Biomass Resource Potential and Sustainable Use in Selected Asian Countries Dr. P. Abdul Salam Energy Field of Study Asian Institute of Technology International

Biomass Resource Potential and Sustainable Use in Selected Asian Countries

Dr. P. Abdul SalamEnergy Field of Study

Asian Institute of Technology

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia23-24 November 2009, AIT Conference Centre

International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia23-24 November, 2009, AIT Conference Centre

Outline of the Presentation• Important of Biomass• Biomass Energy Potential & Status of Usage• Strategies for Sustainable Bioenergy

Development and Use• Barriers to Biomass Energy Technologies

(BETs) and Strategies for Promoting the BETs.• AIT’s Experience in promoting BETs.

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Important of Biomass• Biomass is a “carbon- neutral” renewable energy

source• Development of bioenergy industry contributes to:

– Combating climate change by cutting GHG emissions– Securing energy supply by reducing dependency on

foreign oil reserves– Stimulating rural economy by providing new markets and

employment opportunities for the rural sector.– Increase the share of renewable resources (e.g.

construction, manufacturing etc.)– Broader goal of sustainable development.

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Country/Region Biomass ConventionalEnergy

Biomass share (%)

Biomass Conventional Energy

Biomass share (%)

China 214.48 943.40 18.50 224 1,524 13.0

Asia 343.20 467.74 42.30 394 1,336 22.8

Latin America 69.34 284.96 19.57 81 706 10.0

Africa 221.10 157.37 58.40 371 260 59.0

Total non OECD 859.65 2,417.86 26.23 1,097 5,494 17.0

OECD countries 126.17 3,551.32 3.40 96 3,872 2.0

World 985.20 5,969.18 14.20 1,193 9,365 11.0

Year 2000 Projected for Year 2020

Source: Karekezi et. al (2004)

Biomass Consumption in Relation to Total Energy Use (in mtoe)


Biomass as Percentage of Total Energy Mix in Selected Asian Countries

Countries 1990 1995 2000

Cambodia 89.9 82.1 73.8

Indonesia 33.0 25.3 20.3

Lao PDR 72.6 69.5 54.2

Myanmar 78.1 78.2 65.4

Philippines 35.1 31.7 27.2

Thailand 32.7 21.9 19.9

Vietnam 74.5 66.8 60.0

Source: ACE (2002)5


Total non-plantation Bioenergy Potential in the Selected Asian Countries (PJ, Year 2010)

Source: Bhattacharya, Salam et al. (2005)

Type of Biomass China India Philippines Sri Lanka Thailand

Agricultural residues 5307.2 6565 431.0 64.6 619.8

Waste water 101.9 200 0.02 0.35 7.8

Black liquor 287.1 4.6

Palm oil 1.3

Animal manure 2094.5 374 4.9 6.5 13

MSW 91.1 219 46.8 4.8 21.3

Fuelwood released through efficiency improvement

104.4 506 232.3 50.2 59.1

Fuelwood released through substitution by other fuels

913.6 900 253.7 15.5 94.3

Total 8899.8 8764 968.7 141.8 821.4

61 PJ = approx. 24 ktoe


Electricity Generation Potential from Sustainable Biomass Production (under different scenarios)

Source: Bhattacharya, Salam et al. (2005)

Country Surplus biomass for

energy (Mt/yr)

Electricity Generation Potential (TWh/yr) (BIGCC Power Plant)

Percentage of Total Electricity

Generation in 2000

China 182.5 - 210.5 319.4 – 368.4 23.5 – 27.2

India 62 – 310 108.5 - 542.5 22.7 – 113.4

Philippines 3.7 - 20.4 6.5 – 35.7 14.3 – 78.8

Sri Lanka 2 - 9.9 3.5 – 17.3 51.4 – 254.0

Thailand 11.6 – 106.6 20.3 – 186.6 21.2 – 195.4

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Biofuels Production Potential

Source: USAID, 20098


Biofuels Production Potential Under Different Scenarios by 2040 (millions of litres)

