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The AtomThe Atom
Smallest unit of an Smallest unit of an ________________________
Three particlesThree particles– Protons (___ charge)Protons (___ charge)– Neutrons (__ charge)Neutrons (__ charge)– Electrons (__ charge)Electrons (__ charge)
_________ contains _________ contains protons and protons and neutronsneutrons
ElementsElements Pure substance Pure substance
consisting of only consisting of only one type of one type of ______________________
Listed in the Listed in the ______________________________
Atoms of each Atoms of each element differ by element differ by the # of ___________the # of ___________
IsotopesIsotopes
Atoms of an Atoms of an element with element with different number of different number of ____________________
Atomic # is the Atomic # is the _____; mass # is _____; mass # is __________________
Most have same Most have same chemical chemical propertiesproperties
Radioactive IsotopesRadioactive Isotopes
Uses of radioactive isotopesUses of radioactive isotopes– Dating of rocks and fossilsDating of rocks and fossils– Treating cancerTreating cancer– Killing bacteria on foodKilling bacteria on food– Trace movements of substances within Trace movements of substances within
the bodythe body
Chemical CompoundsChemical Compounds
Substance of two or more ________ in Substance of two or more ________ in definite proportionsdefinite proportions
__________ chemical properties than __________ chemical properties than the original elementsthe original elements
Compound composition given in Compound composition given in chemical formulachemical formula– Examples: ______________Examples: ______________
Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions
Breaking and forming ________________Breaking and forming ________________ _______- original elements or compounds _______- original elements or compounds _______- ending elements or compounds_______- ending elements or compounds
Monomer vs PolymerMonomer vs Polymer
___________- basic repeating building ___________- basic repeating building blockblock
_________- two monomers connected _________- two monomers connected togethertogether
_________- many monomers _________- many monomers connected togetherconnected together
Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis
Building larger molecules from smaller ones Building larger molecules from smaller ones (requires energy)(requires energy)
Monomer Monomer → → PolymerPolymer
HydrolysisHydrolysis
Break down large molecules into smaller Break down large molecules into smaller ones (releases energy)ones (releases energy)
Polymer Polymer → → MonomerMonomer
What is So Special About What is So Special About Carbon?Carbon?
Carbon can bond with ______ other Carbon can bond with ______ other atomsatoms
Creates a great variety of different Creates a great variety of different compoundscompounds
Can for complex molecules including Can for complex molecules including ____________________________________________________
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Made of C, H, and O in a _________ ratioMade of C, H, and O in a _________ ratio MonomersMonomers
– Monosaccharide Monosaccharide – Examples: _______________________Examples: _______________________
DimersDimers– DisaccharidesDisaccharides– Examples: _______________________Examples: _______________________
PolymersPolymers– PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides– Examples: _________________________Examples: _________________________
Uses for CarbohydratesUses for Carbohydrates
Provide ________ for body functionsProvide ________ for body functions
Used to build nucleic acidsUsed to build nucleic acids
Other ____________ functionsOther ____________ functions
Tests for CarbohydratesTests for Carbohydrates
Benedict’s Test for ________ sugarsBenedict’s Test for ________ sugars
Iodine Test for __________ SugarsIodine Test for __________ Sugars
LipidsLipids Made of C, H, and O (phospholipids have Made of C, H, and O (phospholipids have
P)P) Triglyceride Triglyceride
– 1 Glycerol, 3 Fatty Acid Chains1 Glycerol, 3 Fatty Acid Chains– Examples: _______________________Examples: _______________________
PhospholipidPhospholipid– 1 Glycerol, 2 Fatty Acid Chains1 Glycerol, 2 Fatty Acid Chains– Example: __________________________Example: __________________________
SteroidSteroid– 4 Carbon ring structure4 Carbon ring structure– Example: ____________________________Example: ____________________________
Uses for LipidsUses for Lipids
___________ source___________ source
Padding and insulationPadding and insulation
Structural Structural
______________________________
Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid Made of C, H, O, N and PMade of C, H, O, N and P Monomer- ___________Monomer- ___________ DNADNA
– Sugar- DeoxyriboseSugar- Deoxyribose– Nitrogen Bases- _________Nitrogen Bases- _________
RNARNA– Sugar- RiboseSugar- Ribose– Nitrogen Bases- __________Nitrogen Bases- __________
Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogen Base
DNA NUCLEOTIDE
= Phosphate = Deoxyribose
= Adenine
= Guanine
= Thymine
= Cytosine
Purines Pyrimidines
ProteinProtein
Made of C, H, O, S, and NMade of C, H, O, S, and N Monomer Monomer
– ___________(20 found in body)___________(20 found in body) Polymer Polymer
– ____________________________– Amino Acids are held together by Amino Acids are held together by
peptide bondpeptide bond
Uses for ProteinsUses for Proteins
Structural Structural
____________________________
TransportTransport
______________________________
Energy of ReactionsEnergy of Reactions
Reaction TypesReaction Types– Energy _____________Energy _____________
Rxn is spontaneous (does not mean fast)Rxn is spontaneous (does not mean fast) Activation energy- energy needed to get the rxn Activation energy- energy needed to get the rxn
startedstarted At end of the rxn, energy released into environmentAt end of the rxn, energy released into environment
– Energy _____________Energy _____________ Rxn is not spontaneousRxn is not spontaneous _____________ energy- energy needed to get the rxn _____________ energy- energy needed to get the rxn
startedstarted At end of the rxn, energy absorbed from environmentAt end of the rxn, energy absorbed from environment
EnzymesEnzymes
__________ for rxn (speeds it up)__________ for rxn (speeds it up) ___________ (reactant) enters active site of ___________ (reactant) enters active site of
enzyme to form enzyme-substrate enzyme to form enzyme-substrate complex; after rxn product leavescomplex; after rxn product leaves
Enzyme is unchangedEnzyme is unchanged
Action of EnzymesAction of Enzymes
Speeds up rxn by Speeds up rxn by __________________________________________________________________
Enzyme Reaction RatesEnzyme Reaction Rates
Rates can be affected byRates can be affected by
– ________________________________
– ________________________
– ________________________________________
pH ScalepH Scale
Scale measuring amount Scale measuring amount of ______(really Hof ______(really H33OO++))
Ranges from _______Ranges from _______ Below 7- _______Below 7- _______
– Higher HHigher H++
Above 7- _______Above 7- _______– Higher OHHigher OH--
7- ________7- ________– Equal numbers of bothEqual numbers of both