Biopharmaca Research Center-IPB & Forestry Research and ... · Technical Report Volume 3 3 ornamentals and craft materials, wild edibles, medicinal, ceremonial/cultural, and native

Biopharmaca Research Center-IPB & Forestry Research and Development Agency

Technical Report Volume 3

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TECHNICAL REPORT

Volume 3- 2006

ITTO PD277/04/ Rev.3 (I)

Promoting Selected Non-Timber Forest Products Based on Community Participation Approach to Support Sustainable Forest Management in East Kalimantan BIOPHARMACA RESEARCH CENTER

BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

MINISTRY OF FORESTRY

PT INHUTANI I

INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANISATION

OCTOBER 2006

TECHNICAL REPORT III- 2006



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ITTO PD277/04/ Rev.3 (I) Promoting Selected Non-Timber Forest Products Based on Community Participation Approach to Support Sustainable Forest Management in East Kalimantan Project Management Unit (PMU)

1. Project Leader : Prof. Dr. Suminar S Achmadi 2. Secretary : Irmanida Batubara, SSi., MSi 3. Treasurer : Dr. Yulin Lestari National Consultants

1. Prof. Dr. Dudung Darusman 2. Prof. Dr. Latifah K Darusman 3. Dr. Munif Ghulammahdi 4. Dr. Hardjanto 5. Ir. Yulius Hero, MSc 6. Dr. Didik Suharjito 7. Ir. Ervizal A M Zuhud, MS 8. Ir. Tajudin Edy Komar, MSc 9. Tri Wahyudiyati, SH, LLM 10. dr. Irma H. Suparto, MS 11. Prof. Mustafa Agung S. 12. Ir. Hidayat Salim, MMA 13. Dr. Kade Yasa Program Coordinator / Technical Advisory Committee

1. Ir. Siswoyo, MS BRC – IPB 2. Dr. Dyah Iswantini, M.Agr BRC – IPB 3. Drs. Edy Djauhari, MSi BRC – IPB Biopharmaca Research Center – Bogor Agricultural University

Kompleks IPB Taman Kencana, Bogor, Indonesia 16151 Phone/Fax : +62 251 373 561 e-mail : [email protected]

ISBN No. 979-25-1205-5 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher.



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Preface

The project entitled “Promoting Selected Non-timber Forest Products Based on Community Participation Approach to Support Sustainable Forest Management in East Kalimantan”, Serial Number PD 277/04 Rev. 3(I) is progressing in the second one was published in March 2006. Farmers are still enthusiastically carried out the herbs cultivation, practicing the transformation from raw herb to prospective commodities, and gaining their knowledge in marketing. Serial workshops have been conducted amongst the stakeholders, and all participants seemed to take benefit of them. Progress in on-farm nursery shows high growth rate of the seedling. One the other hand, some other studies have been carried out in the laboratories, performed by researchers of Biopharmaca Research Center. All information will be complied to enrich the knowledge about traditional remedies, both from farmers land and from non-timber forest product. Appreciation is given to people who help us for making this successful progress. Bogor, October 2006 Suminar Setiadi Achmadi Project Leader



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Contents

Preface ii Crafting Local Institution for Sustaining Medicinal Plants Cultivation and 1

Processing: Preliminary Results Didik Suharjito, Akhmad Wijaya



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Crafting Local Institution for Sustaining Medicinal Plants Cultivation

and Processing: Preliminary Results

Didik Suharjito1)

, Akhmad Wijaya2)

Introduction

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have played an important role in rural household livelihoods since thousands years ago. NTFPs include foods, edible fruits, medicinal herbs, fungi, nuts, resins, dyes, fodders, rattan, bamboo, and animals harvested from forests. Certainly, since the hunter-gatherers communities lived in the forest, NTFPs have been as main source of their livelihood. Many groups of Indonesian hunter-gatherers live in or around natural forest areas. Among others are Penan people (live in the interior of Kalimantan) and Orang Rimba or Suku Anak Dalam (live in the interior of Sumatera). Many groups of shifting cultivators in outside of Java Island utilize NTFPs such as sago starch (derived from Eugeissona utilis), camphor (extracted from trees of Dryobalanops), belian shingles (Eusideroxylon zwageri), damar (resin of Agathis borneensis tree), latex jelutung (derived from trees of Dyera sp), gaharu (derived from Aquilaria spp), rattan, honey, etc. Apo Kayan people in West Kalimantan use medicinal plants such as Homalomena rubra for spleen enlargement (malaria), Colocasia esculenta for sores/wounds, Merremia borneensis for healing wounds, Cassia alata L. for human skin infections, and Aquilaria beccariana van Tiegh for stomach-ache and ritual cures (see e.g. Leaman et al. 1996; Brosius 1995). In this study areas, i.e. Balikpapan and its vicinity in East Kalimantan, local people use pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack), akar kuning (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.), and seluang

