BIOLOGY Form 5 Chapter 2

SULIT 4551/2

Chapter 2: Locomotion and support 2014

2.1 Support and locomotion in human and animals

No Marking scheme Marks

(a) What is the difference between locomotion and movement?Locomotion: Locomotion refers to the ability of a whole organism to move from one place to

another

Movement: Movement refers to a change in the position of any part of an organism’s body but it does not necessarily involve locomotion

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(b) Diagram shows three organism P,Q,and R

Describe the type of skeleton in P and Q 4

Organism P

F1-Hydrostatic skeleton

E1-The support is derived from body fluid contained within the body cavity

Organism Q

F2-endoskeleton

E2-the support is derived from hard skeleton of bones inside the body

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Explain one similarity and two differences between the skeleton Q and R

Similarity:

P1-the skeleton support important body organ

P2-It protect the organ form damage

Differences:

Exoskeleton Endoskeleton

D1-Found in the bodies of invertebrate such as arthropods

D2-Found in the bodies of all vertebrate including fish amphibian ,bird, reptiles and mammals

D3-Are non living D4Are living structure

D5-Made up of chitin, whereas in crap it contains lime

D6-Made up of calcium and phosphate

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Module biology Trial Paper Collection 4551/2 SULIT

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Support and locomotion with an endoskeleton

Label all the structures:


Suture

Canial bone

Facial bone

sacrum

coccyx

Pubic symphysis

ilium

iscium

obturator

ribsStrenum

Humerus

Synovial membrane

Tendon

Synovial fluid

fibula

Tibia

Femur

Patela

Tarsals

Metatarsals

phalanges

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The Vertebral Column

Aspect Marking scheme

Knowledge

Diagram shows two vertebrae. Structure S is located between the vertebrae

Name structure S and state the importance of structure S?2

Name: Cartilagenous disc

Importance: Absorb shock/reduce friction

Labelling Label the part of the vertebra as shows P: Spinous processes

Function State the function of P and Q.

P : muscle attachment

Q : the placing of spinal cord

Vertebrae Name vertebra, State their special structural characteristic

Type of vertebrae Name & Characteristic

Name:Cervical (vertebra)

Characteristic:Have (a pair of )transverse forearm

Name:Lumbar (vertebra)

Characteristic:

Processes short/thick//large centrum


S: Transverse processR: vertebral foramen

U: Centrum

T:Vertebral process

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Name vertebra, State their special structural characteristic

Type of vertebrae Name & Characteristic

Name: Thoracic Vertebrae

Charactersitic:Have spinous processes that are long and serve as points of attachment for muscles and ligaments

State two main characteristic of P

F1-Have long process

F2-Have two facet/zygophophysis

Name: Sacrum

Characteristic:- Formed through fusion of 5 bones- Coccyx – triangular in shape and formed through the fusion of 4 bones

Name the bones

Q:Rib

State one function of Q in respiration 1

Protect the lungs in the thoracic cavity//move upward and downward /to change the volume /pressure of thoracic cavity

Differences Diagram shows two types of vertebrae inhuman backbone

State two differences in structure between the vertebra P and vertebra Q

P QSmaller Centrum Larger CentrumHas vertebratrial canal Has no vertebratrial canalHas no zygapophysis at the transerverse process and side of centrum

Has zygapophysis at the transverse process and side of centrum

Has short transverse process and Has long transverse processHas large neutral canal Has small neutral canal


coccyx

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Differences Diagram11.2.3 shows two vertebrae.

Compare and contrast between the two vertebrae.

Similarities:

Similarity Explanation

S1 – Both have centrum E1 – Gives support and able to withstand compression force

S2 – Both have neural canal E2 – to contain spinal nerve

S3 – Both have neural spine E3 – For muscle attachment

S4 – Both have transverse process E4 – For muscle attachment

S5 – Both have neural arch E5 – Form neural canal which protect the spinal cord

E6 – Both have zygapofisis

E7 – To articulate with another vertebra

Differences:

Vertebra cervical Vertebra lumbar

D1: Flat (small) centrum Large and thick centrum

E1: Give more support

D2: Short neural spine Long neural spine

E2: Attachment more muscles

D3: Broad transverse

prosess

Well develop transverse process


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E3: For attachment more muscles

D4: Has to vertebrarterial

canals

No vertebrarterial canal

Appendicular Skeleton


E4: Enable blood supply to head

D5: Bigger neural canal Small neural canal

E5: Contain bigger spinal cord/ brain trunk

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Label all of the appendicular parts.

