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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
PowerPoint Lectures forCampbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh EditionReece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey
CHAPTER 1Biology: Exploring Life
FIGURE 1.0_1 Chapter 1: Big Ideas
Themes in the Studyof Biology
The Processof Science
Biology andEveryday Life
Evolution, the CoreTheme of Biology
1.1 ALL FORMS OF LIFE SHARE COMMON PROPERTIES
Biology is the scientific study of life. Properties of life include
1. Order—the highly ordered structure that typifies life,
2. Reproduction—the ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind,
3. Growth and development—consistent growth and development controlled by inherited DNA,
4. Energy processing—the use of chemical energy to power an organism’s activities and chemical reactions,
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.1 ALL FORMS OF LIFE SHARE COMMON PROPERTIES
5. Response to the environment—an ability to respond to environmental stimuli,
6. Regulation—an ability to control an organism’s internal environment within limits that sustain life, and
7. Evolutionary adaptation—adaptations evolve over many generations as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 IN LIFE’S HIERARCHY OF ORGANIZATION, NEW PROPERTIES EMERGE AT EACH LEVEL
Biosphere
Madagascar
Ecosystem:Forest in
Madagascar
Community:All organisms in
the forest
Population:Group of ring-tailed
lemurs
Organism:Ring-tailed lemur
FIGURE 1.2_2
Organism:Ring-tailed lemur
Organ system:Nervous system
Organ:Brain
Tissue:Nervous tissue
Nerve
Spinal cord
Brain
Organelle:Nucleus
Cell:Nerve cell
Nucleus
Atom
Molecule:DNA
1.3 CELLS ARE THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF LIFE
Cells are the level at which the properties of life emerge.
A cell can regulate its internal environment, take in and use energy, respond to its environment, develop and maintain its complex organization,
and give rise to new cells.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.3 CELLS ARE THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF LIFE
All cells are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the
passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings and
use DNA as their genetic information.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.3 CELLS ARE THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF LIFE
There are two basic types of cells.1. Prokaryotic cells were the first to evolve, are simpler, and are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells. bacteria
2. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-enclosed organelles, including a
nucleus containing DNA, and are found in plants, animals, and fungi.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
FIGURE 1.3
Eukaryotic cell
Membrane
Prokaryoticcell
DNA(no nucleus)
Organelles
Nucleus(membrane-enclosed)
DNA (throughoutnucleus)
Cells illustrate another theme in biology: the correlation of structure and function.
Structure is related to function at all levels of biological organization.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.4 LIVING ORGANISMS INTERACT WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT, EXCHANGING MATTER AND ENERGY
Living organisms interact with their environments, which include other organisms and physical (non-living) factors.
In most ecosystems plants are the producers that provide the food, consumers eat plants and other animals, and decomposers act as recyclers, changing complex
matter into simpler mineral nutrients.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.4Ecosystem
Sunlight
CO2
Heat
Chemical energy(food)
Producers(such asplants)
Water and mineralstaken up by tree roots
Cycling ofchemical nutrients
Decomposers(in soil)
Consumers(such asanimals)
CO2
O2O2
1.5 THE UNITY OF LIFE IS BASED ON DNA AND A COMMON GENETIC CODE
All cells have DNA, the chemical substance of genes.
Genes are the unit of inheritance that transmits
information from parents to offspring, are grouped into very long DNA molecules called
chromosomes, and control the activities of a cell.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.5
A species’ genes are coded in the sequences of the four building blocks making up DNA’s double helix. All forms of life use essentially the same code to
translate the information stored in DNA into proteins.
The diversity of life arises from differences in DNA sequences.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.6 THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE CAN BE ARRANGED INTO THREE DOMAINS
Diversity is the hallmark of life. Biologists have identified about 1.8 million species. Estimates of the actual number of species ranges
from 10 to 100 million. Taxonomy names species and classifies them
into a system of broader groups.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into
three domains.
1. Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes.
2. Archaea are prokaryotes that often live in Earth’s extreme environments.
3. Eukarya have eukaryotic cells and include
single-celled protists and multicellular fungi, animals, and
plants.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
FIGURE 1.6Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
Protists(multiple kingdoms)
Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Plantae
1.7 EVOLUTION EXPLAINS THE UNITY AND DIVERSITY OF LIFE
The history of life, as documented by fossils, is a saga of a changing Earth billions of years old and inhabited by an evolving cast of life forms.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.7
In 1859, Charles Darwin published the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, which articulated two main points.1. A large amount of evidence supports the idea of
evolution, that species living today are descendants of ancestral species in what Darwin called “descent with modification.”