bilum (Luvunga eleutheriandra Dalz.) (Siswoyo 2005). In India, rural people collected leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, tubers, barks

and exudates. They use leaves for fodder, food, medicine and household items. Flowers are commonly used for ritual and ornamental purposes, and consumed as a food. Fruits are commonly used as a dietary supplement, whereas seeds are used as food, or for making oil for domestic consumption or for lubrication. Roots of many plants are used for medicinal purposes and tubers are consumed as food. Bark and exudates have many purposes including medicinal (Malhotra et al. 1993). Edwards (1993) cited that NTFPs have important roles to Nepali in their health care and in the maintenance of nutritional standards between agricultural harvests. Ndoye (1998) pointed out that many rural people in tropical regions use NTFPs for subsistence and as a source of income.

Emery and O’Halek (2001) referred to Cleland (1983) showed that NTFPs have been important to the livelihoods of the inhabitants of North America from prehistoric times to the present, by 6,000 B.C. Native American residents of the Upper Great Lakes Basin relied heavily on plant foods gathered in the region’s mixed conifer deciduous forests. In the United States some NTFPs such as floral greens, Christmas greens,

1) Lecturer at the Faculty of Forestry and Researcher at the Biopharmaca Research Center, Bogor

Agricultural University. 2) Staff members of BIOMA (NGO in East Kalimantan), that has been involved in Biopharmaca’s ITTO

project for facilitating local communities who have been collaborating with the project.



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ornamentals and craft materials, wild edibles, medicinal, ceremonial/cultural, and native plant transplants has long contributed to local economies. Domestic demand of Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) as medicinal plants has sharply risen in the past decade. Other important medicinal plants harvested in the United States are purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.) and maidenhair fern (Adiantum spp.) (Alexander and McLain 2001).

The role of NTFPs in national economic development in most developing countries has significantly increased particularly for the last three decades, since the contribution of timber forest product to national economies decreased. Currently, NTFPs are harvested from forests in developing countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, as well as in United States and Europe. International trading transaction of the NTFPs has been growing up (Edwards 1993; Malhotra et al. 1993; Fox et al. 1995; Ndoye et al. 1998; Emery and McLain 2001). Iqbal (1995) cited by Ndoye et al. (1998) estimated that the annual trade of NTFPs at the international level amounts to US$ 11 billion, in which the European Union, the United States and Japan account for approximately 60% of world imports of NTFPs, and generally the trade is from developing to developed countries.

However, most of NTFPs are harvested from natural forests and the plants grew naturally. Only in very limited products such as rattan and bamboo are harvested from cultivation. Most of NTFPs are also not processed in local areas before transported from sourcing areas. Everett (1996/1997) referred to Schlosser and Blattner (1994) noted that large proportions of NTFPs of the Pacific Northwest origin enter global markets as raw materials and not as value-added products. Thadani (2001) referred to Poffenberger et

al. (1990) also reminded us that usually collectors sell unprocessed produce to middlemen who often monopolize the trade and take most of the profits. Everett (1996/1997) and Thadani (2001) suggested that NTFPs should be processed to add considerable value to the raw product and would keep a greater portion of profits at or near their forest origin.

To support sustainable utilization of forest resources, the Biopharmaca Research Center IPB in collaboration with Ministry of Forestry Indonesia and PT Inhutani I has proposed the project. The Project aims to develop some selected NTFPs cultivation system, processing, and marketing. The specific objective of the Project is to promote some selected NTFP to sustainable forest management by improving small-scale industry of selected NTFP and its marketing system. The outputs to be achieved are (1) established selected medicinal plants cultivation system; (2) established appropriate processing system for selected medicinal plants; (3) developed management plan of small-scale industry and business strategy of selected medicinal plants; and (4) established marketing network of small-scale industries of medicinal plants. Stakeholders’ capacity building is an important part of the Project efforts. Farmers as the main stakeholders of the forest management in the Project need to enhance their capacities of NTFPs cultivation, processing, and marketing.