The structure of a joint


Pelvic girdle

Head of femur

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsals

Head of humerus

Humerus

RadiusUlna

Carpals

The Upper LimbThe Lower Limb

metatarsals

Phalanges

Metacar

phalanges

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Aspect Marking scheme Marks

Ligament

Name the tissue that holds bones P and Q

Ligament 1 1

State the characteristic of the tissue names in (b)

Tough fibrous connective tissue //elastic 1 1

Diagram shows a joint in human pelvic girdle

Describe briefly the importance of L for movement

P1-L/Ligament is elastic /tough

P2-Connect between pelvic girdle and femur

P3-Prevent dislocation (of joint during movement)\

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A synovial joint

Name the structure that produces liquid W

Synovial membrane 1 1

Name and state the function Liquid W

Liquid S: synovial fluid

Function :Acts as a lubricant ( which reduces friction between the ends of bones )

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The ends of the two bones are covered by X. What is the main function of X?

F1-X is the cartilage which

F2- cushions the joints// absorbs shock// reduces the friction between the end of

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A synovial joint

What is the function of the structure labelled V?To hold the two bones together and facilitate movements 1 1

Give one example of a pair of bones that has this type of joint.

The hip joint between the femur and the pelvic girdle (or the shoulder joint between the humerus and the pectoral girdle) 1 1

Knee joint

Name the type of joint at XHinge joint 1 1State the characteristic of the type of joint named in (c)Allow movement in one direction /axis/at 180 o

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Ball-and-socket-joints

Name the type of joint F-Shoulder joint 1 1

State the characteristic of the type of joint namedF-allow rotational movement in all direction 1 1

Differences What is the different between the knee joint and the joints on the shoulder/P1-Joints in allow movement t in one plane P2-Joints on the shoulder allow rotational movement in all direction

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Diagram shows a forearm of humans

Explain the similarity and difference between joint S and T

Similarities:

F1-Both Joint s and Joint T has a cavity filled with synovial fluid acts as lubricants to reduce friction between bones absorbs shock of the movement 1


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E1--the end surface of humerus bone of Joints S and Joint T are covered with cartilage

F2-the end surface of the humerus bone of Joint S and Joint T are covered with cartilage

E2-To protect the bone /reduce friction between the bones

F3-Both Joints and T are connected with ligaments

E3-to absorb shock //strengthen the articulation of bines /joints

Differences:

D1-joint s is hinge joint

E4-Joint s allow the movement of bones in one plane direction

D2-Joints T is ball-and –socket joint

E5-Joint T allows rotation movement of bones in all direction

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Differences Diagram 7 shows a forearm of humans

Compare joint S and joint T in diagram5

Criteria

C1-Name of joint

C2-Characteristic of the joints

Similarities:

F1-Both joints and joints T has a cavity filled with synovial fluid //lined with synovial membrane

E1-Which acts lubricant to reduce friction between bones//which secretes synovial fluid into the synovial cavity

F2-the end surface of humerus bone of Joint S and Joint T atr covered with cartilage //strengthened with ligaments

E2-To absorbs shock//reinforce the articulation of bones

Differences:

F3-Joint S is hinge joint while Joint T is ball-and socket joint

E3-Joints S allows the movement of bones in one plane while Joint T allow rotational movement of bones in all directions

E4-Joints S is the point where the distal end of humerous articulates with the ulna and the ulna radius while Joint T is the point where proximal end of humerous articulates with the scapula


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The action of antagonistic muscles

Fill in the blanks with correct answers.


Name the muscle involved in the movement in the

F1-Biceps muscle

F2-triceps muscle

Describe the muscle actions that allow movement in the

P1-The biceps muscle and triceps muscle act antagonistically

P2-to pull the radius bone or ulna bone, and enable the arm to be bent or straightened


BC

B

C

C: ulna

A: radius

D: scapula

B) Biceps muscle, B: B- contracts, while Triceps muscle, C- relaxes

E: Humerus

H: radius

F: Ulna

G)Biceps muscle, B – relaxeswhile Triceps muscle, C - contracts

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(a) Figure shows a human forearm which consist of muscle .bones .tendons and joints

