Bibliography

This bibliography on the ongms of digital computers covers the period from the first mechanical aids to digital calculation until the first practical stored program electronic com­puter was put into operation in 1949. Particular attention is paid to the period following BABBAGE, and to papers shedding light on the extent to which the various pioneers were influenced by each other. All the items listed have been inspected (sometimes rather cursorily) by the editor.

The bibliography is listed in alphabetical order by author, anonymous papers and reports being listed last. In order to facilitate the use of the index, in the case that more than one publication is listed for a given author, the name of the author is followed by the year of publication in parentheses. If there is more than one publication in one year, the year is followed by a, b, ...

AIKEN, H. H.: Proposed automatic calculating machine (previously unpublished memorandum). IEEE Spectrum, 62-69 (Aug. 1964).

Reprinted in full on pages 191-197.

AIKEN, H. H., HOPPER, G. M.: The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. Electrical Engineering 65, 384-391, 449-454, 522-528 (1946).

Reprinted in full on pages 199-218.

AIKEN, H. H., and the staff of the Computation Laboratory: A manual of opera­tion for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. In: Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, Vol. 1. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1946.

The first chapter 'Historical Introduction' is a very useful account of the development of calculating machines, difference engines, and BABBAGE'S work. It includes mention of MULLER and TORRES.

ALT, F. L. (1948): A Bell Telephone Laboratories' computing machine. M.T.A.C. 3,1-13,69-84 (1948).

Reprinted in full on pages 257-286.

ALT, F. L. (1972): Archaeology of computers - reminiscences, 1945-1947. Commun. ACM 15, no. 7, 693-694 (1972).

Anecdotes concerning the use of ENIAC, including a description of the technique of set­ting-up programs on the function tables.

ANDREWS, E. G. (1949): The Bell Computer, Model VI. Proceedings of a 2nd

Symposium on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 13-16 Sept. 1949. In: Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, Vol. 26, pp. 20-31. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1951.

Well-illustrated general description of the Model VI.

403

ANDREWS, E. G. (1951): A review of the Bell Laboratories digital computer developments. In: Review of Electronic Digital Computers. Joint AIEE-IRE Computer Conference, 10-12 Dec., 1951, pp. 101-105. New York: American Institute of

Electrical EngiIloors 1952. A useful, well-illustrated account of the series of Bell Laboratory calculators.

ANDREWS, E. G. (1963): Telephone switching and the early Bell Laboratories com­puters. Bell System techn.J. 42, 341-353 (1963).

An account of the historical development of the Bell Laboratory relay computers, and of the basic facilities of each model.

ANDREWS, E. G., Box, H. W.: Use of relay digital computer. Electrical Engineer­ing 69,158-163 (1950).

A description of some of the problems solved using the Bell Laboratories Model V com­puter, including a brief description of how the computer was programmed.

APRAXINE, N.: Machine a calculer mue electriquement. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 195, 857-858 (Nov. 1932).

Brief general account of an accumulator, with multiple decimal digits, composed of electromechanical relays.

ARCHIBALD, R. C. (1947 a): P. G. Scheutz, publicist, author, scientific mechanician, and Edvard Scheutz, engineer - biography and bibliography. M.T.A.C. 2, 238-245 (1947), -.

Brief biography of GEORGE SCHEUTZ and his son, and a very good annotated bibliography.

ARCHIBALD, R. C. (1947 b): Martin Wiberg, his tables and his difference engine. M.T.A.C. 2, 371-373 (1947).

Brief biography of WIBERG, and discussion of the mathematical tables he produced using his difference engine.

ARCHIBALD, R. C. (1948): Mathematical table makers. In: Scripta Mathematica, Vol. 3. New York: Yeshiva University 1948.

Bio-bibliographical notes on 53 compilers of mathematical tables, including BABBAGE, BURGI, COMRI~ and NAPIER.

ARKIN, H.: Development and principles of the punched card method. In: Practical

Applications of the Punched Card Method in Colleges and Universities (ed. G. W. BAEHNE), pp. 1-20. New York: Columbia University Press 1935.

Very brief account of the development of punched card machinery. Includes an illustrated survey of the current Hollerith equipment.

ATANASOFF, l V.: Computing machine for the solution of large systems of linear

algebraic equations (unpublished memorandum). Ames, Iowa: Iowa State College, Aug. 1940.

Reprinted in full on pages 305-325.

ATANASOFF, J. V., BRANDT, A. E.: Application of punched card equipment to the analysis of complex spectra. J. Optical Society of America 26, no. 2, 83-88 (Feb. 1936).

Detailed description of the use of a tabulator, to which a home-made 'cross-connecting board' was attached, on which numerical values could be set up.

404

BABBAGE, B. H.: Babbage's calculating machine; or difference engine. London: Science and Art Department, South Kensington Museum 1872.

A description of the Difference Engine constructed by BABBAGE in 1833, now on exhibition in the Science Museum.

BABBAGE, C. (1822): A note respecting the application of machinery to the cal­culation of astronomical tables. Mem. Astronomical Soc. 1,309 (June 1822).

The first publication on the Difference Engine. Very brief, ending: "from the experiments I have already made, I feel great confidence in the complete success of the plans I have proposed".

BABBAGE, C. (1835): Letter to M. Quetelet. Bulletins de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles 2, no. 5, 124-125 (May 1835).

Indicates that BABBAGE had been working for six months on a new machine, and implies that the machine had the ability to execute sequences of arithmetic operations.

BABBAGE, C. (1837 a): The ninth Bridgewater Treatise: A fragment. London: John Murray 1837.

Makes numerous references to his work on calculating engines, and includes a short appendix describing the history of his efforts to produce first a difference and then an analytical engine.

BABBAGE, C. (1837 b): On the mathematical powers of the calculating engine (un­published manuscript, Dec. 1837). Oxford: Buxton MS7, Museum of the History of Science.

Reprinted in full on pages 17-52.

