BIO FUEL PRODUCTION IN BIO FUEL PRODUCTION IN EGYPTEGYPT

FROM PROMISESFROM PROMISESTO PRACTICESTO PRACTICES

BIO FUEL PRODUCTION IN BIO FUEL PRODUCTION IN EGYPTEGYPT

FROM PROMISESFROM PROMISESTO PRACTICESTO PRACTICES

Dr. Ahmed Dr. Ahmed AbdAbd ElEl--AtiAti Ahmed Ahmed

GBEP GBEP –– Egypt Focal PointEgypt Focal Point

Dr. Ahmed Dr. Ahmed AbdAbd ElEl--AtiAti Ahmed Ahmed

GBEP GBEP –– Egypt Focal PointEgypt Focal PointNovember November 1717, ,

20112011

�� Total land area is Total land area is 1 1 million Kmmillion Km2 2 ..

�� Only Only 33% of the land area is arable. % of the land area is arable.

�� The rest The rest 9797% is hyper arid desert. % is hyper arid desert.

�� The whole lands are exposed to Drought & The whole lands are exposed to Drought & desertification disasters. desertification disasters.

�� Total land area is Total land area is 1 1 million Kmmillion Km2 2 ..

�� Only Only 33% of the land area is arable. % of the land area is arable.

�� The rest The rest 9797% is hyper arid desert. % is hyper arid desert.

�� The whole lands are exposed to Drought & The whole lands are exposed to Drought & desertification disasters. desertification disasters.

11--Some related indicators: Some related indicators: 11--Some related indicators: Some related indicators:

desertification disasters. desertification disasters.

�� Population :Population :

�� Most of the population live in Most of the population live in 44% of the land area. % of the land area.

�� 85 85 million people in million people in 2011 2011 compared to compared to 28 28 million in million in 19601960, , changing changing 188188% during the last % during the last 50 50 years.years.

�� Egypt has Egypt has 11..1616% of the world total population, that means one % of the world total population, that means one person of every person of every 86 86 people of the plant is a resident of Egypt. people of the plant is a resident of Egypt.

desertification disasters. desertification disasters.

�� Population :Population :

�� Most of the population live in Most of the population live in 44% of the land area. % of the land area.

�� 85 85 million people in million people in 2011 2011 compared to compared to 28 28 million in million in 19601960, , changing changing 188188% during the last % during the last 50 50 years.years.

�� Egypt has Egypt has 11..1616% of the world total population, that means one % of the world total population, that means one person of every person of every 86 86 people of the plant is a resident of Egypt. people of the plant is a resident of Egypt.

�� Water Scarcity Water Scarcity ::

�� Egypt has a very limited fresh water .Egypt has a very limited fresh water .

�� Water consumption structure in Egypt : Water consumption structure in Egypt :

�� Water Scarcity Water Scarcity ::

�� Egypt has a very limited fresh water .Egypt has a very limited fresh water .

�� Water consumption structure in Egypt : Water consumption structure in Egypt :

Cont . Egypt Some related indicators: Cont . Egypt Some related indicators: Cont . Egypt Some related indicators: Cont . Egypt Some related indicators:

TotalGround waterSurface

5858..3333..005555..33

IndustrialDomesticAgriculture

�� By the Year By the Year 20252025: :

�� 6060% of farmers would not be receiving any water due to the limiting of water % of farmers would not be receiving any water due to the limiting of water supplements.supplements.

�� Increasing pollution will be one of the main reasons of the shortage of water facing Increasing pollution will be one of the main reasons of the shortage of water facing Egypt.Egypt.

�� The rapid increase in population of Egypt will magnify the problem. The rapid increase in population of Egypt will magnify the problem.

�� By the Year By the Year 20252025: :

�� 6060% of farmers would not be receiving any water due to the limiting of water % of farmers would not be receiving any water due to the limiting of water supplements.supplements.

�� Increasing pollution will be one of the main reasons of the shortage of water facing Increasing pollution will be one of the main reasons of the shortage of water facing Egypt.Egypt.

�� The rapid increase in population of Egypt will magnify the problem. The rapid increase in population of Egypt will magnify the problem.

