Biology Paper 1 001

Pyramid Projections © 2010 231/1

2010 Pyramid Projections001 BIOLOGY PAPER 1

1. (a) Name three characteristics of living organisms (3mks)

(b) Apart from Plantae and Animalia, name three other kingdoms. (3mks)

2. Give two characteristics that distinguish scientific names from common names. (2mks)

3. State two limitations of using a microscope to estimate the size of cells (2mks)

4. (a) What is cell specialization (1mk)

(b) Name three types of tissues found in animals (3mks)

5. Distinguish between osmosis and active transport. (2mks)

6. Describe what happens during the dark stage of photosynthesis (3mks)

7. The diagram below shows dentition of a dog

(a) (i) Name the part labeled X (1mk)

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in a (i) above (1mk)

(b) State how part labeled Y is adapted to its function. (1mk)

8. State the condition to which the body of a mammal use proteins as a source of energy. (1mk)

9. State two functions of chloride ions in the human body. (2mks)

10. Explain how sunken stomata lowers the rate of transpiration (2mks)

11. The chart below is a summary of the blood clotting mechanism in man.

Name

(i) the blood cell represented by B (1mk)

(ii) the metal ion represented by A (1mk)

Prothrombin B

A

Thrombin Thromboplastin

Fibrinogen C

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(iii) the end-product of the mechanism represented by C (1mk)

12. How does the heart increase blood flow to some parts of the body during strenuous exercise

(2mks)

13. Name two sites where gaseous exchange takes place in higher plants (2mks)

14. State four adaptations of respiratory surfaces (4mks)

15. Give the formula for calculating the respiratory quotient (RQ). (1mk)

16. State the economic importance of the following plant excretory products

(a) Caffeine (2mks)

(b) Quinine (1mk)

17. Explain why a baby loses more heat per unit weight than an adult when exposed to the same

environmental conditions. (2mks)

18. During a field trip, plant that had flowers drew the attention of a student

(a) Name the division of the plant (1mk)

(b) Suggest three possible characteristics one would notice to conclude that it was pollinated

by insects. (3mks)

19. State two roles of green plants in a fish aquarium other than providing food for the fish

(2mks)

20. Bivalent, synapsis, crossing over are terminologies used in cell division. (a) Name the stage of meiosis in which the above process occur. (1mk) (b) Distinguish between synapsis and crossing over. (2mks)

21. (a) State the role of the following structures. (i) Placenta. (2mks) (ii) Amniotic fluid (1mk) (iii) Umbilical cord (1mk)

22. Name the parts of the flower that are responsible for production of gametes (2mks)

23. During germination and early growth, the dry weight of endosperm decreases while that of the embryo increases. Explain (2mks)

24. Give two reasons why cross breeding is better than inbreeding (2mks)

25. Identify each of the following aspects of evolution described below. (i) Structures that have become functionless in the course of evolution. (1mk) (ii) A gradual continuous and irreversible change in organisms over long period of time resulting in the formation of new species from pre-existing ones. (1mk) (iii) The evolutionary phenomenon in which organs from common ancestral forms became adapted to different ecological niche. (1mk)

26. An experiment was carried out to investigate a growth response in a bean seedling as illustrated in

the diagrams below.

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(a) What type of response was being investigated? (1mk)

(b) Explain the response exhibited by the root (3mks)

27. The diagram below shows surface of a human brain.

(a) Name the parts labelled A and C (2mks)

(b) State what would happen if the part labeled B was damaged (1mk)

28. How are xylem vessels adapted for support (1mk)

29. State three characteristics of skeletal muscles (3mks)

30. Name three types of harmful drugs used in society (3mks)

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Name ………………………..…………………………

Index No. ..………………..…….….

School ………………………………………………...

231/1 BIOLOGY (THEORY) Paper 1 Time: 1 ½ Hours 2010 Pyramid Projections002 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E)

• Answer INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

ALL

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

the questions in this question paper in the spaces provided.

Question Maximum Score Candidate’s Score

1 - 28 80

This paper consists of 9 printed pages.

Candidates should check the question paper to ensure that all the Pages are printed as indicated and no questions are missing.

1. a) Name the organelle in a cell which controls movement in and out of the cell. (1 mk)

b) State the effect on the organelle named above if subjected to high temperature. (2 mks)

2. Name some three density – dependent factors in an ecosystem. (3 mks)

3. State two functions of mucus produced along the alimentary canal. (2 mks)

4. State two effects of accumulation of lactic acid in muscle tissues during vigorous exercise.

(2 mks)

5. Give two examples of adaptive radiation in animals. (2 mks)

6. If a plant is grown in darkness for a prolonged duration it dies. Explain why it dies.(2 mks)

7. Name three types of placentation found in fruits. (3 mks)

8. List two differences between class Arachida and Insecta. (2 mks)

9. State two functions of each of the following:-

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a) Exoskeleton in insects. (2 mks)

b) Endoskeleton in mammals. (2 mks)

10. State three adaptations of the alveoli to its functions. (3 mks)

11. The diagram below shows a section of a dicotyledonous stem.

Name the tissues marked A, B, C and D and state the function of each. (4 mks)

12. Explain how sweat glands cause cooling of the body. (1 mk)

13. Give three events that take place in a flower after fertilization. (3 mks)

14. Name the type of response exhibited by the following:-

(i) A pollen tube growing towards embryo sac. (1 mk)

(ii) Maggots moving from the lit side of a boiling tube to the side pointed black. (1 mk)

15. State three adaptations of the thoracic vertebra to its functions. (3 mks)

16. An adult elephant flaps its ears twice as much as it calves in order to cool its body when it’s

hot. Explain. (2 mks)

17. The figure below shows the results obtained when red blood cells are put in different

solutions:-

a) What is the name given to the process that occurs when the cell is put into solution B.(1 mk)

b) Compare the results obtained when the cell is put in solution A to the result that would be

obtained if plant cell was put in same solution. (3 mks)

18. The dental formula below was written by a student after observing a skull of an animal.

I 30 C

10 Pm

33 M

33

(i) How many teeth does the animal have. (1 mk)

(ii) State the mode of feeding of the animal (1 mk)

Epidermis

Solution A

Solution B

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(iii) Give a reason for your answer in (ii) above. (1 mk)

19. Explain why pregnant women excrete less urea compared to other women. (2 mks)

20. The diagram below shows part of a circulatory system. The arrows indicate direction of most

of blood.

a) Name the blood vessels labeled A and B. (2 mks)

A:

B:

b) Explain why it is important to transport food substances to organ C before being circulated

to the rest of the body. (2 mks)

21. The equation below shows respiration for certain food substances. Study it and answer the

questions:-

2C5H98O6 + 145O2 102 CO2 + 98H2O

a) (i) Calculate the respiratory quotient (RQ). (2 mks)

(ii) Suggest the possible food substance. (1 mk)

b) State the significance of the RQ value of an organism to a physiologist. (2 mks)

22. The graph below represents the growth of animals in a certain phylum.

a) Name the type of growth pattern shown on the graph. (1 mk)

b) Identify the process represented by X. (1 mk)

c) Name the hormone responsible for the process in (b) above. (1 mk)

23. Observe the diagram and answer the questions that follow.

Ileum

Time in days

Mas

s in

(g)

C

D

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a) Name the habitat of the plant. (1 mk)

b) State two adaptations of the plant to its habitat, (2 mks)

24. Name three limiting factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis. (3 mks)

25. a) What are vestigial structures (1 mk)

b) Name two examples of vestigial structures in men. (2 mks)

26. The diagram below shows the base sequence of part of a nucleic acid strand.

T – T – A – G – C – T – G – A

a) Giving a reason state whether it is part of a DNA or an RNA strand. (1 mk)

b) Show the complementary R.N.A. strand. (1 mk)

27. State two characteristics of a meristematic cell. (2 mks)

28. The diagram below represents an organism in the lower levels.

a) (i) In which Kingdom does the organism belong. (1 mk)

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in a (i) above. (1 mk)

b) Name the structures labeled A and B. (2 mks)

c) What is the significance of part labelled B. (1 mk)

B

Chloroplast

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NAME: ……………………………………………………………..……… INDEX NO: ..…...……… SCHOOL………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2010 Pyramid Projections 003 Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

231 / 1 BIOLOGY PAPER 1

Answer ALL questions in this paper in the spaces provided.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

For Official Use Only

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 TOTAL

1. a) Explain how fossil records can be used as Evidence of organic Evolution (2mks) ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

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b) Name one factor in mature that increases the process of Evolution (1mk)

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2. a) State the structural adaptation of the mitochondrion (2mks)

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b) The diagram below represents a cell organelle

i) Name the organelle drawn above (1mk)

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ii) State the function of the structure X above (1mk)

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3. State how the following factors affect the rate of active transport

a) Glucose concentration (1mk)

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b) Oxygen concentration (1mk)

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4. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the type of muscle shown in the diagram (1mk)

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b) i) State the part of the mammalian body where the above structure is found (1mk)

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(ii) State two adaptation of the above muscle tissue to its function (2mks)

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5. State three characteristics of the pteridophyte (3mks)

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6. a) State one distinguishing feature between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

(2mks)

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b) Explain why the presence of Oxygen affects the amount of Energy released during cellular

respiration (1mk)

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7. a) State three structural difference between the mammalian blood vein and blood capillary

