NAME_________________________

BIOLOGY BOOT CAMP – EOC REVIEWGoal 1: Learner will develop abilities necessary to understand scientific inquiry.

An experiment was done that measured the Effects of Nitrates on the Growth of Algae. Growth of algae was determined by how well the water transmitted light. The less the light transmission, the greater the algae growth blocking the transmission of light.

1. Looking at the graph below, what conclusions can you draw about algae growth and nitrates in the water?

2. What other data would you like to have?

3. What would you predict would happen if this same data was gathered at the end of week 8?

4. Why do you think that nitrates have this effect on algae growth?

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Organic Molecule Building Block (“monomer”)

Function Examples

Carbohydrates

Amino acids

Long term energy storage; insulation

DNA and RNA

Fill in the following chart about organic molecules (“biomolecules”)

Describe the following nutrient tests:

Nutrient Name of Test Result of Positive testSimple sugar(“monosaccharide”)

Starch(“polysaccharide”)

Lipid

Protein

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Organelles

Cell Part + Letter and/or Number Function

Plasma membrane

Cell wall

Mitochondria

Vacuoles

Chloroplasts

Ribosomes

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Chromatin

Which cell is the plant cell (top or bottom)?

Which structures are found only in the plant cell?

Which structures are found only in the animal cell?

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Use these drawings to complete the first two columns on the next page.

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Put the following in order from smallest (1) to largest (4):

Organ systems Cells Organs Tissues

___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

Below are a variety of cells from the human body.

1. Label these cells (red blood cell, sperm cell, white blood cell, muscle cell, nerve cell)

2. Which cell is adapted for movement? What structure makes this movement possible? Whatorganelle is very plentiful in these cells in order to provide the energy for movement?

3. Which cell has no nucleus? What is the function of this cell?

4. Which cell is involved in the immune system?

5. Which cell is adapted for transmitting messages? What is the direction of these messages? How do the messages get from one cell to the next?

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Homeostasis

This diagram shows many proteins and other molecules embedded in a cell membrane.

1. What is the cell membrane made up of?

2. What are some of the functions of these proteins and other molecules?

3. Why is it described as selectively permeable?

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1. Explain what has happened in the diagramto the left.

2. Why did the large dark molecules NOTmove to the left?

3. How is the semipermeable membrane likea cell membrane?

4. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)?

5. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first?

6. In osmosis, water moves from an area of __________ to an area of _________ concentration.

7. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why?

8. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of ________ to an area of ________ concentration.

9.Draw arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations:

a. Salt inside the cell = 65% and outside the cell 40%.b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%.

11. What is homeostasis?

Comparison of active and passive transport

PASSIVE TRANPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORTRequires energy?

Low to high concentration orhigh to low concentration?

Examples

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Energy

Use the following diagram – label where energy is released and where energy is used. Also use arrows on the lines attached to the circles to indicate if energy is going in or out.

1. What cellular process produces ATP?

2. What is ATP energy used for? Give examples.

3.How do we get energy from ATP?

Label the following molecules in these equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide)

1. Which of the above reactions is photosynthesis?

2. Which of the above reactions is aerobic cellular respiration?

3. Which reaction requires chlorophyll? What is the purpose of the chlorophyll?

4. Which reaction requires light? What is the light used for?

5. Which organisms carry out process A? (circle) Plants / Animals / or Both

6. Which organisms carry out process B? (circle) Plants / Animals / Both

7. Which process uses chloroplasts in eukaryotes?

8. Which process uses mitochondria in eukaryotes?

9. Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

10. Where does aerobic respiration occur in the cell?

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Enzymes

1. What 2 conditions cause enzymes to become denatured (change shape)?

2. Enzymes are types of what organic compound?

3. Why can enzymes be used over and over again?

4. What is the function of enzymes in biological systems? Why are they necessary for all biochemicalreactions?

Protein Synthesis (DNA replication, transcription and translation).

Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix –

_____ _____ _____ ____ _____ _____

1. Circle one nucleotide. What 3 pieces is it made up of?

2. What are the black pentagons? What are the nitrogen bases?

3. Fill in the blanks with the complimentary DNA bases.

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4. If a strand of DNA undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be?

DNA = G A T T A C A G G C

mRNA =

5. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for the section of mRNA in #4.

6. What is a codon?

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7. Compare RNA and DNA in the following table

RNA DNA

Sugar component

Bases

Number of strands

Where is it in the cell?

Function

8. What kinds of bonds hold the amino acids together in the protein that is formed?

9. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?

1)

2)

3)

10. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together between the nitrogen bases?

11. Why is it important that these bonds be weak?

12. What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs?

13. How does this affect the mRNA?

14. How can this affect translation?

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Cell Cycle

1. Look at the diagram above. When does the replication of DNA occur? What is this phase called?

2. What do GI and G2 represent? What occurs during these phases?

3. Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)?

4. Draw four thumbnail sketches of the four stages of mitosis.

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

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MITOSIS / M E I O S I S

MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Sexual or asexual reproduction

Chromosome number of the original cell(1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)Chromosome number of thedaughter cells (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)

Number of cell divisions

Number of cells produced

When does the replication happen?

SOURCES OF VARIATION Yes or No Yes or No

Crossing over

Random assortment ofchromosomes

Gene mutations

Nondisjunction

Fertilization

Growth & Repair

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Label the following stages of mitosis (cell division). Put the letters in order starting with interphase.

MENDELIAN GENETICS

1. In the Punnett square, T = tall and t=short. Give the genotype for the parents.

2. Give the phenotype for the parents.

3. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?

4. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?

5. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

6. Some genes produce intermediate phenotypes. Cross a pure breeding red flower (RR) with a

pure breeding white flower (WW). Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring in the case of incomplete dominance.

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What would the heterozygous phenotype be if the flowers above demonstrated codominance?

Blood type

1. A woman with type A blood has a child with a man with type B blood. Their child has type O blood. Calculate the genotypes of the parents. Show your working out.

2. What are the odds that they will have a child with type O blood again?

3. What are the odds that they will have a child with homozygous type A blood?

4. What are the odds that they will have a child with type AB blood?

Polygenic traits

1. Some traits are considered to be polygenic. What does this mean?

2. What is an example of a polygenic trait in humans?

Sex Chromosomes

1. What are the male sex chromosomes in humans?

2. What are the female sex chromosomes in humans?

3. Colorblindness and hemophilia are sex-linked traits. What chromosome are these genes found on?

The diagram below is a karyotype. What is a karyotype?

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What is the gender of the person whose karyotype is shown to the left?

What is the name of the disorder that this person has?

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Pedigrees

1. Is the inheritance pattern shown by this pedigree dominant or recessive?

2. How do you know?

3. Using A,a, what is the genotype of person II 4.

4. What is the genotype of person I 3?

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Human genome project and applications of biotechnology

1. What were the goals of the human genome project?

2. How will the human genome project be useful in determining whether individuals may carry genes for genetic conditions?

3. How will the human genome project be useful in developing gene therapies?

Below is an electrophoresis gel, showing evidence from a burglary case.

4. Which suspect was present at Crime Scene 1?

5. Which fragment of DNA is the longest? Circle it on the fingerprint.

6. What other ways can DNA fingerprinting be useful?

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EVOLUTION

Discuss the steps in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

1. Populations of organisms have many genetic variations. Where do these come from?

2. Genetic variations lead to different adaptations. What are adaptations?

3. Some adaptations have better survival value in certain environments. What does this mean?

4. Those organisms with adaptations that better fit them to an environment will survive, reproduce and pass on their genes. What does it mean to be “fit” to an environment?

5. The next population will have a high frequency of the genes that have been selected for. Why will the frequency of selected genes increase?

6. When this process continues over millions of years, it can lead to speciation. What is speciation?

7. Describe how a population of bacteria can become resistant to an antibiotic (or an insect to a pesticide) using the steps listed above.

