BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS LINN: A · section as well as respective tables for summarization of data as follows. 3. Literature review 3.1. Plant description The

www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 9, 2019.

Mahanthesh et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

400

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS LINN: A

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Mahanthesh M. C.*1, Manjappa A. S.

2, Sherikar A. S.

3, Disouza J. I.

4 and Shinde M. V.

5

Department of Pharmacognosy1, Department of Pharmaceutics

2,4, Department of

Pharmaceutical Chemistry3,5

Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, 416 113, Maharashtra, India.

ABSTRACT

Cassia occidentalis L. (Kasamardah), Negro coffee, Family

leguminose, is an erect, perennial plant and have traditional practice, as

well as wide Phytochemicals and having diverse biological activities,

known to possess antiallergic, antibacterial, antidote for poison, blood

purifier, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic,

psoriasis, melanoblast cell line leprosy and hepatoprotective activity.

Chemicals including achrosin, aloeemodin, cassia occidentanol I,

cassia occidentanol II, emodin, anthraquinones, anthrones, apigenin,

aurantiobtusin, campesterol, cassiollin, chryso-obtusin, chrysophanic

acid, chrysarobin, chrysophanol, chrysoeriol. The presented review

summarizes the botany, ethnopharmacologyquery, phytochemistry,

biological activity and toxicity of the Cassia occidentalis plant. It is accomplished that,

research on Cassia occidentalis suggests an enormous biological potential of this plant in

terms of research during the last few years, it is strongly believed that detailed information as

presented in this review on the phytochemical and various biological properties of the

extracts might provide detailed evidence for the use of this plant in different medicines.

KEYWORDS: Pharmacological activity, Phytochemicals, toxicity study and

ethanomedicinal uses.

1. INTRODUCTION

The worldwide current trend towards the utilization of natural plant remedies has created an

enormous need for information about the properties and uses of medicinal plants

World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 8.074

Volume 8, Issue 9, 400-417. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105

Article Received on

07 June 2019,

Revised on 27 June 2019,

Accepted on 17 July 2019,

DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20199-15430

*Corresponding Author

Dr. Mahanthesh M. C.

Department of

Pharmacognosy, Tatyasaheb

Kore College of Pharmacy,

Warananagar, 416 113,

Maharashtra, India.



401

(www.organicfacts.net) and even through, the centuries, people have used the complex

properties found in plants to treat medical ailments (www.studiampress.in).

Human beings are not sufficiently aware that natural products drug discovery is important for

new generations as a tool for their health care. We know that for the major lethal diseases,

there are no truly effective drug treatments. In addition, drug resistance to existing

chemotherapeutic regimens for fungal and bacterial infections, AIDS, cancer, and malaria is

increasing. Because of the challenges for health care in the future, this is the call for decision-

makers, governments, international agencies, and pharmaceutical companies to commit to the

sustainable development of natural products as medicinal agents, particularly in developing

countries (http.sustainnabledevelpoment.un, org).

Modern pharmacological studies revealed that the Cassia occidentalis has several biological

activities such as blood purifier; expectorant, liver disease was studied (Jeri et al., 1999). And

in Unani system of medicine melanoblast cell line was reported(Sumathy et al., 2011),

traditional medicine anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant(Sreejith et al.,2010), the

relaxant(Ajagbonna et al., 2010) , anti-nociceptive activity(Sini et al., 2010) and skin diseases

like psoriasis; leprosy(Sathya et al., 2012) in antifungal, anti-diabetic was showed (Prabh et

al., 2011), hepato-protective(Uzzi and Grillo 2013). The hepatomyoencephalopathy in

children (Vashishtha et al., 2007) and hypolipidemic, antioxidant and antiatherosclerogenic

was reported (Fidèle et al., 2017).