(3mks)

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b) State the part of heart that receives blood from the rest of the body and the lungs (2mks)

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8. State the economic importance of the following excretory plant products

i) Caffeine in tea and coffee (1mk)

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ii) Quinine in bark of chikona tree (1mk)

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9. a) State the role vitamin K in the Human body (1mk)

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b) Give two functions of the Sebaceous glands in the skin (2mks)

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10. a) State two processes that take place during prophase I of meiosis (2mks)

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b) Give the significance of mitosis (1mk)

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11. a) Distinguish between apical growth and secondary growth (2mks)

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b) i) What is intermittent growth (1mk)

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ii) Give one phylum in the kingdom Animalia where its members exhibit intermittent

growth (1mk)

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12. State the role of the following in the Ecosystem

a) Parasitism (1mk)

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b) Symbiosis (1mk)

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13. a) Name two type of Enzymes that are released in the duodenum for digestion (2mks)

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b) State the functions of bile during digestion (2mks)

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14. a) State the adaptation of the following features in the mammalian Eye. (2mks)

i) Cornea

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ii) Vitreous humour

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b) State the role of wearing the biconcave lenses by the person with a certain Eye defect

(2rnks)

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15. State four ways by which the Gills of the bony fish are made to their functions (4mks)

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16. a) Explain how the following adaptation of Xerophytes assist them to survive in their Habitat

i) Sunken stomata (1mk)

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ii) Thick waxy cuticle (1mk)

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b) State the structural difference between the root system of the Xerophytes and that of the

hydrophytes (2mks)

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17. a) Explain what happens during the dark stage of photosynthesis (2mks)

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b) Name three limiting factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis (3mks)

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18. a) State three features in the Insect pollinated flowers that encourage cross pollination

(3mks)

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b) Explain how dispersal of seeds and fruits by plants arc important to the species {2mk}

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19. State two precautionary measures to control the outbreak of cholera (2mks)

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20. State two functions of the malpighian layer of the epidermis (2mks)

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21. a) What is meant by the term chromosome mutation (1mk)

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b) Name four types of chromosome mutation (4mks)

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22. Name the type of joints found between the following bones

i) Proximal end of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula (1mk)

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ii) Distal end of humerus and the sigmoid notch (1mk)

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23. State the function of the following structures (3mks)

i) Seminiferous tubule

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ii) Epidydimis

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iii) Prostate gland.

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24. Name three roles of the Liver that makes it to be an organ for Excretion and homoestasis

(2mks)

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25. State the role of Lignin in the wall of the Xylem vessel (1mk)

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26. Name a set of muscles in the body of a mammal that assist during the mechanism of breathing.

(1mk)

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Name ………………………..…………………………

Index No. ..………………..………………..

School ………………………………………………...

2010 Pyramid Projections004 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E) 231/1 BIOLOGY Paper 1 Time: 2 Hours

• Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

• Write your school, date of examination and sign in the spaces provided above. • Answer ALL the questions in the spaces provided.

Questions

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY

Maximum Score Candidates Score

1 – 29 80

This paper consists of 10 printed pages. Candidates should check the question paper to ensure that all the

Pages are printed as indicated and no questions are missing. 1. State the branch of biology that deals with the study of :-

(i) Chemical changes in living organisms (1 mk)

ii) The relationship between organisms and their environment (1 mk )

2 Study the diagram below and answer questions that follow

Cover Support level Ground level

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(i) What is the name given to the apparatus shown above (1 mk)

(ii) What is its use in Biological studies? (1 mk)

3 The “dolf” is an offspring from a dog and a wolf. This animal is however infertile .

Give a reason for this infertility (1 mk)

4 a) State the two functions of a microscope (2 mks)

b) How is an object illuminated in an electron microscope? (1 mk)

5 (i) Distinguish between osmosis and active transport (2 mks)

(ii) Explain what happens to A plant cell when it is placed in hypotonic solution (1 mk)

6 (i) State two structural differences between palisade and mesophyl cells (2 mks)

(ii) Where are chlorophyll molecules located in the chloroplasts? (1 mk )

7 What are the functions of the following parts in the mammalian stomach :- (i) Goblet cells?

(1 mk)

(ii) Chief (peptic) cells? (1 mk)

8 (i) Complete the following equation

C 6 H 12O6+ C 6 H 12O 6 (1 mk)

(ii) Name the processes represent by X and Y (2 mks)

9 Give an example of :-

(i) Structural protein (1

mk)

(ii) Functional proteins (1 mk)

10 a) (i) Identify the organelle shown below (1 mk)

(ii) How is the organelle you have identified in a( i) above suited to its function (2 mks)

11 The graph below shows the relationship between the percentage water content in the

atmosphere and the rate of water loss by a certain terrestrial plant

X

Y

% water content in atmosphere

Rate of water loss

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a) Explain the relationship indicated by the above graph (2 mks) b) Explain how drooping of leaves on a hot sunny day minimizes the rate of transpiration in higher plants (1 mk)

12 Name a protein, vitamin enzyme and a mineral element actively involved in blood clothing . i) Protein ……………………………………………………………………………½ mk ii)Vitamin ………………………………………………………………………….. ½ mk iii) Enzyme …………………………………………………………………….… ½ mk iv) Mineral element ………………………………………………………………. ½ mk 13 (i) Name two structures used for gaseous exchange in flowering plants within the terrestrial

habitat (2 mks) (ii) What do you understand by the term pneumatophores? (1 mk) a) 14}State two factors that affect the rate of breathing in humans (2 mks) b) Name the respiratory disease caused by the bacteria Burdella Pertusis in man (1 mk)

15 The diagram below shows simplified structure of kidneys from two different animals

a) (i) Suggest possible habitat in which animal N is found (1 mk) (ii) Give two reasons for your answer in 15 (a) (i)above (2 mks)

16 State one importance of each of the following excretory products in plants (i) Quinine (1 mk)

(ii) Rubber (1 mk) (iii) Papain (1 mk) 17 a)State the role of the following hormones in homeostasis i) Antidiuratic hormone (vasopressin ) (1 mk) ii) Aldosterone hormone (1 mk)

b) Explain why insulin is not administered orally (1 mk) 18 a) Define the term metamorphosis (1 mk)

b) Name one animal that undergoes complete metamorphosis during its life cycle (1 mk) c) Suggest one biological advantage to the animal having this type of life cycle (1 mk)

19 a) Account for the loss in dry weight of cotyledon in a germinating bean seed (1 mk) b) State two characteristics of meristematic tissues (2 mks)

20 a) Give a reason why a woman excretes less urea when she becomes pregnant (2 mks) b) Compare the composition of blood in the umbilical artery and umbilical vein (1 mk)

21 a) What do you understand by the term pathenocarpy ? (1 mk) b) State two adaptations of fruits and seeds to dispersal by water? (2 mks)

22 a) Why are green plants referred to as primary producers in an ecosystem? (2 mks) b) Give a reason why two species cannot occupy the same niche (1 mk)

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23 A form 4 student introduced a species of beetles into a fish pond to clear a certain weed. a) Give the term used for this method of control 1 mk) b) State two advantages of this method over the use of herbicides (2 mks)

24 The diagram below shows a living organism. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

a) (i) Identify the organism (1 mk)

(ii) State the kingdom to which this organism belongs (1 mk) (iii) Give a reason for your answer in a(ii) above (1 mk) 25. a) Define the term mutation (1 mk)

b) (i) Name one disorder of human blood that is caused by mutation (1 mk) (ii) The following is a simulate of a mutation. Name the type of mutation simulated Intended message: BRING THERMOS Actual message: BRING MOTHERS Answer (1 mk)

26. a) What is sex – linkage? (1 mk) b) Give a reason to explain why pre- mature baldness, tufts of hair in ear and nose are

characteristics found in men only (2 mks)

27. Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow

a) (i) Name the eye defect represented above (1 mk) (ii) What is the cause of this defect (1 mk) (iii)How can the defect you have named (a) (i) be corrected? (1 mk) 28 The wings of birds and those of insects are similar externally but their internal structures are

different (i) Name the type of evolution that brought about the similarity in the two types of wings (1

mk) (ii) Give two other examples of this type of evolution (2 mks) 29. a)Name the type of skeleton found in each of the following organisms (i)Lizard (1 mk) (ii) Bettle (1 mk) b) State one advantage of the skeleton you have named in (a) (ii) to the organism (1 mk)

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Name: . ………………………………………………………… Index No……………………………………………………….. School:……………………………… 231/ 1 Biology Theory Paper 231/ 1 2010 Pyramid Projections.005 (Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E) INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: • Answer all questions in this paper in the spaces provided . • Additive pages must not be inserted • Candidates may be penalized for false information


Pages are printed as indicated and no questions are missing.

1. Why are lysosomes many in phagocytic cells? (2mks)

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2. How does evaporation of water from animal bodies cause a cooling effect? (1mk)

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3. State one function of the following hormones.

a) Juvenile hormone. (Imk)

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b) Abscic acid. (Imk)

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4. Name two products of anaerobic respiration in animals. (2mks)

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5. State one function of a synapse. (Imk)

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6. State two distinguishing characteristics of members of division Bryophyta. (2mks)

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7. What is the effect of eating a meal with too much salt to urine production in man. (2mks)

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8. State two functions of smooth muscle along alimentary canal in mammals. (2mks)

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9. Below is a simple food chain in a grassland ecosystem.