Source: USAID, 2009 9


1010

= 14.3%

Lao-traditional stove

= 17.5%

Lao-improved charcoal stove

= 11%

Cambodian traditional stove

= 25.2%

Indian “harsha” cookstove

= 9.5%Malaysian traditional

= 19.7%Malaysian improves stove

= 13%Nepalese one-pot

ceramic

= 13%Nepalese two-pot ceramic

= 15%

Nepalese two-pot metallic

= 12%

Philippines traditional

= 23%QB Philippines Charcoal/wood

= 15% = 17.5%Vietnamese traditional &

improved cookstove

Selected Asian Cook Stoves


1111

= 14%

Thai-bucket stove

= 11.2% = 11.4%

Roi-et clay & cement stove

= 12%

Traditional rungsit stove

= 18.2%

Bang sue stove

= 21.7%

Bang sue modified stove

= 15%

RTFD improved-charcoal stove

= 20.2%

Saengpen, narn charcoal-wood (clay)

= 17.5%

Saengpen, nam charcoal-wood

(cement)

Thai Cook Stoves


Biomass Power Projects in South East Asia

Source: Carlos & Khang, 200812

Country No. of Projects Total Capacity

Number Percentage MW Percentage

Cambodia 1 0.6 2.0 0.1

Indonesia 11 6.7 128.4 6.5

Laos 8 4.8 17.0 0.9

Malaysia 25 15.2 163.2 8.3

Philippines 21 12.7 286.5 14.6

Singapore 3 1.8 4.0 0.2

Thailand 87 52.7 1,338.7 68.0

Vietnam 9 5.5 28.0 1.4

Total 165 100 1967.8 100


Fuel Used in the Different Biomass Power Plants in South East Asia

Source: Carlos & Khang, 2008

Fuel Project Size

< 5 MW 5-10 MW 10-15 MW 15-20 MW > 20MW

Number of Projects

Rice husk 16 20 1 3 4

Bagasse 7 13 10 7 21

Palm oil waste

11 7 6 3 0

Wood waste

15 1 2 1 3

Biogas 7 0 0 0 0

Others 4 0 1 0 2

Total 60 41 20 14 30

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Socioeconomic Issues and Policy Areas Implicated in the Development of Bioenergy Industry

Bio Energy

Land Use

Waste Management

Housing & Planning

Food Supply & SafetyAgriculture

Heat & ElectricityTransportIndustry &

InfrastructureTrade

Climate Change

Biodiversity & Environmental

Health

EnergyPublic Attitude & Behavior

Source: ESRC (2007)14


Strategies for Sustainable Bioenergy Development and Use

• Coordination of bioenergy research, development and implementations among academic, industrial, public sector and policy circles.

• Mapping out bioenergy issues from number of perspectives

• Identifying possible tensions, synergies and opportunities

• Considering governance frameworks, policy targets, financial incentives and stakeholder relationships

• Developments in science and technology.15


Divergent Policies Needed for Sustainable Biomass Use

• Agriculture and Forestry Policy– additional income for farmers

• Environmental Policy – Reducing the ecological impacts of biomass routes on water, soil,

biodiversity, air quality etc.– Increasing the share of biomaterials within the industrial use

• Energy Policy– reducing fossil energy use and substitution of imported energy

• Climate Policy– Searching for means to reduce sectoral or over all GHG emissions

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Divergent Policies Needed for Sustainable Biomass Use

• Industrial Policy– focussing on technological opportunities and prospects for

commercialization of biomass technologies.