BABBAGE, C. (1851): The exposition of 1851; or, views ofthe industry, the science

and the government of England. London: John Murray 1851. Contains one chapter 'Calculating Engines' (reprinted in H. P. BABBAGE: 1889, and P.

and E. MORRISON: 1961), describing the then-current state of development of the Analytical Engine, and including a description of the method used for parallel assimilation of carry in the adder, and a chapter 'Intrigues of Science' which includes material on his dealings with the government regarding the calculating machines.

BABBAGE, C. (1855): Note sur la machine suedoise de MM. Scheutz pour calculer les tables mathematiques par la methode des differences et en imprimer les resultats sur les planches stereotypes. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 41, 557-560 (8 Oct. 1855),42,798-800 (28 April 1856).

The first part is a description by CHARLES BABBAGE of the drawings made by his son, using the 'Mechanical Notation', of the Scheutz Engine. The second part consists of further correspondence regarding the engine.

BABBAGE, C. (1864): Passages from the life of a philosopher. London: Longman,

Green, Longman, Roberts and Green 1864. Reprinted by Augustus M. Kelley, New

York 1969. Contains several chapters relating to the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine

(which have been reprinted in H. P. BABBAGE: 1889; and P. MORRISON and E. MORRISON: 1961). A fascinating book, which throws much light on the strange character of CHARLES BABBAGE.

BABBAGE, H. P. (1855): On mechanical notation, as exemplified in the Swedish

calculating machine of Messrs. Scheutz. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1855,203-205.

Describes the mechanical notation, but does not include the charts that it states were made of the Scheutz difference engine by BABBAGE using the notation.

405

BABBAGE, H. P. (1888): On the mechanical arrangements of the analytical engine of the late Charles Babbage F. R. S. Report of the British Association for the Ad­vancement of Science 616-617, (1888).

Abstract of a paper given by Major General H. P. BABBAGE, which described BABBAGE'S anticipating carriage, counting apparatus, and mechanical notation.

BABBAGE, H. P. (ed.) (1889): Babbage's calculating engines: Being a collection of papers relating to them, their history, and construction. London: E. and F. N. Spon 1889.

A reprinting of the writings of BABBAGE and others, on both difference and analytic engines, edited by his son. Much of the material has been reprinted in P. MORRISON and E. MORRISON (1961).

BABBAGE, H. P. (1910): Babbage's analytical engine. Monthly Not. roy. astron. Soc. 70,517-526,645 (1910).

Reprinted in full on pages 65-69.

BABBAGE, R. H.: The work of Charles Babbage. Proceedings of a Symposium on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 7-1 0 Jan. 1947. In: Annals of the Com­putation Laboratory of Harvard University, Vol. 16, pp. 13-22. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1948.

Consists almost entirely of quotations from BABBAGE'S writings (including 'The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise', and 'The Exposition of 1851 ') and from LARDNER'S article. Some of the quotations concern the Difference Engine, but most concern the Analytical Engine. It in­cludes, from the 'Exposition', a description of the 'carry mechanism' that BABBAGE invented.

BAILY, F.: On Mr. Babbage's new machine for calculating and printing mathe­matical and astronomical tables. Phil. Mag. 63, 355-367 (May 1824).

Mainly concerned with surveying the various types of mathematical tables for which the Difference Engine would be useful. At the end it includes the comment "It would not be very complicated to place three such machines by the side of each other, and cause them to transfer their results to a common axis, with which the printing apparatus might be connected"

BALLOT, c.: L'Introduction du machinisme dans l'industrie Fran~aise. Lille: O. Marquandt 1923.

Contains a very detailed historical account of the developments by BOUCHON, FALCON DE VAUCANSON, and JACQUARD of the punched card controlled loom.

BARLOW, A.: History and principles of weaving by hand and power. London: S. Low, Marsten, Searle and Rivington 1878.

Includes a discussion of the work of BOUCHON, FALCON, DE VAUCANSON and JACQUARD, and of BONELLI, BOLMIDA, and VICENZIA, who during the 1850's worked on the use of electro­magnetic techniques for reading the patterns, and controlling the loom.

BAUER, F. L., WOSSNER, H.: The "Plankalkiil" of Konrad Zuse: A forerunner of today's programming languages. Commun. ACM 15, no. 7,678-685 (1972).

A fairly detailed account of the language, and an analysis of it compared to modern programming languages.

BAXANDALL, D. (1926): Calculating machines and instruments. In: Catalogue of the Collections in the Science Museum. London: H.M.S.O. 1926.

A valuable descriptive catalogue of the extensive collections in the Science Museum, in­cluding many examples of early calculating machines, BABBAGE'S and SCHEUTZ'S difference engines, and portions of BABBAGE'S Analytical Engine.

406

BAXANDALL, D. (1929): Calculating machines. In Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th edition, pp. 545-553, 1929.

Partly abridged from BAXANDALL (1926). Covers, inter alia, NAPIER, PASCAL, LEIBNIZ, THOMAS, ODHNER, FELT, BOLLEE, HOLLERITH, BABBAGE, and SCHEUTZ.

BEEVERS, C. A.: A machine for the rapid summation of Fourier series. Proc. Physi­cal Soc. (London) 51, no. 4, 660-663 (1939).

Describes a small special purpose calculator in corperatin g sixteen dectro-mechanical counte ing mechanisms.

BELDEN, T. G., BELDEN, M. R.: The lengthening shadow: The life of Thomas J. Watson. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. 1962.

An official biography of WATSON, useful for its information about the growth of IBM, but with comparatively few technical details.

BERGER, R.: Die Lochkartenmaschine. Z. VDI 72, 1799-1807 (1928). Includes a brief account of the development of punched card machinery, and illustrated

descriptions of various items of Hollerith and Powers punched card equipment, including Powers and Hollerith card punches coupled to typewriters, and a Hollerith hand punch connected to a calculating machine.

BERKELEY, E. c.: Giant brains or machines that think. New York: John Wiley 1949.

A popular book on the design of computers, which includes descriptions of the Harvard Mark 1 and ENIAC. Extensive references.

BERRY, C. E.: Design of electrical data recording and reading mechanism. Ames,

Iowa: M. Sc. Thesis, Iowa State College, 1941.