Grass grasshopper- black bird

State the short term effects of reducing grasshopper. (2mks)

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10. Use the diagram of the stoma below to answer the questions that follow.

a) Identify parts labeled A and B.

(2mks)

A……………………………………………………………………………………….

B………………………………………………………………………………………

b) State the functions of the structure drawn above.

(2mks)

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11. Explain the role of the following factors in breaking seed dormancy. (2mks)

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a) Light.

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………………

b) Soaking in water.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

12. Distinguish between the following terms.

(2mks)

Autotrophs and heterotrophs.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………

13. Below is a diagram, a structure for gaseous exchange in class Pisces.

a) Identify the structure: (I mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

b) State the function of part labeled c. (I mk.

26


……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

14.

a) Distinguish between meiosis and mitosis. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………

b) State one significance of meiosis in organisms. (Imk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

15. State the form in which nitrogenous wastes are excreted in desert insects and birds (I mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

16. State two ways by which gibberellic acid is absorbed by plants. (2 mks).

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………

17. a) What are vestigial structures? (I mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

b) Give two examples of the structures above in man. (2 mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

27


……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………

18. Identify three structural adaptations of xerophytes to their habitat. (3 mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………

19. The diagram below shows part of transverse section of the spinal cord of a mammal.

a) Name the parts labeled A and D. (2 mks)

A;……………………………………………………………………………………..

D;…………………………………………………………………………………

b) Identify the fluid contained in part E. (I mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

20. The structures below represent specialized cells in man.

28


a) Identify the structures X and y. (2 mks)

X……………………………………………………………………………………………

Y…………………………………………………………………………………………..

b) Give reasons for your answer for X in (a) above. (I mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

21. State three ways by which plasmodium species is adapted to its way of life. (3 mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………

22. State two advantages of internal fertilization in animals. (2 mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………

23.

a) What is test cross? (I mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

29


b) What are homologous chromosomes? (I mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

24. The structure below shows joints of the forelimb.

a) Name the structures labeled M and N. (2mks)

M…………………………………………………………………………………………

N………………………………………………………………………………………..

b) What happens to structure M and N when the arm is straightened at the elbow

joint? (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………

25. Name the hormone responsible for flowering. (I mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

26.

a) State the role of enzyme catalase in living cells. (2 mks)

30


……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

b) Which factor inactivates enzyme action? (I mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

27. Briefly explain how the following factors affect the rate of water loss in plants,

a) Cuticle (Imk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

b) Number of stomata (2 mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………

28. a) What is eye accommodation? (I mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

b) Explain how the iris muscle controls the size of pupil when exposed to bright light. 3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………

29 A DNA strand was found to have the base sequence shown below;

A-T-T-C-G-A

a) What was the base sequence on the complementary strand? (I mk)

31


……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

b) What was the base sequence of mRNA formed from the strand? (I mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

30. Across between a black bull and a white cow produces a calf which has black and white spots.

a) State the type of dominance shown. (I mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

b) Suggest the possible genotypes of the calf if the genes for white and black trait are B and b

respectively. (I mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

31. Name the process by which translocation occurs in plants. (2 mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

32. a) A student used a microscope with X40 objective lens and X5 piece lens. He observed 5

cells in the field of view which had 2 mm radius. Calculate the area of field of view in

micrometers. (2 mks)

b) What is the average size of the cell in micrometers? (2 mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

33 State three ways by which the mammalian skin responds to low temperature in the environment.

(3mks)

32


Name………………………………………………… Index No. ……………………. 231/1 BIOLOGY Paper 1 THEORY Time: 1 ½ Hours 2010 Pyramid Projections 006 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E)

INSTRUCTIONS

• Write your name, school and Index number in the spaces provided above. • Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

For Examiner’s Use only

Question Maximum Score Candidates Score

1 – 27 80

This paper consists of 12 printed pages. Candidates should check the question paper to ensure that all pages are printed as indicated

and no questions are missing

33


1. Explain how sunken stomata lower the rate of Transpiration. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. a) Which structures make Angiospermaphyta more efficient in transport of water and mineral

salts than the Gymnospermaphyta. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) How are the structures named in (a) above adapted to that function? (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Differentiate between guttation and transpiration. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. An experiment was carried out to investigate a growth response in a maize seedling as shown

in the diagrams below.

34


a) State the type of response being investigated. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Explain the response exhibited by the shoot. (4mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. The oxidation of a certain substrate is represented by the chemical equation shown below.

C57H104O6 + 80O2 57CO2 + Energy

a) Calculate the respiratory quotient (RQ) of the substrate. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Identify the above substrate. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. The following diagram represents apart of a flower.

Light rays

Light rays

35


a) Name the parts labelled B and C. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) State the function of part A. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. a) Name the process in human beings that may lead to addition or loss of one or more

chromosomes. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) State three benefits of polyploidy in plants to a farmer. (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. State the functions of each of the following organelles.

a) Nucleolus (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

36


b) Golgi apparatus (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. The paddles of whales and fins of fish adapt the animals to aquatic habitats.

a) Name the evolutionary process that may have given rise to the similar structures. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) What name is given to such structures? (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. Study the diagram shown below of the anterior view of a lumbar vertebra of a mammal.

a) Name the parts labelled A and B. (2mks)

A …………………………………………………………………….

B ……………………………………………………………………..

b) State the function of part C. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

11. What are the limitations of the use of the quadrat method in estimating population?

(3mks)

Neural canal

37


……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

12. What are the functions of the following hormones in the female reproduction.

a) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Oxytocin (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

13. Name the respiratory surfaces of the following organisms:

(i) Spider ……………………………………………………………………. (1mk)

(ii) Mosquito larvae …………………………………………………………. (1mk)

(iii) Nile Perch ………………………………………………………………. (1mk)

14. a) Give a reason why glucose does not normally appear in urine even though it is filtered in

the mammalian Bowman’s capsule. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Which hormones are involved in the salt-water balance in the human body. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

15. Explain why the presence of carboxyhaemoglobin in the blood leads to death. (2mks)

38


……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

16. The relative rates of photosynthesis in a certain plant were determined at different

temperatures. The results were as shown in the table below.

Temp. 0C Relative rate of photosynthesis (mg/hr)

25 20

30 70

35 100

40 25

Account for the rate of photosynthesis at

(i) 350 C (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) 400C (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

17. Explain how the following are adapted to their functions.

(a) Guard cell (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

39


……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Spony mesophyll (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

18. a) Differentiate between incomplete and complete metamorphosis. Give example in each

case. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) State the functions of Ecdysone hormone. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

19. Study the equation below and answer the questions that follow:

Sucrose Enzyme Glucose + A

Heat

a) Identify the product represented by A. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Name the region in the alimentary canal where this process occurs. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) Name the enzyme responsible for the above reaction. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

20. When preparing plant sections to be observed under the microscope:

a) Water is used to mount the tissues

b) Very thin sections of the plant should be cut

Give a reason why each of these steps are carried out. (2mks)

40


……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

21. Explain two ways in which the trachea of an insect is adapted to perform its functions.

(2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

22. Outline two ways in which bisexual flowers are adapted to cross-pollination. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

23. Explain why blood from a donor whose blood group is A cannot be transfused into a recipient

whose blood group is B. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

24. The diagram below shows a cross section of a dicotyledonous plant stem. Study it and answer

the questions that follow.

41


a) Identify parts labelled P and Q. (2mks)

P ………………………………………………………………….

Q ………………………………………………………………….

b) State the function of part labelled S. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) What differences would you expect to observe between this section and that of a root from

the same plant? (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

25. State how the human beings sperm cell is adapted to its function. (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

42


26. a) Name the compound that stores energy released during oxidation of glucose. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) A goat weighing 15.2kg requires 216KJ while a rat weighing 50g requires 2736KJ per day.

Explain. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

27. a) Explain why mosquitoes become resistant to insecticides with time. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Other than the example in (a) above, give two other examples of natural selection in

action. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

43


NAME ………………………………………………………………….… INDEXNO……….…………..…………………………………………… SCHOOL…………………………………………………………..………… 231/1 BIOLOGY PAPER 1 THEORY TIME: 2 HOURS

2010 Pyramid Projections 007 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above. Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided above. Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

For Examiners+ Use Only.

Question Maximum Score Candidates Score

1-26 80

1. The following reaction may occur in a forward or backward direction

Water + carbon (IV) Oxide glucose + Oxygen + Energy

(i) Name the organelle where the reaction occurs in a

(i) Forward direction ………………………………………

(ii) Backward direction ……………...……………………… (2mks)

(ii) Give one similarity between the structure of the two organelles you have mentioned

in (a) above (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

44


2. Give three reasons why nutrition is important to living organisms. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………….……………………

…………………………………..……………………………………………………………

…………….………………………………………………………..………………………

………………………………………………….……………………………………………

…………..

3. Name the hormone involved in

(i) Conversion of glycogen to glucose (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..

(ii) Regulation of the amount of water in the blood. (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..

4. State three main characteristics of the division spermatophyte. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

……….………………………………………………………..…………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………........................

......……

5. (a) Distinguish between a habitat and a niche. (2mks)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

……….………………………………………………………..…………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………........................

......……

(b) Why is it that two species can occupy the same habitat but cannot occupy the same niche?

