Bio 9C: Thursday, 2.17.11 Title: RNA Structure and Function

Bio 9C: Thursday, 2.17.11Title: RNA Structure and Function

Homework: Read pages 302-306 in the textbook. Take active reading notes, paying

attention to important vocabulary terms and to the following purpose questions: How does the genetic code work? What are the steps of translation?

Do Now: In your notebook: If you had a DNA sequence of T A C A G C T, what would

the matching RNA sequence be? Hit the space bar to see the answer…

A U G U C G A Today’s Objectives:

Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA Differentiate between structure and function differences between

the types of RNA

RNA: STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS

PHA Biology 9Moretti and Dickson

RNA Structure & Function of Different Types

RNA Structure: Base Pairing

4 Nitrogen Bases in RNA: Adenine Guanine Uracil Cytosine

RNA –> DNA Base Pairing: A ---- U G ---- C

Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

RNA Structure: DNA vs. RNA

3 Major Structural Differences

DNA RNADeoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar

Double StrandSingle Strand (generally)

Uses Thymine (T)

Uses Uracil (U)Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

Types of RNA: Overview

Type of RNA Basic Function

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Copy genes on the DNA (transcription)

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Translate mRNA into a proteinCarry amino acid to the ribosome

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)(we will not focus on rRNA)

Part of the ribosome


Basic Structure: Single Strand of RNA

Basic Function Make a copy of DNA instructions to

make a protein Takes those instructions from DNA to

Ribosome to make a protein Every 3 bases is a Codon

Remember: Small enough to leave

the nucleus. DNA is too big!

Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA)


Basic Structure: Coiled RNA strand Amino Acid attached to the

top Anti-codon on the bottom

Basic Function: Transfer amino acids to the

ribosome to make a protein Anti-codon on tRNA

matches/ reads codon on mRNA

Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA)


Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA)


Decoding the Genetic Code

The Genetic Code

The 64 Codons that code for Amino Acids

Objectives for Class:• Use the genetic code to translate a DNA or RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence to

make a protein.

Reading The Genetic Code mRNA codons are 3 bases

long and specify a particular amino acid.

To use the wheel, the 1st base (letter) of codon matches the biggest letter and you move out from the middle to read the rest of the codon.

Therefore, the 2nd base in the codon is the second biggest letter (the one in the middle ring) and the 3rd base In the codon is the smallest letter (the one in the outer ring).

The arrows show the direction you should read it.

The Genetic Code

Complete Part I of the “Decoding the Genetic Code!” Activity.(we will review the first 3 examples of question 1 after you have had a chance to complete them)

Objectives for Class:• Use the genetic code to translate a DNA or RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence to

make a protein.

Reading The Genetic Code: ExamplesFollow along with the

examples in your packet!

Example 1: CAG

1st base = C 2nd base = A 3rd base = G

Therefore theamino acid is…

Glutamine!

Example 2: GUU

Valine

Reading The Genetic Code: Longer Example

Example 3: GCCAGCUAG

Step 1: Break it into 3-letter sections (codons)

GCC AGC UAG

Step 2: Decode each codon

GCC = Alanine

AGC = Serine UAG = STOP

(end of protein sequence)

1

2

3

Bio 9C: Friday, 2.18.11Title: Transcription and Translation with RNA

Homework: No Homework over the break!

Do Now: In your notebook: Next slide…

Today’s Objectives:

MCAS Prep Question

The mold Aspergillus flavus grows on grain. A. flavus produces a toxin that binds to DNA in the bodies of animals that eat the grain. The binding of the toxin to DNA blocks transcription, so it directly interferes with the ability of an animal cell to do which of the following?