Description of the card reading and punching mechanisms, which perforated and sensed holes in cards by electrical discharges, designed "in conjunction with the development of a high-speed computing machine" - the Atanasoff-Berry machine.

BERTILLON, J.: La statistique it la machine. La Nature, 218-222 (1. Sept. 1894). A well-illustrated detailed descripton of the machines invented by HOLLERITH and used

in the 1890 U.S. Census. States that the system was also being used in Canada, Austria, and being tried out in Italy, France and Germany.

BILLINGS, J. S. (1887): On some forms of tables of vital statistics, with special reference to the needs of the health department of a city. Public Health Papers and Reports, American Public Health Assoc. 13,203-221 (1887).

Describes form and punched card layout conventions. Includes the comment "I have watched with great interest the progress in developing and perfecting this machine, because seven years ago I became satisfied that some such system was possible and desirable, and advised Mr. HOLLERITH, who was then engaged on census work, to take the matter up and devise such a machine ... ".

BILLINGS, J. S. (1891): Mechanical methods used in compiling data of the eleventh

U.S. census, with exhibition of a machine. Proceedings of the American Association

for the Advancement of Science, 40th Meeting, Washington 1891, pp. 407-409.

Salem, Mass.: 1892.

"That the data ... might be recorded on a single card or slip by punching small holes in different parts of it, and that these cards might then be assorted and counted by mech­anical means according to any selected grouping of these perforations, was first suggested by Dr. BILLINGS in 1880. This suggestion was taken up by Mr. HERMAN HOLLERITH ... ".

407

BLOCK, R. M.: Mark I Calculator. Proceedings of a Symposium on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 7-10 Jan. 1947. In: Annals of the Computation La­boratory of Harvard University, Vol. 16, pp. 23-30. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1948.

Brief description of the Harvard Mark 1 and some of its applications, and of the sub­sidiary sequencing unit that had been added.

BLODGETT,J. H.: Hollerith: The first breakthrough. Philadelphia, Pa.: Term Paper,

Drexel Inst. of Technology, Dec. 1966. An account, based on primary sources, of HOLLERITH and his development of electrical

tabulating machines.

BLODGETT, J. H., SCHULTZ, C. K.: Herman Hollerith: Data processing pioneer. American Documentation 20, no. 3,221-226 (July 1969).

This article is in the main taken from an M.Sc. Thesis on HOLLERITH by the first author. It contains few technical details of HOLLERITH'S tabulating machines, but instead concentrates on the progress of his career, incorporating hitherto unpublished information obtained from HOLLERITH'S family.

BOLLEE, L.: Sur une nouvelle machine a calculer. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 109,737-739 (1889).

Brief written description of the Bollee machine, in particular of the method of direct multiplication.

BOOTH, A. D.: Review of Charles Babbage and his calculating engines (eds. P. and E. MORRISON). J. roy. statist. Soc. Ser. A 125, no. 3,491-492 (1962).

Contains the comment "CHARLES BABBAGE is nowadays recognised as the pioneer of modern automatic digital computing machines. It came as a surprise to many of the early workers in electronic computing to find that the structure which they had built up on purely logical grounds for a digital computer was in fact precisely what had been derived by R'UlBAGE over a century before".

BOOTH, A. D., BOOTH, K. H. V.: Automatic digital calculators, 2nd edition. Lon­don: Butterworths 1956.

Contains a brief but interesting account of the origins of computers. On arithmetical machines, mentions PASCAL, LEIBNIZ, MORLAND, STANHOPE, THOMAS DE COLMAR, ODHNER, ROTH and BALDWIN. (States these latter two predated OHDNER'S variable toothed wheel.)

BOOTH, A. D., BRITTEN, K. H. V.: Principles and progress in the construction of high speed digital computers. Quart. J. Mech. appl. Math. 2, 182-197 (1949).

General discussion of the basic components of computers, and a survey of then current American developments.

BOWDEN, B. V. (ed.) (1953): Faster than thought. London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons 1953.

Contains much material on BABBAGE, including a reprint of the Lady LOVELACE translation of MENABREA'S article. The major part of the book consists of chapters on the then current British computing machine projects.

BOWDEN, B. V. (1960): He invented the computer - before its time. Think 28-32 (July 1960).

An account of the author's search for information about Lady LOVELACE, and a bio­graphical sketch of CHARLES BABBAGE.

BOYS, C. V.: A new analytical engine. Nature 81, no. 2070, 14-15 (1 July 1909). Review of LUDGATE (1909).

408

BRAINERD, J. G.: Review of Charles Babbage (1792-1871). Compo Reviews 6, no. 5,284 (1965).

BRAINERD was in charge of the ENIAC development. In this review he states that devel­

opment of ENIAC took place in ignorance of BABBAGE'S work on the Analytical Engine.

BRAINERD, J. G., SHARPLESS, T. K.: The ENIAC. Electrical Engineering 67, no. 2, 163-172 (Feb. 1948).

An account of the history and the development of ENIAC, and of its principles of op­eration.

BRENNAN, J. F.: The IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University: A history. Armonk, N.Y.: IBM Corporation 1971.

A 68-page a<;:count of the work of the Watson Laboratory, based on the laboratory's archives, and on tape-recorded interviews. Includes material on the early punched card in­stallation, on the device for controlling groups of punched card machines, and on the small electronic computer built by JOHN LENTZ in 1948, which became the prototype of the IBM 610 Autopoint Computer eight years later.

BREWSTER, D.: Mr. Babbage's calculating engine. Letters on natural magic, ad­dressed to Sir Walter Scott, Bart. (new edition), pp. 340-345. London: William Tegg 1868.

A brief account, first published in 1832, of BABBAGE'S Difference Engine, stating "the greater part of the calculating machine is already constructed, and exhibits workmanship of such extraordinary skill and beauty that nothing approaching it has been witnessed". A demonstration by BABBAGE of the speed and accuracy of a small trial difference engine is also described.

BUCHNER, A.: Mechanical musical instruments. London: Batchworth Press 1950. Contains illustrated descriptions of the mechanisms used in "automatophonic" instruments,

such as barrel organs, pianolas, and musical boxes.