(1mk)

………………………………………………………………………….……………………

…………………………………..……………………………………………………………

…………….………………………………………………………..………………………

45


………………………………………………….……………………………………………

…………..

6. State three functions of an endoskeleton. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

……….………………………………………………………..…………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………........................

......……

7. Name three supportive tissues found in woody stems. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

……….………………………………………………………..…………………………………

……………………………………….………………………………………………………..

8. How do the sunken stomata help a plant avoid excessive water loss during gaseous exchange?

(3mks)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

……….………………………………………………………..…………………………………

……………………………………….………………………………………………………..…

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………..............................……

9. Which parts of a flower after fertilization develops into: (3mks)

(i) Seed ……………………………..………………

(ii) A fruit ……………………..………………………

(iii) Testa ………………………………………………

10. State three adaptations of the proximal convoluted tubule to its functions (3mks)

46


………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

……….………………………………………………………..…………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………........................

......……

11. State the three processes that cause growth in organisms. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

……….………………………………………………………..…………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………........................

......……

12. Outline the role played by each of the following bacteria in the nitrogen cycle. (3mks)

(i) Nitrobacter

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..

(ii) Nitrosomonas

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..

(iii) Rhizobium bacteria

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..

13. State two types of movable joints found in mammals (2mks)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………..............................……

14. State the part of the eye involved in: (3mks)

(i) Colour vision

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) Maintaining the shape of the eyeball

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(iii) Change in diameter of the lens.

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

47


15. State the functions of the following hormones.

(i) Luteinising hormone (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..

(ii) Oxytocin (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..

16. State the role each of the following components of the skin. (3mks)

(i) Melanin

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..

(ii) Adipose fat deposit

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..

(iii) Sebum

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..

17. Explain why cells of an endosperm are triploid and not diploid. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

……….………………………………………………………..…………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………........................

......……

18. The diagram below represents an organ from a finned bony fish. Study it and answer the

questions that follow. L M K

(i) Name the organ. (1mk)

48


………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..

(ii) State three adaptations of the part labeled M to its functions. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

……….………………………………………………………..…………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………........................

......……

19. The diagram below represents a mammalian bone.

(i) Name the bone. (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..

(ii) Which part articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic girdle? (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..

(iii) What is the function of part numbered 2? (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..

(iv) What type of joint is formed when the part number 4 articulate with the tibia.

(1mk)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..

49


20. Outline three roles of active transport in the human body. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

……….………………………………………………………..…………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………........................

......……

21. Explain how marine fish regulate their osmotic pressure. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

……….………………………………………………………..…………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………........................

......……

22. A response exhibited by a certain plant tendril is illustrated below

(i) Name the type of response (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..

(ii) Explain how the response named in (i) above occurs. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………….……………………

…………………………………..……………………………………………………………

…………….………………………………………………………..………………………

………………………………………………….……………………………………………

…………..

(iii) What is the importance of tactic responses to microscopic plants? (1mk)

50


………………………………………………………………………….……………………

…………………………………..……………………………………………………………

…………….………………………………………………………..

23. List three advantages of asexual reproduction. (2mks)

………………………………………………………………………….……………………

…………………………………..……………………………………………………………

…………….………………………………………………………..………………………

………………………………………………….……………………………………………

…………..

24. In a blood test, a drop of anti-A serum were added to two samples of blood. No agglutination

occurred, what were the blood groups of the two samples? (2mks)

………………………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………..............................……

25. (a) State and explain three factors that affect the rate of respiration. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………….……………………

…………………………………..……………………………………………………………

…………….……………………………………………………….…………………………

……………………………………………….………………………………………………

………..

(b) Give two reasons why fats are not normally used for respiration although they

yield high amount of energy during oxidation. (2mks)

………………………………………………………………………….……………………

…………………………………..……………………………………………………………

…………….………………………………………………………..………………………

………………………………………………….……………………………………………

…………..………………………………………………………………………….………

………………………………………………..

26. State the role of each of the following during photosynthesis:

51


(i) Xylem vessel. (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………….……………………

…………………………………..

(ii) Chlorophyll. (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………….……………………

…………………………………..

(iii) Guard cells. (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………….……………………

…………………………………..

(iv) Phloem. (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………….……………………

…………………………………..

52


NAME: ………………………………………………………………..…… INDEX NO: ..…...……… SCHOOL:……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 231/1 BIOLOGY PAPER 1 THEORY 2 HOURS

2010 Pyramid Projections 010 Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education

1

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Answer ALL questions in this paper in the spaces provided.

For Examiner’s Use Only

Questions Maximum Score Candidate’s Score

1-30 80

1. Name the organelles that would be most likely found in large numbers in cells that perform the functions below. (2mks)

(a) A cell in the ileum that actively takes in glucose.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

(b) A cell in the liver that breaks down foreign bodies.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

………………….

2. A doctor added a few drops of anti B-serum to two samples of blood in a blood test.

53


No agglutination occurred. Name the blood groups of the blood samples. (2mks) ……………………………………………………………………………………………

………………….

3. State the significance of metamorphosis in insects. (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

4. State three structural differences between muscles alimentary canal and biceps muscles.

(3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

5. The dental formula of a certain animal is I 30 C

10 P

23 M

33

(i) Suggest the mode of feeding of the animal (1mk) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in part (i) above (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

6. In an accident a victim suffered damage of his internal organs, consequently he started having excess glucose in his blood. (a) Which organ was damaged? (1mk) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

(b) Give a reason for your answer. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

54


7. Name two structures in plants where meiosis occurs (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

8. The diagram below represents a reflex arc in human

(a) Name the parts labelled P and S (2mks)

P : .................................................................................................................

S: ...................................................................................................................

(b) State the function of the parts labelled Q (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

( c) Part R contains some type of fluid. Name the fluid. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

9. State three roles of diffusion in plants (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

10. During the first phase of respiration, a glucose molecule is broken down into pyruvic acid and a small amount of energy is produced.

55


(a) Name the process described above. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

(b) State where the process you have name in (a) above takes place in a cell. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

11. The energy used by a hawk for flying is obtained indirectly from the sun. Explain. (3mks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

12. The flippers of whales and fins of the fish adapt these organisms to aquatic habitats. (a) Name the evolutionary process that may have given rise to such structures. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

(b) What name is given to such structures? (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

13. In an experiment to investigate an aspect of digestion, two test tubes A and B were set up as shown in the diagram below

The test tubes were left in the water bath for 30 minutes. The content of each test tube was then tested for starch using iodine solution. (a) What was the aim of the experiment? (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

(b) What results were expected in test tubes A and B (2mks)

56


Set-up A

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

Set-up B

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

( c) Why was the set-up maintained at 370C. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

14. Explain how drooping of leaves in a hot sunny day is advantageous to a plant. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

15. State two classes of the phylum arthropoda in which the body is divided into cephalothorax and abdomen. (2mks) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

16. (a) What is co-dominance? (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

(b) Name two disorders in human blood that are caused by gene mutation. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

57


……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

17. Describe what happens during the dark stage of photosynthesis (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

18. The diagram below represents a structure found in plants.

(a) Name the parts labelled P and R (2mks) P ................................................................................

R. ............................................................................

(b) State how part Q is adapted to its function (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………

19. A certain species of flowering plant relies entirely on sexual reproduction for propagation. The chromosome number of the cell in the ovarian wall is 16.

State the chromosome number of (a) The pollen tube nucleus (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

(b) A cell of the endosperm (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

58


……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

20. The diagram below represents germination of a certain seed.

(a) Name the type of germination exhibited by the seedling above (1mk

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………….

(b) Name the region labeled X (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

………………….

(c) Explain how the part labeled X of the seedling straightens after exposure to sunlight.

(3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

21. A student estimating the cell size of an onion epidermal cell observed the following on the microscope field of view using a transparent ruler.

The student counted 20 cells a cross the field of view. Calculate the size of the cell in micrometer. Show the working clearly. (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

59


……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

22. Name the components of the blood that do not enter the renal tubule in mammals.

(2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

23. Give three reasons as to why biological control is preferred to chemical control in the control of pests and parasites. (3mks) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

24. A person fell from the third floor of a storey building and had part of his brain damaged. Indicate the part of the brain damaged if the person suffers from the following. (i) Loss of memory and speech (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

(ii) Inability to regulate body temperature (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

(iii) Irregular heartbeat and breathing (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

(iv) Inability to maintain proper body balance and posture (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

25. (a) Name the microorganism found in the root nodules of legumes (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

(b) State the association of the micro-organisms named in (a) above (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

60


……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

(c ) What is the role of the microorganism you named in (a) above. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

26. Name the causative agent of cholera (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

27. State two ways in which the composition of blood in the umbilical artery differ from that in

umbilical vein (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………….