A. Produce ATP using energy released from glucose and other nutrient

B. transport glucose across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm

C. Transfer proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi complexes

D. Send protein-building instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ribosomes

Overview: What is the hidden message in Part II

of the homework assignment? “Give Neighbor High 5”

Yesterday’s Class work Review Question

Objectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

Overview: A DNA gene is copied in the

form of mRNA Occurs in the nucleus

Steps: 1. RNA Polymerase separates

DNA strands2. RNA Polymerase moves along

one of the DNA strands (template)

3. RNA Polymerase makes mRNA by attaching RNA nucleotides that match the DNA template mRN

A

Transcription Detail

Objectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and explain the major steps of transcription.

Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA)

mRNA (the orange strand)

DNA (the red & green strands)


t RNA

mRNA

t RNA

Ribosom

e

Codons & AntiCodons

Codon 3 base sequence on

mRNA that specifies a single amino acid to be added to the polypeptide (protein)

Anticodon 3 base sequence

on tRNA that are match up with the mRNA codon

Objectives for Class:• Describe

Polypep

tide

Anticodon

Codon

Amino Acid

Translation Detail Overview:

mRNA copy provides instructions for assembling amino acids into a protein

Occurs at the ribosome

Steps: 1. mRNA enters the ribosome2. tRNA molecules bring amino

acids to the ribosome 3. tRNA anticodons match with

mRNA codons to put amino acids in the right order

According to the Genetic CodeObjectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

Translation


Transcription & Translation

Transcription

TranslationObjectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

Transcription and Translation: Video


Transcription and Translation Video: 17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg

Bio 9C: Monday, 2.28.11Title: Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab

Homework: Pass in the codons and amino acid decoding practice

homework Complete Part II of the Transcription & Translation

Computer Lab

Do Now: Sign into a computer and turn around with your back

to the computers to wait for your next instructions.

Today’s Objective: Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn

a section of DNA into a protein.

Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab

Transcription

Translation

Objectives for Class:• Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn a section of DNA into a protein.

Procedure: Log onto http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/ Click on DNA TO PROTEIN. Then click the link entitled

TRANSCRIBE AND TRANSLATE A GENE. A DNA sequence should appear on the screen. Record the original DNA sequence Transcribe the DNA strand by typing in the corresponding RNA

bases for the original strand. The new mRNA strand will now appear on the screen.

Locate the “start” codon and click on it with your mouse. The mRNA sequence will now move to the top of the field and a flashing box will appear around the “start” codon.

Using the “Universal Genetic Code” to the right, find the amino acid that corresponds with the three-base mRNA codon. Click on the appropriate amino acid and drag it to the corresponding mRNA codon (signaled by the flashing box). Repeat until the mRNA sequence has been Translated.

Record the amino acid sequence of your translated polypeptide (1 pt):

Look carefully at your polypeptide. Compare and contrast the 4 different amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

Describe the overall shape of your polypeptide (protein). (Consider how the R-groups (the side chains) of each amino acid are oriented in relation to each other.

How do you think the protein would change if you switched one amino acid for a different one?

http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/

Remember R-groups?

Bio 9C: Tuesday, 3.1.11Title: Genetic Mutations Day 1 – Types of Mutations

Homework: Complete Part II of the Genetic Mutations Activity

For Thursday Pass Computer-Based Lab to the left.

Do Now: Complete Part I of the Genetic Mutations Dry-

Lab (this should take a total of 5 min)

Today’s Objective: Describe the major differences between

substitution and frame-shift mutations

Gene Mutations Activity Part I Review

What is a Genetic Mutation? A change in the base-pair sequence of DNA

The three types of point mutations: substitution (switch one DNA nucleotide for

another) insertion (add an extra nucleotide into the

DNA sequence) deletion (leave out one nucleotide in the

DNA sequence)

Objectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Gene Mutations Activity Part II

Complete Part II of the Gene Mutations Activity by comparing substitution & frame-shift mutations

Part II Review: Original DNA Sequence


Bio 9C: Wednesday, 3.2.11Title: No Class – Play for Ninth Grade

Homework:

Do Now:

Today’s Objective:

Bio 9C: Thursday, 3.3.11Title: Genetic Mutations Day 2 – Sickle Cell Case Study

Homework:

Do Now: Which of the different mutations has the

biggest effect on the amino acid sequence? What effect does this have on the protein? What would happen to an enzyme that experienced this type of mutation?

