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Basic ChemistryBasic Chemistry
Biochemistry: Essentials for Biochemistry: Essentials for LifeLife
Organic compoundsOrganic compounds– Contain carbonContain carbon– Most are covalently bondedMost are covalently bonded
– Example: CExample: C66HH1212OO66 (glucose) (glucose)
Inorganic compoundsInorganic compounds– Lack carbonLack carbon– Tend to be simpler compoundsTend to be simpler compounds
– Example: HExample: H22O (water)O (water)
Important Inorganic Important Inorganic CompoundsCompounds
WaterWater– Most abundant inorganic compoundMost abundant inorganic compound– Vital propertiesVital properties
High heat capacityHigh heat capacity Polarity/solvent propertiesPolarity/solvent properties Chemical reactivityChemical reactivity CushioningCushioning
Important Inorganic Important Inorganic CompoundsCompounds
SaltsSalts– Easily dissociate into ions in the Easily dissociate into ions in the
presence of waterpresence of water– Vital to many body functionsVital to many body functions– Include electrolytes which conduct Include electrolytes which conduct
electrical currentselectrical currents
Dissociation of a Salt in Dissociation of a Salt in WaterWater
Figure 2.11
Important Inorganic Important Inorganic CompoundsCompounds
AcidsAcids– Release hydrogen ions (HRelease hydrogen ions (H++))– Are proton donorsAre proton donors
BasesBases– Release hydroxyl ions (OHRelease hydroxyl ions (OH––))– Are proton acceptorsAre proton acceptors
Neutralization reactionNeutralization reaction– Acids and bases react to form water and a Acids and bases react to form water and a
saltsalt
Figure 2.12
pHpH
Measures relative Measures relative concentration of concentration of hydrogen ionshydrogen ions– pH 7 = neutralpH 7 = neutral– pH below 7 = acidicpH below 7 = acidic– pH above 7 = basicpH above 7 = basic– Buffers—chemicals Buffers—chemicals
that can regulate that can regulate pH changepH change
Important Organic Important Organic CompoundsCompounds
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates– Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenContain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen– Include sugars and starchesInclude sugars and starches– Classified according to sizeClassified according to size
Monosaccharides—simple sugarsMonosaccharides—simple sugars Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined by Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined by
dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis Polysaccharides—long-branching chains of Polysaccharides—long-branching chains of
linked simple sugarslinked simple sugars
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Figure 2.13a–b
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Figure 2.13c
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Figure 2.14
Important Organic Important Organic CompoundsCompounds
LipidsLipids– Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenContain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygenCarbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
– Insoluble in waterInsoluble in water
LipidsLipids
Common lipids in the human bodyCommon lipids in the human body– Neutral fats (triglycerides)Neutral fats (triglycerides)
Found in fat depositsFound in fat deposits Composed of fatty acids and glycerolComposed of fatty acids and glycerol Source of stored energySource of stored energy
LipidsLipids
Figure 2.15a
LipidsLipids
Common lipids in the human body Common lipids in the human body (continued)(continued)– PhospholipidsPhospholipids
Form cell membranesForm cell membranes
– SteroidsSteroids Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and
some hormonessome hormones
LipidsLipids
Figure 2.15b
Figure 2.15c
LipidsLipids
CholesterolCholesterol– The basis for all steroids made in the The basis for all steroids made in the
bodybody
Important Organic Important Organic CompoundsCompounds
ProteinsProteins– Made of amino acidsMade of amino acids
Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfurand sometimes sulfur
Figure 2.16
ProteinsProteins
Account for over half of the body’s Account for over half of the body’s organic matterorganic matter– Provide for construction materials for Provide for construction materials for
body tissuesbody tissues– Play a vital role in cell functionPlay a vital role in cell function
Act as enzymes, hormones, and Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodiesantibodies
ProteinsProteins
Amino acid structureAmino acid structure– Contain an amine group (NHContain an amine group (NH22))
– Contain an acid group (COOH)Contain an acid group (COOH)– Vary only by R groupsVary only by R groups
Figure 2.17a
ProteinsProteins
Fibrous proteinsFibrous proteins– Also known as Also known as
structural proteinsstructural proteins– Appear in body Appear in body
structuresstructures– Examples include Examples include
collagen and collagen and keratinkeratin
– StableStable
Figure 2.17b
ProteinsProteins
Globular proteinsGlobular proteins– Also known as Also known as
functional functional proteinsproteins
– Function as Function as antibodies or antibodies or enzymesenzymes
– Can be Can be denatureddenatured
Figure 2.18a
EnzymesEnzymes
Act as biological catalystsAct as biological catalysts Increase the rate of chemical Increase the rate of chemical
reactionsreactions
Important Organic Important Organic CompoundsCompounds
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids– Provide blueprint of lifeProvide blueprint of life– Nucleotide basesNucleotide bases
A = AdenineA = Adenine G = GuanineG = Guanine C = CytosineC = Cytosine T = ThymineT = Thymine U = UracilU = Uracil
– Make DNA and RNAMake DNA and RNAFigure 2.19a
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)acid (DNA)– Organized by Organized by
complimentary complimentary bases to form bases to form double helixdouble helix
– Replicates before Replicates before cell divisioncell division
– Provides instructions Provides instructions for every protein in for every protein in the bodythe body Figure 2.19c
Important Organic Important Organic CompoundsCompounds
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)– Chemical energy used by all cellsChemical energy used by all cells– Energy is released by breaking high Energy is released by breaking high
energy phosphate bondenergy phosphate bond– ATP is replenished by oxidation of food ATP is replenished by oxidation of food
fuelsfuels
Adenosine Triphosphate Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)(ATP)
Figure 2.20a