analyze for Aarhus-Denmark20.2 Wing house typical for Scandinavian countries20.3 Traditional Danish houses20.4 Traditional Danish houses orientation and emplacement20.5 Buffering space placement, in relation to cold north coordinate20.6 Trees and building elements such buffering areas against dominant strong

cold wind20.7 Courtyard position in farm Danish houses20.8 Texture urban specific (Aarhus city)20.9 Specific habitat plan (Aarhus city)

List of Figures xxv

20.10 Specific habitat volume for cold climate architecture20.11 Specific buildings material20.12 Chimneys position in Old Danish houses21.1 Different natural surroundings21.2 Different natural earth reliefs21.3 Some local microclimate from arid and temperate zones21.4 Metabolic rate of different activities21.5 Insulation values of different kind of clothing21.6 The interaction between energy, activity, human comfort and architectural

programs21.7 Hierarchy thermal comfort on architectural spaces position21.8 Thermal comfort in cold and hot climate habitat21.9 The optimal buildings orientation in hot and cold climates22.1 Energy saving concept is a way to protect our beings22.2 Energy changes and control22.3 Permanent insulation type22.4 Movable insulation exploit22.5 Movable insulation role23.1 Dabble skin façade (the shape)23.2 Heat recovery system23.3 Heat recovery concept by means of tub23.4 Heat recovery system (application form)23.5 Heat break transfer concept24.1 Windows24.2 Relation hollow-full in hot and cold climates24.3 Windows size in hot and cold climates24.4 Window and heat break transfer concept25.1 Sun–skylight concept in history25.2 Sun–skylight tube concept25.3 Sun–skylight tube25.4 Heliostat composition25.5 Sun skylight application25.6 Light pipe in Potsdam Platz (Berlin)26.1 Lighting by optical arteries26.2 Applications of optical arteries idea27.1 Light shelves concept27.2 Distance sunlight’s reflective system27.3 Illumination by reflective sunlight through special canal27.4 The reflective sunlight’s component28.1 The shading effect on traditional façade from hot climate (Baghdad city)28.2 Different kinds of shading for bioclimatic buildings in hot climate28.3 Shading resulted from the compact volumes28.4 Courtyard from a traditional house in Damascus-Syria28.5 Bioclimatic houses project from Iraq28.6 Shading by space on space concept

xxvi List of Figures

28.7 Shading by using trees28.8 Shading by different form of devices28.9 The effects on internal heat flow of external against internal shades28.10 Different types of awnings28.11 Trellises outward appearance28.12