Biology 4.4.1 - Respiration

8/17/2019 Biology 4.4.1 - Respiration

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A2 Biology


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INDEX PAGE

THE NEED TO RESPIRE

STRUCTURE OF ATP AND ATP USES

COENZYMES IN RESPIRATION:

• NAD AND COENZYME A

GLYCOLYSIS

ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF PYRUVATE IN AER.RESPIRATION

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OFMITOCHONDRIA

LIN REACTION:

• DECARBOXYLATION OF PYRUVATE TOACETATE

• REDUCATION OF NAD

COMBINATION OF ACETATE AND COENZYMEA

REBS CYCLE

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION:• ELECTRON CARRIERS

•

CHEMIOSMOSIS:• ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN• PROTON GRADIENTS• ATP!SYNTHASE

EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FORCHEMIOSMOSIS

THEORETICAL MAXIMUM YIELD OF ATP

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION:• LO"ER ATP PRODUCTION• MAMMALS AND YEAST

RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATES

ENERGY LEVELS OF PROTEINS# CARBS ANDLIPIDS


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ADENOSINE

TRIPHOSPHATEHEINEMANN BIOLOGY $.%.$

START !! ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE


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ATP

P-o+o*+o+)o(-' li6& 'o& ()o+o1+i'+'# (l*,+' *,0 'o& 4*1+&)i* '& +-& S,@' lig-+&,&)gy +o 'y,+-&'i'& 1o(l&3 o)g*,i1 ol&1l&' +-*+ 1o,+*i, 1-&i1*l (o+&,+i*l &,&)gy.

T-&y# +-& 1o,'&)' *,0 +-& 0&1o(o'&)' *ll )&'(i)& +-&'& ol&1l&' +o )&l&*'& &,&)gy#7-i1- i' '&0 +o (-o'(-o)yl*+& ;*00 i,o)g*,i1 (-o'(-*+& +o< ADP +o 1)&*+& ATP8 +-i'+)*,'/&)' &,&)gy +o +-& ATP ol&1l&.

"-*+ i' ATP *,0 7-*+ *6&' i+ 'o 0*, goo0

-ATP i' 0&'1)i4&0 *' * -ig-!&,&)gy i,+&)&0i*+& 1o(o,0#&*,i,g +-*+ i' '+o)&' * lo+ o/ 1-&i1*l (o+&,+i*l &,&)gy#

- i+ 1*, 4& -y0)oly'&0 +o )&l&*'& . 6>ol o/ &,&)gy# 'o i+()o5i0&' '*ll *,*g&*4l& =*,+i+i&' o/ &,&)gy /o) 1&ll'#

- '*ll (*16&+' o/ &,&)gy &*,' li++l& i' 7*'+&0#

-ATP i' /o)&0 o/ * (-o'(-o)yl*+&0 ,1l&o+i0&8 *0&,o'i, *

)i4o'& 'g*) *,0 +-)&& (-o'(-*+& ;(-o'(-o)yl< g)o('#- i+ i' 0&'1)i4&0 *' +-& ,i5&)'*l &,&)gy 1))&,1y.

R&'(i)*+io, o11)' i, *,y '*ll '+*g&'# 7i+- +-& &,&)gy )&l&*'&0 *+ &*1- 4&i,g '&0 +o 9oi, ADP *,0 Pi ;(-o'(-*+&


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ATP AND RESPIRATION

HEINEMANN $.%.$ UESTIONS

$.O+li,& +-& &,&)gy +)*,'/o)*+io,' +-*+ o11) i, )&?i&' *' +-&y '& +-&i) /oo0 *' *,&,&)gy 'o)1& /o) 4ioli,&'1&,1&

T-& 1o(l&3 o)g*,i1 ol&1l&' i, +-& )&?y@' /oo0 7ill 1o,+*i, '+o)&0 1-&i1*l &,&)gy+-*+ i' )&l&*'&0 7-&, +-&'& ol&1l&' *)& )&'(i)&0. T-i' &,&)gy i' +-&, '&0 +o(-o'(-o)yl*+& ADP i,+o ATP# 7-i1- 1*, 4& '&0 i, 4ioli,&'1&,+ )&*1+io,'.