Based on diagram, explain the meaning of antagonistic muscle2

F1-A pair of muscle that work together in opposite direction to allow movement

E1-when triceps muscle contract, biceps muscle relaxes at same time, and the arm is straighten

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(b) Describe the action of muscle, bones tendon and joint which enable the movement of the forearm to bend and to straighten efficiently

P1-When triceps muscle contract, biceps muscle relaxes

P2-Ulna is pull down, the arm is straightened

P3-When biceps muscle contract, triceps muscle relaxes

P4-Ulna is pull up ,the arm is bent at the elbow joint

P5-Tendons which are strong and inelastic fibers attached muscle to the bones

P6-Synovial fluid which fills the space in the joint lubricates the joint to prevent friction when bones move

P7-The cartilage at the articulating surfaces of the serves as a shock absorber to prevent the bones form damage

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(c) Diagram 7 shows a forearm of humans

Describe the straightening and bending of the forearm brought about by the antagonistic action of the muscle labelled as M and N

C1-state the Name of muscle M and N correctly

C2-the action of muscle and the resulting movement sample

F1-M is the biseps and n is the triseps

E1-When the M/biseps contracts,the tendons transmit the pulling force produce by contraction to the radius

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E2-at the same time the N .triceps relaxes resulting in the bending of elbow joint//the forearm moves upwards

E3-When the triceps contracts the tendons transmit the pulling force to ulna

E4-At the same time the biceps relaxes, the forearm is straightened /extended

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(d) Diagram 11.1.3 shows the movement of a human forearm.

Diagram 11.1.3(i) Diagram 11.1.3(ii)

Based on Diagram 11.1.3(i) and Diagram 11.1.3(ii), explain the roles of the muscle, tendons, bones and ligaments in the movement of the forearm.10

P1 – Forearm has two sets of muscles; biceps and triceps

P2 – acts antagonistically

P3 – muscles connected to bone by tendons.

P4 – Bones are held together by ligaments.

P5 – When the biceps contracts, the triceps relaxes.

P6 – Biceps becomes shorter (and thicker), triceps becomes longer (and thinner).

P7 – This exerts a pulling force which transmitted to the radius through the tendons.

P8 – The radius is pulled upward and the fore arm is bent.

P9 – When the triceps contracts, the biceps relaxes.

P10 – The triceps becomes shorter and thicker while the biceps becomes longer and thinner.

P11 – This exerts a pulling force on ulna through tendons.

P12 – The ulna and radius pulled downward, causing the forearm to straighten.

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Muscles Involved in Walking


(a) Figure shows movement activities in a human

Based on figure (i) and (ii) explain how the above movement takes place which involves muscle tendons, bones, ligament, and joint

P1-Tendons ,ligament ,bones muscle and joints are important feature in a movement

P2-Tendons connect muscle to bones

P3-Tendons are strong and non elastic

P4-Force is transfers to bones through tendons

P5-Ligament connect two bones together

P7-to give support and strength to the joint

P8-Ligament is string and elastic

P9-The quadriceps/extensor muscle contract while the biceps femoris muscle relax and the leg is bent

P11-Calf muscle contract to lift up the heels

P12-feet push downward and backward

P13-Repeated contraction and relaxation muscle results in the running movement

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Consequence of impaired musculoskeletal system on support and locomotion

Type of impairment Marking Scheme

Osteoporosis A boy has broken his femur during a sport practice .the doctor suggest to take plenty of dairy product and vitamin .Explain why2

F1-Contains more calcium

E1-for bone formation

F2-Viatmin D

E2-For the absorption of calcium and phosphorus

State one type of mineral that is essential for the strength of this vertebra

calcium/ phosphorus

Explain how the lack of mineral stated in (c)(i) leads to osteoporosis.

osteoporosis // Porous / brittle bone

Suggest one way on how to reduce the risk of this disease.

taking a diet rich in calcium/phosphorus and vitamin D // drink milk, regular exercise (any one)

Arthritis When structure T (cartilage) wear and tear at certain joints. it may cause a person suffer form a painful and stiff knee which restrict daily activities like walking

Name the disease describe in above statement1

Arthritis//osteoarthritis

Name the disease related to the condition in diagram 4.1

Osteoarthritis

Explain the disease you named in (e) (i) 2F-Caritilage wears off and tears offE1-Friciton takes placeE2-Individual feels pain during movement

State one factor that increase the chances an individual to get this disease Age/dief

