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BIO 60

Wed 1/19/11

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

y form cell membraney protectthe celly similar to fats except each glycerol molecule is attached to two fatty acid chainsy third bond in any phospholipid group is a bond to a PHOSPHATE function group

o phospholipid = phosphate lipid

cells are surrounded by bilayermembranes

phospholipid

fatty chains

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PHOSPHATE is the functional partofthe membrane

STEROIDS

y based on cholesterol

CHOLESTEROL

y insoluble in watery carried thru body by proteins

are steroids dissolvable inblood? NO

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LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS LDLs (bad)

y high in cholesteroly low in proteins

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS HDL (good)

y low in cholesteroly high in proteinsy a low LDL : HDL ratio is good (less cholesterol is carried in the blood)

NUCLEIC ACIDS

THERE ARE THREE NUCLEIC ACIDS:

1. DNA2. RNA3. ATP

DEOXYNUCLEIC ACID DNA

ycarries genetic info

y makes up chromosomesy double helix made of two strands, held together by a hydrogen bondy each strand is made of nucleotides

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NUCLEOTIDE

y phosphate groupy 4 nitrogenous bases

adenine thymine A + T

cytosine guanine C + G

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RIBONUCLEIC ACID RNA

y also a nucleic acidy single strandedy has sugar instead of a phosphate group

adenine uracil A + U

cytosine guanine C + G

RNA is the messengerfor DNA

RNA is the messengerina cell

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MACRONUTRIENTS

vitamins

minerals

antioxidants

VITAMINS

y function as coenzymes to speed up chemical reactionsy vitamin deficiencies affect EVERY cell in body

vitamin D = only vitamin body can make

y synthesized by body in presence of sunlightvitamin K = necessary for blood clotting

y produced by bacteria in our intestinesall other vitamins wemust getfromour diet

* look

at

vitamin

tab

lein

text

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

y A D E Ky dangerous if we take in too much

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

y ex. vitamin Cy excreted by body

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MINERALS

y inorganic (no carbon molecule)y necessary for

o fluid balanceo muscle + nerve functiono healthy bones + teeth

y ex) calcium, chloride, etc.y supplied by diet

* checkouttable 2.7 minerals

ANTIOXIDANTS

ycome from diet

y bind free radicals so they are not floating around prevents damage to tissues* checkouttable 2.8 antioxidants

CELL STRUCTURE +METABOLISM

FOOD + ENERGY

y food is broken down by our bodiesy used for:

o growtho maintenance + repairo energy source

y energy stored in chemical bonds of foods

EXCESS ENERGY:

y in animals, stored as GLYCOGENy in plants, stored as STARCH

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FAT

y associated with muscley stored beneath skiny stored in ADIPOSE TISSUEy men stored in abdomeny women stored in belly, thighs, hips, breasts

FUNCTIONS OF FAT:

y protect organsy insulate body from coldy reserve energy in case of famine

we are born with a certain number of fat cells when we get fat, we do not get more fat cells the fat

cells we have just grow bigger

we must maintain constant amount of body fat

energy intake = energy expenditure

energy stored in foods is converted to high energy substance that can power CELLULAR ACTIVITY

this is ATP

ATP adenosinetrisphosphate

y powers cellular activitiesy it is a nucleotidey made from adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphates (i.e. triphosphate)y constantly at work so our cells can constantly be at work

ATP is transferred into energy

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CELLS most basic fundamental unit oflife

y all living things composed of cellso ex) virus is not living not composed of cells

CELL STRUCTURE

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ORGANELLES subcellular structures

y each has specific functiony work together for homeostasis

CYTOSKELETON

y composed of two types of proteinso filamentso tubules

NUCLEUS powerhouse of body

y houses DNA, the cells control centery surrounded by nuclear envelope

o studded with nuclear pores that regulate traffic in and out of nucleus

DNA always stays in nucleus

RNA is DNAs messenger RNA goes in + out of cell thru the pores

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INSIDE NUCLEUS

CHROMATIN DNA + proteins

NUCLEOLUS center of nucleus

y where ribosomes are formedNUCLEOPLASM liquid portion of nucleus

INSIDE CELL

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CYTOPLASM the cytosol and the organelles

CYTOSOL fluid in cytoplasm

ORGANELLES little organs in cell

ORGANELLES:

1. mitochondria the cells power plantsa. produce all cellular energy

2. lysosomes membrane-enclosed sacs of enzymesa. breakdown compounds in bodyb. engulf nutrients, dead + dying organelles

3. ribosomes where amino acids are joined/formed4. endoplasmic reticulum

a. ROUGH ribosomes are attachedb. SMOOTH no ribosomes are attached

5. Golgiapparatus packaging + shipping center of cella. vesicles pinch off from ER and fuse with GAb. protein contents empty into GAc. modified proteins are shipped to appropriate places