2.ATP i' * ,1l&i1 *1i0>,1l&o+i0& 0&)i5*+ 4+ i' i+ 0&)i5&0 /)o DNA o) RNA...ATP 7ill 4& 0&)i5&0 /)o RNA *' +-& 'g*) ()&'&,+ i' )i4o'& *,0 ,o+ 0&o3y)i4o'&.

.D&1i0& 7-&+-&) &*1- o/ +-& /ollo7i,g *)& *,*4oli1 o) 1*+*4oli1*< 'y,+-&'i' o/ '(i,0l& i1)o+4&' 0)i,g i+o'i' ANABOLICJ4< 0ig&'+io, o/ '+*)1- +o *l+o'& CATABOLICJ1< /o)*+io, o/ i,'li, i, +-& 1&ll' o/ +-& (*,1)&*' ANABOLICJ0< 1o,5&)'io, o/ gly1og&, +o gl1o'& i, +-& li5&) 1&ll' CATABOLICJ&< 0ig&'+io, o/ * (*+-og&, i,'i0& * (-*goly'o'o& i,'i0& * *1)o(-*g& CATABOLICJ


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COENZYMES8 NAD

AND CoAHEINEMANN BIOLOGY $.%.2

START !! COENZYMES


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OUTLINE OF RESPIRATION

GLYCOLYSISGLUCOSE PYRUVATE

LACTATEFERMENTATION

ETHANOLFERMENTATION

LIN REACTIONPYRUVATE ACETYL

CoA

OXIDATIVEPHOSPHORYLATION

REBSCYCLE

AEROBIC

ANAEROBIC

LACTATE

ETHANOLK CO2

CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE


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COENZYMES

Gly1oly'i' i' *, *,1i&,+ 4io1-&i1*l &1-*,i' +-*+ '(li+' * '&3 1*)4o, gl1o'& 'g*)i,+o +7o ol&1l&' o/ (y)5*+& ;C


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MITOCHONDRION

ULTRASTRUCTUREHEINEMANN BIOLOGY $.%.%

START !! MITOCHONDRIONULTRASTRUCTURE


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STRUCTURE OF A MITOCHONDRION

"& *ll 6,o7 +-*+ i+o1-o,0)i* *)& +-& 4&*,!'-*(&0 o)g*,&ll& 7i+- '=iggl&' i, i+ 7-&,7& '&& i+ ,0&) * i1)o'1o( 4+ i+ )&*lly i' * 1o(l&3 *,0 l+i!/,1+io,*l (i&1& o/ 6i+.

T-& o)g*,&ll& i+'&l/ -*' +7o &4)*,&'8 *, i,,&) *,0 *, o+&)# +-*+ +og&+-&) *6& (+-& &,5&lo(&. S*,07i1-&0 i, 4y +-i' &,5&lo(& i' +-& i,+&)&4)*,& '(*1&. T-& l*)g& g&lli6& i,,&) o/ +-& o)g*,&ll& i' 1*ll&0 +-& *+)i3 *,0 i' &,1lo'&0 &,+i)&ly 4y +-& i,,&)&4)*, i+ 1o,+*i,' ()o+&i,'# li(i0'# &,y&'# )i4o'o&' *,0 loo(&0 i+o1-o,0)io,DNA. T-& li,&!li6& ()o9&1+io,' 5i'i4l& ,0&) * lig-+ i1)o'1o(& *)& &3*(l&' o/ +-& 1)i'+*&

+-*+ *)& /o)&0 +-)og- +-& &lo,g*+io, o/ +-& i,,&) &4)*, *' +o 1)&*+& * l*)g&)')/*1& *)&*.

I, ,4&)'# i+o1-o,0)i* *)& *4o+ . ! $. 7i0& *,0 *4o+ 2 ! lo,g# +-og-1*, 4& ( +o $ . C&ll' +-*+ *)& goi,g +o 4& 'i,g * lo+ o)& &,&)gy# o) &5&, 9'+ 'i+&'7i+-i, * 1&ll +-*+ *)& ,&*) *)&*' o/ -ig- ATP 0&*,0# 7ill -*5& *,y i+o1-o,0)i*. Fo)&3*(l * 'y,*('& i, * ,&)5& 1&ll -*' *,y i+o1-o,0)i*. T-& 1&ll' +-*+ *)& o)&