In this study, traditional plants in ancient times as well as its current usage in different

population of the world. Although the progressive research work and literature report is on

the way for Cassia occidentalis, till date no review article with accurate information

regarding reported ethanobotanical, ethanobiological and phytochemical studies as well as

folklore use is available. In order to accomplish the mentioned goal, current review aim to

assess different aspects ie ethanobotanical, ethanopharmacological and phytochemical of

Cassia occidentalis, with regard to its folklore use along with current research work carried

out on the plant so for.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The databases used for literature ie Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct,

Springer Link, Sci Finder and PubMed. The terminologies used in the review articles consists

of Keywords such as Ethnomedicinal, Ethnobotanical, Ethopharmacological, Phytochemical,



402

Pharmacological, Antimalarial, Antidipresent, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidant,

Cytotoxicity, Neuroprotective, Glycosides, Flavonoids, and Alkaloids. The review reports

every aspect of plant including folk uses, surveys of ethanobotanical, ethno medicinal and

ethno pharmacological uses.

The literature searched is categorized under headings with detail explanation under individual

section as well as respective tables for summarization of data as follows.

3. Literature review

3.1. Plant description

The plant Cassia occidentalis a common weed, a diffuse offensively odorous undersharb,

subglabrous braches, leaflets 3-5 pairs flowers yellow, fruits cylindrical or compressed,

transversly septate glabrous pods containing 20-30 seeds (Arya Vaidya Sala 1994). The

whole plant as well as leaves flower, fruit are shown in [Fig1 respectively]. The Taxonomy

shown in [Table1] and plant brief description of Cassia occidentalis is as below.

Fig-01: Cassia occidentalis whole plant representing different parts of the plant.

Table 01: Taxonomy of Cassia occidentalis.

Cassia occidentali

Kingdom Plantae

Subkingdom Tracheobionta

Division Tracheophyta

Class Magnoliopsida

SubClass Rosidae

Order Fabales

Family Leguminose

Genus Cassia

Species Occidentalis

Botanical Name Cassia occidentalis

Synonym Senna occidentalis



403

3.2. Plant

The plant is an eract tropical annual herb with leathery compound leaves growing up to 6 feet

tall. The seed pads are dark brown and curve slightly upword; the seeds are olive brown and

flattened on both ends. The seeds, which are in long pods, can be roasted and made into

coffee like drink.

3.3. Leaves

Leaves are alternate, even pinnately compound, each one with 4–6 pairs of nearly sessile,

opposite leaflets, with a fetid smell when crushed, each leaflet 4–6 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide,

ovate or oblong, lanceolate with a pointed tip and fine white hairs on the margin. The rachis

has a large, ovoid, shining, dark purple gland at the base. Stipules are 5–10 mm long, often

leaving an oblique scar. Inflorescence is a compound of axillary and terminal racemes.

3.4. Flower

The flower is perfect, 2 cm long with 5 yellowish green sepals with distinct red veins and 5

yellow petals.

3.5. Fruits

The fruit is a dry, dehiscent, transversely partitioned, faintly recurved, laterally compressed,

sickle shaped legume (pod), 7–12 cm long, 8–10 mm wide, with rounded tip and containing

25–50 seeds. Seeds are oval shaped, 3.5–4.5 mm wide, flattened; pale to dark brown, slightly

shiny, smooth and with a round pointed tip (Roy et al., 1997; Long and Lakela 1976).

3.2. Geographical distribution

This species is widely scattered from Himalayas to the Westbengal, South India, Burma and

Ceylon(www.bioinfo.bisr.res.in) and found throughout India, up to an altitude of 1.500 mt

(Nadkarni 2005). Coffee senna grows throughout the tropics and subtropics including United

States from Texas to Iowa eastward, Africa, Asia and Australia (Khare 2007; Liogier 1998).

Growing abundantly on wastelands immediately after the rains.

3.2.1. Vernacular names

The Cassia occidentali is know with different common names and these synonym are vary

from one area, languages or district to the other as Chumhettet in Thailand (Stevens et al.,

2001). Barkichakor, Chilmile, Panwar and Tulo tapre in Nepals (Peter Hanelt et al., 1996).

Bricho, Brusca, Frijolillo, Guanina, Fihaari, Dirjinni in Spain and Somalia. Moshabela moha,



404

Tsinyembane, Umnwanda nyoka in South Africa (Kee and Walter 1999). Inglatiang, Msalafu,

Mnubobundo, Mnika Uvunda, Mwingajini, Mrumbuzi, Mrambazi, Mbukomaviin Kenya

respectively (Anals Fac Farm Porto 1965).