One element of farmers’ capacities is social arrangement of resources (forest) use in order to ensure productive utilization, equitable benefits, and sustainable use of the resources. Hence, strengthening local institution concerning on sustainable medicinal plants cultivation, small-scale industry, and marketing should be taken as important part of the Project. This paper describes preliminary results of those activities, more attention, however, to local institution of NTFPs Cultivation and processing and has not include marketing aspect yet.



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Theoretical Framework The theoretical foundation used in the strengthening local institution of the

Project referred to Thomson and Freudenberger (1997). They stated that an institutional analysis for a community forestry project (in this case NTFPs cultivation and processing) attempts to understand the incentives that motivate human behavior in a particular place at a particular time and the impact of those behaviors on the natural resource base (NTFPs). Three components of institution to be analyzed are incentive, choice, and outcomes of the project. Three kinds of incentives that motivate people are (1) incentives related to the characteristics of the resource base (NTFPs); (2) incentives related to the characteristics of the community; and (3) incentives related to the characteristics of the rules in place in the community. Two characteristics of the resource creating incentives for managing the resource are the feasibility of exclusion and the nature of consumption. Feasibility of exclusion refers to whether control of resource access is easy or difficult. The nature of consumption refers to whether the consumption of the good is subtractive or joint.

The characteristics of the community that influence to individual behavior in the context of forest resources in their environment are their historical background, social, economic, and cultural contexts. Social context includes ethnicity structure, family structure, social divisions, and gender relations. Economic context may consist of livelihood strategies and economic stratification. The important features of cultural context are value, norm, and rules.

The second component of institution to be analyzed is choices when people meet various incentives. People have to decide what is suitable choice for him (her) self whether in term of maximizing/optimizing economic utility, social status, political position, or others. People make choices in everyday life based on incentives or disincentive that they meet. In the context of the NTFPs development program, each villager has choices to choose plants species and pattern of cultivation system (monoculture or agro-forestry), processing technique and level (symplicia or final [ready to be used] products), whether he (she) joint marketing activities or not.

The third component of institution is outcome as result of what people choose. Considering the outcome, people would decide whether he (she) continues or not to choose the same goods, services, activities, or others. People evaluate the incentive/ disincentive, choices, and outcomes. People may change his (her) choice if the outcome was not concomitant with its incentives or disincentives, or his (her) expectation.

Participatory Action-Research Methodology

We have used participatory action-research method for NTFPs development program in five villages in Balikpapan area, East Kalimantan. The method was designed to encourage participants to express their views without influence from locally powerful and vocal people, and thereby to develop a shared framework of understanding about resource management (Sultana and Thompson 2004). All interested stakeholders or their chosen-representatives were invited and participated in the dialogues and focused group discussion.

The program could be divided into three categories, namely biophysical, economic and marketing, and institutional aspects. Biophysical aspect encompasses techniques of nursery establishment, planting, harvesting, and products processing. Economic and marketing aspects include financial and cost-benefit analysis, marketing



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strategy and technique. These three aspects are interrelated one and others. This paper is focused on institutional aspect.

Three cyclical steps have been conducted for NTFPs development program. The first step was identification of the community and their problems and potential resources, identification of stakeholders at local (village) level with an interest in the problem, introduction of the NTFPs development program, and formulation of the project activities. The second step was action to implement the formulated project activities. The third step was monitoring and evaluation of project implementation. Based on monitoring and evaluation results, we identified again the socioeconomic and biophysical conditions. As such we did an additional or a new activity, we even changed the planned activities as condition changes.

Concerning on the institutional aspect, we have facilitated the participants of the project in crafting local institution in term of the NTFPs development project. In facilitating participating communities, we used methods and performed some activities. These include stakeholder analysis; main actors (participants) selection; formulation of common interests, common problems and (or) constraints, common objectives, common goals, and potential resources identification; etc.; and formulation of mutual understanding, commitment, consensus, responsibility, and authority; rules formulation, implementation, and enforcement. None of these points was accomplished in one moment; however, we filled in and improved the running project continuously.