Suggest one method that can be used to treat the disease in (e)Medication /surgery to replace the damage joints with the artificial ones made of plastic or metal


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(a) Diagram, 4.1 and 4.2 shows two conditions that may occur at joint

Differentiate the condition in Diagram 4.1 and 4.2

the cartilage in diagram 4.1 wear off whereas cartilage in diagram 4.2 is not wear off /synovial membrane in diagram4.2wear off//synovial membrane in diagram 4.2 swollen whereas synovial membrane in diagram 4.1 not swollen

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(b) Joints and the contraction of muscle are very important to allow the movement of organism occurs. Explain why the contraction of muscle needs sufficient blood2

P1-Contraction of muscle need more energy form cell respiration

P2-Need more oxygen and more glucose that transported through blood

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Muscle cramp

Muscle cramp, muscular dystrophy, osteoporosis and arthritis are four health problems related to the musculoskeletal system

F1-caused by involuntary and painful contraction which develop when there is lack of stretching during an exercise

E1-Heat,massage ,rubbing and rest can reduce cramps

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Muscular dystrophy

F2-Caused by mutation in a gene on the X chromosome

E2.1-the mutated gene makes the body unable to produce he protein needed to build and maintain healthy muscle

E2.2Medicine and therapy are provided to show the course of the disease

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Osteoporosis F3-Caused by the reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus into the blood stream si more than the withdrawing of calcium during the formation of bones

E3.1-Prevention beginning form childhood ,with good nutrition and exercise

E3.2-A balance diet including and adequate calcium intake

E3.3-Fall prevention in elderly people

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Arthritis F4-Cause by the exhaustion if cartilage /depletion of synovial fluid and degeneration of synovial membrane at the joint

E4-Certain drug such as colchicines and non –steroidal anti flammatory drugs are used to reduce the pain.

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(a) Diagram 6.3 9a) and 6.3 (b) show two disease that are related to musculoskeletal system

Describe both disease 4 in diagram 6.3 (a)

diagram 6.3 (a)

F1-Type of disease is osteoroposis

E2-Caused by gradual loss of bone density/bone m,ass is reduced

E2-Bone become porous and lighter/easily break /brittle

E3-Occur most often in old people /particulary women who have gone meno pause

E4-This disease can prevented by taking a diet rich in calcium ,phoporous and vitamin D /doing weight bearing exercise

Diagram 6.3 (b)

F1-The disease is arthritis /rheumatoid arthritis

E1-It caused by an inflammation or degeneration of the synovial membrane, bones and cartilage at the joints

E2-cause joint pain /stuffiness and swelling of joints/loss of joint function

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(b) Osteoporosis is a bone disorder. Arthritis cause painful joint

Explain the condition of osteoporosis and arthritis respectively

Osteoporosis

P1-the bone become thinner /more brittle /porous /fragile

P2-Loss of bone mass

P3-Lack of calcium /phosphorous/vitamin D

Arthritis

P4-Cartilage between bones becomes thinner

P5-Ligaments become shorter/loss elasticity

P6-Less production of synovial fluid

P7-The joints become swollen stiff/painful any 4

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The mechanism of locomotion in an earthworm


Knowledge Diagram 2.1 shows the movement of an earthworm

Name two types of muscle that are involved in the movement of an earthworm

P1-Cicular muscle

P2-Longtitudinal muscle

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Explain the function of the liquid found in the worm’s body that allow it to move forward

P1-The fluid in the body acts as a hydrostatic skeleton

P2-to propel its body forward

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Adaptation How these organisms support it? Explain. 4

P1 – Has hydrostatic skeleton

P2 – Body wall consist of outer circular muscle

P3 – (and) inner longitudinal muscle.

P4 – Body cavity is filled with a fluid which is held in compartments.

P5 – The muscles act antagonistically

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Describe the muscle actions that allow movement in the Worm

P1-Longitudinal muscles and circular muscles act antagonistically

P2-to enable its body to shorten and lenghten (alternately)

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Mechanism Explain the muscle action for the forward movement of an earthworm 3

P1-Cicular muscles and longtidinal muscle /both muscle act antagonistically// apair of antagonistic muscle

P2-The contraction of contraction of circular muscles//relaxation of longitudinal muscle

P3-Cause the segment (of the earthworm ) to extend /be longer relaxation of circular muscles

P4-the contraction of longitudinal muscle //the relaxation of circular muscles

P5-Cause the segment (of the earthworm )to shorten /shorter

Any 3

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Mechanism

(Essay)

Diagram 11.1.2 shows the locomotion of earthworm in habitats.