Negro coffee in english, Kasaumdi in hindi, Ponnavirm in Malayalam, Kasamardah in

sanskrit and Kasinda in telugu(Arya Vaidya Sala 1994).

3.2.2. Ethano medicinal uses (http://www.rain-tree.com/fedegosa)

Ethano medicinal uses of different countries was shown in table 02

Table-02: Ethano medicinal uses of Cassia occidentalis.

Regions Ethano Medicinal Use

India

Abscesses, bites (scorpion), constipation, diabetes, edema, fever, inflammation,

itch, liver diseases, liver support, rheumatism, ringworm, scabies, skin diseases,

snakebite, wounds

Africa

Abscesses, bile complaints, birth control, bronchitis, bruises, cataracts,

childbirth, constipation, dysentery, edema, erysipelas, eye infections, fainting,

fever, gonorrhea, guinea worms, headache, hematuria, hemorrhages (pregnancy),

hernia, increasing perspiration, inflammation, itch, jaundice, kidney infections,

leprosy, malaria, pain (kidney), menstrual disorders, rheumatism, ringworms,

scabies, skin diseases, skin parasites, sore throat, stomach ulcers, stomachache,

swelling, syphilis, tetanus, worms, water retention, wounds

Brazil

Anemia, constipation, edema, fatigue, fever, gonorrhea, liver disorders, malaria,

menstrual disorders, skin problems, tuberculosis, urinary disorders, water

retention, weakness

Central

America

Abortions, antifungal, athlete's foot, birth control, constipation, diarrhea, fungal

infections, headache, menstrual disorders, menstrual pain, pain, respiratory

infections, ringworm, spasms, uterine pain, urinary tract infections, urinary

insufficiency, worms

Mexico

Chills, digestive sluggishness, dyspepsia, earache, eczema, edema, fatigue, fever,

headache, inflammation (skin), laxative, leprosy, nausea, pain, rash, rheumatism,

ringworms, skin problems, sores, stomachache, swelling, tumors, ulcers,

venereal disease, water retention, worms, yellow fever

Panama Colic, inflammation, spasms, stomach problems, worms, and as an antiseptic

Haiti

Acne, asthma, burns, colic, constipation, dropsy, eye infections, gonorrhea,

headache, malaria, rheumatism, skin rashes and infections, and to increase

perspiration

Amazonia For abdominal pain, birth control, bile insufficiency and malaria

Peru for asthma, bronchitis, fever and urinary insufficiency

3.2.3. Phytochemistry

The phytochemicals isolation from Cassia occidentalis yielded different com-pounds, most

of which are reported for the first time and belongs to the class of glycosides. The main plant

chemicals in Cassia occidentalis include: achrosin, aloe-emodin, emodin was reported



405

(Anton et al., 1968) and similarly in another study, anthraquinones, anthrones, apigenin,

aurantiobtusin, campesterol, cassiollin, chryso-obtusin, chrysophanic acid, chrysarobin,

chrysophanol [Table-3] (Kudav and Kulkarni 1974). Ferol, lignoceric acid, linoleic acid,

linolenic acid, mannitol, mannopyranosyl, matteucinol, obtusifolin, obtusin, oleic acid,

physcion, quercetin, rhamnosides, rhein, rubrofusarin, sitosterols, tannins, and xanthorine was

showed (Chukwujekwu et al., 2016). In another study of phytochemicals of Cassia

occidentalis reveals that the nature and amount of phytochemicals vary according to climate.

For example stems, leaves and the root bark of the plant from Ivory Coast, Africa contain

small amount of saponins, no alkaloids, sterols, triterpenes, quinines, tannins and flavonoids.

However, a large amount of alkaloids were found in the stem, leaves and fruits from Ethiopia

(Smolenski et al., 1975). [Table 2].