Stakeholder analysis refers to a range of tools for the identification and description of stakeholders on the basis of their attributes, interrelationships, and interests related to forest resources, particularly to NTFPs. Considering the theoretical framework described previously, the basic information collected during the first step of the project are as follow: (a) Primary information: the name of the individual or group, affiliation, principal

members/leaders, contact information; (b) General characteristic: the formal or informal mission and interests, related activities

in other places or on other projects; formal or informal authority over the activity; size and scope of influence (e.g., membership, employment, land area);

(c) Incentives and choices available in term of the project: plants species, pattern of cultivation system, land availability, funding support;

(d) Interests: the expected outcomes likely to be desired by the stakeholders, both in the short term and long term: employment opportunity, increasing household income;

(e) Probable levels of involvement: the ways in which the stakeholder may wish to participate in the activity;

(f) Stakeholder’s needs: what is the requirement of the stakeholder to participate, ranging from basic information to an invitation to take a leadership role.

This information was collected by interviewing participants person to person

using focused group discussion (FGD) and village meeting.

Socio-Economic and Cultural Context

Villages involving in the project are (1) Sungai Merdeka and (2) Karya Merdeka in District of Kutai Kertanegara; (3) Mentawir, (4) Wanasari (Semoi IV), and Argomulyo (Semoi I) in District of Penajam Paser Utara, East Kalimantan. Sungai Merdeka and Karya Merdeka villages are located at the left and right side of Km 36-38 of Samarinda-Balikpapan road. Hence, the accessibility to reach those villages is good. Meanwhile Manasari and Argomulyo are located about 40 kilometers far away from



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Km 38 (Wana Riset, Forest Research Station, Samboja) of Samarinda-Balikpapan road. Nevertheless, the road condition is good so the accessibility to reach those villages is good. On the other hand, Mentawir village can be reached through two ways, namely from Balikpapan city or from Wanasari village. Many boats available from Balikpapan to Mentawir, take 1.5 hours by speedboat or three hours by kelotok (bigboat). By land, Wanasari village is 12 kilometers away.

With exception of Mentawir village, the communities of four villages historically were migrants. The communities of Wanasari and Argomulyo villages originally came from Java and lived there since 1980s. While the communities of Sungai Merdeka and Karya Merdeka were dominantly migrants coming from other areas of East Kalimantan. They were generally loggers in banjir kap era (timber exploitation using river for transportation) in 1960s or mining workers. Before they moved to Karya Merdeka, most of them were Bukit Suharto settlers. Dominant ethnic of Sungai Merdeka and Karya Merdeka villages is Bugis.

Whereas the community of Mentawir village is indigenous of Paser ethnic in East Kalimantan, they have lived in that village since the colonial era. The Paser ethnic consists of two groups namely Paser Balik ethnic, those were pioneer of Mentawir forest opening; and migrant Paser, those came from Kesultanan (Sultanate, Kingdom) Paser and Kutai consisting of Pematang, Kendilo, Adang, Telake, etc. in Japanese colonial era. Historically, however, they were descent of exogamous marriage between Malay ethnic (indigenous people) of East Kalimantan and Bugis ethnic.

The population of Mentawir village is 414 people as members of 105 families. They have been grouped into three neighborhood groups (RT). Paser Bilik ethnic has grouped and settled in the third RT. While the others sub-ethnics have occupied two RT areas. The population of others villages are much bigger than Mentawir.

There are social groups in the villages. Dasawisma is a group of neighborhood with special concern on family welfare. This community organization was established commonly in each village initiated and instructed by government of Indonesia from national to village level. The member and motivator of this organization are women. Secondly, farmer groups is commonly initiated by outsider such as agriculture middleman and agricultural extension workers, for instance farmer group concerned with pineapple cultivation, farmer group concerned with teak plantation.

The main source of income for Wanasari, Argomulyo, Sungai Merdeka, and Karya Merdeka villagers is rain-feed agriculture. The seasonal agricultural crops commonly cultivated are wet paddy, dry paddy, corn, and legumes, various spices (gingers, pepper). The annual agricultural crops are coffee, coconut, pineapple, and bananas. Some farmers cultivate trees such as mahogany, albizia, and teak species. The other important sources of income are logging activities (kerja kayu), small shop, education (as teacher), and public servants. The potential natural and made resources that have not been established and utilized in Wanasari are coal mining, oil palm estate, and cave as ecotourism object.

In contrast, Mentawir community has rich natural resources encompass forests, coastal, seas, and coals. The main job of the most productive people is of fishing on river and sea. The others are peasants doing swidden. The secondary sources of household income are non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and logging activities (kerja

kayu). The new job opportunity that some Mentawir people have involved since 2005 is working in coal mining activities.