Explain how locomotion in earthworm occurs. 6

P1 – (When earthworm is crawling over a surface), the chaetae in posterior end of the body pushed into the ground to anchor it.

P2 – The muscle in the anterior end of the body contracts, while the longitudinal muscle relaxes.

P3 – (Hence) the anterior end of the body elongates

P4 – The hydrostatic pressure builds up in the body

P5 – The body fluid is pushed backward.

P6 – The chaetae in the posterior end of the body are withdrawn while the chaetae in the anterior end of the body are push into the ground.

P7 – The longitudinal muscle in the anterior end of the body contract, while the circular muscle relax.

P8 – causes the anterior end of the body become short and thick.

P9 – The body fluid flows into the anterior end of the body

P10 – causing the posterior end of the body pulled forward.

P11 – The earthworm moves on the ground by alternately lengthening

and shortening its body, assisted by chaetae.

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C. The mechanism of locomotion in a bird


(a) Diagram 7.2 shows one of the adaptive characteristic found in birds which help in their in locomotion

Based on the diagram 7.2 and on your biological knowledge i how birds are adapted to fly

C1-Name the adaptive characteristic

C2-Explain its function

Adaptive characteristic Function

F1-Bird have hollow bones /small head /no fat in the body

E1-To achieve light weight

F2-The body is streamlined E2-To reduce air resistance/drag (while flying in the air)

F3-Having feather in their tails and wings

E3-To increase the surface area which enables the bird to fly over a long period of time

F4-Having aerofoil wings E4-Which generate the lift for flying though air

F4-Having a pair of antagonistic muscle //pectoralis major and pectoralis

E5-Which enable the bird to flap their wings up and down

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The mechanism of locomotion in a fish


Adaptation diagram shows a fish

State two adaptation of the fish on how to reduce the resistance in water 2

P1-Fish have stream line shapes //the anterior of fish is smooth and rounded/the body is long and tapers towards the end

P2-the body of fish is covered with scales that have a slimy coating

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Diagram 7.1 shows the structure of fish. Diagram 7.1 is a cross section of fish showing Myotomes

Based on both diagram ,Explain how these structures help the fish to move6

P1 Has flexible endoskeleton

P2 Has W shaped muscle block ie myotomes

P3 Contract and relax antagonistically // one side contracts, another side relaxes

P4 Make the tail/ caudal fin to move side by side alternatively

P5 To push the fish forward // control the fish direction

P6 Has sleek and streamlined body shape

P7 Overlapping scale facing backward

P8 To reduce water resistance

P9 Yawing is prevented by having dorsal and ventral fin

P10 Pitching is prevented by having pelvic and pectoral fin

P11 Rolling is prevented by having dorsal and ventral fin

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Adaptation Diagram shows the movement of a fish in water

Explain the adaptation of fish to enable them to move in water

Adaptation Explanation

F1-Fish have streamlined shapes(where the anterior of fish is smooth and rounded .and . the body is long and tapers towards the end)

E1-This will help the fish to reduce water resistance

F2-The skin is covered with scales that have a slimy coating

E2-This will help the fish to reduce friction

F3-Fish have fins E3-helps fish to stabilize and help to move efficient in water

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Mechanism Describe the mechanism of locomotion of fish

P1-The muscles of the fish called myotomes

P2-Myotomes are arranged p\on both sides of the body /anchored to both side of the vertebral

P3-The muscle act antagonistically

P4-When one side of myotomes cantract,the other side of myotomes relax

P5-This causes the body to bend in the direction of the contraction

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Explain the role of body muscle in the mechanism of locomotion 6

P1-Myotomes muscles are arranged on both side of the body

P2-The vertebral column of fish is flexible and can bent form side to sode

P3-Myotomes muscle act antagonistically in fish/carry out opposite action in a fish

P4-when the muscle on right side contract, the muscle on the left side relax

P5-the tail /body will be bent to the right

P6-when the muscle on the left side contract, the muscle on the right side relax

P7-the tail /body will be bent to the leaf

P8-alternate contraction of the right and left myotome back block enables its tails to move left and right

P9-to produce a force that propel the fish forward

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Mechanism Diagram 11.4.1 shows a body structure of a fish.