BURKS, A. W.: Electronic computing circuits of the ENIAC. Proc. I. R. E. 35, 756-767 (1947).

Detailed account of the electronic design of ENIAC.

BURKS, A. W., GOLDSTINE, H. H., VON NEUMANN, J.: Preliminary discussion of the logical design of an electronic computing instrument, Part 1, Vol. 1. Princeton: Institute for Advanced Study (28 June 1946, 2nd edition 2 Sept. 1947). Reprinted in John von Neumann: Collected Works (ed. A. H. TAUB), Vol. 5, pp. 34-79. Ox­ford: Pergamon 1963.

Extracts reprinted on pages 371-385.

BUSH, V.: Instrumental analysis. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 42, 649-669 (1936). A survey of calculating machines, both digital and analogue. Proposes a mechanical

control device joined to standard punched card machinery which "would be a close approxi­mation to BABBAGE'S large conception".

BUXTON, H. W.: Memoir of the life and labours of the late Charles Babbage Esq., F.R.S., formerly Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in the University of Cambridge: comprising a descriptive and historical account of his analytical and difference engines derived principally from his posthumous MSS and papers. Unpublished manuscript, in two volumes (undated). Oxford: Buxton MSS 16 and 17, Museum of the History of Science.

Extremely valuable for the very extensive quotations from BABBAGE'S unpublished writings on his calculating engines and Mechanical Notation.

409

BUXTON, L. H. D.: Babbage and his Difference Engine. Trans. Newcomen Soc. 14,43-65, plate IV (1934).

Fairly extensive discussion of the Difference Engine - virtually no mention of the Ana­lytical Engine. Includes much biographical material from the unpublished biography of BABBAGE by H. W. BUXTON. In the discussion, COMRIE describes difference techniques using then current machines, including the National, and using punched card machinery.

CALEY, D. H. N.: Electricity and the 'Tote'. The Electrician 103, no. 3 and 4, 71-73,108-109 (19 and 26 July, 1929).

Surveys the various rival automatic totalisator systems being developed for lise at race courses in the U. K. Three basic systems, in which merely the total bets on each horse are calculated, are described. An advanced system, in which the changing odds on each horse are continuously recalculated is also described.

CAMPBELL, R. V. D.: Mark II Calculator. Proceedings of a Symposium on Large SC;lle Digital Calculating Machinery, 7-10 Jan. 1947. In: Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, Vol. 16, pp. 13-22. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard

University Press 1958. Describes the Mark 2 Calculator, which was a paper tape controlled calculator - it had

four tape readers and could be switched automatically from one tape controller to another. The store could hold about 100 ten decimal digit floating point numbers.

CAMPOS, F. P.: Applications mecano-comptables des machines a totalisateurs multiples. Paris: Etienne Chiron 1944.

Detailed description of 18 examples of the use of the Logabax book-keeping machine. The examples are in general from accountancy and banking, but examples are given of the use of the Logabax for harmonic analysis and the solution of simultaneous linear equations.

CESAREO, 0.: The Relay Interpolator. Bell Laboratories Record 23, 457-460 (1946).

Reprinted in full on pages 247-250.

CHAPIN, N.: An introduction to automatic computers. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand 1955.

Contains a chapter 'Computer Fundamentals' which covers the development of calculators, and, in considerable detail, American computer developments during the late 1940's and early 1950's.

CHAPMAN, S.: Blaise Pascal (1623-1662): Tercentenary of the calculating ma­chine. Nature 150,508-509 (31 Oct. 1942).

Gives a fairly detailed biography of PASCAL.

CHAPUIS, A., DROZ, E.: Les automates, figures artificielles d'hommes et d'animaux; histoire et technique. Neuchatel: Griffon 1949.

Describes and illustrates many mechanical automata, mostly controlled by a rotating pegged cylinder. The earliest such automaton described was constructed by DE CAUS (1576 to 1626). The last chapter describes the workings of the chess-player built by TORRES y QUEVEDO, who is described as the first to build an automaton which could accept inputs from its en­vironment, and alter its further behaviour accordingly.

CHASE, G. c.: History of mechanical computing machinery. Proc. ACM, Pitts­

burgh 2-3 May 1952, pp. 1-28. Transcript, together with reproductions of some 60 slides, of a lecture, giving a very

valuable survey of calculating machinery from the abacus, to the Harvard Mark 1. Contains much material not readily available elsewhere on American pioneers such as BALDWIN, MON-

410

ROE, AVERY, FRIDEN, HOPKINS, GRANT, BURROUGHS, DALTON, SUNDSTRAND, ELLIS and FELT. Also discusses the relationship of the Baldwin and Odhner developments, SELLING'S machine, the Rechnitzer Autarith, TORRES Y QUEVEDO, partial product multiplying machines by BAR­BOUR, VEREA and BOLLEE, STEIGER, HAMANN, BABBAGE, SCHEUTZ, HOLLERITH, and AIKEN.

COLLIER, B.: The little machines that could've: The calculating machines of

Charles Babbage. Cambridge, Mass.: Ph. D. Thesis, Harvard University, Aug. 1970. A valuable detailed study of BABBAGE'S machines, and of the circumstances surrounding

their development. Based on the Babbage Correspondence in the British Museum, the Babbage sketchbooks and drawings in the Science Museum, and the Buxton collection of Babbage manuscripts in the Museum of the History of Science at Oxford University.

COMRIE, L. J. (1927): Computing by calculating machines. Accountants J. 45, 42-51. (1927).

An account of various calculating techniques, such as 'shortcutting', and a lengthy 'Con­sumers Association-style' report on all the calculating machines then available on the British market.

COMRIE, L. J. (1928): On the application of the Brunsviga-Dupla calculating

machine to double summation with finite differences. Monthly Not. roy. astron. Soc.

88, no. 5,447-459 (March 1928).

Starts with a description of the technique of using finite differences, and with a brief survey of the history of developments of difference engines (BABBAGE, SCHEUTZ, WlBERG, HAMANN and the Burroughs-built H. M. Nautical Almanac Office Anti-Differencing Ma­chine), and then gives a detailed account of the features of the Brunsviga-Dupla manual calculating machine and its use for differencing.