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Crafting Local Institution: The Processes and Preliminary Results

Facilitating process during the first period (October 2005 to June 2006) was done by using “visiting” approach. The conditions were taken into consideration to use that approach are as follows: 1) Information technology (mobile phone, MP) has been available in the villages and

used by most of the community members. Intensity of the project activities was relatively low or incidental and mostly it was conducted in outside villages, i.e. training and workshop involving representative villagers from five villages. As such, communication process among participants and between participants and facilitator concerning on project implementation was easily conducted by using MP;

2) Accessibility to all of the villages was relatively difficult. Public transportation availability is still rare, while roads condition to some villages is not very good;

3) The number of facilitators was not sufficient to cover the five villages. In addition, facilitators do not fully understand the project policies and how to transform them into practice.

During the second period, among community organizers (CO) stay in the village

(“live in” approach), namely one CO in Wonosari village, one CO in Mentawir village, and one CO as coordinator staying in and moving for five villages. Community organizers in collaboration with technical assistant who also stay in Sungai Merdeka village have done facilitating activities.

The National experts, project coordinators, and coordinator of community organizers some time visited the villages and discussed any issues with participants in the fields. The national experts included institutional capacity building, NTFPs cultivation system, NTFPs processing technique, and NTFPs marketing expert.

The project activities focusing on communities facilitation being done consist of (1) introduction of the project to the communities through village meeting to know their interests and needs, their concerns related to NTFPs utilization, processing, and marketing; (2) capacity enhancement of the project participants through training and workshop; (3) establishment of NTFPs groups within village and farmer groups networking within the villages; and (4) crafting institution for NTFPs cultivation, processing, and marketing. Figure I shows the training and workshop activities in the village. Meanwhile, Table 1 shows the activity and indicator achievement of the project at the first year period.

Figure 1. Training and Workshop in the village are more effective in affecting participants group and villagers spirit



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Table 1. The Achievement of the Project at the of the First Year of 2005/2006

Activity Indicator

1. Village Meeting: Introduction of the Project

• Existing problems and potential resources identification

Participants knew problems on their life, causing factors, and alternative solutions.

• Problems met on forest resource management and the NTFPs potentials

Participants understood problems on forest resource management and interested in NTFPs development encompass cultivation processing, and marketing.

• Identification of economic activities in the villages

Most of villagers did not collect and utilized NTFPs in forests around them, except Mentawir villagers. They work mainly in agriculture, logging, and off-farm.

• Project needs analysis in term of NTFPs

Participants agreed that NTFPs Project to be developed. Participants knew model and type of planned activities including NTFPs species will be cultivated, and operational procedure.

• Mutual understanding and action plan

Participants understood their role, rights, obligation, and responsibility in term of the Project. They involved in planning actions.

• Identification of cooperation and participation model

Formal and informal leaders and key persons participated in the meeting and have committed to participate in, cooperate with, and support the Project.

2. Training and Workshops

• NTFPs cultivation technique Training participants have increased their knowledge and skills of NTFP cultivation, and they committed to involve in NTFPs cultivation supported by the Project.

• NTFPs processing technique Training participants have increased their knowledge and skills of NTFP processing, and they committed to involve in NTFPs processing supported by the Project.

• NTFPs marketing technique and management

Training participants have increased their knowledge and skills of processed-NTFP marketing, and they committed to involve in processed-NTFPs marketing supported by the Project.

3. NTFPs Groups development

• Identification of the interested people in the Project

Participants of the Project have been identified and defined.

• Establishment of NTFPs cultivator (farmer) groups

Farmer groups deal with NTFPs development in each village have been established.

• Establishment of NTFPs processing groups

Groups deal with NTFPs processing in each village have not been established yet.

• Establishment of processed-NTFPs marketing (trader) groups

Groups deal with processed-NTFPs marketing in each village have not been established yet.

• Establishment of NTFPs groups networking within the villages

Networking of NTFPs groups within the villages has been established.

4. Crafting institution of NTFPs Cultivation, processing, and marketing



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• Identification of the existing social institutions

Participants knew the existing social institutions: working rules, norms, and existing groups by social categories (sex, age) and kind of scope.

• Gender Analysis Participants understand the role division and stratification by men and women.

• Identification of land tenure system for NTFPs cultivation and its species

Participants in the five villages decided that they use private land for NTFPs cultivation. Nevertheless, villagers of Mentawir have claimed a part of Inhutani’s forestlands concession belongs to them. Participants chose five plants species from more than 15 species.