&+*4oli1*lly *1+i5& 7ill -*5& ,o+ o,ly o)& i+o1-o,0)i*# 4+ 0&,'&) o,&' *' 7&ll. T-i'i' 'o +-*+ +-&i) i,+&)&4)*,& '(*1& 1*, -o'& o)& &l&1+)o, +)*,'(o)+ 1-*i,' *,0 ATP'y,+-*'&. "-&, 7& +*l6 *4o+ +-&'& o)g*,&ll&' 4&i,g i, * 1&)+*i, (o'i+io,# +-&y -*5&4&&, o5&0 +-&)& 4y +-& i1)o+4l& o+o)' o/ +-& 1y+o'6&l&+o,# 4+ *' &,+io,&04&/o) 1&ll' li6& **li*, li5&) 1&ll' 7ill 1o,+*i, ( +o 2 i+o1-o,0)i* ;2 o/ +-&1&ll 5ol&< *,0 'o i1)o+4l& o+o)' (l*y l&'' o/ * )ol& -&)&.


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STRUCTURE ! DIAGRAMMATICALLY


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STRUCTURE TO FUNCTION

T-& *+)i3 o/ * i+o1-o,0)io, i' 7&ll *0*(+&0 /o) i+@' /,1+io,8 i+ 1o,+*i,' * )i1- 4)o+- o/*ll +-& ,&1&''*)y 1o(o,&,+' /o) +-& Li,6 R&*1+io, *,0 )&4' 1y1l&. T-i' &*,' +-*+ i'1o,+*i,'8 &,y&' +-*+ 1*+*ly'& &*1- '+&(# +-& 1o&,y& NAD# o3*lo*1&+*+& 7-i1-*11&(+' *1&+*+& /)o +-& Li,6 R&*1+io,# i+o1-o,0)i*l )i4o'o&' ;'*& *' ()o6*)yo+i1<*,0 *l'o i+o1-o,0)i*l DNA +-*+ 1o0&' /o) ()o+&i,' *,0 &,y&'.

T-& i,,&) &4)*,& i' *l'o 5&)y 7&ll *0*(+&0. I+ -*' * 0i&)&,+ 1o(o'i+io, +o +-& o+&)&4)*,& *,0 *' '1-# i' i(&)&*4l& +o '*ll io,'# li6& H io,'. T-i' i(&)&*4ly&*,' +-*+ * ()o+o, g)*0i&,+ 1*, 4& '&+ ( *' * 'o)1& o/ (o+&,+i*l &,&)gy. T-& l*)g&')/*1& *)&* o/ +-& /ol0&0 1)i'+*& 1o4i,&0 7i+- +-& ()&'&,1& o/ ,&)o' &l&1+)o,1*))i&)' *,0 ATP 'y,+-*'& &,y&' &*,' +-*+ +-i' o)g*,&ll& i' 1*(*4l& o/ ()o01i,g *lo+ o/ ATP.

"-&, 7& '*y Q&l&1+)o, 1*))i&)' 7-*+ 7& &*, *)&8 * '&)i&' o/ o3i0o)&01+*'& &,y&'

7i+- * ,o,!()o+&i, 1o/*1+o) ;i, +-i' 1*'&8 -*&< +-*+ *llo7' +-& +)*,'(o)+ o/ &l&1+)o,' 5i** 1-*i, &1-*,i'. T-& -*& ;F&< g)o( 1*, *11&(+ *, &l&1+)o, +o 4&1o& )&01&0*,0 +-&, 0o,*+& i+ +o +-& ,&3+ 1*))i&) +o 4&1o& o3i0i'&0. So& o/ +-&'& &,y&' *l'o-*5& * 1o&,y& +-*+ 7ill (( ()o+o,' ;H io,'< i,+o +-& i,+&)&4)*,& '(*1& 'i,g+-& &,&)gy 1)&*+&0 /)o +-& (*''*g& o/ &l&1+)o,'# 'o +-*+ * ()o+o, g)*0i&,+ 1*, 4&&'+*4li'-&0 *,0 *i,+*i,&0# *' * 'o)1& o/ (o+&,+i*l &,&)gy. T-& ATP 'y,+-*'& &,y&''& +-& ()o+o, g)*0i&,+ +o (-o'(-o)yl*+& ADP i,+o ATP. T-& l*)g& -&*0(i&1& ()o+)0&'

i,+o +-& *+)i3 o/ +-& o)g*,&ll 7-il'+ +-& 4*'& (i&1& 'i+' i, +-& i,,&) &4)*,&. T-&/o)1& o/ +-& ()o+o,' o5i,g +-)og- +-& &,y& ;5i* 1-&io'o'i'< 1*'&' +-& -&*0 +o


