Bilal Saqib. Courtesy: Northrop Grumman Corporation

Bilal Saqib

Courtesy: Northrop Grumman CorporationCourtesy: Northrop Grumman Corporation

WPAN :Personal Area Connectivity10 meters

WLAN :Local Area Connectivity100 meters

WMAN :Metro Area Connectivity(City or suburb)

WWAN :Wide Area Connectivity(Broad geographiccoverage)

Beyond 100 meters

Bluetooth, UWB WiFi, HiperLan WiMaxAMPS, GSM, IS-95cdma2000, W-CDMA

Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt

AMPS

FDMA

IS-95

GSM

IS-136/PDC

IS-95B

CDMA CDMA

cdma2000

CDMA

GPRS

EDGE

W-CDMA

TDMA

CDMA

TDMA

W-CDMA/HSDPA

cdma2000EV,DO,DV

TDMA TDMA

?

CDMA

CDMA

OFDM

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G

Analog Digital

FDMA

CDMA

TDMAOFDM

Voice 64~384K Packet ~2M Multimedia ~10M Multimedia ~100M Multimedia

Can be Implemented by Programmable DSP No fully programmable H/W solutions

NMTTACT

FDMA


802.11b11Mbps

CDMA

802.11g54Mbps

OFDM

802.11a54Mbps

OFDM

802.11n100+Mbps

OFDM

WMAN : Wireless Metro Area Network

802.16d : Fixed WiMax 802.16e : Mobile WiMax

WLAN : Wireless Local Area Network

High data rate Poor mobility support

WiMax802.16d

WiMax802.16e

OFDM OFDM

70Mbps 10Mbps


Bluetooth1.1

1 Mbps

Bluetooth1.2

Bluetooth2.0

3 Mbps

802.15.3aUWB

100 ~ 480 Mbps

802.15.3aUWB-NG~ 1Gbps

Interconnecting personal devices


Upper Protocol Layers

Physical Layer (PHY)

Application bits

BasebandProcessing

AnalogFront-end

Packets “Air”

MAC

LINK

Network

Transport

PPP

IP

TCP/UDP


Bluetooth

GPS

BasebandProcessor

AnalogFrontend

ApplicationProcessor

PowerManager

Camera

Keyboard

Display

Speaker


AudioAMR/QCELP

PHY

MAC

Upperlayers

Physicallayer

LINK

Network

Transport

ASIC(Hardware)

GPP(Software)

VideoMPEG

GPP(Software)

DSP/AcceleratorSource

coding

ApplicationProcessor

BasebandProcessor


Use software routines instead of ASICs for the physical layer operations of wireless communication system

ASICs(PHY)ASICs(PHY)

ProgrammableHardware

ProgrammableHardware

SoftwareRoutinesSoftwareRoutines

Both Analog Frontend and Digital Baseband are the scope of SDR


SDR A Software Defined Radio (SDR) system is a

radio communication system where components that have typically been implemented in hardware (i.e. mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, detectors. etc.) are implemented using software.

A basic SDR may consist of a PC equipped with a sound card, or other ADC, preceded by some form of RF front end.

Significant amounts of signal processing are handed over to the general purpose processor, rather than done using special-purpose hardware.

Levels of SDRTier Name Description

Tier 0 Hardware Radio (HR)Implemented using hardware components. Cannot be modified

Tier 1Software Controlled

Radio (SCR)Only control functions are implemented in software: inter-connects, power levels, etc.

Tier 2Software Defined

Radio (SDR)

Software control of a variety of modulation techniques, wide-band or narrow-band operation, security functions, etc.

Tier 3Ideal Software Radio

(ISR)Programmability extends to the entire system with analog conversion only at the antenna.

Tier 4Ultimate Software

Radio (USR) Defined for comparison purposes only

Courtesy: source:http://www.sdrforum.orgCourtesy: source:http://www.sdrforum.org

Seamless wireless connection – End User◦ Widely different wireless protocols

TDMA : GSM, AMPS CDMA : IS-95, cdma2000, W-CDMA, IEEE 802.11b OFDM : IEEE 802.11a/g/n, WiMAX

◦ Needs a terminal that can support multiple wireless protocols

Easy infrastructure upgrade – Service Provider◦ Wireless protocols evolve continuously

Ex) W-CDMA W-CDMA + HSDPA

Time to market – Manufacturer◦ Reduce hardware development time and cost

Military Communications◦ Tactical Military Communications◦ Military Satellite Communications◦ Rapid Prorotyping

Basestations◦ Weak constraints on power and area ◦ Support several hundred subscribers◦ Will be commercialized first

Wireless terminals◦ Tight constraints on power and area.◦ Will be commercialized next


Hindrances in SDR Development High-Speed ADCs

◦ Nyquist requires to collect and process samples at more than twice the maximum operating frequency

◦ Maximum Operating Frequency can be in the range of GHz for RF

◦ Current ADCs have sampling frequencies in range of MHz

◦ A project aimed at improving the ADC performance by using digitally assisted analog (DAAC) loop is already underway at NIIT

◦ Not to be addressed for this project

Hindrances in SDR Development Programmable/Tunable Mixers, Filters and Amplifiers

Challenge is to make the RF Front End highly flexible Not in the scope of this project

RF Front EndRF Front End

Courtesy:www.ieee-lanman.org/presentations/hessamian.pdf Courtesy:www.ieee-lanman.org/presentations/hessamian.pdf

Hindrances in SDR Development Very High Performance and Flexible Digital

Processors This falls in the domain of our project

◦ DSPs are not very flexible◦ FPGAs are flexible but not very fast

General Purpose Processor is to be designed to cater for these needs

Documents

Bilal Saqib. Courtesy: Northrop Grumman Corporation