Cellular Respiration Chapter 3.6 Human Biology

Respiration in animals

Cellular Respiration• The animal cell takes carbohydrates and oxygen and converts them to

ATP and releases carbon dioxide, releases Water.• The reaction occurs in the mitochondria

Aerobic Respiration• C6H12O6 + O2 32-36ATP + CO2 + H2O

Mitochondria – What does more surface area provide for the mitochondria?Activity: fold paper into a tube. Fold second paper in fan and place inside tube.

Endosymbiosis• Mitochondria may have evolved to live inside a eukaryote• Evidence shows Mitochondria have their own circular DNA just like

Bacteria have. This DNA is different than the Nuclear DNA in our cells.

Enzymes and Coenzymes• Enzymes are proteins shaped like puzzle pieces, that speed up

reactions, but are not destroyed in the reaction.• Coenzymes are nonprotein molecules that help an enzyme or

contribute electrons to the reaction. • Vitamins are part of Coenzymes.

• Niacin is part of NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) which carries electrons.

• Blood transports glucose and oxygen to the cell

Cellular respiration

Breakdown of Sugar (Glycolysis)Glucose uses 2 ATP’s to break into 2 PGAL, & Pyruvic Acid outside Mitochondria. Makes 2 ATP net.

http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/GB%201%20cell%20resp.htm

http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/June/luckyman.asp

• Hans Krebs discovered the Urea cycle in 1932. He was barred from practicing Medicine in Nazi Germany in 1933 being a Jew, so he emigrated to England. He worked at Cambridge then University of Sheffield where he discovered the Citric Acid Cycle in the 1950’s.• Awarded Nobel Prize 1953.

Citric Acid cycle (Kreb’s Cycle)Pyruvic acid is changed into CO2 which leaves the cell.Coenzyme A & NAD+ take off a Hydrogen to make Acetyl Coenzyme A.

Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle)Acetyl-Coenzyme A is converted to a 6-carbon Citric acid, removes Hydrogen to NADH, removes CO2, makes FADH2, makes 2 ATP

Electron transport chainNADH & FADH produce 26-30 ATP’s in membrane of mitochondria

Electron transport chain• Electrons are passed down 9 proteins

• Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), made from Riboflavin (Vitamin B2).• Iron-Sulfur Protein

• Ubiquinone • Cytochrome B

• Iron-Sulfur Protein• Cytochrome C1

• Cytochrome C• Cytochrome A• Cytochrome A3

• they are collected by Oxygen, which bonds with Hydrogen and makes Water

Flavin mononucleotide (has a Phosphate added to Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

• Riboflavin

Fermentation• Alcohol Fermentation-Yeast and some bacteria make this.• Pyruvate converted to Ethyl alcohol(ethanol) using ATP & NADH to 2

Pyruvates, release CO2 and make 2 Acetaldehyde. NADH adds an H to make 2 Ethanol (fuel from Corn)

Fermentation• When no oxygen is present the cell makes ATP and produces either

lactic acid or alcohol.• Lactic Acid Fermentation- when your muscles ache.• Glucose converts to 2 Pyruvates and 2 ATP.• NADH & ATP convert Pyruvates to Lactic Acid• Fungi, Bacteria make Cheese, Yogurt, Sour Cream

Video explaining the process