28. State three ways in which the tracheole system is adapted to its function. (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

29. Give a reason for each of the following.

(a) Long feathery stigma in a flower (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Presence of nectaries in some flowers (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

30. For a leaf to be efficient for photosynthesis, it has to be broad and thin. Explain.(2mks)

61


2010 Pyramid Projections 012 BIOLOGY

Paper 1 1. Name the causal organism of the following diseases. a) Gonorrhea (1 mk) b) Trichomoniasis (1 mk) 2. Antheridia and Archegonia are male and female producing gametes respectively. a) State the plants in which they are found. (1 mk) b) Name the division to which these plants belong. (1 mk) 3. An organelle was magnified 800 times by an electron microscope. Its diameter was 2

millimetres. Calculate the actual diameter in micrometres. (2 mks) 4. In what two ways does leaf folding reduce transpiration? (2 mks) 5. The diagram below shows a species of a plant. Study it carefully and answer the questions to

follow.

a) State the class to which the above specimen belongs (1 mk)

Reasons 6. The diagram below represents the human shoulder joint

a) Name the parts D, E, F (3 mks) b) State the role of the fluid in part G (1 mk) c) Name the type of joint (1 mk) 7. The paddles of whales and fins of fish adapt these organisms to their acquatic habitats. a) Name the evolutionary process that may have given rise to the similar structures.(1 mk) b) What general name is given to such structures (1 mk) c) Name two environmental causes of mutations. (2 mks) 8. Study the diagram below of a germinating pollen grains and answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the parts labeled A – D (2 mks)

b) (i) State the function of A (1 mk) (ii) Where does part D get its nourishment from. (1 mk) (iii) What name is given to a condition whereby one of the structure B fuses with the egg cell nucleus while the other fuses with the polar nucleus. (1 mk) c) Give the name of the structure which results when one of structure B fuses with (i) The egg cell nucleus (1 mk) (ii) The polar nucleus (1 mk)

A

62


9. Why do plants lack a complex excretory system. (2 mks 10. Below is an equation of a reaction that takes place in the liver. Ammonia + Carbon (IV) Oxide Urea + water a) Identify the above reaction. (1 mk) b) Which enzyme is required in the reaction. (1 mk) 11. Explain the importance of roughage in the diet. (2 mks) 12. The diagram below shows the transverse section of a young dicotyledonous root.

(a) Name the parts labeled A, B, C (3 mks) (b) What is the function of structure B. (1 mk) 13. Name the structures in the inner ear which are sensitive to:-

a) Change in position (1 mk) b) Soundwaves (1 mk) 14. Below is a diagram of a simple reflex arc

a) Name the parts labeled R and S (2 mks)

b) Name the chemical transmitter substance found in part T (1 mk) 15. The diagram below shows two chromosomes with their chromatids intertwined. Study

it and answer the questions that follow.

a) (i) Name the part labeled M and N (2 mks) (ii) What is meant by a bivalent chromosome (1 mk) b) At which stage of cell division are the above structures likely to be seen. (1 mk) 16. Explain the following genetic disorders (2 mks) a) Down’s syndrome b) Tuner’s syndrome 17. In what ways are diffusion and osmosis similar (2 mks) 18. A student observed that grass near the kitchen where waste water was poured turned yellow

and dried up. Explain. (3 mks) 19. Study the figure below and answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the parts labeled B, C and D (3 mks)

63


b) State the function of part labeled A. (1 mk) 20. Explain similarity in the function of the glomerular filtrate and lymph fluid (2 mks) 21. The table below shows the percentage composition of inspired and expired air. Gases Inspired % Expired % Oxygen 21 16 Carbon (iv) oxide 0.04 4 Nitrogen 79 79 a) What percentage of inspired oxygen is taken up by lung capillaries? (1 mk) b) Account for the difference in composition of carbon (iv) oxide between inhaled and exhaled

air. (3 mks) 22. In the experiment of population size of mosquitoes in Kisumu Museum, Kenya Research

Institute Researchers caught 600 mosquitoes which they marked and released. After 24hrs 300 mosquitoes were caught out of which 100 had the marks.

a) Suggest possible instruments of capturing and marking the insects (1 mk) b) Estimate the population size of mosquitoes in Kisumu museum. (2 mks) 23. Name the tissues responsible for the following. a) Protection of inner tissues of plants from mechanical damage and infection (1 mk) b) Packing and storage cells in plants (1 mk) c) Lining and protection of internal and external surfaces in animals (1 mk) 24. Study the fruits below and classify them giving reasons.

a) Type of fruit (1 mk)

Reason (1 mk) b)

Type of fruit (1 mk)

Reason (1 mk) 25. Explain the importance of respiratory surface being a) Thin walled (1 mk) b) Moist (1 mk) 26. Explain how hair in human beings keeps the body warm (2 mks) 27. Name the tissues responsible for growth in; (i) Girth (1 mk) (ii) Length (1 mk) 28. Explain the fate of lactic acid formed in the muscles of an athlete (2 mks)

Pore Seeds

Pericarp

Remains of style

Attachment to cob

END

64


2010 Pyramid Projections 013 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education BIOLOGY Paper 1 1. Why is the pancreas considered a dual gland? (2 mks) 2. State the function if cristae in mitochondria. (1 mk) 3. The sketch graph below shows population growth rate of a certain organism

List down four factors that could have caused limited growth at R. (4 mks) 4. Suggest why green plants are included in the fish aquarium. (3 mks)5. State two observable features that can be used to identify the members of the phylum chordata. (2 mks) 6. Name causative agent for each of the following diseases. a) Typhoid (1 mk) b) Malaria (1 mk) 7. State three functions of blood other than transport. (3 mks) 8. Give two reasons why lumbar vertebrae have long and broad transverse processes. (2 mks) 9. Give three differences between endocrine system and nervous system. (3 mks)

Endocrine system Nervous system 10. State 3 ways in which seed dormancy benefits a plant. (3 mks) 11. Give an example of a sex linked trait in humans on; Y chromosome (1 mk) X chromosome (1 mk) 12. Name three gaseous exchange structures in higher plants. (3 mks) 13. Name three features that distinguish man from apes even though they are closely related in evolutionary Tree. (3 mks) 14. Give a reason for the following; a) A mature plant cell does not lose its shape even after loosing water. (1 mk) b) Xylem vessels do not collapse when they do not contain water. (1 mk) 15. The diagram below represents a nephron of a mammal

a) Name the parts marked A and B (2 mks) b) Name a major substance in glomerular filtrate whose concentration remains the same between A and C. (1 mk) 16. What is the function of eustachian tube that link the middle ear with the throat. (1 mk) 17. Below is a diagram of a joint in a mammalian skeleton

65


a) Name the type of joint represented by the diagram above. (1 mk) (b) identify the part labeled D and E (2 mks) 18. State how the alveolus of the lungs of a mammal is adapted to its function. (3 mks) 19. State the function of cerebrospinal fluid. (2 mks) 20. Explain how water from the soil reaches the xylem vessels of the root. (4 mks) 21. The diagram below shows a part of a flower.

a) Name the part marked F. (1 mk) b) What becomes of the structure marked G after fertilization. (1 mk) 22. Name three types of muscles found in human body. (3 mks) 23. Write the type of gene mutation represented by the following analogue. (i) Intended message: BRING THERMOS ON OUTING Actual message: BRING MOTHERS ON OUTING Type (1 mk) (ii) Intended message PLEASE SAY WHERE YOU ARE Actual message PLEASE STAY WHERE YOU RAE Type (1 mk) 24. With an aid of diagram distinguish between marginal and parietal placentation in fruits.(2 mks)

Marginal Parietal 25. Name two raw materials for the process of photosynthesis (2 mks) 26. Giving reasons, identify the mode of feeding of the animal whose dental formula is given below.

i 20 C

00 Pm

33 M

22

Mode of feeding (1 mk) Reasons (2 mks) 27. Name three characteristics of wind pollinated flowers. (3 mks) 28. Give two reasons why accumulation of lactic acid during vigorous exercise leads to an increase

in heart beat. (2 mks) 29. Explain why sexual reproduction is important in organisms. (2 mks) 30. a) Name two sources of oil as a water pollutant. (2 mks) b) For each of the sources named in (a) above, state one way of controlling it. (2 mks) 31. Name three secondary sexual characteristics that start occurring in human males on the on set of testosterone hormone production. (3 mks)

66


Name ………………………..…………………………

Index No. ..……………………………….….

School ………………………………………………... 231/1 BIOLOGY Paper 1 (Theory) Time: 2 Hours 2010 Pyramid Projections014 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E) INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

• Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above. • Answer ALL the questions in the spaces provided

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY.

QUESTIONS MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATES SCORE

1 – 27 80


Pages are printed as indicated and no questions are missing. 1. a) State the function of granum in chroloplasts. (1 mk)

b) The diagram below represents a cell organelle.

67


(i) Name the part labeled Y. (1 mk)

(ii) State the function of the part labeled X. (1 mk)

2. Fill in the blank spaces in the statement below

After fertilization of an ovule

……………………………………………………………………….

develops into a testa and

…………………………………………………………………………..

develops into an endosperm. (2 mks)

3. State two reasons why the stomach wall cannot be digested by the proteolytic enzymes(2 mks)

4. Explain how the following adaptations will reduce the rate of transpiration.

a) Sunken stomata (1 mk)

b) Leaf folding (1 mk)

5. a) What makes young herbaceous plant remain upright? (2 mks)

b) Name the tissue in higher plants that is responsible for support. (1 mk)

6. The diagram below represents a cross-section through a certain part of a flowering plant.

a) (i) Identify the part of the plant from which the cross-section was made. (1 mk)

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in a) (i) above. (1 mk)

b) State the function of the parts labeled A and B. (2 mks)

A

B

7. State two ways in which the ileum is structurally adapted to the absorption of digested food.

(2 mks)

8. When are two organisms considered to belong to the same species? (2 mks)

9. State two physiological changes that take place in a human skin inorder to facilitate heat loss

from body. (2 mks)

10. Give two reasons why pressure of blood is greater in arteries than in the veins of mammals.

(2 mks)

11. State three importance of osmosis in plants. (3 mks)

12. Distinguish between haemolysis and plasmolysis. (2 mks)

13. Distinguish between natural and acquired immunity. (2 mks)

68


14. State how the tracheole system in insects is adapted for gaseous exchange. (3 mks)

15. a) Name a protein, vitamin, an enzyme and a mineral element that are involved in blood

clotting. (2 mks)

Protein

Vitamin

Enzyme

Mineral element

b) Name one way by which white blood cells fight micro-organisms. (1 mk)

16. a) What is the meaning of the following terms.