Ararabinol isolated from the whole plant of Cassia occidentalis.ie bisanthraquinone has two

methoxyls instead of two methyls present in ararabinol (Sastry et al., 2011). and α L

arbinopyranoside, β D xylopyranoside and also β D galactopyranoside it was reported (Yadav

and Satnami 2011). Two pigments like 7-methyl physcin, 7-methyltorosachrysone[Table -3]

(Takahashi et al., 1976). In further investigation, new flavonoid compound cassioccidentalins

A, B and C(Kitanaka and Takido1992), and Isolation of cassiollin from Cassia occidentalis

(Ginde et al., 1970) [Table-3].



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Table 03: Reported Phytochemicals of Cassia occidentalis.

(A) Rhein (B) Aloe emodin

(C) Chrysophenol (D) Emodin

(E) Physcin (F) Occidentol I

(G) Occidentol II (H) 4, 4 5, 5 tetrahydroxy 2, 2, methoxy 9, 9

bianthraquinone

(I) α-L arabino pyranoside (J) β-D xylopyranoside

O

O

HHOOC

OH OH

O

O

HHOH2C

OH OHO

O

HH3C

OH OH

O

O

OHH3C

OH OH

O

O

HH3C

OH OH

OH OH O

CH3

OH

CH3

H

OHOHO

H

CH3

CH3

H

OH OH O

CH3

OH

CH3

H

OHOHO

H

CH3

CH3

CH3

OH O OH

OCH3

OCH3

OHOOH

CH3CH3

O

OOH

OH

O

OOH

OH

OH

OH

OH



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(K) β-D galactopyranoside

(L) Cassiaoccidentalis A, B and C

(A-R1& R

2=H, R

3=Rha. B-R

1=H, R

2=OH,

R3=Rha and C-R

1=CH3, R

2=OH, R

3=Rha)

(M) 7-methyl physcin (N) 7-methyltorosachrysone

(O) Cassiollin

4. Pharmacological activities

4.1 Antimicrobial activity

Cassia occidentalis leaf extracts obtained in different solvents showed high antimicrobial

activity on E. coli at concentration between 900–1000 mg. However, E. coli was found to be

most susceptible to a hexane extract at concentration ranges between 500–1000 mg but there

was no antimicrobial activity exhibited against other tested microorganisms (Pseudomonas

multocida, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella pyogenes, Salmonella

pneumoniae) was reported (Saganuwan et al 2006) and in another study, examined leaf, seed

and pod for their antifungal acivity of fungi candida albicans, Aspergillus calvatus and

Aspergillus niger, different plants parts in terms of Minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC)

ranged between 200-1000 µg/ml, the extracts performed as good as or better than standard

drugs Nystatin and Greseofulvine with exception of activity of leaf extract against aspergilla

was studied(Vipul and Anjan 2011).

O

OOH

OH

OH

OH

CH3

O

O

O

OR3

CH3

OH

OH

OH O

R2

OR1

H

OH CH3 OH

O

CH3

CH3CH3

OH CH3 OH

H

OHCH3

CH3

CH3

CH2

OH

CH3

COOMe

OH



408

Few observations have demonstrated that, different organic and aqueous extracts of leaves of

Cassia occidentalis L were screened for their antimicrobial activity against seven human

pathogenic bacterial and two fungal strains by disk diffusion assay ie P. aeruginosa, K.

pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, E. coli, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and fungus C. albicans, among

these extracts, methanol and aqueous extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity

against most of the tested microbes. The most susceptible microorganism was P. aeruginosa

(18mm zone of inhibition in aqueous extract) followed by P. mirabilis (15 mm zone of

inhibition in methanol extract) and Candida albicans (8 mm zone of inhibition in methanol

extract (Vedpriya et al., 2010).

The antibacterial activities of Cassia occidentalis were screened against Escherichia coli,

Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudimonas

aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi using agar well diffusion method at various concentrations

(80-360 mg/ml).

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using serial dilution method,

while minimum bacterialcidal concentration (MBC) by plating various dilution of extract.

The significant antibacterial activities with MIC in the range of 160 mg/ml- 280 mg/ml, MBC

in range of 160 mg/ml – 320 mg/ml, The extract show the sensitive organisms were S. aureus

and P. aeruginosa while K. pneumonia show some degree of resistances compared to other

organisms tested was reported (Ndarubu et al., 2016).