COMRIE, L. J. (1932): The application of the Hollerith tabulating machine to

Brown's tables of the moon. Monthly Not. roy. astron. Soc. 92, no. 7, 694-707

(1932). Describes the facilities and operation of then current punches, tabulators and sorters, and

the use of these for calculating BROWN'S Tables of the Moon. States that Hollerith equipment was first used at the Nautical Almanac Office in 1929.

COMRIE, L. J. (1933): The Hollerith and Powers tabulating machines. Edinburgh: Privately printed by Neill and Co. 1933.

An excellent 44-page comparative analysis of the facilities and the mechanisms of the then-current Hollerith and Powers card punches, sorters, tabulators, etc.

COMRIE, L. J. (1934): Mechanical computing. In: Plane and Geodetic Surveying,

vol. 11, 2nd edition (ed. D. CLARK), pp. 284-294. London: Constable 1934. Brief account of the use of Ohdner-wheel type calculating machines.

COMRIE, L. J. (1938): Calculating machines. Appendix III in 'L. R. CONNOR:

Statistics in Theory and Practice', 3rd edition, pp. 349-371. London: Pitman 1938.

An account of the- main calculating devices then in current use - adding and listing machines, desk calculating machines, and punched card sorting and tabulating machines. Con­centrates on the facilities provided, and operational characteristics, rather than the workings of the various mechanisms.

COMRIE, L. J. (1944): Recent progress in scientIfic computing. J. Sci. Instruments

21,129-135 (Aug. 1944).

A survey of calculating instruments and their use for scientific calculations, including differential analysers, the National accounting machine, electrical and manual desk calcu­lators, and punched card machinery.

411

COMRIE, L. J. (1946 a): The application of commercial calculating machines to scientific computing. M.T.A.C. 2,149-159 (1946).

Extended survey of the use of desk calculators, adding machines and punched card machinery, for scientific calculations.

COMRIE, L. J. (1946b}: Babbage's dream comes true. Nature 158, 567-568 (1946).

Review of 'A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator'.

COSTELLO, J.: The little known creators of the computer. Nation's Business 59, no. 12,56-62 (Dec. 1971).

Reminiscences by ECKERT and MAUCHLY about the origins and development of ENIAC.

COUFFIGNAL, L. (1930): Sur une nouvelle machine a calculer. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 191,924-926 (1930).

Brief description, followed by commentary by D'OCAGNE, of a machine that could perform the four basic operations, and permit the chaining of sequences of such operations. The possibility of connecting it to a typewriter or to a card punch is discussed. No details are given of the mechanisms used.

COUFFIGNAL, L. (1933): Les machines a calculer, leurs principes, leur evolution. Paris: Gauthier-Villars 1933.

Extracts reprinted on pages 141-150.

COUFFIGNAL, L. (1936): Calcul mecanique: Sur l'emploi de la numeration binaire dans les machines a calculer et les instruments nomomecaniques. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 202, 1970-1972 (1936).

Argues the utility of representing numbers by binary notation in computers, and discusses the design of electrical calculators.

COUFFIGNAL, L. (1938 a): Sur un probleme d'analyse mecanique abstraite. Com pt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 206,1336-1338 (1938).

On the mechanical, or rather electrical, evaluation of logical expressions.

COUFFIGNAL, L. (1938b): Sur l'analyse mecanique: Application aux machines a calculer et aux calculs de la mecanique celeste. Theses presentees a la Faculte des Sciences de Paris. Serie A 1772. Paris: Gauthier-Villars 1938.

Extracts reprinted on pages 119-123.

COUFFIGNAL, L. (1949): Traits caracteristiques de la calculatrice de la machine a calculer universelle de l'Institut Blaise Pascal. Proceedings of a 2nd Symposium on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 13-16 Sept. 1949. In: Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, Vol. 26, pp. 374-386. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1951.

Description of the binary arithmetic unit, and general discussion of the Institut Blaise Pascal Computer.

COUFFIGNAL, L. (1950): Report on the machine of the Institut Blaise Pascal. M.T.A.C. 4, no. 32, 225-229 (1950).

Concentrates mainly on the hardware design of this experimental parallel binary com­puter.

COUFFIGNAL, L. (1952): Les machines a penser. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit 1952.

412

Includes brief accounts of calculators (Pascal, Felt, Burroughs), punched card machinery, BABBAGE'S Analytical Engine, Harvard Mark 1, ENIAC, and the computer developed at the Institute Blaise Pascal.

CREW, E. W.: Calculating machines. The Engineer 172, 438-441 (Dec. 1941). (Reprinted from The Student's Quarterly Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engi­neering.)

Clear descriptions of the principles of operation of NAPIER'S rods, the Leibniz and Odhner wheels, the rocking segment, and the Millionaire machine.

CURTISS, J. H.: A review of government requirements and activities in the field of automatic digital computing machinery. Theory and Techniques for the Design of Electronic Digital Computers: Lectures delivered 8 July-31 Aug. 1946 (ed. C. C. CHAMBERS), pp. 29.1-29.32. Philadelphia, Pa.: Moore School of Electrical En­gineering, University of Pennsylvania 1948.

Extensive survey of then current calculating needs, and of existing and planned relay and electronic computers.

CZAPLA, V. P.: The inventor of the first desk calculator. Computers and Auto­mation 10, no. 6,6 (Sept. 1961).

Based on paper by Baron VON FREYTAG LORINGHOFF (1958).

D'AuRIA, L., RONDINELLA, L. F., LECLERE, F., CRAWLEY, E. S.: The Hollerith electric tabulating system. Journal of the Franklin Institute 129, no. 4, 300-306 (April 1890).

The report of the committee that awarded HOLLERITH "the highest award in the gift of the Franklin Institute" - the Elliot Cresson Medal. The report gives a very clear description of the tabulator and sorter invented by HOLLERITH, and of the results of the study of the census commission which chose these devices for use in the 1890 U.S. Census.