• Strengthening and developing rules dealing with NTFPs development at groups level

NTFPs cultivator groups have formulated rules.

In the five villages, people are interested in the NTFPs cultivation project. They chose five plants species from more than 15 plants species they listed, namely jahe (Zingiber officinale, ginger), kencur (Kaempferia galangal Linn.), kumis kucing (Orthosifonis ariststus), tabat barito (Ficus deltoidea Jack), and pasak bumi (Eurycoma

longifolia Jack.). Later, the Project Team introduced two plants species, namely akar

kuning (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.) and kayu sepang (Caesalpinia sappan Linn). The reason why they are interested is incentives related to the characteristics of those plants resources. Firstly, the participants are familiar with jahe, kencur, and kumis kucing cultivation. Moreover, they know their use such as for cooking spices or flavor, drink, and traditional medicine. On the other hand, they thought that their value is very low, so these species are unable to increase their household income. Nevertheless, they have expectation to harvest the products in more or less 8 month. In addition, the plants are cultivated in mixed farming system with other agricultural crops such as pepper, peanut, corn, and cucumber. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show ixed farming model in Sungai Merdeka Village. Figure 4 shows white ginger which is familiarly planted by farmers in dry field.

Figure 2. Mixed Farming consisting of Kumis kucing (Orthosifonis ariststus) and corn in dry field in Sungai Merdeka Village.



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Meanwhile, the participants do not know about tabat barito, akar kuning, and

kayu sepang, with exception of Mentawir villagers. Only pasak bumi and its use is well known by all of participants, although they have not used pasak bumi for themselves. Nevertheless, these plants are cultivated as inter-planting crops, instead of main crops in agro-forestry system. Moreover, participants hope that the products can be harvested throughout the year and be marketed with a high value. The participants are more confidence with the project because they have opportunity to enhance their knowledge and skills through trainings and workshops on NTFPs cultivation organized by the project.

Secondly, lands for the selected NTFPs cultivation are available, i.e. private lands (household owned lands). The participants chose private lands instead of public forestlands because of secured right and location consideration. Private land is more secure, in which they have a strong rights for claim to use, utilize, and bequeath the land and the products from the land. Private lands are located in near or around their residence.

Thirdly, participants are interested in NTFPs processing activities introduced by the Project. Although they do not have experiences with NTFPs processing, they are enthusiastic to involve in the NTFPs processing project. They hope that the activities will add value of NTFPs and enhance employment opportunities for rural people.

Figure 3. Mixed Farming consisting of ginger (Zingiber officinale), pepper,

and papaya in home-garden in Wanasari Village

Figure 4. White ginger is familiarly planted by farmers (peasants) in dry field in Sungai Merdeka village



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Trainings and workshops on NTFPs processing and marketing enhance the participants’ knowledge and skills, and add much more confident.

To support the Project, the participants have formulated rules dealing with NTFPs cultivation and established farmer (NTFPs cultivator) group. Previously, there is no working rule with special attention to NTFPs cultivation, processing, and marketing. Hence, the COs have facilitated the participants to establish NTFPs group and develop working rules. Challenges and Next Actions

We met some constraints in doing activities during the first year. Firstly,

transportation availability especially to Mentawir, Wanasari and Argomulyo is limited. Since early 2006, however, the main road condition has been improved (asphalted) and can be used for throughout a year. Secondly, communication flow between the Project Team (Project Coordinators and experts) and community organizers was weak. Information from the Project Team to community organizers and vice versa sometime did not flow smoothly. As result, participants’ (especially NTFPs cultivator/farmer) spirit often goes down and their trust to the Project decreased.

Thirdly, villagers have been experiences with outside sponsored-projects in the past that never accomplished and tended only to mobilize rural people. This experiences influence them to be reluctant to joint an outside sponsored-project unexceptionally this ITTO-Biopharmaca project.

Fourth, most available lands for NTFPs cultivation are infertile and need high investment to use it. It means that the Project has to provide fertilizer. On the other hand, traditional medicine or herbal industries tend to use an unfertilized raw material. We also worry about post project, in which only farmers who have enough capital would like to continue cultivating NTFPs.

Finally, marketing of the NTFPs in raw material, symplicia, or extracted products shall be successful if the participants sustain the project, as expected. The successful marketing is expected to increase participants’ income from agriculture activities. Coal mining particularly in Mentawir tends to be more attractive, especially for cash income in short term.

