Biochemistry Guided Notes To be used with Biochemistry PowerPoint

Fill in the chart to describe the differences between organic and inorganic molecules:

Organic Molecules Inorganic Molecules Contains the elements: Does not contain these elements at the

same time:

The Key element of life:

Water:

Carbon can form these types of bonds:

Salts:

4 Organic Molecules: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Acids and Bases:

Carbohydrates What are carbohydrates? Carbohydrates contain these 3 elements: _________________,

_________________, and __________________,

In all carbohydrates _________________ is in a 2:1 ratio to ________________.

Most carbohydrates end with this prefix: ___________________.

Types of Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides: What type of sugar are they? __________________________________ They all have the formula _____________________________________ They all have a single ring structure What is an example of a monosaccharide? ______________________________ 2. Disaccharides: What type of sugar are they? _________________________________________ They all have the formula ____________________________________________ What is an example of a disaccharide? _________________________________ 3. Polysaccharides: What type of sugar are they? _________________________________________ Define the three examples of polysaccharides: Glycogen: ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Cellulose: ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Starch: __________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

How are complex carbohydrates formed? Define Dehydration Synthesis: Example: monosaccharide + monosaccharide ! ___________________ + water Write the molecular formula for this dehydration synthesis example. + Water How are complex carbohydrates broken down? Define Hydrolysis: What is hydrolysis also called? _________________________________ Example: disaccharide + ____________ ! __________________ + _________________ Write the molecular formula for this hydrolysis example.

Lipids Lipids are also called _____________________________ What are the three functions of lipids? 1) ______________________________ 2) ______________________________ 3) ______________________________ What are the three elements in lipids? 1.______________ 2.______________ 3.______________ Are the elements H:O in a 2:1 ratio like carbohydrates? ____________________

Lipids tend to be the largest of the organic molecules. They

carry more energy then carbohydrates, but they are not utilized to make ATP during respiration like glucose because they are

too difficult and too large to break down.

What are lipids composed of? ___________________ and _________________ What is the formula for making a lipid? __________________+ __________________ ! ____________________ What is the name of the process that makes lipids? _______________________ What is the name of the process that breaks down lipids? __________________

Four Types of Lipids 1. This type of lipid comes from animals: _______________________ What type of fat is this? ____________________________________ Is it solid or liquid at room temperature? _______________________

Why is this type of fat a solid? ________________________________

________________________________

2. This type of lipid comes from plants: __________________________ What type of fat is this? ______________________________________ Is it a solid or liquid at room temperature? _______________________ Why is this type of fat a liquid? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 3. This type of lipid comes from your ear or bees? _______________________ 4. This final type of lipid is steroids. One type of molecule in this category is ________________________________ What type could result from high levels of cholesterol? ________________________________________________________________

Proteins What are the four elements found in proteins? _____________________, ____________________, ____________________, and ___________________ Where are proteins made? ____________________________ Proteins are composed of _________________________ How many amino acids are there? _____________________ What are the main functions of proteins? _______________________________ and _____________________________ What do proteins usually end with? _________ What is an example? ______________________ What is the name of the process that makes proteins? _____________________ What is the name of the process that breaks down proteins? ________________

What is the name molecule formed from two amino acids? ___________________________________________

What is the name of the molecule formed from three or more acids? ___________________________________________

There are a large number of different types of proteins. The ________________ ______________________ and ____________________ of amino acids lead to this large variety.

Remember: When you think proteins think ________________________!!!!

Nucleic Acids Define DNA: DNA is found in the _______________________________ of the ______________________________. Define RNA:

RNA is found in __________________________ _____________________ & ___________________

Enzymes Define catalyst: What is an example of an organic catalyst? _____________________________ What is an example of an inorganic catalyst? ____________________________ Define enzyme: Most enzymes end with: ______________________ Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions. What does this mean? __________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________

ENZYME & SUBSTRATE

2. Enzyme and substrate fit like a Lock and Key—very specific

3. Enzyme action takes place

Steps to how enzymes work:

1. Enzyme joins substrate

Enzyme Terms Define Active site: Define Substrate: Define Coenzyme: What is an example of a coenzyme? ______________________________

4. Enzyme and product(s) separate The enzyme is now able to be reused.

Factors That Limit Enzyme Action 1. The pH of the environment effects enzyme action. Different enzymes work at different pH's. This enzyme works best at a pH of 2: __________________________________________ Why?______________________________________ This enzyme works best at a pH of 6.8: ___________________________________________ Why? ______________________________________ 2. How does temperature effect enzyme action? _________________________ ________________________________________________________________ What is meant by the term optimum temperature? _______________________ ________________________________________________________________ What is the optimum temperature for humans? ___________________________ What is the optimum temperature of dogs? ______________________________ What is it called when temperatures get too high? ________________________ What happens to the shape of enzymes as they become denatured? _______________________________________________________ When enzymes become denatured can they function? __________________ What is the temperature when enzymes become denatured? _____________

General Trend vs. Denaturing Why do we get a fever when we get sick? _______________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. How does the concentration of enzymes and substrates limit enzyme action? When there is a fixed amount of enzyme what will eventually happen to the amount of substrate? _______________________________________________ Therefore the rate of reaction will _________________ then ________________ Why does this leveling off occur? _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ How can I increase the reaction rate again? _____________________________