DE BEAUCLAIR, W. (1960): Hermann Hollerith. VDI-Nachrichten, p. 6 (27 Feb. 1960).

A brief biography of HERMANN HOLLERITH.

DE BEAUCLAIR, W. (1967): Geschichte Entwicklung. Taschenbuch der Nachrichten Verarbeitung, 2. liberarbeitete Auflage (Hrsg. K. STEINBUCH), pp. 1-39. Berlin­Heidelberg-New York: Springer Verlag 1967.

A brief account of the origins of digital computers, and a more detailed account of their development until approximately 1960, accompanied by an extensive bibliography.

DE BEAUCLAIR, W. (1968): Rechnen mit Maschinen: Eine Bildgeschichte der Re­chentechnik. Braunschweig: Friedr. Vieweg und Sohn 1968.

A 300-page detailed factual and lavishly illustrated account of the origins of digital com­puters, and of their development up until the early 1960's. Contains valuable chapters on the development of the various technologies, such as electronic components, magnetic record­ing devices, and input/output equipment. Contains brief tabulated data on hundreds of differ­ent computers.

DELAUNAY, C. E.: Rapport sur la machine a calculer presentee par M. Wiberg. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 56, 330-339 (1863).

Describes the method of finite differences, and the workings of the Wiberg machine. Briefly compares it with the work of BABBAGE and SCHEUTZ and concludes by praising the machine strongly.

413

DESMONDE, W. H., BERKLING, K. J.: The Zuse Z3. Datamation 12, no. 9, 30-31

(1966).

Brief description of ZUSE'S work. States that the Z3, a program-controlled computer, was in use at a German aeronautical research centre in 1941. Brief mention of the ZI and Z2; more on the Z3 and its successors.

DEVEAux, P.: Present status of calculating machines. Revue Industrielle 56,113 to

117,166-171 (1926). Survey of the then available calculating machines, briefly describing their functional capa­

bilities, and a somewhat more detailed survey of Hollerith and Powers punched card equip­ment, including key-punches, tabulators and sorters. Well illustrated.

DIDEROT, D.: Arithmetique (machine). Encyclopedie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonne

des Sciences, des Arts et des Metiers 1, 680-684 plus Plate 2 of 'Algebre et Arith­

metique' in the accompanying Recueil de planches. Paris: (1751).

Gives what TATON (1963) describes as the first satisfactory description of the mechanism of PASCAL'S machine, and in particular of the carry mechanism.

D'OCAGNE, M. (1905): Le calcul simplifie, 2nd edition. Paris: Gauthier-Villars 1905.

Contains much material on calculating machines, slide rules, nomograms, quite a bit on difference engines, and a brief history of BABBAGE'S work. Chapter II on 'Arithmetical Ma­chines' (pp. 24-95) describes many machines, in particular those of PASCAL, BURROUGHS, FELT, LEIBNIZ, MULLER, THOMAS, MAUREL, TCHEBICHEF, OOHNER, SELLING, BOLLEE, and SCHEUTZ.

D'OCAGNE, M. (1915): On the origin of machines of direct multiplication. In: C. G.

KNOTT: Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume, pp. 283-285. London: Longman, Green and Co. 1915.

Brief description of what is c4imed to be the first direct multiplication mechanism, ex­hibited by BOLLEE in 1887. Gives brief details of BOLLEE'S life. Mentions THOMAS OE COLMAR'S Arithmometer and STEIGER'S Millionaire.

D'OCAGNE, M. (1920): Histoire des machines a calculer. Bull. de la Soc. d'En­couragement pour l'Industrie Nationale 132,554-569 (Sept.-Oct. 1920).

Transcription of a speech by O'OCAGNE at the opening of a public exhibition of calculating machines held from 5-13 June 1920 at the headquarters of the Society. General survey, dwelling particularly on PASCAL, LEIBNIZ, THOMAS and TORRES.

D'OCAGNE, M. (1922): Vue d'ensemble sur les machines a calculer. Bull. des

Sciences Mathern., 2e serie, 46,102-144 (1922).

A detailed survey of the development of calculating machines, covering, among others, PASCAL, TCHEBICHEF, FELT, LEIBNIZ, THOMAS, MAUREL, OOHNER, BURROUGHS, BOLLEE, SCHEUTZ, BABBAGE and TORRES.

D'OCAGNE, M. (1928): Le calcul simplifie, 3rd edition. Paris: Gauthier-Villars

1928.

Contains an entirely rewritten and slightly shortened version of the account of the devel­opment of calculating machines given in the second edition (1905). The main addition is a description of TORRES' electromechanical arithmometer.

D'OCAGNE, M. (1937): Torres-Quevedo. Larousse Mensuel 364, 727-728 Gune

1937). An obituary. Describes the work by TORRES on radio control, mechanical analogue com­

puters, aeronautics, aerial cableways, automata, and 'analytical engines'.

414

DODGE, N. S.: Charles Babbage. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 162-197 (1873).

An excellent summary of the life and work of CHARLES BABBAGE with many extracts from his writings, and from an obituary notice written by QUETELET.

DOYON, A., LIAIGRE, L.: Jacques Vaucanson, mecanicien de genie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France 1966.

A massively detailed scholarly biography of VAUCANSON, with much information on his work on mechanical automata, and on an automatic draw-loom.

DREYER, H.-J., WALTHER, A. (1946a): Der Rechenautomat IPM. Entwicklung Mathematische Instrumente in Deutschland 1939 bis 1945, Bericht A3, pp. 11-15. Darmstadt: Institut fur Praktische Mathematik, Technische Hochschule, 19. Aug. 1946.

Reprinted in full on pages 151-153.

DREYER, H.-J., WALTHER, A. (1946b): Das Rechengerat von Zuse. Entwicklung Mathematische Instrumente in Deutschland 1939 bis 1945, Bericht A3, pp. 4-10. Darmstadt: Institut fur Praktische Mathematik, Technische Hochschule, 19. Aug. 1946.

A brief account of the programmed calculators developed by ZUSE, and the applications that had been made of them, during 1939 to 1945.

