Biogenesis Theory

states that all living things came from other living things

opposes spontaneous generation theory

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Francesco Redi John Needham Rudolf Virchow Louis Pasteur

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

call by many as the "father of microbiology" but is given the title of father of bacteriology and protozoology

improved the microscope and was the first to see microscopic organismsand called them animalcules

 he saw protozoans, fungi, and bacteria  described them in a letter to the Royal Society of London his microscope open up the debate related to microscopic

life forms An amateur microbiologist, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek,

observed small organisms in dirty water and some material he scrapped from his teeth. These organisms were called 'animalcules' that we call as protozoans, today. This discovery took Europe by storm and scientists were thrilled to find these animalcules. The most pricking question in the minds of many was the origin of these animalcules. This doubt had only one answer, spontaneous theory of generation.

Francesco Redi

One of the first to disprove spontaneous generation.

An Italian doctor who proved maggots came from flies. (Italian 1668)

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John Needham boiled mutton broth the sealed containers but the clear

broth in the container became cloudy Needham experiment lent support to spontaneous

generation Needham's work was contradicted by another religious

investigator, the Italian physiologist Lazzaro Spallanzani. Spallanzani, who was educated in the classics and philosophy at a Jesuit college, went on to teach logic, metaphysics, Greek, and physics. About 20 years after Needham announced the results of his own investigation of spontaneous generation, Spallanzani showed that when broth was heated after being sealed in a flask, it did not generate life forms. He suggested that Needham's broths had probably supported growth after being heated because they had been contaminated before being sealed in their containers.

Possible reasons the clear broth turned cloudy: Needham did not boil long enough to completely

sterile the broth there were endospore in the broth and they are very

hard to kill  if not by prolong heating or autoclaving (there were no autoclaves in 1748)

Rudolf Virchow enclosed in the epigram Omnis cellula e

cellula ("every cell originates from another existing cell like it.") which he published in 1858.

the first to recognize leukemia cells He was one of the first to accept the work

of Robert Remak who showed that the origins of cells was the division of preexisting cells

he did not initially accept the evidence for cell division, believing that it only occurs in certain types of cells

Louis Pasteur boiled broth in swan neck flask these flask allowed air to enter (this was a problem

because many said Spallazani's flask did not have) the purpose of the bent neck was to prevent

untreated air with dust and microbes could not enter the contents of the flask remained sterile note that Pasteur was fortunate that the foods he

boiled into broths did not contain bacterial spores since such spores are resistant to killing by boiling

his experiment disproved spontaneous generation some of his flask are still sterile today

Spontaneous Generation

Theory synthesized by Aristotle states that non-living things can

give rise to living things (life started from inanimate matter)

logs gave rise to crocodiles

dirty sewers gave rise to rats

Maggots came from cadavers

Biogenesis the generation of living things from other

life forms the theoretical process of going through

successive stages during the embryonic period of an animal's life that duplicate the evolutionary stages the species experienced repetition of evolutionary stages

a | In principle, there are a number of ways that organelle biogenesis can occur in proliferating cells. Biogenesis can occur by de novo synthesis, which in its purest sense means that a new copy of the organelle is generated in the absence of a template or existing copy of the organelle. Alternatively, organelle biogenesis can occur through templated assembly and growth, or through growth followed by fission.

b | The principles that govern organelle inheritance will depend on how many copies of the organelle are present in the cell. A single-copy organelle can be duplicated and then segregated prior to cell division, or broken down into parts that are then shared out between the two daughter cells. Multiple-copy organelles can, in theory, simply be shared out and do not need to be dismantled. In this case, a stochastic-partitioning mechanism can explain efficient inheritance of the organelle, but for low-copy-number organelles this mechanism is not sufficient to ensure equal partitioning, and an active segregation process needs to be invoked.

Resources http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenesis http://www.viprasys.org/vb/f150/

biogenesis-theory-401171/ Encyclopedia International First Edition,

Grolier Incorporated http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~mmajor/Lec

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