Explain how coordination of a myotome and fins of a fish contributes to swimming activities in the aquatic habitat.

P1: Myotomes are muscle block

P2: arranged in segments on both sides of the body / vertebral column.

P3: The muscles acts antagonistically / contraction of myotomes on

one side of vertebral column and relaxation of the myotomes on

the other side.

P4: the contraction of myotomes on the right side of the body will bend

the tail to the right // the contraction of myotomes on the left side of

the body will bend the tail to the left.

P5: Alternate contraction of the right and left myotome block causes

the body to bend side to side.

P6: This produces the forward thrust which propel the fish forward

P7: The paired fins and unpaired fin used to maintain the balanced of

body during swimming.

P8: The pectoral fins used to steering and brake.

P9: The pelvic fin are used to prevent diving and rolling movements

P10: Dorsal and ventral fins used to stay on course without yawing.

P11: Tail/caudal fin used to propel the fish.

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The mechanism of locomotion in a bird


Knowledge Diagram shows flight muscle of a bird

Name X and Y

Structure X – Pectoralis major muscle

Structure Y – Tendon 1

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Name two other groups of animal that can fly.

Bats, Insects 1 1

Adaptation Explain why structure X has an abundance of mitochondria 2

F1-Mitochondria generate / produce energy / ATP // Structure X needs a lot of energy

E1-For contraction

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State three body characteristics that enable a bird to fly in air.P1- Insects have wings without bones while birds have wings with bones

P2- The muscles of insects are attached to the exoskeletonP3- The muscle of birds are attached to the endoskeleton

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How does the arrangement of feathers on a bird help it fly in the air?

The feathers are parallel and overlap one another to reduce wind resistance 1 1

Describe the characteristics of bird’s bones that allow the bird to gain elevation in the air.

The bones are hollow; the body is small; the body is shaped like an aerofoil 1 1

State one more feature of the bird that helps it to fly in the air.

very light body 1 1

Function Explain the function of X in locomotion of bird2

P1-X contracts

P2- Create pulling force

P3-To pull the wing downward/down stroke

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Predicting Explain the effect to the locomotion of bird if structure Y is torn 2

P1-(Pulling) force (that created by contraction of muscle) cannot be transferred to the bone.

P2-Bone cannot be pulled downward

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Predicting Explain why the bones of a female bird that lays eggs are more brittle as its age increase

F1-(bird’s) bones mass decrease

E1-As the bones are more porous /lighter

E2-(since it had) lay many eggs

E3-Much calcium /phosphorus /phosphate used in forming the shells of the eggs

E4-Leaving less /little calcium /phosphorus /phosphate used to form (strong )bones //more bone minerals to be lost than deposited //re-absorption of calcium. phosphorus /phosphate into blood stream is more than the withdrawing of calcium (during the formation of bones

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Mechanism Diagram 2.2 shows the arrangement of flight muscle in a bird

Describe the mechanism of locomotion of a bird flying in the air.

P1 – Bird fly by flapping their wings / glidingP2 – The wings of bird is in the shape of aerofoilDuring flying:P3 – (To fly) the pectoralis major contract P4 – The pectoralis minor relax

P5 – The pectoralis muscles are antagonistic muscles

P6 – The wings moving downward and backward

P7 – The air resistance produced as a result of moving wing downward

P8 – provide an upthrust on the wings

P9 – The thrust is transmitted from wings to the coracoids until sternum

P10 – (As result) the whole body is lifted up

P11 – (then) the pectoralis minor contract

P12 – The wings are pulled up

P13 – The air resistance is very low

P14 – The wings are ready to move downward.

During gliding:

P15 – The wings spread (to act as aerofoil)

P16 – The air move faster on the upper of the wings compared to the lower of the wings

P17 – The air pressure is lower in the upper surface than below the wings

P18 – Upward thrust produced enable the birds to glide.

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A bird can fly with its wings.

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Appreciating A Healthy Muscoskeletal System


(a) Impaired musculoskeletal system could cause diseases such as osteoporosis, muscular dystrophy and arthritis.

Discuss how someone could have a healthy musculoskeletal system.

Facts Explanation

F1: Having a well- balanced diet

E1-contain sufficient calcium and phosphorus

E2-Contain sufficient vitamin D

E3-To build strong bones / prevent osteoporosis

F2: Having a good posture

E4-While standing, our body should be erect straight, so that the weight of our body is supported by both our feet.