Today’s Objective: Describe the major differences between

substitution and frame-shift mutations

Gene Mutations Activity Part II

Complete Part II of the Gene Mutations Activity by comparing substitution & frame-shift mutations

Part II Review: Original DNA Sequence


Gene Mutations Activity Part II Substitution Mutations

Original DNA Sequence

Substitution

Substitution/ Silent Mutation

Changes the Amino Acid

Does not Change the Amino AcidObjectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Gene Mutations Activity Part II Frame-Shift Mutations

Original DNA Sequence

Frame-Shift: Deletion of nucleotide

Frame-Shift: Insertion/ Addition of nucleotide

Changes all Amino Acid after mutation

Changes all Amino Acid after mutation


Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations

A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder Read through the Introduction to the lab. Watch 5 minute video on sickle cell disorder

PBS Evolution Library: A Mutation Story http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_0

2.html

In small groups brainstorm the Background Information needed for this lab You should have 2 parts:

1. General genetics background info

2. Info related to sickle cell anemia

Come back together as a class to brainstorm final listObjectives for Class:

• Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html


Bio 9C: Wednesday, 3.10.10Title: Quiz – Transcription, Translation, and Mutations

Homework: Type the Background Information and Procedure sections of your lab

report for Thursday. (NOTE: completed lab reports are due Friday at the start of class. You will have time to work on it during Thursday’s class, but if you need more time/ don’t have access to a computer at home, please make arrangements now to complete the lab Thursday after school). Begin typing Analysis and Conclusion sections.

Do Now: Clear your desks and get ready to take the quiz…

Today’s Objective: Demonstrate your understanding of how the processes of

transcription and translation create proteins from the genetic code on DNA

Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia


Background Information BrainstormGenetics Topics: • three different types of mutations, (explain them – similarities & differences)•General description of mutation•What a gene is? where its found?•How genes makes proteins•One sentence about transcription & translation (the overview)•DNA & RNA, structure & function•Effects of mutation on protein structure•How amino acids make up proteins•Codons •Ribosomes

Sickle Cell Topics:• how sickle cell is passed on (genetic disorder)•What sickle cell is•How it can be a good or bad mutation•Changes shape of hemoglobin protein, what does it effect?

A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder… http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html

Write the purpose of the lab Develop your hypothesis based on the purpose Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell

gene and the normal gene by transcribing and translating them.

Compare the sickle cell gene to the normal gene

Complete the analysis and conclusion sections of the lab report.


Objectives for Class:• Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how

DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia


Bio 9C: Thursday, 3.11.10Title: Genetic Mutations Day 3 – Sickle Cell Case Study

Homework: Complete the Procedure, Analysis and Conclusion

sections of your lab report. Completed lab report with all sections is due tomorrow, Friday, at the start of class!!!!

Do Now: Decide if you want/ need support with the

Background Information section or time to type the report. We will quickly divide the room.

Today’s Objective: Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

Individual Work Time…

Two Options: 1. Type Analysis and Conclusion sections of lab

report and revise your other sections

2. Guided peer review of Background Information section


Objectives for Class:• Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

Bio 9C: Friday, 3.12.10Title: Sickle Cell Case Study – Lab Report Peer Review

Homework: Complete the Sickle Cell lab report revision for Monday. Complete the Bio-Blog homework for Thursday (Meiosis

Vocab): http://phascience.wordpress.com/biology-9-moretti-dickson-powerpoint-notes-etc/

Do Now: Divide class into peer editing teams.

Today’s Objective: Peer review and complete the Sickle Cell Mutation

Lab Report

http://phascience.wordpress.com/biology-9-moretti-dickson-powerpoint-notes-etc/

http://phascience.wordpress.com/biology-9-moretti-dickson-powerpoint-notes-etc/

Documents

Bio 9C: Thursday, 2.17.11 Title: RNA Structure and Function