IndustrialDomesticAgriculture

1414 %%8 8 %%78 78 %%

�� Agriculture:Agriculture:�� Production is very intensive and Production is very intensive and 100100% depending on irrigation water % depending on irrigation water

from Nile . from Nile .

�� Wheat imports: reaches Wheat imports: reaches 6060% of the needs (% of the needs (1010..2 2 M.M.T)M.M.T)

�� Corn imports : ranks Egypt as the Corn imports : ranks Egypt as the 55thth largest importer (largest importer (33..477 477 T.M.T/year) , T.M.T/year) , Despite of Egypt is ranked the Despite of Egypt is ranked the 1414thth among the greater among the greater

�� Agriculture:Agriculture:�� Production is very intensive and Production is very intensive and 100100% depending on irrigation water % depending on irrigation water

from Nile . from Nile .

�� Wheat imports: reaches Wheat imports: reaches 6060% of the needs (% of the needs (1010..2 2 M.M.T)M.M.T)

�� Corn imports : ranks Egypt as the Corn imports : ranks Egypt as the 55thth largest importer (largest importer (33..477 477 T.M.T/year) , T.M.T/year) , Despite of Egypt is ranked the Despite of Egypt is ranked the 1414thth among the greater among the greater

Cont . Egypt Some related indicators: Cont . Egypt Some related indicators: Cont . Egypt Some related indicators: Cont . Egypt Some related indicators:

T.M.T/year) , T.M.T/year) , Despite of Egypt is ranked the Despite of Egypt is ranked the 1414thth among the greater among the greater corn producers (corn producers (55..682 682 T.M.T/year), she is the T.M.T/year), she is the 88thth between the largest between the largest consumers (consumers (99..190 190 T.M.T/ year) T.M.T/ year)

�� Sugar cane : Egypt imports Sugar cane : Egypt imports 700 000 700 000 tons sugar annually. tons sugar annually.

�� ForFor allall thethe abovementionedabovementioned features,features, WeWe cancannotnot supportsupport anyany actionsactions thatthat negativelynegatively affectaffect ourour foodfoodsecurity,security, However,However, wewe supportsupport andand participateparticipate GBEPGBEPforfor manymany reasonsreasons;;

T.M.T/year) , T.M.T/year) , Despite of Egypt is ranked the Despite of Egypt is ranked the 1414thth among the greater among the greater corn producers (corn producers (55..682 682 T.M.T/year), she is the T.M.T/year), she is the 88thth between the largest between the largest consumers (consumers (99..190 190 T.M.T/ year) T.M.T/ year)

�� Sugar cane : Egypt imports Sugar cane : Egypt imports 700 000 700 000 tons sugar annually. tons sugar annually.

�� ForFor allall thethe abovementionedabovementioned features,features, WeWe cancannotnot supportsupport anyany actionsactions thatthat negativelynegatively affectaffect ourour foodfoodsecurity,security, However,However, wewe supportsupport andand participateparticipate GBEPGBEPforfor manymany reasonsreasons;;

�� We understand & appreciate the needs of the first world for We understand & appreciate the needs of the first world for clean, sustainable and secure new energy sources, with focus on clean, sustainable and secure new energy sources, with focus on our national priorities of food security.our national priorities of food security.

�� We want to participateWe want to participate effectively & with open mindeffectively & with open mind in the in the discussion ofdiscussion of topics related totopics related to global food security.global food security.

We already have many of successful stories of bioWe already have many of successful stories of bio--fuel fuel

�� We understand & appreciate the needs of the first world for We understand & appreciate the needs of the first world for clean, sustainable and secure new energy sources, with focus on clean, sustainable and secure new energy sources, with focus on our national priorities of food security.our national priorities of food security.

�� We want to participateWe want to participate effectively & with open mindeffectively & with open mind in the in the discussion ofdiscussion of topics related totopics related to global food security.global food security.

We already have many of successful stories of bioWe already have many of successful stories of bio--fuel fuel

The reasons whyThe reasons why EgyptEgypt has actively has actively participatingparticipating in GBEP activitiesin GBEP activitiesThe reasons whyThe reasons why EgyptEgypt has actively has actively participatingparticipating in GBEP activitiesin GBEP activities

�� We already have many of successful stories of bioWe already have many of successful stories of bio--fuel fuel production in Egypt that can be a significant start for this production in Egypt that can be a significant start for this business in Egypt away from our food basket. business in Egypt away from our food basket.