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ATP SYNTHASE ! DIAGRAMMATICALLY

INTERMEMBRANESPACE

MATRIX

STATO

R

INTERMEMBRANESPACE

MATRIX

STATO

R


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THE RESPIRATION

PATH"AYHEINEMANN BIOLOGY $.%.# $.%.# $.%.#$.%. AND $.%.

START !! THE RESPIRATION PATH"AY


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GLYCOLYSIS STEP!BY!STEP

O11))i,g i, +-& 1y+o(l*' o/ *ll li5i,g 1&ll' +-*+ )&'(i)& ;+-&)&/o)& &6*)yo+&' *,0 ()o6*)yo+&'


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LIN REACTION>REBS CYCLE

T-& /,1+io, o/ +-& li,6 )&*1+io, i' +o 1o,5&)+ (y)5*+& i,+o *1&+*+& /o) +-& )&4' 1y1l&. T-i' -*((&,' 5i* +-& *1+io, o/ +-& &,y&'8 (y)5*+& 0&-y0)og&,*'& *,0 (y)5*+&0&1*)4o3yl*'&. T-& -y)0og&, +-*+ i' '+)i((&0 /)o +-& (y)5*+& i' *11&(+&0 4y NAD# 'o+-*+ i+ 4&1o&' )&01&0 ;NADH< *,0 +-& 1*)4o3yl g)o(' )&o5&0 &5&,+*lly 4&1o&1*)4o, 0io3i0&. T-& *1&+*+& i' 1*))i&0 +o +-& ,&3+ '+*g& 5i* CoA# 7-i1- *11&(+' +-&*1&+*+& +o 4&1o& A1&+yl CoA.

2Py)5*+& K 2NADK K2CoA 2CO K 2NADH K 2A1&+yl CoA

I, +-& )&4' 1y1l +-& *1&+*+& i' oo*0&0 /)o +-& CoA *,0 1o4i,&' 7i+- o3*lo*1&+*+&+o /o) * C ;'i3 1*)4o,< 1o(o,0# Ci+)*+&. T-i' 1o(o,0 i' +-&, 0&-y0)og&,*+&0 *,00&1*)4o3yl*+&0# ()o01i,g 1*)4o, 0io3i0& *,0 *,0 )&01&0 NAD. T-& )&'l+*,+ C1o(o,0 i' +-& 0&-y0)og&,*+&0 *,0 0&1*)4o3yl*+&0 *g*i,# gi5i,g o *,o+-&) 1*)4o,0io3i0& *,0 *,o+-&) )&01&0 NAD *,0 * %C 1o(o,0 +-*+ +-&, i' 1-*,g&0 i,+o *,o+-&)

%C# (-o'(-o)yl*+i,g ADP i, +-& ()o1&''. A/+&) +-i' '4'+)*+&!l&5&l (-o'(-o)yl*+io,# +-& %C1o(o,0 i' 0&-y0)og&,*+&0 ;+-i' +i& )&01i,g FAD< *,0 +-&, *g*i, ;)&01i,g NAD< +o)&g&,&)*+& +-& o3*lo*1&+*+&.

A' gl1o'& ()o01&' +7o ol&1l&' o/ (y)5*+& 7-i1- *)& 1o,5&)+&0 +o +7o ol&1l&' o/*1&+*+ &*1- ol&1l& o/ gl1o'& '&,0' +7o ol&1l&' o/ *1&+*+& )o,0 +-& 1y1l&.