E5-While sitting, the thorax is vertical/the thigh is comfortable/ almost all muscle relaxed

E6-While walking, our body should be upright and straight

E7-While lying down, use a mattress that is firm so that the body is evenly supported

E8-Bend both knees when lifting heavy object from the floor.

F3: Using proper attire for daily activities

E9-Wearing tight could restrict the movement

E10: Wearing high-heeled shoes could injure the back bone.

F4-Taking appropriate precautions during vigorous activities

E15: Consistent and moderate exercise can increase the bone mass and prevent osteoporosis

E16: Very vigorous activity could results in pain/strain/ dislocation/ Fractures.

F5: practicing correct and safe exercise techniques

E17: Warming up before exercise can raise the temperature of our muscle to enabling them to make more efficient use of energy/

Preventing injuries

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(b) Table shows the lifestyle of two adults X and Y

Individual X Individual Y

Taking too much carbohydrate in his diet Taking a diet rich in calcium ,phosphate,carbohydrate,protein and vitamin D

While sitting backbone and hip are not supported by the back of the chair

Sit upright with the backbone against the back of the chair

Always wear high heels Always ware flat shoes

Wear tight clothes at all times Wear loose and comfortable clothing at all times

Practising extreme sports for long period of time

Always warm up before doing vigorous activities

Based on table:

Which individual practice good life style which leads to a healthy musculoskeletal system

State the factors that affect the musculoskeletal system of the individual chosen and give your reasons 10

Facts Explanation

F1-Having a balance diet is important in maintaining a healthy musculoskeletal system

E1-Because taking a diet rich in calcium ,phosphate and vitamin D can build up strong bone

//can prevent osteoporosis

F2-Having a good posture when sitting E2-Having a good posture will enhance good musculoskeletal system and blood circulatory system

F3-Wearing proper shoes E3-Shoes that fits allow freedom of movement of feet //wearing high heeled shoes may inhibits proper walking posture as the

//body weight is exerted on the front part of the feet

F4-Wearing proper clothes /attire E4-Clothes should not be too tight because tight clothes will restrict our body movement

F5-Taking the appropriate precautions during vigorous activities

E5-shoulds take warm-up exercised and to prevent injuring our muscles

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(c) The musculoskeletal system is important to us to give us support and movement.

Give two ways to maintain a healthy musculoskeletal system2

P1-Have a balanced diet//taking a diet rich in calcium

P2-Have a good posture (when standing,sitting and walking)

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(d)

Justify the above statement and explain how such diseases can be avoided.

P1: (unbalanced diet) such as diet less in calcium /

P2: less in phosphorus could lead

P3: less in vitamin D

P4: unhealthy lifestyle such as consume liquor

P5: Process of ageing such as life after menopause

P6: (could) cause osteoporosis / bone becomes porous/ soft and brittle

P7: (could) cause arthritis / inflammation of the joints.

Way to overcome osteoporosis:

P8: Optimize calcium intake to increase the bone mass

P9: Optimize vitamin D intake to enhance calcium absorption

P10: Exercise regularly to help strengthened the muscle and bone

P11: undergo hormone replacement therapy during menopause to

prevent osteoporosis

Way to overcome gouts:

P12: Reduction of offal and protein in diet

P13: Taking medication to lessen the joint inflammation and to reduce

the level of uric acid in the body.

P14: Less/stop consumption of liquor.

P15: Massage on the surrounding muscles using heat therapy.

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Unbalanced diet, an unhealthy lifestyle and the process of ageing may cause diseases such as osteoporosis and arthritis.

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(a) Figure 3 shows Ramu (A) and Johari (B) adopting two different postures. Examine Figure 3 carefully and then answer the following questions

Define the term posture.

Posture is defined as a way a body is positioned 1 1

(b) What is meant by a correct posture? P1- body shape is in a correction position

P2-the muscles are minimally strectched

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(c) Which student is adopting the correct posture, student A or B

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(d) How can you adopt the correct posture while standing?

P1-When standing, the head must be aligned with the backbone and backsideP2-the shoulder should be arched slightly to the back of the headP3-the body and the sole of the feet should form a straight line

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(e) What is the effect of a bad posture on the human body? Answer this question in terms of:(i) Energy

causes a lot of energy to be wasted when the muscles are working

(ii) Breathing mechanism

P1-prevents proper movement of the chest area and

P2makes breathing difficult

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(f) How can physical exercise help you to adopt the correct posture?

