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WaterWaterInorganicOne of the most
important compounds for living things
Polar covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules
InorganicOne of the most
important compounds for living things
Polar covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules
6 Unique Properties of H2O6 Unique Properties of H2O
1. Universal Solvent2. High Surface Tension3. Capillary Action4. Resistance to Temperature
Change5. High Heat of Vaporization6. Freezing
1. Universal Solvent2. High Surface Tension3. Capillary Action4. Resistance to Temperature
Change5. High Heat of Vaporization6. Freezing
CarbonCompounds
include
that consist of
which contain
that consist of that consist of that consist of
which contain which contain which contain
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides
Glucose Fructose
GeneralFormula =CnH2nOn
Isomers: same molecular formula,different structural formula
Both are C6H12O6
Formation of a DisaccharideFormation of a Disaccharide
Glucose: C6H12O6
+Fructose: C6H12O6
- H2O________
Sucrose: C12H22O11
Enzymes are CatalystsEnzymes are Catalysts
Catalysts: substances that speed up chemical reactions without being affected by the reactions themselves.
Enzyme: a protein that increases the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy.
Catalysts: substances that speed up chemical reactions without being affected by the reactions themselves.
Enzyme: a protein that increases the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy.
Enzymes lower AEEnzymes lower AE
Activation Energy: the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Activation Energy: the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Enzyme-Substrate SpecificityEnzyme-Substrate Specificity
Substrate: molecule on which an enzyme actsAn enzyme binds to a substrate and
stresses the bonds of that molecule in a way that makes a reaction more likely to occur.
The key to an enzyme’s activity is its shape.Active Site: location on an enzyme where
the substrate bindsEach substrate can only bind to one
enzyme.
Substrate: molecule on which an enzyme actsAn enzyme binds to a substrate and
stresses the bonds of that molecule in a way that makes a reaction more likely to occur.
The key to an enzyme’s activity is its shape.Active Site: location on an enzyme where
the substrate bindsEach substrate can only bind to one
enzyme.
DenaturationDenaturationEnzymes become denatured
when exposed to high temperatures or adverse pH.
How do enzymes become denatured?
Enzymes become denatured when exposed to high temperatures or adverse pH.
How do enzymes become denatured?