In the next session, the community organizers (COs) will be continuing their efforts to strengthen working rules dealing with NTFPs cultivation, processing, and marketing within a group and across the groups. Networking between NTFPs groups and other groups around East Kalimantan will be developed. This networking may concern with nursery and marketing activities. The Project will facilitate the participants to do study-tour to modern herbal industries.

References Alexander SJ, McLain RJ. 2001. An Overview of Non-Timber Forest Products in the

United States Today. In MR Emery and RJ McLain (eds.). 2001. Non-Timber Forest Products: Medicinal Herbs, Edible Fruits and Nuts, and Other Natural Products from the Forest. New York: The Haworth Press. p. 59-66.

Brosius JP. 1995. Bornean Forest Trade in Historical and Regional Perspective: the Case of Penan Hunter-Gatherers of Sarawak. In Fox J (ed). 1995. Society and Non-Timber Forest Products in Tropical Asia. East-West Center Occasional Papers, Environmental Series No. 19. Honolulu. p. 13-26.



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Edwards DM. 1993. The Marketing of Non-Timber Forest Products from The Himalayas: The Trade Between East Nepal And India. Rural Development Forestry Network Paper No. 15b, England.

Emery MR, McLain RJ (eds.). 2001. Non-Timber Forest Products: Medicinal Herbs, Edible Fruits and Nuts, and Other Natural Products from the Forest. New York: The Haworth Press.

Emery MR, O’Halek SL. 2001. Brief Overview of Historical Non-Timber Forest Product Use in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and Upper Midwest. In MR Emery and RJ McLain (eds.). 2001. Non-Timber Forest Products: Medicinal Herbs, Edible Fruits and Nuts, and Other Natural Products from the Forest. New York: The Haworth Press. p. 25-30.

Everett Y. 1996/1997. Building Capacity for a Sustainable Non-Timber Forest Products Industry in the Trinity Bioregion: Lessons Drawn from International Models. Rural Development Forestry Network Paper 20a, England.

Fox J (ed). 1995. Society and Non-Timber Forest Products in Tropical Asia. East-West Center Occasional Papers, Environmental Series No. 19. Honolulu.

Leaman DJ, Yusuf R, Sangat-Roemantyo H, Arnason JT. 1996. The Contribution of Ethno-botanical Research to Socio-economic and Conservation Objectives: An Example from the Apo Kayan Kenyah. In C Padoch and NL Peluso (eds.). Borneo in Transition: People, Forest, Conservation, and Development. Oxford University Press. p. 245-255.

Malhotra KC, Debal Deb, Dutta M, Vasulu TS, Yadav G, Adhikari M. 1993. Role of Non-Timber Forest Produce in Village Economies in South West Bengal, India. Rural Development Forestry Network Paper 15d, England.

Ndoye O, Pérez MR, Eyebe A. 1997/1998. The Markets of Non-Timber Forest Products in the Humid Forest Zone of Cameroon. Rural Development Forestry Network Paper 22c, England.

Siswoyo. 2005. Teknik Budi Daya Tumbuhan Obat Hutan. In Proceeding I ITTO Project PD 277/04 Rev 3(I). Bogor: Biopharmaca Research Center IPB, Ministry of Forestry, PT Inhutani I and ITTO.

Thadani R. 2001. International Non-Timber Forest Product Issues. In MR Emery and RJ McLain (eds.). 2001. Non-Timber Forest Products: Medicinal Herbs, Edible Fruits and Nuts, and Other Natural Products from the Forest. New York: The Haworth Press. p. 5-23.

Thomson JT, Freudenberger KS. 1997. Crafting Institutional Arrangements for Community Forestry. Rome: FAO.



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Annex 1. NTFPs Cultivator Group Structure Established in the Village Participating in the Project Figure 1. NTFPs Cultivator Group Structure in Sungai Merdeka Village Figure 2. NTFPs Cultivator Group Structure in Arga Mulyo Village

Group Leader

Secretary

Treasurer

Working

Group V

Working

Group I

Working

Group II

Working

Group III

Working

Group IV

Group Leader

Secretary

Treasurer

Working

Group V

Working

Group I

Working

Group II

Working

Group III

Working

Group IV

Documents

Biopharmaca Research Center-IPB & Forestry Research and ... · Technical Report Volume 3 3 ornamentals and craft materials, wild edibles, medicinal, ceremonial/cultural, and native