4.2 Central Nervous system depressant

The leaf ethanol extract of Senna occidentalis possess CNS depressant effect was showed

(Ukwubile et al., 2017).

4.3 Anti-inflammatory activity

In another study, the methanolic extract of the leaves of Cassia italica was investigated for its

anti inflammatory activity in animal models. The extract at different doses used showed good

anti inflammatory activity which has been done significantly, by the formation of oedema

induced by carrageenan and formalin(Sermakkani and Thangapandian 2013) and the leaves

of Cassia occidentalis Linn obtained by cold extraction of mixture of equal proportions of

petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol was chosen for pharmacological screening. In rat

paw edema model induced by carrageenan, the extract at the 400 mg/kg dose level showed

36.68% (p<0.001) inhibition of edema volume at the end of 4h. In the acetic acid-induced



409

writhing test, the extract at the 200 and 400 mg/kg dose level showed 39.9% and 52.4%

inhibition of writhing, respectively (Kanakam et al., 2013).

4.4 Anticonvulsant activity The chloroform extract of whole plant of Cassia occidentalis

Linn has remarkable anticonvulsant activity against MES and PTZ induced convulsion was

studied (Mahanthesh and Jalalpure 2016).

4.5 Anti diabetics’ activity

In further investigation, Aqueous extract of Cassia occidentalis produced a significant

reduction in fasting blood glucose levels in the normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats

(Laxmi Verma et al., 2010) and the leaf extract at different doses and times following in

normal and diabetic mice significantly reduced the blood glucose level to normal in diabetic

mice was studied(Onakpa et al., 2012),

animal group treated with 400mg/kgbwt of

Cassia.occidentalis root extract and this did not differ significantly from that of metformin-

treated rats. The present study shows that the extract has hypoglycaemic potential and is able

to correct the dyslipidemia associated with hyperglycaemia. This finding scientifically proves

its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes was reported (Garba et al., 2015)

and further more methanol fraction of plant leaves (COLMF) was tested against

streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Histopathological examination showed that COLMF

extract protected the pancreatic tissue from STZ-induced damage (Emmanuel et al., 2010).

4.6. Nephroprotective activity

The nephroprotective activity of the 70% hydroalcoholic extract of Cassia occidentalis Linn

was tested against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The degree of protection was

determined by estimating urinary creatinine, urinary glucose, urinary sodium, urinary

potassium, blood urea, serum creatinine levels and body weight of the animals. The In-vivo

antioxidant activity was determined by estimating the tissue levels of GSH, SOD, catalase

and lipid peroxidation. The results suggested that HACO possess nephroprotective activity

against gentamicin induced kidney damage was studied (Gowrisri et al., 2012).

4.7. Antitrypanosomal activity

Similarly in another study, in vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomal effects of the ethanol extract

of Senna occidentalis leaf were investigated. The crude extract exhibited an in vitro activity

against Trypanosomabrucei brucei as it completely eliminated parasites’ motility within 10



410

minutes post incubation with 6.66 mg/ml of effective extract concentration was

showed(Ibrahim et al., 2010).

4.8. Myostimulant effect

It was observed that leaves of Cassia occidentalis shows myostimulant effect and is

characterized by the increase of the rhythm and the amplitude of isolated intestine muscle

(Mea Arsene et al., 2017).

4.9. Cytotoxicity activity

In a follow up study, in vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial properties of plant via alcoholic,

hydro-alcoholic, and aqueous extracts against eight human cancer cell lines from six different

tissues and four bacterial strains. It was observed that aqueous extract had more potential than

hydro-alcoholic and alcoholic extracts against HCT-15, SW-620, PC-3, MCF-7, SiHa, and

OVCAR-5 human cancer cell lines at 100, 30, and 10 μg was studied (Madhulika and Ajit

2010) and in another study the hydroalcoholic extract of seeds on clonidine induced mast cell

degradation has been studied and is compared with the effect of oral administration of

Sodium cromoglycate as standard on rats. A clonidine resulted in mast cell degradation.