2. Natural selection is a mechanism for evolution.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: EVOLUTION IS CONNECTED TO OUR EVERYDAY LIVES
Evolution is a core theme of biology. Evolutionary theory is useful in
medicine agriculture forensics Conservation
Human-caused environmental changes are powerful selective forces that affect the evolution of many species, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria, pesticide-resistant pests, endangered species, and increasing rates of extinction.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.8 SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY IS USED TO ASK AND ANSWER QUESTIONS ABOUT NATURE
The word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning “to know.” Science is a way of knowing.
Science is a process not a thing.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.8
How is a theory different from a hypothesis? A scientific theory is much broader in scope than a
hypothesis, usually general enough to generate
many new, specific hypotheses, which can then be tested, and
supported by a large and usually growing body of evidence.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY
• General Stages of Scientific Investigation
1. Asking a Question2. Collecting Information/Making
observations3. Inferring and forming a hypothesis4. Designing a controlled experiment to
test the hypothesis5. Collecting/Analyzing Data (qualitative
vs. quantitative)6. Drawing Conclusions
HOW DO WE MAKE A VALID HYPOTHESIS? Inference and imagination can lead to a
hypothesis.
If..then format Example:
If artificial king snakes are placed in an environment without coral snakes, then they will be attacked more frequently than the artificial brown snakes.
CONDUCTING A CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT Variables – factors that change
Independent – you manipulate (what you deliberately change)
Dependent – change in response to the independent variable (variable that is measured)
Control Group – used for comparison Nothing is changed
1.9 SCIENTISTS FORM AND TEST HYPOTHESES AND SHARE THEIR RESULTS
Case Study Scientists began with a set of observations and
generalizations poisonous animals are brightly colored and imposters resemble poisonous species but are
actually harmless. They then tested the hypothesis that mimics
benefit because predators confuse them with the harmful species.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.9
The scientists conducted a controlled experiment, comparing an experimental group consisting of artificial
king snakes a control group consisting of artificial brown
snakes. The groups differed only by one factor, the
coloration of the artificial snakes. The data fit the key prediction of the mimicry
hypothesis.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.9E
Coral snakespresent
Artificialking snakes
Artificialbrown snakes
84%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Coral snakesabsent
17% 16%
Per
cen
t o
f to
tal a
ttac
kso
n a
rtif
icia
l sn
akes
83%
1.9 SCIENTISTS FORM AND TEST HYPOTHESES AND SHARE THEIR RESULTS
Science is a social activity with most scientists working in teams.
Scientists share information in many ways. Science seeks natural causes for natural
phenomena. The scope of science is limited to the study of
structures and processes that we can directly observe and measure.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
PRACTICE PROBLEM The graph below
shows the results of an experiment in which mice learned to run through a maze.
1. State the hypothesis that you think this experiment tested.
2. Identify the variables and control group.
3. What variables that must have been kept constant so as not to affect the results (validity).
4. Looking at the data collected, does it support the hypothesis? Explain.
1.10 CONNECTION: BIOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY ARE CONNECTED IN IMPORTANT WAYS
Many issues facing society are related to biology. Most involve our expanding technology.
The basic goals of science and technology differ. The goal of science is to understand natural
phenomena.
The goal of technology is to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.10
Although their goals differ, science and technology are interdependent. Technological advances stem from scientific
research. Research benefits from new technologies.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
YOU SHOULD NOW BE ABLE TO
1. Describe seven properties common to all life.
2. Describe the levels of biological organization from molecules to the biosphere, noting the interrelationships between levels.
3. Define the concept of emergent properties and describe an example of it.
4. Explain why cells are a special level in biological organization. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
YOU SHOULD NOW BE ABLE TO
5. Compare the three domains of life.6. Describe the process and products of
natural selection. 7. Distinguish between quantitative and
qualitative data.8. Distinguish between the scientific definition
and common use of the word theory. 9. Describe the structure of a controlled
experiment and give an example.10. Compare the goals of science and
technology. Explain why an understanding of science is essential to our lives.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.