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Economics of Human Systems IntegrationKevin Liu, S.M. in Technology and Policy (expected in 2010)
Advisors: Dr. Donna Rhodes, Dr. Ricardo Valerdi
© 2009 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Motivation
Applying COSYSMO to HSI
What is Human Systems Integration? Case Study:Pratt & Whitney F119 Engine
Problem
60s 70s 80s 90s
SE/PM costs as % of total cost are increasing
8%10%
11%
16%
Procurement
O&MRDT&E
MilPers
SE/PM Costs
Human Systems Integration (HSI) is “the collection of interdisciplinary technical and management processes for integrating human considerations within and across all system elements.”
HSI differs from related fields such as Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Human-Centered Design in that HSI specifically addresses human-related issues within systems engineering.
costs
0“do nothing” “do something” “do everything”
1
costs of negativeoutcomes (B)
HSI costs (A)
total costs(C=A+B)
Optimum HSI
Hypothesis: Human systems integration effort can be estimated as a function of systems engineering effort. Using the number and complexity of a system’s requirements and interfaces to estimate systems engineering and human systems integration effort is more effective than using existing approaches.Research Questions1. How can we determine the “right” amount of effort to invest in HSI?2. How much does HSI effort eventually cost?3. How does HSI fit into the larger systems engineering picture?
Major Recent UAS
Existing Estimation Methods
- Research shows SE/PM costs increasing- HSI considered subset of SE/PM
- Some systems, SE/PM >25% of RDT&Eand Procurement- In order for HSI to make a difference in life cycle cost, program managers must be able to justify initial investment.
- Powers F-22 Raptor- 70-80% Improvement in shop visit rates- 75% fewer C-141 loads for support- Faster maintenance, reduced tools, designed for male & female maintainers
Takeaways: The driving factor responsible for the F119’s successful application of HSI was the requirements established by the Air Force very early on in the system’s development. Although there was no formal group or program designated as “HSI” at P&W, its existing engineering groups covered almost all nine domains. P&W used systems engineering processes to integrate all domains, resulting in an excellent example of HSI practice.
Data from Historical Systems
Estimate of SE/PM as
Ratio of Total
“Rule of Thumb”
Factors influencing Estimate
Expert opinionTechnology Changes
Aircraft Weight# Units
Hours, total engineering development
Types of Estimation1. Analogy2. Expert Opinion3. Heuristic/Rule-of-Thumb4. Parametric
Shortcomings of Existing MethodsAdvanced cost estimation techniques typically focus on other system costs, not
SE/PM or HSI specifically. SE/PM & HSI are then estimated by rule-of-thumb. Existing parametric models do not adequately address systems engineering cost drivers in their cost estimating relationships (CERs)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
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450
HSI
}}}
<-“easy”
<-“nominal”
<-“hard” “easy”
“nominal”
“hard”
Human Interfaces
# Requirements
HSI combines 9 domains of systems engineering early in the acquisition process. Decisions made in these stages can have large impacts on eventual life cycle cost. Since all acquisitions programs seek to maximize capability while minimizing cost, amethodology for estimating the cost of HSI is needed that can be applied as early as possible during system acquisition.
COSYSMOSE
Effort
Calibration
Effort Multipliers
- Application factors-8 factors
- Team factors-6 factors
- Schedule driver
Size Drivers# Requirements# Interfaces# Scenarios# Algorithms
+3 Volatility Factors
General Form
Human factors. Human factors engineering principles such as specified in MIL-STD-1472shall be employed in each XXX system solution (Threshold = Objective).
HSI-Specific
This research is generously supported by the Air Force Human Systems Integration Office
Effort
BiographyKevin received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy in May, 2008. He is currently a 2ndLt. in the U.S. Marine Corps. He has worked at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab (JHUAPL), and at the Air Force Human Systems Integration Office (AFHSIO)[email protected]
Related PublicationsLiu, K.K., Valerdi, R., and Rhodes, D.H., "Cost Drivers of Human Systems
Integration: A Systems Engineering Perspective," 7th Conference on Systems Engineering Research, Loughborough University, UK, April 2009.
Liu, K.K., Valerdi, R., and Rhodes, D.H., "Economics of Human Systems Integration: The Pratt & Whitney F119 Engine," ASNE HSIS 2009, Annapolis, MD, March 2009.