DUBBEY, J. M.: The mathematical work of Charles Babbage. London: Ph. D. Thesis, University of London, 1968.

A detailed and scholarly survey of BABBAGE'S published and unpublished mathematical writings, together with one chapter (pp. 266-337) on his calculating machines, incorporating many quotations from his published accounts of the machines.

DYCK, W.: Katalog Mathematische usw. Instrumente. Munich: Wolf und Sohn 1892.

Pages 146-154, and 5-6 of the supplement, list various calculating machines, in some cases (notably MEYER, MULLER, EDMONDSON, BUTTNER, BRUNSVIGA and SELLING) giving some­what brief illustrated descriptions of the machines.

ECCLES, W. H., JORDAN, F. W.: A trigger relay utilising three-electrode thermionic vacuum tubes. The Radio Review 1,143-146 (1919).

An historic paper, describing "a one-stroke relay which when operated by a small trigger­ing electrical impulse undergoes great changes in regard to its electrical equilibrium, and then remains in the new condition until re-set".

ECKERT, J. P. (1946): A preview of a digital computing machine. Theory and Techniques for the Design of Electronic Digital Computers: Lectures delivered 8 July to 31 Aug. 1946 (ed. C. C. CHAMBERS), pp. 10.1-10.26. Philadelphia, Pa.: Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania 1947.

An account of the plans for EDVAC, and a description of its intended order code. Dis­cusses how the decision to provide a single common memory for constants, variables and instructions led to the concept of a stored program, and the implications of this concept on computer design.

ECKERT, J. P. (1970): In the beginning and to what end. Computers and Their Future, pp. 3/4-3/24. Llandudno: Richard Williams and Partners 1970.

Describes the work with MAUCHLY on what became ENIAC, and then on its successors. "We have been asked, many times, if we knew of LOVELACE, or BABBAGE, and their work.

415

At the time, I did not know of their work. When we started on the EN lAC, we did not know of the work on the Mark I." Includes a full discussion of the thoughts that led to stored pro­grams and EDVAC.

ECKERT, J. P., MAUCHLY, J. W., GOLDSTINE, H. H., BRAINERD, J. G.: Description of the ENIAC and comments on electronic digital computing machines. Contract W 670 ORD 4926. Philadelphia, Pa.: Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Uni­versity of Pennsylvania, 30 Nov. i 945.

The description of ENIAC contains detailed information on the arithmetic operations, on programming the machine, and on reliability considerations. Chapter 4 is on 'Design Prin­ciples for High Speed Computing Machines' and concerns plans for EDVAC. It concentrates on the question of serial ism versus parallelism, and on the stored program concept.

ECKERT, W.J. (1940): Punched card methods in scientific computation. New York:

Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau, Columbia University 1940. The major part of the book describes various mathematical applications of punched card

equipment. However detailed descriptions are given of various standard machines including tabulators, sorters, and multiplying punches as well as a 'calculation control switch'.

ECKERT, W. J. (1948a): The IBM Pluggable Sequence Relay Calculator. M.T.A.C. 3,149-161 (1948).

Fairly detailed description, from a programmer's viewpoint, of the relay calculator. "The first two machines of this type, were built during the war for the Aberdeen proving ground, were delivered in December 1944, and were in operation during the last eight months of the war ... for comparison with the IBM Sequence. Controlled Calculator at Harvard this ma­chine is limited in internal storage capacity, number of significant figures, and flexibility of sequencing; on the other hand, multiplying speed is about twenty times as great."

ECKERT, W. J. (1948b): Electrons and computation. The Scientific Monthly 67, no. 5, 315-323 (Nov. 1948).

Reprinted in full on pages 219-228.

ECKERT, W. J. (1948 c): Electronic and electromagnetic measuring, computing and recording devices. Harvard Observatory Monographs 7, 169-178 (1948).

"The purpose of this paper is to outline briefly the electronic and electromagnetic meas­uring, computing and recording devices now in use on extensive astronomical projects and to point out some of the developments which will materialize in a short time." Mentions that a machine incorporating an electronic adding unit had been in operation in the IBM engi­neering laboratory before the war, and that it had led to the Type 603.

ECKERT, W. J. (1950): The role of the punched card in scientific computation. Proc. Industrial Computation Seminar, Sept. 1950, pp. 13-17. New York: IBM

Corporation 1951. Contains a good account of the scientific calculations performed using punched card

machinery, mainly at the Columbia University Statistical Bureau, from 1928 onwards.

EDMONDSON, J.: Summary of lecture on calculating machines, delivered before the Physical Society of London, March 28, 1885. Phil. Mag., 5th series, 20, 15-18 (July-Dec. 1885).

Brief discussion of difference engines, mention of MORLAND, and Viscont MAHON (after­wards Earl of STANHOPE), the inventor of three machines 1775 (using a stepped reckoner), 1777 and 1780 (on the lines of MORLAND'S instrument). There follows a somewhat more detailed discussion of the Thomas arithmometer, and of the method of carry assimilation, and

416

mention of G. B. GRANT'S machine ("somewhat on the lines of the Stanhope machine of 1777"). Ends by talking of the advantages of a machine with a circular form, permitting "an endless slide".

EDWARDS, D. B. G.: Computer developments in Great Britain. Computers and their Future, pp. 111-1121. Llandudno: Richard Williams and Partners 1970.

Despite its title, concerns computer developments solely at Manchester, starting with a brief discussion of the Williams tube memory, and the first Manchester machine.

ELLIOTT, W. S.: The present position of automatic computing machine devel­opment in England. Proceedings of a 2nd Symposium on Large Scale Digital Calcu­lating Machinery, 13-16 Sept. 1949. In: Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, Vol. 26, pp. 74-80. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1951.

Survey of English machines, including the comment that EDSAC was working.

EYMARD, P.: Historique du metier Jacquard. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles (Societe d'Agriculture, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts Utiles de Lyon), 3rd series, 7, 34-56 (1863).

Detailed account of the relative contributions of BOUCHON, FALCON, VAUCANSON, JACQUARD and others to the development of the Jacquard loom.