�� We already have many new elements that can play a key role in We already have many new elements that can play a key role in such successful business as :such successful business as :

�� Low cost labor.Low cost labor.

�� Desert lands with high ability of reclamation by treated sewage water. Desert lands with high ability of reclamation by treated sewage water.

�� Appropriate climate. Appropriate climate.

�� DistinctDistinct geographic locationgeographic location..

�� We already have many of successful stories of bioWe already have many of successful stories of bio--fuel fuel production in Egypt that can be a significant start for this production in Egypt that can be a significant start for this business in Egypt away from our food basket. business in Egypt away from our food basket.

�� We already have many new elements that can play a key role in We already have many new elements that can play a key role in such successful business as :such successful business as :

�� Low cost labor.Low cost labor.

�� Desert lands with high ability of reclamation by treated sewage water. Desert lands with high ability of reclamation by treated sewage water.

�� Appropriate climate. Appropriate climate.

�� DistinctDistinct geographic locationgeographic location..

2- The existing projects2- The existing projects

Waste fuel types Waste fuel types –– nonnon--hazardous wastehazardous waste

FuelCV

(MJ/kg)% biomass Preparation Availability in Egypt

Paper and plastic waste mixtures

17–20 50%Removal of metal and shredding

Already recycled in the informal economy

Selected and processed streams from municipal waste 13–15 50%

Removal of metal and inerts, shredding

A prospective fuel for Egyptian cement companies

streams from municipal waste (RDF)

13–15 50% and inerts, shredding and drying

cement companies

Animal meal from a rendering process

18–20 100%Residues from a rendering process

Already recycled in the informal economy

Sewage sludge 12–14 100%Drying and fragmentation

Small quantities

Car tyres 28–30 20% Shredding Small quantities

Wood waste 12–14 100% Size reduction Small quantities

Agricultural wastes (rice straw, cotton stalks, maize cobs)

13–15 100% ShreddingAvailable in large quantities but dispersed over large area

Agricultural waste that could be collectedAgricultural waste that could be collected

22--1 1 Thermal Gas PlantsThermal Gas Plants22--1 1 Thermal Gas PlantsThermal Gas Plants

November 17, 2011

�� AtAt presentpresent therethere areare twotwo thermalthermal gasgas plantsplants areare existingexisting inin twotwo ofof thethe deltadeltagovernoratesgovernorates..

�� EachEach plantplant hashas capacitycapacity reachesreaches 350350 mm33 perper workingworking shiftshift toto faceface thetheconsumptionconsumption ofof 300300 householdhousehold unitsunits throughthrough thethe followingfollowing routineroutine workwork..

� The working routine in the plant:

1. Collection and Filter of post-combustion gases.

2. Testing of gas by the color of flame

About the existing thermal gas plants :About the existing thermal gas plants :About the existing thermal gas plants :About the existing thermal gas plants :

2. Testing of gas by the color of flame

3. Allow the passage of gas into the reservoir

4. Reservoir works as a gas storage above the water

- the cover of the reservoir rises as the volume of gas

- set the benchmark full tank (350 m 3 gas)

5. While the gas is consuming, the system is re-operated to pump new gas .

6. The Natural Gas Company establish the gas network to feed the 300houses of the produced thermal gas for free of charge to subsidies thelocal community.

And include the conversion unit gas the following And include the conversion unit gas the following stages:stages:1 1 -- Compressed Rice Straw storage (Compressed Rice Straw storage (15000 15000 tons)tons)2 2 –– Straw chopStraw chop unitunit

Stages of gas production :Stages of gas production :Stages of gas production :Stages of gas production :

2 2 –– Straw chopStraw chop unitunit3 3 -- Burning straw unit up to Burning straw unit up to 1200 1200 °° CC4 4 -- Console control unit of the resulting gases .Console control unit of the resulting gases .5 5 -- Wet filter ScrubberWet filter Scrubber6 6 –– Gas storage tank.Gas storage tank.