• Regional Policy – Emphasizing the contribution of biomass options to regional

development

• Foreign Policy– Geopolitical implications of energy supply and possible role of

biomass to mitigate related tensions and risks

• Trade Policy– Emerging biomass markets for the agricultural sector as a chance to

increase multilateral trade

Source: Wuppertal (2007) 17


Policies to Promote Biofuels in Asia

Source: USAID, 200918


Main Barriers to Use of Biomass as Fuel

• High investment cost• Low conversion efficiency• Difficulties in transportation• Price of biomass residues• Seasonal dependency for the production of

biomass• Moisture content

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Major Barriers to Selected Biomass Energy Technologies and Strategies for Promoting Them

a) Improved Cookstoves (ICS)

Barriers Strategies/Measures

Initial cost Establish micro-financing entities

Lack of awareness of health impact Publicity campaign, integrate with rural development efforts

Lack of suitable design for local habits/traditions in some countries

R & D, certification, train stove manufacturers

b) Gasifiers


Lack of reliable designs and successful references in some countries

Technology transfer, R&D, certification

Demonstration plants

Training of technicians and entrepreneurs20



c) Biogas Digestors


Lack of reliable designs and successful references

Technology transfer, R &D, Certification, demonstration, training of technicians

High cost Subsidy, use of slurry as fertilizer, integrate with rural development efforts

d) Cogeneration and Power Generation


Lack of successful references Demonstration

High risk investment Financial incentives, power purchase agreements and reasonable power purchase rate

High transaction cost Standardize power purchase agreement21



e) All Biomass Energy Technologies


Subsidy for fossil fuels Abolish subsidy

Lack of national Renewable Energy coordinating agency

Establish a national Renewable Energy coordinating agency

Lack of national technical expertise

Human resource development, regional networking

High cost Introduce subsidy for initial market development, standardized procedures and agreements

Lack of information/awareness Technology assessment, publicity campaign, demonstration

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AIT’s Initiative on Climate Change Research

• Centre of Excellence on “Sustainable Development in the Context of Climate Change”

• There are six sub thematic areas of research:– Vulnerability and Disaster Risk Reduction– Water Resources and Coastal Adaptation– Urban and Rural Sustainability– Low Carbon Society and Renewable Technology– Agriculture, Land Use and Forestry– Cleaner Production and Waste Refinery

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AIT’s Experience in the Research, Development and Dissemination of RETs in the Region

• AIT’s Energy Field of Study established in 1979 and carry out capacity building, research and dissemination activities on RETs.

• Two recent regional research and dissemination programmes (funded by Sida):– Renewable Energy Technologies in Asia: A Regional

Research and Dissemination Programme (RETs in Asia)– Asian Regional Research Programme in Energy,

Environment and Climate (ARRPEEC)

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Renewable Energy Technologies in Asia: A Regional Research and Dissemination Programme (1997 – 2004)

Countries (6)BangladeshCambodiaLao PDR

NepalPhilippines

Vietnam

National Research

Institutes (13)

Technologies Studied: Biomass briquetting

Biomass gasifier stoveSolar, biomass and hybrid dryers

PV lighting, battery charging

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Institutional Framework in Renewable Energy Technology Improvement and Its Dissemination

• RETs were designed and adapted to the local conditions and requirements.

• Demonstration systems were installed to promote technical and financial viability of RETs.

• Construction, operation and maintenance manuals were prepared and disseminated to entrepreneurs and users.

• Technology transfer programs were organized among the participating institutions.

• Training programs were conducted for entrepreneurs, users and technicians.

• Results of the programme were disseminated to researchers, policy makers, entrepreneurs and users through publications, conferences, seminars and other media.

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Biomass Energy Technologies Development and Dissemination Activities at AIT

Solar – Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Solar-Biomass Hybrid Tunnel Dryer

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Biomass Energy Technologies Development and Dissemination Activities at AIT

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Asian Regional Research Programme in Energy, Environment and Climate (ARRPEEC) (1995 – 2006)

Countries Involved (7)ChinaIndia

IndonesiaSri LankaPhilippineThailandVietnam

National Research Institutes (23)

Sectors Studied:

Power SectorTransportation Sector

Small and Medium IndustriesBiomass Energy in Asia

Activities

ResearchTraining

Dissemination

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Dissemination Activities – Reports/Books etc.

[email protected]

Thank you

Documents

Biomass Resource Potential and Sustainable Use in Selected Asian Countries Dr. P. Abdul Salam Energy Field of Study Asian Institute of Technology International