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LIN REACTION>REBS CYCLE

Fo) &*1- ol&1l& o/ gl1o'& '&0 ;+7o +),' o/ +-& )&4' 1y1l&


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OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

T-& ,*l '+*g& o/ )&'(i)*+io, i' +-& +)*,'(o)+ o/ &l&1+)o,' i, +-& &l&1+)o, +)*,'(o)+ 1-*i,#* ()o1&'' +-*+ o11)' i, +-& i,,&) i+o1-o,0)i*l &4)*,&. R&01&0 1o&,y&' NAD*,0 FAD ()&'&,+ i, +-& *+)i3 *)& ()&'&,+ i, +-&i) )&01&0 '+*+& 0& +o * '-,+&1-*,i' +-*+ +)*,'(o)+' +-& -y0)og&, *1)o'' +-& i,,&) &4)*, 7-i1- i' o+-&)7i'&i(&)&*4l& +o +-&. NAD 0o,*+&' i+' -y0)og&, *+o' +o +-& )'+ 1*))i&) i, +-& 1-*i,#1o(l&3 I>NAD 0&-y0)og&,*' 7-&)& +-&y@)& '(li+ i,+o ()o+o,' *,0 &l&1+)o,'. T-&()o+o,' &,+&) +-& *+)i3# 7-&)& +-&y *)& ((&0 5i* *''o1i*+&0 1o&,y&' i,+o +-&

i,+&)!&4)*,& '(*1 7-&)& * ()o+o,>(H>&l&1+)o1-&i1*l g)*0i&,+ 4il0' ( *' * 'o)1&o/ (o+&,+i*l &,&)gy. FAD i,(+' i+@' -y0)og&, /)+-&) 0o7, +-& 1-*i, +-*, NAD *' i+ -*' *-ig-&) *W,i+y /o) +-& -y0)og&, +-*, NAD.

T-& ()o+o,' i, +-& IM '(*1& 1*, o,ly 0i'& 4*16 i,+o +-& *+)i3 5i* 1-*,,&l' *''o1i*+&07i+- ATP 'y,+-*'& &,y&'8 +-i' ?o7 i' 1*ll&0 1-&io'o'i'.

O3i0*+i5& (-o'(-o)yl*+io, i' 'i(ly +-& (-o'(-o)yl*+io, o/ ADP i, +-& ()&'&,1& o/o3yg&,. A' +-& ,*l &l&1+)o, *11&(+o) i, +-& 1-*i,# o3yg&, 1o4i,&' 7i+- /o) &l&1+)o,'*,0 /o) -y0)og&, io,' +o 4&1o& )&01&0 +o /o) 7*+&). T-& o5&&,+ o/ 'o& o/+-&'& -y0)og&, io,' +-)og- +-& ATP*'& 0)i5&' +-& )o+*+io, (*)+ o/ +-& &,y 9oi,i,gADP *,0 Pi.


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NET>THEORETICAL ATP PRODUCTION

So +o '*)i' 7& '-ol0 +-&o)&+i1*lly -*5& ol&1l&' o/ ATP *+ +-& &,0 o/ o,& /ll1y1l& /o) o,& ol&1l& o/ gl1o'&8 /o) /)o '4'+)*+&!l&5&l (-o'(-o)yl*+io, i, gly1oly'i'*,0 +-& )&4' 1y1l 2 /)o o3i0*+i5& (-o'(-o)yl*+io, ;NAD


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ANAEROBIC

RESPIRATIONHEINEMANN BIOLOGY $.%.

START !! ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION


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ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS

"i+-o+ o3yg&,# +-& li,6 )&*1+io,# )&4' 1y1l& *,0 &l&1+)o, +)*,'(o)+ 1-*i, 1*,,o+ o11)8i+ i' o,ly +-& )'+ '+*g& o/ )&'(i)*+io,# gly1oly'i'# +-*+ i' *4l& +o 0o /,1+io, *,*&)o4i1*lly.

T7o ol&1l&' o/ ATP *)& ()o01&0 (&) ol&1l& o/ gl1o'& 0)i,g '4'+)*+&!l&5&l(-o'(-o)yl*+io, i, +-i' '+*g *,0 'o i+ 1*,,o+ 4& '&0 /o) * ''+*i,&0 (&)io0 o/ +i& *'i+ i' -i0&o'ly i,&W1i&,+ *,0 ()ii+i5 4+ i+ 1*, 4& &,og- 0)i,g (&)io0' o/ -ig- ATP0&*,0 *,0 o3yg&, 0&1i+.