Thermal Gas Generation in Thermal Gas Generation in DakahliaDakahlia PlantPlantThermal Gas Generation in Thermal Gas Generation in DakahliaDakahlia PlantPlant

November 17, 2011

Thermal Gas Generation in Thermal Gas Generation in DakahliaDakahlia PlantPlantThermal Gas Generation in Thermal Gas Generation in DakahliaDakahlia PlantPlant

November 17, 2011

•• NitrogenNitrogen 41 41 •• Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide 27 27 •• MethaneMethane 1313 •• Hydro carbonateHydro carbonate 4 4 •• Other gasesOther gases 15 15

•• NitrogenNitrogen 41 41 •• Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide 27 27 •• MethaneMethane 1313 •• Hydro carbonateHydro carbonate 4 4 •• Other gasesOther gases 15 15

The chemical properties' of the produced gas: The chemical properties' of the produced gas: The chemical properties' of the produced gas: The chemical properties' of the produced gas:

22--22 SolidSolid BioBio--fuelfuel producingproducing fromfrom ricerice strawstraw22--22 SolidSolid BioBio--fuelfuel producingproducing fromfrom ricerice strawstraw

With capacity reaches With capacity reaches 50 50 Thousands ton/year Thousands ton/year

22--3 3 The Bio Gas Digesters The Bio Gas Digesters 22--3 3 The Bio Gas Digesters The Bio Gas Digesters

November 17, 2011

�� AtAt presentpresent therethere areare 800800 smallsmall biogasbiogas fomentersfomentersexistingexisting inin thethe sizesize 88--1515 mm33..

�� TheThe IndianIndian typetype isis thethe commoncommon one,one, yetyet somesome ChineseChinesetypetype areare alsoalso presentpresent..

�� TheThe usedused feedingfeeding materialsmaterials areare mainlymainly thethe animalanimal

About the existing biogas systems :About the existing biogas systems :About the existing biogas systems :About the existing biogas systems :

�� TheThe usedused feedingfeeding materialsmaterials areare mainlymainly thethe animalanimalmanuremanure fromfrom 44--1010 largelarge animalsanimals suchsuch asas cowscows ororbuffaloes,buffaloes, yetyet otherother animalsanimals areare alsoalso existingexisting inin somesomecasescases..

�� StudiesStudies areare indicatingindicating thatthat thosethose modelsmodels cancan bebeincreasedincreased inin thethe nearnear futurefuture toto bebe oneone millionmillion unitsunitswithwith somesome effortsefforts throughthrough subsidizingsubsidizing andand risingrisingpublicpublic awarenessawareness programsprograms..

�� TheThe energyenergy producedproduced byby BiogasBiogas isis sustainablesustainable::

�� ItIt improvesimproves thethe livingliving conditionsconditions ofof thethe poorpoor farmersfarmers..

�� ItIt improvesimproves thethe unpollutedunpolluted organicorganic wastewaste handlinghandling towardstowardscleanclean agricultureagriculture andand combatingcombating landland degradationdegradation..

�� BiogasBiogas isis COCO22--neutralneutral andand reducereduce thethe greenhousegreenhouse

Biogas Conclusions :Biogas Conclusions :Biogas Conclusions :Biogas Conclusions :

�� BiogasBiogas isis COCO22--neutralneutral andand reducereduce thethe greenhousegreenhouseeffecteffect whichwhich improveimprove thethe globalglobal environmentenvironment..

�� TheThe locallocal environmentenvironment isis improvedimproved::

�� ParasitesParasites areare sterilizedsterilized duringduring thethe biomassbiomass fermentationfermentation process,process,soso healthhealth conditionsconditions areare improvedimproved particularlyparticularly forfor poorpoor farmersfarmersandand theirtheir familiesfamilies..