Extract of the seeds significantly increased the percentage protection against mast cell

degradation and is capable with protected in mast cell degradation is observed (Patel et al.,

2017).

4.10. Antipyretic and antioxidant activity

Furthermore observation based on antipyretic and antioxidant activity of Methanolic seed

extract of plant by different in-vitro models and evaluated as per standard procedure. Finally,

antipyretic (Brewer’s Yeast Pyrexia model) and antioxidant activity (DPPH and Hydrogen

Pyrode Method) was evaluated by adopting different methods(Vijay et al., 2017) and also

observed that, antioxidant potency of sequential organic and aqueous leaf extracts of Cassia

occidentalis was investigated, employing various model in vitro systems, such as nitric oxide

scavenging (NOS) activity, carotene–linoleic acid model system, hydroxyl radical scavenging

(HRS) activity, reducing power, metal chelating activity (MCA) and superoxide radical

scavenging (SRS) activity(Vedpriya et al., 2011).

The antioxidant activity of Cassia occidentalis was assessed by monitoring the levels of lipid

peroxides, antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase,

glutathione-Stransferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and non-enzymic antioxidants



411

like reduced glutathione, vitamin-C, vitamin-E, cereloplasmin and uric acid in the liver

tissues the ethanolic extract significantly prevented was reported(Ravi kumar and Abbulu

2011) and in another study, the diuretic and antioxidant properties of aqueous extract of plant

leaves was studied (Fidèle et al., 2015).

4.11. Toxicological studies

In few observations have demonstrated that, effects of oral sub-acute administration of plant

during pregnancy in female Wistar rats was studied (Yadav et al., 2010) and in similarly

another study a pre-clinical safety evaluation of hydroalcoholic extract of stem and leaf of the

plant, male and female wistar rats, acute or subacute administration of extract is not toxic in

both male and female wistar rats and suggesting a safety use by humans(Mirtes et al., 2011).

4.12. Other activity

It was observed that hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic activity of the plant(Ntchapda et

al., 2017) and in similarly another study, mineral and proximate composition of plant leaf

was studied (Aja et al., 2017). It was reported anti-nociceptive activity(Sini et al., 2010).

In a

follow up study the wound healing property of methanolic crude extract of Cassia

occidentalis leaves and pure compound chyrophenol is isolated, from it was evaluate in

excision, incision and dead space wound models and it was found to possess significant

wound healing property(Saba Shafeen et al., 2012) and acute toxicity and diuretic activity of

ethanolic extract of extract (200 & 400mg/kg b.w, p.o) was evaluated on wistar strain albino

rats the activity was compared with furosemide was studied(Mittal Arun et al., 2011).

In another study the methanolic extract of Cassia occidentalis roots and its antitussive

activity in rats by sulpherdioxide induced caugh refelex method and it showed significant

antitussive activity which was compared with that of codeine phosphate was reported(Mittal

Arun et al., 2011).

5. CONCLUSION

The scientific research on Cassia occidentalis suggests an enormous biological potential of

this plant in terms of research during the last few years, it is strongly believed that detailed

information as presented in this review on the phytochemical and various biological

properties of the extracts might provide detailed evidence for the use of this plant in different

medicines. The phytochemical variations and efficacy of the medicinal values of plant is

dependent on ecological locations and seasons.



412

Roasted seeds of this plant are very commonly used by local people of Haryana as a coffee

substitute and in curing several diseases. In Africa Cassia occidentalis used as folk medicine

for childbirth.

Furthermore, there is a demand to standardize the toxic properties, proper identification,

processing and removal of harmful properties and utilized to prepare superior medicine.

The crude extracts, fractions, sub-fractions as well as isolated compounds from Cassia

occidentalis along with phytochemical, biological and toxicological studies confirm the role

of these plants in its folkloric uses.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are thankful to Management, Shree Warana Vibhag Shikshan Mandal, and Principal,

Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar for their continuous support in carrying

out this project.

Conflict of Interest: Authors have no conflict of interest.

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Documents

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS LINN: A · section as well as respective tables for summarization of data as follows. 3. Literature review 3.1. Plant description The