(i) Egestion (1 mk)

(ii) Secretion (1 mk)

(iii) Excretion (1 mk)

b) State the importance of osmo-regulation in organisms. (1 mk)

17. a) Distinguish between niche and habitat (2 mks)

b) Name the composition of a food chain. (2 mks)

18 Oil can be applied on stagnant water to control the spread of malaria

a) How does this practice control the spread of malaria. (1 mk)

b) Give a reasons why this practice should be discouraged. (1 mk)

c) Name the organism that cause cholera. (1 mk)

19. State two ways in which sexual reproduction is important in the evolution of plants and

animals. (2 mks)

20. a) State the difference between the composition of maternal blood entering the placenta and

maternal blood leaving the placenta. (2 mks)

b) State two advantages of fruit and seed dispersal. (2 mks)

21. a) What is the role of cotyledons to a germinating seed? (2 mks)

b) Name the part of a maize seed that elongates to bring about hypogeal germination.(1 mk)

22. a) What is meant by the term Genome? (1 mk)

b) Part of one strand of DNA molecule was found to have the following sequences.

G – G – C – T – A – C – C – T – A – A – C

What is the sequence of the;

(i) Complementary DNA strand? (1 mk)

(ii) M – RNA strand? (1 mk)

c) What is a back – cross? (1 mk)

69


23. a) What is meant by

(i) Organic evolution? (1 mk)

(ii) Continental drift? (1 mk)

b) Distinguish between analogous and homologous structures. (2 mks)

24. a) What is the function of a relay neuron? (1 mk)

b) The diagram below represents a neuron junction of a mammal

(i) Name the structures labeled A and B. (2 mks)

A

B:

(ii) On the diagram indicate the direction of the impulse using an arrow. (1 mk)

(iii) Name the enzyme that destroys the transmitter substance in the synaptic cleft. (1 mk)

25. a) Name the hormone that is responsible for parthenocarpy. (1 mk)

b) What is rheotaxis? (1 mk)

26. The diagram below illustrate a certain eye defect.

a) State the defect. (1 mk)

b) How can the defect be corrected. (1 mk)

c) State two advantages of having two eyes in human beings. (2 mks)

27. a) Name the three types of skeletons found in multicellular animal . (3 mks)

b) State one characteristic of Axis that distinguishes if from other cervical vertebrae.(1 mk)

28. Name two gaseous exchange structures in higher plants. (2 mks)

POST-SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE

70


2010 Pyramid Projections015 BIOLOGY

Paper 1 (Theory)

1. a) Name the type of body symmetry found in mammals. (1 mk) b) One of the external features observed in plants is leaf arrangement on the stem. Name any two kinds of leaf arrangements. (2 mks)

2. a) Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (1 mk) b) (i) Identify the organelle represented by the diagram below.

Identity (1 mk) (ii) State the function of the organelle identified in 2 b) (i) above. (1 mk)

3. a) State the role of active transport in animal nutrition. (1 mks)b) Give two factors which affect active transport. (2 mks) 4. Name the causative agent of cholera. (1 mk) 5. The chemical equation below represents a physiological process that takes place in living

organisms. C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + (i) Name the process R. (1 mk)

(ii) Name substance Q (1 mk) 6. The diagram below is of a cell obtained from one of the specialized tissues in plant leaves.

(i) Name the tissue from which the cell was obtained. (1 mk)

(ii) State two ways in which the tissue named in 6. (i) above is adapted to its functions.(2 mks) 7. The biochemical process illustrated below takes place in the human alimentary canal. Lactose Galactose + Glucose a) In which part of the alimentary canal does the process occur? (1 mk)

b) Why must lactose be broken down into glucose and galactose? (1 mk) c) State two ways in which glucose is utilized in the body. (2 mks)8. State three adaptations of the xylem vessel. (3 mks)

9. a) What is the difference between an O positive blood and O negative blood? (1 mk) b) State two functions of blood in mammals other than transport of substances. (2 mks)

10. In an experiment, some germinating seeds were placed in a large airtight flask and left for four days.

a) What changes were expected in the composition of gases in the flask on the fifth day(2 mks) b) Give reasons for your answer in a) above. (1 mk)

11. State three adaptive features which the bucal cavity of a frog has in common with the alveoli of the lungs of a human being. (3 mks)

12. The diagram below represents a portion of the kidney tubule. Study it and answer the question below.

Q R

Chloroplasts

Nucleus

71


a) Name the part labeled A and B. (2 mks)

b) Name the region of the kidney in which the portion represented by the above diagram is located. (1 mk)

c) What is the function of the part marked A. (1 mk) 13. State three ways by which an endothermic animal would respond to low environment

temperature. (3 mks) 14. An organism was found to posses the following features; an exoskeleton, two pairs of

antennae, bilateral symmetry and jointed appendages. Giving a reason in each case, state the phylum and class in which the organism belongs(4 mks) 15. Give three assumptions that are made when using capture recapture method to estimate the

population of organisms. (3 mks) 16. a) Name the part of the flower in which pollen grains are formed. (1 mk) b) Name the two nuclei found in pollen grains. (2 mks) 17. a) State the function of epididymis in the human male reproductive system.(1 mk) b) Name two glands in the male reproduction system whose secretions are released into the

sperm duct. (2 mks) 18. The diagram below shows a germinating seed

(i) Identify the type of germination represented by the diagram above. (1 mk) (ii) Explain how the type of germination named in 18(i) above takes place. (2 mks) 19. a) State two advantages of metamorphosis to insects. b) Name one hormone which controls metamorphosis in insects. (1 mk) 20. a) Distinguish between heterozygous and homozygous individuals. (2 mks) b) What is a chiasma? (1 mk) 21. State the functions of the following hormones. (i) Secretin (1 mk) (ii) Gastrin (1 mk) 22. a) Differentiate between homologous and analogous structures as used in evolution(2 mks) b) Give the meaning of somatic mutation. (1 mk) 23. When shoots of young plants are exposed to unidirectional light they bend towards light. (i) Name the type of response exhibited by such young shoots. (1 mk) (ii) Explain the cause of the observation above. (2 mks) 24. Explain two ways in which halophytes overcome the physiological drought facing them(2 mks) 25. a) Name the part of the eye in which the light sensitive cells are located. (1 mk) b) List the two types of sensory cells found in the part named in 25 a) above. (2 mks) 26. a) State two ways by which plants compensate for their inability to locomot. (2 mks) b) Explain why herbaceous plants do not grow to greater heights. (1 mk) 27. State two effects of eutrophication. (2 mks) 28. Name three types of joints found in the human skeleton. (3 mks)

Ground level

END

72


Name………………………………………………… Index No. ……………………. School ………………………………………………... 231/1 BIOLOGY (THEORY) Paper 1 Time: 2 Hours 2010 Pyramid Projections 016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E)

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES • Write your name, Index number, and the name of your school in the spaces provided above. • Answer ALL Questions in the spaces provided.

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY QUESTION MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATES SCORE

1-30 80

This paper consists of 8 printed pages. Candidates should check the question paper to ensure that all pages are printed as indicated

and no questions are missing

SECTION A ( 25 Marks)

73


Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided

1. Name the branch of Science that is concerned with the classification of living organisms. 1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. State three properties of the cell membrane. (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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3. a) State three roles of fats in body of mammals. (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Give one reason why it is possible to store lipids in the tissues of organisms (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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4. Describe three ways in which the alveolus is adapted to its function. (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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5. Briefly explain why mosquitoes become resistant to insecticides with time. (2mks)

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6. State the roles of the exoskeleton in the class insecta. (3mks)

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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7. A phenomenon which occurs during cell division is shown on the diagram below

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a) Name the part labelled A. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) State the biological importance of the part labelled A. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) Identify the type of cell division in which this phenomenon occurs. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Explain the role of antidiuretic hormone when there is less water in the human body.(3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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9. There are atleast 205 known sex-linked disorders.

a) Name any two of them. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) State a reason why sex-linked recessive traits tend to affect the male child. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) State why if a mother has the trait all her sons will have it. (1mk)

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. a) Why is it necessary for large organisms to have an elaborate transport system. (2mks)

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Explain why an amoeba does not require a transport system. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

11. The equation below represents a process that occurs in the plants.

C6H12O6 B + C2H5OH+ Energy

a) Name the process. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Name product B (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) State the economic importance of this process. (2mks)

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12. Study the experimental set-up below and answer the questions that follow.