22--4 4 The alternative Fuel The alternative Fuel 22--4 4 The alternative Fuel The alternative Fuel

November 17, 2011

Agriculture residues of preferred cropsAgriculture residues of preferred crops

Crop Area / Waste Res. Upper Egypt Middle Egypt Delta Total

Rice straw Area (1000 acres) 0 28 1469 1497

Waste (1000 tons) 0 55 2939 2994

Maize stalks Area (1000 acres) 732 1202 749 2683

Waste (1000 tons) 1830 3004 1874 6708

Sugarcane husks Area (1000 acres) 474 87 2 563

Waste (1000 tons) 1187 26 5 1408

Cotton stalks Area (1000 acres) 9 34 222 265

Waste (1000 tons) 18 68 444 530

TOTAL Area (1000 acres) 1216 1349 2444 5009

Waste (1000 tons) 3035 3342 5264 11641

Options for collection systemsOptions for collection systems

�� Collection in bulkCollection in bulk� Rapid clearing of land� Requires nearby storage

�� Collection in balesCollection in bales� Balers designed for large open

spaces

�� Collection in bulkCollection in bulk� Rapid clearing of land� Requires nearby storage

�� Collection in balesCollection in bales� Balers designed for large open

spacesspaces� Three types of bales

1. Round bales – costly in transport

2.Light square bales – density too light for transport

3.Heavy square bales – limited by the weight of equipment farmers will allow on their land

spaces� Three types of bales

1. Round bales – costly in transport

2.Light square bales – density too light for transport

3.Heavy square bales – limited by the weight of equipment farmers will allow on their land

Collection systems Collection systems –– conclusion conclusion

CollectionCollection inin bulkbulk toto decentraliseddecentralised collectioncollection andand storagestorage centrescentresfromfrom wherewhere itit isis baledbaled andand transportedtransported toto thethe cementcement worksworks willwill bebethethe mostmost effectiveeffective choicechoice

CollectionCollection inin bulkbulk toto decentraliseddecentralised collectioncollection andand storagestorage centrescentresfromfrom wherewhere itit isis baledbaled andand transportedtransported toto thethe cementcement worksworks willwill bebethethe mostmost effectiveeffective choicechoice

Map showing agricultural waste locations relative Map showing agricultural waste locations relative to cement plantsto cement plants

• The distances range from 30 to 200km

• The average distance is

• The distances range from 30 to 200km

• The average distance is distance is estimated to be about 100km

distance is estimated to be about 100km

Environmental impact of using alternative Environmental impact of using alternative fuels at the cement worksfuels at the cement works

�� ParticulatesParticulates No changeNo change

�� HClHCl No changeNo change

�� SOSO22 No changeNo change

�� NOxNOx ReductionReduction

�� ParticulatesParticulates No changeNo change

�� HClHCl No changeNo change

�� SOSO22 No changeNo change

�� NOxNOx ReductionReduction�� NOxNOx ReductionReduction

�� COCO Small but controllable Small but controllable increaseincrease

�� Metal emissionsMetal emissions No changeNo change

�� Dioxin and furan Dioxin and furan emissionemission No changeNo change

�� COCO22 emissionsemissions Large decrease in Large decrease in reportable emissionsreportable emissions

�� NOxNOx ReductionReduction

�� COCO Small but controllable Small but controllable increaseincrease

�� Metal emissionsMetal emissions No changeNo change

�� Dioxin and furan Dioxin and furan emissionemission No changeNo change

�� COCO22 emissionsemissions Large decrease in Large decrease in reportable emissionsreportable emissions

Comparing estimates of emissions from burning Comparing estimates of emissions from burning rice straw in the field & as cement kiln fuelrice straw in the field & as cement kiln fuel

Source of emissionBurning of one tonne of

rice straw in the fields

Using one tonne of rice straw

as a fuel in a cement plant

UnburntUnburnt carbon to carbon to

atmosphereatmosphere15 kg15 kg 0 kg0 kg

Ash residues emitted to the Ash residues emitted to the 16 kg16 kg 0 kg0 kg

Ash residues emitted to the Ash residues emitted to the

atmosphereatmosphere16 kg16 kg 0 kg0 kg

Total particulates emitted Total particulates emitted

from 1 tonne of rice strawfrom 1 tonne of rice straw31 kg31 kg 0 kg0 kg

COCO22 emitted to the emitted to the

atmosphereatmosphere900 kg900 kg

0 kg; the CO0 kg; the CO22 emitted is biomass emitted is biomass

and is not countedand is not counted

If 2 million tonnes of rice straw are burnt in the fields If 2 million tonnes of rice straw are burnt in the fields ––some 60,000 some 60,000 tonne of particulates and 1.8 million tonne of COtonne of particulates and 1.8 million tonne of CO22 are emitted. are emitted. Use Use in a cement kiln as fuel completely mitigates these emissions in a cement kiln as fuel completely mitigates these emissions