P1-helps to maintain muscle strength

P2-produces good movement and support1

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Supports in Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants

Type of plant Marking scheme Marks

Floating plant

Diagram shows a plants ,water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes ) on the surface of the pond

Figure 4.2(a) shows the cross section of a water hyacinth stem and figure 4.2 (b) shows the cross section of a woody plant.

What is structure P?

P: air sac1 1

Explain how structure P helps the plant in support.

P: to reduce the density of aquatic plant // to keep aquatic plant light 1 1

Describe how woody plant is supported by structure Q in figure 4.2 (b).

P1-able to float

P2-get enough sun light

P3--carry out photosynthesis

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Explain the adaptation of the plants which enables to float water surface // Explain the adaptation of the plant which enable it to float on water surface.

Adaptation Explanation

F1-Large air sacs in the roots /leaves E1-Keep the plant floating on the water surface buoyancy/plant is light /low density

F2-Aerenchyma tissue in the stem /root/leaf

E2-Keep the plant is light /low intensity

F3-Broad leaves which firm and flexible

E3-Resist tearing by wave action

F4-Few vascular tissue found in the middle of the stem

E4-Enable the stem to bend without breaking //xylem tissue are not lignified

F5-stem are large and swollen E5-Increase the air content to help plant to float

F6-Small and fibrous root E6-To trap the air bubbles /gases (help plant to float)

any 2F with 2E

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Woody plants

Name one tissue that provided support to plant in diagram 4.2

Schlerenchyma tissue/xylem tissue 1 1

Like humans and animal, plants also need support. Give one necessity for support in plant

P1-to be in an upright position so their leaves can absorb maximum sunlight

P2for photosynthesis//flower need to be lift for pollination

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Terrestrial plants need support for one main purpose. State the main purpose.To absorb maximum sun light energy for photosynthesis 1 1

Explain how turgidity provides support to in plant in diagram

P1-Turgor pressure of liquid content in the vacuole

P2-Pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall

P3-Creating support for the stem .leaves and roots Any 2P

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Diagram 11.2.2 shows a cross-section of a woody plant stem.

Explain what modifications are found in the tissues of woody plants which giving support to the plants.

Type of tissue Explanation

P1 – Xylem tissues E2– Xylem vessels and tracheids are strengthened with lignin

P2 – Parenchyma tissues E3 – Store starch and sugar and water.E4 – Turgid cells give support to the plant.

P2 – Collenchyma tissues E5 – Walls thickened with cellulose and pectin

P3–Schlerenchyma tissues

E5 – Wall thickened with lignin to provide support

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Woody plants

How plant Q obtain support? Q: it obtains support from the xylem vessels and tracheid (lignin) 1 1Draw the cross section of area XY and label all parts that give support to Q’s stem.

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Explain the differences between P and Q and R referring to the stem condition.P stem is soft because it has no lignin but the stems of Q and R is hard 1 1

By giving one example woody plant and non woody ,explain how the support system in woody plant differ from that of non –woody plantNon-woody plants (herbaceous plants)Example: Balsam plants

P1-(support in herbaceous plants is ) Provided by the turgidity of the parenchyma /collenchymas cells

P2-(when there is enough warm in the ground),the cell take in water by osmosis and become turgid

P3-the turgid pressure of the fluid in the vacuole pushes the cell contents/plasma membrane against the cell wall

P4-Creating support for it stem /root /leaves

P5-the thin thickening die cell walls with cellulose/collenchymas cells gives support to herbaceous plants

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Woody plants:

example :Rambutan tree/hibiscus/any suitable example

P6-woody plants have specialized tissues /scerenchyma tissues/xylem vessels /tracheid.ti gove tehn support

P7-These tissue have cellulose walls which jave deposits of ligin for added strength

P8-Sclerenchyma cells have very thick walls 9which do not provide water to pass through)

P9-(these cells are dead cells and )their function is provide support for the plant

P10-xylem vesels from he woody tissues of the stem

P12-This makes the plant stronger and also provides support for then plant

P13-Tracheid are also dead cells with thick walls and very small

P1-they are found with the xylem vessel and together they support the plants Max10

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TIPS:

Word ‘Classify the plant ’ give answer in aquatic plant//Terrestrial plant


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BIOLOGY Form 5 Chapter 2