If the set up was kept at a room temperature for one week.

a) What was the aim of the experiment. (1mk)

S…………………………………………………………………………………………………

T…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Wet cotton wool

Soaked bean seeds

Pyrogallic acid

Wet cotton wool

76


b) What observable changes would take place in flask S and T at the end of the week.(1mk)

S…………………………………………………………………………………………………

T………………………………………………………………………….……………………

c) Account for the results in (b) above (2mks)

S …………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

T …………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

13. What is the importance of the following in an ecosystem?

(i) Decomposers (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Predators (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

14. State the function of each of the following parts of the ear. (3ms)

a) Ear ossicles

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Auditory nerve

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) Tympanic membrane

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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15. a) Account for the differences in thickness of the cell walls of guard cell. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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b) Name the cell organelle in which carbon (iv) oxide combines with water to form complex

organic compounds (1mk)

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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16. During a collecting trip students found a green plant whose height averaged 20cm, growing in

a damp rock. The plant had a long stalk which bore a club like capsule. The plant was

attached to the rock by means of root-like structures.

a) Name the division to which the plant belongs. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Name the long stalk on which the capsules were borne. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) Name the root-like structures. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

17. The diagram below show part of a food relationship in an ecosystem.

Fox Dog Leopard

Rabbit

V

a) Name the food relationship shown in the diagram. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Name the trophic level occupied by organism V (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) What is the main source of energy in the ecosystem shown in the diagram above. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

18. The paddles of whales and fins of fish adapt these two organisms to aquatic habitats.

a) Name the evolutionary process that may have given rise to similar structures. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) What name is given to such structures. (1mk)

78


……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

19. A leaf of potted green plant which had been kept in the dark for 24 hours, was smeared with

white petroleum jelly on its lower surface and exposed to sunlight for 6 hours. Starch test on

the leaf was negative.

Account for the observation. (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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20. Explain how each of the following adaptations reduce transpiration in xerophytes.

a) Sunken stomata. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Needle-like leaves. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

21. In amarriage of two normal parents for haemophilia trait, one son and a daughter are normal.

The second son is a haemophiliac. Give the genotypes of the parents. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

22. a) Why does a membrane form around the egg after fertilization? (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Why is it important that the sperm and the egg each have half the normal number of

chromosomes? (1mk)

79


……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

23. List two major causes of failure in organ transplant. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

24. State the importance of synapse in the nervous system. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

25. The following experiment was set-up to investigate the action of protease on egg white.

After 15 minutes the contents of the beaker became clear. Explain this observation. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

26. List three characteristics that makes man to be classified in the class mammalia. (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

27. List the functions of a joint. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

28. State two conditions that are necessary for opening of the stomata. (2mks)

Beaker

2cm3 of water + 2cm3 of protease + 5cm3 of egg white

80


……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

29. Name the spore-producing structures in pteridophyta. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

30. Give two advantages of being a homoiotherm. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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END

81


2010 Pyramid Projections 017 BIOLOGY (THEORY)

Paper 1 SECTION A ( 25 Marks)

Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided 1. Define the term species. (1mk) 2. The diagram below represents a cell organelle.

a) Identify the above cell organelle. (1mk)

b) Name the parts labelled.C: D (2mk) 3. State two structural differences between xylem vessel and phloem tissue. (2mks) 4. a) State the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids. (2mks) b) Name the deficiency disease that results from lack of proteins in a persons diet. (1mk) 5. Name the type of joint found between:- a) Humerus and Ulna. (1mk)

b) Femur and pelvic girdle. (1mk) 6. A flower was found to have the following characteristics: - Large brightly coloured corolla tube. - Small stamens and carpels - Produces nectar a) What is the likely agent of pollination of the flower. (1mk) b) How does the corolla tube enhance pollination by the agent named in (a) above. (1mk)

c) How are the pollen grains produced by the flower adapted for carrying by the agent named in (a) above. (1mk)

7. Two small pieces of leaf petioles were cut as shown in the diagrams below. The pieces were placed in solutions of different concentrations.

a) What physiological process was being investigated in this experiment? (1mk)

b) Suggest the type of solution that piece B was placed. (1mk)

Piece A

Piece B Before experiment After experiment

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8. The figure below shows part of a nitrogen cycle. Use it to answer the questions that follows Atmospheric Nitrogen denitrification A Soil C B B Plants Eating Animals a) Name processes: A B (2mk) b) Explain how process C occurs. (2mks) 9. During germination and early growth of a plant, the dry weight of endosperm decreases while

that of the embryo increases. Explain. (3mks) 10. Two students were observing bacteria using two identical microscopes and identical slides.

Students A saw 10 bacteria while student B saw 50 bacteria. a) Suggest a reason as to why they observed different numbers of bacteria. (2mks)

b) Basing on your answer in (a) above, which of the following combinations would give a wider field of view.

(i) Eye piece x 10 and objective x 20 or (ii) Eye piece x10 and objective x 40? (1mk) 11. An experiment was set-up as shown below:-

a) (i) State one observation you would make in the set-up after one hour. (1mk)

(ii) Explain your observation. (1mk) b) What is the function of co-factors in organisms? (1mk) 12. a) Where in a mammal is the ovum fertilized. (1mk) b) State three adaptations of the human spermatozoa that enhance the process of fertilization.

(3mks) 13. Members of the same species of organisms tends to differ due to variation. State four causes of

variation in organisms. (4mks) 14. The flow chart below represents part of a nutritional process in a mammal. Ingested food stuff Process D Simple food molecules Process E Process F

Oil Layer Glucose solution and boiled yeast suspension

Lime water

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Inorganic product + Energy Body structural molecules a) Name processes: D E (2mk) b) Give the name of a simple food molecule involved in process F. (1mk) 15. The equation below represents a metabolic process that occurs in the mammalian liver. Amino acids enzymes organic compounds + Urea a) Name the above process. (1mk)

b) What is the importance of the process to the mammal. (2mks) c) What is the source of amino acids in this process? (1mk) 16. (a) What are the functions of bile salts during the process of digestion? (2mks) b) What are the end products of digestion of each of the following:- (i) Carbohydrates (1mk) (ii) Protein. (1mk) 17. Give three reasons why support is needed in plants. (3mks) 18. a) State any two major characteristics of organisms in the class insecta. (2mks) b) List down two differences between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous leaves.

(2mks) 19. a) What is meant by the term sex-linkage? (2mks)

b) Name two sex-linked traits in humans. (2mks) 20. State any three differences between endocrine system and nervous system. (3mks) Endocrine system Nervous system, 21. Differentiate between complete and incomplete metamorphosis. (2mks) 22. a) State two ways by which the alveoli are adapted for gaseous exchange. (2mks) b) What is the significance of gaseous exchange in plants? (2mks) 23. State three roles of active transport in human body. (3mks) 24. State three forces involved in the movement of water through the xylem vessels. (3mks) 25. A response exhibited by a certain plant tendril is illustrated below.

a) Name the type of response. (1mk)

b) Explain how the response in (a) above occur. (3mks) 26. State two ways by which a baby may acquire natural immunity. (2mks)

84


NAME:………………………………… INDEXNO......:………………………… 2010 PYRAMID PROJECTIONS-018 231/1 BIOLOGY PAPER 1 (THEORY) 2 HOURS . INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: There are 25 questions printed on11 pages. Answer ALL the questions in the spaces provided.

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY. QUESTION MAXIMUM

SCORE CANDIDATE’S SCORE.

1-26 80 1. Name the cell organelles that carry out the following functions.(2mks) a) Synthesis and transport of lipids. …………………………………………………………………………………… b) transport packaged materials. ……………………………………………………………………………………... 2. State the fluids that provide cushion in the following organs. (5mks) a) Lungs ………………………………………………………………………………………

85


b) womb ……………………………………………………………………………………… c) Heart ……………………………………………………………………………………… d) Knee joint ……………………………………………………………………………………… e) Eye ball.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. An A blood group patient involved in a road accident required an urgent blood transfusion.

His relatives were invited to donate blood. a) Name the possible relatives who would not donate blood to him..

………………………………………………………………………… (1mk) b) State why the others would be in a position to donate blood to him. (2mks) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. A student was provided with specimen K represented by the diagram below.

a) Using the diagram above, state with reasons the division to which specimen K belongs

(2mks) Division…………………………………………………………………………… Reason……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

b) Give one reason why fungi is recognised as a separate kingdom from plantae. (1mk) ………………………………………………………………………………………

86


…………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………..

5. In an experiment starch, proteins diastase and sodium chloride were added to water and put inside the visking tubing. The tubing was then placed in water bath at between 35 – 40oC. The set up was as shown in the diagram below.

One of the observations made is that the water in the beaker tasted salty and turgidity in the visking tube increased a) Name the process by which salt moved into the water in the beaker from the visking

tube. (1mk) ……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………… b)i) When the contents inside the visking tubing was boiled with Benedict’s solution, brown

colour was observed. Name the food substance responsible for this observation. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………… ii) Account for the observation in b(i) above. (2mks) ……………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

6. Distinguish between continous and discontinous variation. (1mk) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Name one disorder of blood caused by mutation (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. What role do the following organisms play in an ecosystem. a) Symbiotic bacteria. (1mk)

87


……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… b) Predators. (2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. The diagram below represents a jaw of a certain mammal.

a)i) Name the part labelled Y. (1mk) …………………………………………………………………………………… ii) What is the role of part Y in (a) above (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b) In rodents what kind of structure is found directly above structure X in the upper jaw.