If 2 million tonnes of rice straw are burnt in the fields If 2 million tonnes of rice straw are burnt in the fields ––some 60,000 some 60,000 tonne of particulates and 1.8 million tonne of COtonne of particulates and 1.8 million tonne of CO22 are emitted. are emitted. Use Use in a cement kiln as fuel completely mitigates these emissions in a cement kiln as fuel completely mitigates these emissions

Current activities using alternate fuelsCurrent activities using alternate fuels

Company Activity

CemexCemex Kilns 1 & 3 – locally made system; Kiln 2 – installing Vidmar

Mix of rice straw, corn cobs, olive waste, shredded tires. Commenced 2008 with rice husks at LE120 / ton

2009- 2.8% substitution; 2010 – reached 15% substitution

Undergoing CDM validationUndergoing CDM validation

KatameyaKatameya CementCement Installing Schenck system to pilot test AF in Feb 2011

Approved for agricultural waste and RDF; 10-30% substitution

HelwanHelwan CementCement Will install Schenck system to pilot test AF in Oct 2011

Approved for agricultural waste, RDF & sewage sludge; 10-30% substitution

LafargeLafarge Incinerate pharmaceutical waste – 23,000 tpa

Kiln 4 – shredded solid waste; start Jan 2011- 42,000 tpa

Kiln 1 – plan to use rice straw

Use petroleum drill cuttings as RMS

AmreyaAmreya CementCement Small scale tests on agricultural waste

SchenckSchenck systemsystem

SchenckSchenck systemsystem

November 17, 2011

Testing shredded cotton stalksTesting shredded cotton stalks

Control roomControl room

Fuel Prices Fuel Prices –– Cement Industry EgyptCement Industry Egypt

Natural GasNatural Gas MazoutMazout Rice StrawRice Straw

CalorificCalorific value value 11,90011,900 9,8009,800 3,1003,100CalorificCalorific value value (kcal/kg)(kcal/kg)

11,90011,900 9,8009,800 3,1003,100

CostCost US$3 / MBTUUS$3 / MBTU LE1,000 / tonLE1,000 / ton LE240 / tonLE240 / ton

US$ US$ per MBTUper MBTU $3$3 $4.67$4.67 $3.54$3.54

US$ per GJUS$ per GJ $2.84$2.84 $4.43$4.43 $3.36$3.36

ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion

When spreading at the national level :When spreading at the national level :

�� 1,000,000 tonne of rice straw which 1,000,000 tonne of rice straw which will not be burnt in the fields.will not be burnt in the fields.

�� 1,000,000 tonne of municipal waste 1,000,000 tonne of municipal waste

When spreading at the national level :When spreading at the national level :

�� 1,000,000 tonne of rice straw which 1,000,000 tonne of rice straw which will not be burnt in the fields.will not be burnt in the fields.

�� 1,000,000 tonne of municipal waste 1,000,000 tonne of municipal waste �� 1,000,000 tonne of municipal waste 1,000,000 tonne of municipal waste that will be beneficially diverted from that will be beneficially diverted from landfill.landfill.

��Saving approximately 1,000,000 tonne Saving approximately 1,000,000 tonne of natural gasof natural gas

��Reducing Egypt’s CO2 emissions by Reducing Egypt’s CO2 emissions by approximately 1,600,000 tonneapproximately 1,600,000 tonne

�� 1,000,000 tonne of municipal waste 1,000,000 tonne of municipal waste that will be beneficially diverted from that will be beneficially diverted from landfill.landfill.

��Saving approximately 1,000,000 tonne Saving approximately 1,000,000 tonne of natural gasof natural gas

��Reducing Egypt’s CO2 emissions by Reducing Egypt’s CO2 emissions by approximately 1,600,000 tonneapproximately 1,600,000 tonne

Future BioFuture Bio--energy Projectsenergy Projects

33--11-- ElectricityElectricity ProductionProduction fromfrom SolidSolid WastesWastes

November 17, 2011

Cont . .. Energy Production from Solid Wastes Cont . .. Energy Production from Solid Wastes

�� SolidSolid wasteswastes reachesreaches 2020 millionmillion tonton annuallyannually asas 3535%%ofof itit isis inin CairoCairo..