I, o)0&) /o) gly1oly'i' +o 6&&( ()o5i0i,g ATP 5i* '.l.(# +-& NAD +-*+ i' )&01&0 0)i,g +-&()o1&'' '+ 4& )&o3i0i'&0# 7-i1- i' 0o,& 0i&)&,+ly 0&(&,0i,g (o, 7-&+-&) yo@)& *y&*'+ 1&ll# o) * **l. Y&*'+ '& +-& ()o1&'' o/ *l1o-ol>&+-*,ol /&)&,+*+io,# 7-&)&*'7& '& l*1+*+& /&)&,+*+io,.


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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN YEAST

Al1o-oli1 /&)&,+*+io, 1o,'i'+' o/ +7o 'i(l& '+&('. T-& )'+ i' +-& 0&1*)4o3yl*+io, o/(y)5*+& +o ()o01& &+-*,*l# 7-i1- i' 1*+*ly'&0 4y * +y(& o/ (y)5*+& 0&1*)4o3yl*'&7i+- * +-i*i,& 0i(-o'(-*+& 1o&,y& *++*1-&0 ;,o+ /o,0 i, **l'


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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN MAMMALS

L*1+*+& /&)&,+*+io, i' * /*) o)& &W1i&,+ *,0 &&1+i5& &+-o0 o/ *,*&)o4i1 )&'(i)*+io, *' i+ gi5&' *()o01+ +-*+ -*' 0i)&1+ /)+-&) '&. T-& ()o1&''# li6& 7i+- y&*'+# '+*)+' o 7i+- (y)5*+ 4+ 'i(lyi,5ol5&' i+@' )&01+io, +o l*1+*+&. T-i' )&*1+io, i' 1*+*ly'&0 4y +-& &,y& l*1+*+& 0&-y0)og&,*' *'(y)5*+& 0i)&1+ly *11&(+' -y0)og&, *+o' /)o +-& )&01&0 NAD# )&o3i0i'i,g +-& NAD *,0 4&1oi,gl*1+*+&.

T-i' l*1+*+&>l*1+i1 *1i0 i' +-&, +)*,'(o)+&0 *7*y i, +-& 4loo0 +o +-& li5&)# 7-&)& i+ 1*, &i+-&)8 4& '+o)&0/o) l*+&) 1o,5&)'io, +o (y)5*+& ;7-&, +-& o3yg&, 0&1i+ i' 0&*l+ 7i+-< o) i+ 1*, 4& )&1y1l&0 i,+o gl1o'&*,0 gly1og&,. M'1l& /*+ig& i' ,o+ 1*'&0 4y * 4il0 ( o/ l*1+*+& i, +-& '1l&'# *' ()o+&i, 4&)' i,+-& 4loo0 (l*'* ()&5&,+ '*ll 1-*,g&' o/ (H /)o ')/*1i,g. I+ i'# '(&1i1*lly# +-& )&01+io, o/ (H i,+-& '1l&' +-*+ )&01&' &,y& *1+i5i+y# 'o i, +-i' 1*' +-& 4&)' 7ill ,o+ -*5& 4&&, &,og- +o)&'+o)& +-& (H.


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RESPIRATORY

SUBSTRATESHEINEMANN BIOLOGY $.%.

START !! RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATES


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DIFFERENT FORMS ! PROTEINS

ACETYL CoA

PYRUVATE THREONINE# GLYCINE#

SERINE# CYSTINE# TRYPTOPHAN

LYSINE# TRYPTOPHAN#LEUCINE# ISOLEUCINE

GLUTAMIC ACID#PROLINE# HISTIDINE#

ARGININE

PHENYLALANINE# TYROSINE

THIS DIAGRAM SHO"S THE AMINOACIDS

AND THE POINTS AT "HICH THEYENTER THE

LIN>REBS CYCLE

THE NUMBER OF HYDROGENATOMS PER MOLE OF AMINOACID THAT REDUCE NAD ANDARE THEN USED IN OXIDATIVE

PHOSPHORYLATION ARESLIGHTLY HIGHER THAN "ITH

GLUCOSE ANDCARBOHYDRATES# SO THEYGIVE FRACTIONALLY MORE

ENERGY


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Biology 4.4.1 - Respiration