(1mk) …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………

9. The diagram below represents part of the nephron.

88


a) Name the parts labelled B and E. (2mks) B:…………………………………………………………………………………. E:…………………………………………………………………………….. b) What process occurs at part labelled C and F.? (2mks) C:…………………………………………………………………………………. F:…………………………………………………………………………….. 10. An organism in the course of respiration used 2500cm3 of oxygen. If it gave out 1750 cm3 of

carbon IV oxide during the same period. a) Calculate the respiratory quotient. (R.Q) (2mks) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) State an advantage of using the food substance above as a respiratory substrate (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

11. Study the diagrams below and answer the questions that follow.

a) State two properties of enzymes. (2mks)

89


……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

b) Explain the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

12. Identify the part of light microscope which serve each of the functions described below. i) that regulates amount of light reaching the specimen on the stage. (1mk) …………………………………………………………………………………… ii) that brings the image of the specimen into sharp focus. (1mk) …………………………………………………………………………………… 13. Name two roles of mammalian placenta. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

14. The diagram below represents circulation in fish. Use it to answer the questions that follow.

a) Identify the type of circulator system represented by the diagram above. (1mk) …………………………………………………………………………………… b) On the diagram, show the direction of blood flow. (1mk) c) Identify capillary system X. (1mk) ……………………………………………………………………………………

90


d) State one way in which this circulatory system differs from that found in members of the

phylum arthropoda. (1mk) ……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

15a) Explain the reasons for the following features in flowering plants. i) Wind pollinated flowers produce large number of pollen grains. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

ii) Presence of nectarines in some flowers. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

b) Name two structures that wither after fertilization. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

16a) Name two areas in a plant where meristematic tissues can be found. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) State two characteristics of meristematic cells. (2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

17. Two green leaf samples X and Y were immersed in a beaker of warm water. The beaker was

placed in sunlight. After sometime, bubbles of gas formed on the surface of the leaves. In leaf X bubbles formed only on the upper leaf surface while on leaf Y more bubbles formed on the lower surface than on the upper surface.

a) Suggest why bubbles of gas form on the leaf surface. (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) What does the difference in the number of bubbles between the two surfaces of Y indicate?

(1mk)

91


……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

c) From the observation on the difference in abundance of bubbles formed on the surfaces of the

two leaf samples, suggest the natural habitats from which the leaf sample were obtained. (2mks)

X:…………………………………………………………………………………. Y:…………………………………………………………………………….. 18a) Name the type of muscle found on the walls of the alimentary canal.(1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………… b) State two functions of the muscle mentioned in (a) above. (2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

19. The wings of a bird and those of a housefly adapt the two organisms to the aboreal habitat. i) Give the evolutionary process that may have given rise to these structures.

(1mk) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

ii) What name is given to such structures. (1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………… 20. Where in the blood can you find the following blood proteins. (2mks) i) Antigens

…………………………………………………………………………………… ii) Antibodies.

…………………………………………………………………………………… 21. Name the blood vessel with lowest concentration of carbon (iv) oxide in the mammalian body.

(1mk) ……………………………………………………………………………………

22. Below is a diagram of a chloroplast

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a) Name the chemical found in part labelled A. (1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………… b) A certain metabolic process takes place in the part labelled B. Name the process and the

product(s) formed. (2mks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

23. Give the functions of parenchyma cells in a dicotyledonous stem.

(3mks) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

24a) Name two structural differences between trachea in insects and mammals.

(2mks) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Name the respiratory surface in terrestrial insects

…………………………………………………………………………………… 25. A student set up an experiment as shown in the diagram below.

93


The set up was left at room temperature for one week. a) What was the aim of the experiment? (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) What would be the expected results of the end of the experiment? (2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

26.a) What is the role of hypothalamus homeostasis in mammals. (2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) State where hypothalamus is found (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………

94


NAME………………………………………………….. INDEX NUMBER………………………………………. 2010PYRAMID PROJECTIONS-019 231/1 BIOLOGY PAPER 1 TIME 2 HOURS . ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THE SPACES PROVIDED.

1. State two functions of the mammalian blood other than transport of substances. (2mks)

2. What is the term given to fruit formation without fertilization? (1mks)

3. Name the part of a flower that develops into; a) Fruit (1mks)

b) Seed (1mks)

4. Name the cell organelle concerned with each of the following functions i) Synthesis of glucose from carbon(IV)Oxide and water (1mks)

ii) Break down of glucose to carbon (iv) oxide and water releasing ATP. (1MKS)

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5. The diagram below represents a cell

a) Name the parts labeled x and y. (2mks) X…………………………………………………………………………. Y…………………………………………………………………………. b) Suggest why the structures labeled x would be more on one side than the

other. (1mks)

6. An organism can be used to control the population of a pest or a disease causing organism.

a) What term is given to this control method? (1mks)

b) What is the advantage of using this type of control rather than use of chemicals? (1mks)

7. Other than carbon (IV) oxide, Name the other products of anaerobic respiration in plants. (2mks)

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8. A person was found to pass out large amount of dilute urine frequently name a) The disease the person might be suffering from. (1mks)

b) The hormone that might be deficient in the person. (1mks)

9. Under certain conditions, carbon (IV) oxide concentration in the blood rises above the normal level. State two ways of lowering this level. (2mks)

10. (a) Name the structure shown by the diagram below. (1mks)

Name…………………………………………………….. (b) Name the parts labeled A and B (2mks) A……………………………………………………………. B…………………………………………………………… (c) At which stage of mitosis do the structures labeled A separate and move to opposite pores. (1mks)

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11. The figure below is a mammalian eye defect.

a) Name the defect illustrated. (1mks)

b) State two causes of the defect in (a) above (2mks)

c) How can this defect be corrected. (1mks)

12. a) Haemophilia is a sex linked condition suggest why there are higher chances

for male haemophiliacs to reach old age than females. (1mk)

b) State one other sex linked condition in human beings. (1mks)

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13. The diagram below shows two adjacent synaptic knobs.

a) Name the structures labeled A and B. (2mks) A………………………………………………………… B………………………………………………………… b)Name the chemical substance found in part labeled B.(1mks)

14. The figure below represents a section of a young dicotyledon stem.

a) Name the parts labeled L and K. (2mks) L…………………………………………………………….. K…………………………………………………………….

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b) State the functions of the part labeled K. (1mks)

15. Name two proteins in the blood which are responsible for determining the blood group of a person. (2mks)

16. The figure below shows the results obtained when red blood cells are put in different solutions.

a) What name is given to the process that occurs when the cell is put in

solution B. (1mks)

b) Compare the results obtained when the cell is put in solution A to the results obtained when a plant cell is put in the same solution. (2mks)

SOLUTION A

SOLUTION B

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17. State two ways in which floating leaves of aquatic plants are adapted to gaseous exchange. (2mks)

18. State any three corrective mechanisms undertaken by the body when the body temperature rises above normal. (3mks)

19. (a) What is leaf mosaic? (1mks)

(b) How does leaf mosaic help the plant. (1mks) 20. (a) Complete the equation below. (1mks) C12H22O11 + H2O ________ + ____________ (b) Which process is represented by the equation above. (1mks) 21. (a) What is dentition (1mk)

(b) Differentiate between heterodont and homodont animals (1mks) (c) Name two dental diseases (2mk)

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22. The figure below shows three different types of muscle represented by A B and C.

a) Name the three muscles represented by A B and C and state where in the body each muscle is found. (3mks)

A_______________________where found______________

B_______________________ where found _____________

C_______________________ where found ____________

23. The wing of a bird and that of a butterfly are structures performing the same

function but originated from different sources. State the name given to such structures. (1mks)

b) Name the kind of evolution exhibited in (a) above (1mks)

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24. Study the diagram below and answer the questions which follow.

a) State the division to which the organism belongs. (1mks)

b) Name the part labeled A. (1mks)

c) State two functions of the part labeled B. (2mks)

25. State two ways by which HIV/AIDS may be spread. (2mks)

26. Differentiate between protandry and protogyny. (1mks) Protandry……………………………………… Protogyny…………………………………….. 27. A group of students observed a plant cell under the light microscope using a low

power and high power magnification. a) Which of the two magnification has the highest field of view. (1mks)

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b) While using high power magnification they found the image of the cells to be blurred. Which part of the microscope would they adjust so as to obtain a sharp image? (1mks)

28. State how mammalian ribs are adapted to their function. (3mks)

29. The figure below illustrates a portion of a chromosome with gene A,B,C,S,Q and R.

Using the diagrams similar to the one above illustrate the changes if the above chromosome undergoes the following mutations affecting only genes C and S. (2mks)

i) Deletion

ii) Duplication 30. Name the human disease caused by

i) Plasmodium ________________________(1mk)

ii) Wuchereria bancrofti ________________________(1mk)

iii) Schistosoma ________________________ (1mk)

(b) What is the secondary host of schistosoma. (1mks)

31. A response exhibited by a certain plant tendril is illustrated below.

A B C S Q R

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a) Name the type of response. (1mks)

b) Explain how the response named in (i) above occurs. (2mks)

32. State the deficiency disease caused by lack of iron in the diet. (1mks)

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Biology Paper 1 001