�� ByBy thethe yearyear 20252025 SolidSolid wasteswastes willwill reachreach 3333 millionmilliontonton annuallyannually..

AroundAround 7070%% ofof thethe totaltotal quantityquantity isis currentlycurrently

November 17, 2011

�� AroundAround 7070%% ofof thethe totaltotal quantityquantity isis currentlycurrentlyexposedexposed toto safesafe collectioncollection andand recyclingrecycling systemsystem..

�� ThereThere isis aa growinggrowing demanddemand forfor energyenergy steadilysteadily upup toto77%% inin recentrecent yearsyears..

�� Thus,Thus, TheThe EgyptianEgyptian SupremeSupreme CouncilCouncil ofofthethe energyenergy legislationlegislation toto produceproduce 2020%% ofofthethe energyenergy generatedgenerated fromfrom newnew andand renewablerenewablesourcessources byby 20202020..

Cont . .. Energy Production from Solid Wastes Cont . .. Energy Production from Solid Wastes

The The Proposed technologies Proposed technologies

��Anaerobic Digestion : Anaerobic Digestion :

� Produces 400 kilowatt hours \ ton.

��Incineration : Incineration :

November 17, 2011

��Incineration : Incineration :

� Produces 500 kilowatt hours \ ton.

��Thermal cracking : Thermal cracking :

� Produces 120 megawatt \2000 ton\ day.

Cont . .. Energy Production from Solid Wastes Cont . .. Energy Production from Solid Wastes

The The Proposed technologies Proposed technologies

��Anaerobic Digestion : Anaerobic Digestion :

� Produces 400 kilowatt hours \ ton.

��Incineration : Incineration :

November 17, 2011

��Incineration : Incineration :

� Produces 500 kilowatt hours \ ton.

��Thermal cracking : Thermal cracking :

� Produces 120 megawatt \2000 ton\ day.

33--2 2 Available investment Available investment Opportunities Opportunities inin the field the field ofof biobio--fuelfuel businessbusiness in Egyptin Egypt

33--2 2 Available investment Available investment Opportunities Opportunities inin the field the field ofof biobio--fuelfuel businessbusiness in Egyptin Egypt

November 17, 2011

�� ProductionProduction ofof biodieselbiodiesel fromfrom thousandsthousands ofofacresacres alreadyalready plantedplanted withwith JatrophaJatropha treestrees ,,

(Whether in the(Whether in the green beltsgreen belts oror separate fields)separate fields)

�� ProductionProduction ofof biodieselbiodiesel fromfrom thousandsthousands ofofacresacres alreadyalready plantedplanted withwith JatrophaJatropha treestrees ,,

(Whether in the(Whether in the green beltsgreen belts oror separate fields)separate fields)

33--2 2 Available investment Opportunities Available investment Opportunities inin the field the field ofof biobio--fuelfuel businessbusiness in Egyptin Egypt

33--2 2 Available investment Opportunities Available investment Opportunities inin the field the field ofof biobio--fuelfuel businessbusiness in Egyptin Egypt

(Whether in the(Whether in the green beltsgreen belts oror separate fields)separate fields)

�� ExploitationExploitation ofof waterwater andand sewagesewage treatedtreated sludgesludge ininreclaimingreclaiming thousandsthousands ofof desertdesert acresacres inin UpperUpper EgyptEgyptmainlymainly forfor sugarsugar canecane plantingplanting toto produceproduce ethanol,ethanol,

(Where amounts(Where amounts of of sewage water upsewage water up to to 10 10 millionmillion cubic meters per day)cubic meters per day)

(Whether in the(Whether in the green beltsgreen belts oror separate fields)separate fields)

�� ExploitationExploitation ofof waterwater andand sewagesewage treatedtreated sludgesludge ininreclaimingreclaiming thousandsthousands ofof desertdesert acresacres inin UpperUpper EgyptEgyptmainlymainly forfor sugarsugar canecane plantingplanting toto produceproduce ethanol,ethanol,

(Where amounts(Where amounts of of sewage water upsewage water up to to 10 10 millionmillion cubic meters per day)cubic meters per day)

November 17, 2011