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TAXONOMY

1. What is the currently accepted 6- kingdom system?

2. What is the current eight-level classification system? (D, K, P……..)

3. What is binomial nomenclature?

4. Above is a phylogenetic tree of some organisms. According to this tree, which pairs of organisms are most closely related?

5. Which organism is most closely related to the rayfinned fish?

6. Which organisms are the birds most closely related to?

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Use the following key to identify the tree branch to the left.1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2 b. leaf is broad……… go to 52. a. needles are short ....go to 3 b. needles are long…...go to 43. a. underside of needles green…hemlock b. underside of needles silver ..balsam4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pine b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine5. a. edge of leaf round.go to 6

b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 7 6. a. minty odor…… wintergreen b. no minty odor…..laurel

Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various kingdoms.

Bacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Eukaryoticor

prokaryotic

Multicellularor single

celled

Autotrophicor

heterotrophic

Aerobic oranaerobic

Cell walls orno cell walls

What are some differences between the bacteria and the Archaeabacteria?

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Fill in the following comparison chartAnimal and Fungi Kingdoms share these three characteristics

Plant and Fungi Kingdoms share these characteristics

Plant, Fungi, and Animal Kingdoms all share this characteristic

1

2.

3.

1.

2.

1.

Fill in the chart regarding Kingdom Plantae

Non-vascular Plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Xylem and Phloem?

Seeds or Spores

Water required for reproduction?Examples

Small or tall

Fill in the chart regarding prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Membrane-bound organelles

Ribosomes

Chromosome number and typeNucleus (Yes or No)

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Animal Behavior

Example of Behavior Innate or Learned? Specific type of behavior

Suckling

Insects moving away from or toward light

Geese traveling south in winter

A desert toad burying itself during the dry season

A bear spending the winter in its den

Getting used to the sound of the grandfather clock chiming on the hour

Duckling following it’s mother

Pavlov’s dogs salivating at the bell

Climbing on the counter to reach the cookies

Peacock spreading its tailfeathers

Dog growling at another dog in your yard

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Relationship Definition Example

Mutualism

Commensalism

Parasitism

Predator-Prey

1. In the graph below, which organism is the prey? Which is the predator?

2. Which population increases (or falls) first and why?

3.Which population increases (or falls) second and why?

Biotic and Abiotic Factors

1. List at least 3 biotic factors in an environment.

2. List at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment.

3. Give an example of how biotic and abiotic factors (limiting factors) act together to limit populationgrowth and affect carrying capacity.

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Populations

Graph 1: Rabbits Over Time

1. What kind of growth curve is shown by the graph above? (linear or exponential)

2. What is the carrying capacity for rabbits?

3.During what month were rabbits in exponential growth?

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Graph 2: Mexico and US

1. In Mexico, what percentage of the population is between 0-4 years of age?

2. In the US?

3. Which population is growing the fastest?

4. Which age group has the smallest number in both countries?

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Use this diagram to answer the questions on the next page

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Energy Transfer and Cycles in Nature

Carbon Cycle Diagram (previous page)

1. Which process(es) put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?

2. Which process(es) take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere?

3. Explain the Greenhouse Effect in relationship to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

4. What effect might increased atmospheric carbon dioxide have on the environment?

Food Webs

1. What are the producers in this food web?

2. What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web?

3. What are the secondary consumers in this food web?

4. What are the highest level consumers in this food web?

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5. Create an energy pyramid from the following food chain:

Leaves insects birds red fox bear

6. Where is the most energy in this pyramid? Where is the least energy?

7. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web?

8. Assume there are 10,000 kcal of energy in the leaves? Estimate the amount of energy in each of the other levels of the energy pyramid.

9. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web?

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Human Impact on the Environment

Factor Effect on Environment

Population Size

Population Density

Resource Use

Acid Rain

Habitat Destruction

Introduced non-native species

Pesticide use

Deforestation

1. How do changes in human populations affect populations of other organisms?

2. What effect do volcanoes have on the atmosphere?

3. What are some examples of sustainable practices and stewardship that can protect the environment?

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