FEGLEY, M. F.: J. W. Mauchly, co-inventor of the first electronic computer: A historical- sketch. Philadelphia, Pa.: Term Paper, Drexel Inst. of Technology, Dec. 1967.

A brief account, based in part on an interview with MAUCHLY, which includes a descrip­tion of his career prior to 1942.

FELT, D. E.: Mechanical arithmetic or the history of the counting machine. Chi­cago, Ill.: Washington Inst. 1916.

An original account of the development of mechanical calculating machines, with forth­right comments on the practicality of several of the famous early machines, by the inventor of the Comptometer.

FISHER, A. M.: The Hollerith devices. New York: 1913. An IS-page account of the design and usage of the Hollerith key-punch, gang-punch,

sorter, and tabulator. The sorter described is a 250 card/minute vertical sorter, the tabulator a 150 card/minute non-printing tabulator.

FLAD, J. P.: L'horloge a calcul de l'astronome W. Schickard semble avoir ete la premiere machine a calcul a engrenages propre aux 4 operations. Chiffres 1, 143-148 (1958).

A good account of the discovery of SCHICKARD'S work, and of the principles of his calcu­lating machine, the first to embody a mechanism for carry assimilation.

GALLE, A.: Mathematische Instrumente. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner 1912. Pages 23-48, on "Calculating Machines" cover PASCAL, LEIBNIZ, THOMAS, the Mercedes­

Euklid machine, ODHNER, the "Gauss" circular machine by HAMANN, SELLING, STEIGER'S "Mil­lionaire" machine, and, in a short section on difference machines, one by HAMANN, which was used in 1910 to produce a set of arithmetic tables. A photograph, and detailed drawing of this difference machine are incl uded.

GARDNER, M. (1952): Logic machines. Scientific American 183, 68-73 (March 1952).

Discusses the evolution of machines for evaluating logical expressions. Covers the work of LULL (13th century), STANHOPE, JEVONS, and KALIN and BURKHART, among others.

417

GARDNER, M. (1958): Logic machines and diagrams. New York: McGraw-Hill

1958. A very readable account of the development of mechanical aids to reasoning and to solv­

ing problems in formal logic. It describes MARQUAND as the first to design an electrical logic machine (1885) and BURACK as the first to actually build one (1936).

GARWIG, P. L.: Charles Babbage (1792-1871). American Documentation 20, no. 4, 320-324 (Oct. 1959).

A brief but well-written biography of CHARLES BABBAGE.

GENAILLE, H. (1878): Sur une nouvelle machine a calculer par Genaille. Assoc.

Fr. Avanc. de Science, 181-182 (1878).

Extremely brief account of a lecture by GENAILLE, and the ensueing discussion, on the system of rods which were a development of NAPIER'S rods, but which avoided the need to compute the carry from one position to another.

GENAILLE, H. (1891): Piano arithmetique pour la verification des grands nombres premiers. Assoc. Fr. Avanc. de Science 20, no. 1, 159 (1891).

A one-paragraph account of a 'piano arithmetique', designed to verify whether certain types of numbers were prime. "Cette machine, qui peut arriver a faire automatiquement des calculs de la plus grande importance, realisera un jour la solution d'une machine :l. calculer faisant seule les operations arithmetiques."

GERSTEN, C. L.: The description and use of an arithmetical machine invented by

Christian-Ludovicus Gersten, FRS, Professor of Mathematics in the University of Giessen. Philosophical Transactions 39, no. 738, 79-97 plus 1 plate (July-Sept. 1735).

After a brief survey of the work of MORELAND, LEIBNIZ, POLENI, LEUPOLD, and PASCAL, GERSTEN states that his work was motivated by the Leibniz machine, but was developed independently of both the mechanisms of LEIBNIZ and PASCAL. Then gives an extremely detailed description of his machine, its inner mechanism, and method of use.

GINSBURG, J.: Napier on the Napier rods. In: A Source Book in Mathematics (ed. D. E. SMITH), pp. 182-185. New York: McGraw-Hill 1929.

Translated selection from 'Rabdologiae sev numerationis per virgulas libri duo, Edinburgh (1617)', in which the use of the rods to assist in the process of multiplication is explained.

GLUCK, S. E.: The Electronic Discrete Variable Computer. Electrical Engineering

72,159-162 (1953). Very brief description, giving most attention to number format. States machine was

delivered to the Ordnance Dept in the fall of 1949. After modifications, in March 1952 it was considered to be a working machine.

GODDARD, D.: Eminent engineers: Brief biographies of thirty-two of the inventors and engineers who did most to further mechanical progress. New York: Derry-Collard

1906. Pages 240-254 contain a few biographical details about BABBAGE, and very good general

accounts of the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine, including reprints of the General Plan of the Analytical Engine, and a 'program' for the engine originally given by MENABREA. "The Analytical Engine was no dream of a crank. It was the ultimate result of the life-long thinking of the greatest genius for this sort of thing the world has ever seen."

GOLDSCHEIDER, P., ZEMANEK, H.: Computer: Werkzeug der Information. Berlin­Heidelberg-New York: Springer Verlag 1971.

A popular account of computers, but with many details about early mechanical automata.

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GOLDSTINE, H. H. (1970): Early electronic computers. Computers and their Role in the Physical Sciences (eds. S. FERNBACH and A. H. TAUB), pp. 51-102. New York: Gordon and Breach 1970.

A detailed account of the ENIAC, EDV AC and lAS projects, by one of the main prota­gonists. Much background material is included, and many original documents are quoted, in this account, which tends to concentrate on the role played by VON NEUMANN.

GOLDSTINE, H. H. (1972): The computer from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 1972.

The first part of this book discusses the history of digital and analogue calculating devices, and concurrent developments in mathematics. However the main purpose of the book is to give an extensive account, from the viewpoint of a particular participant, of the ENIAC, EDVAC and lAS projects. The account makes available for the first time a wealth of ma­terial, culled from contemporary documents. Particular attention is paid to the work of VON NEUMANN, and to his role in the EDVAC and lAS projects.

GOLDSTI~, H. H., GOLDSTINE, A.: The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) M.T.A.C. 2, no. 15,97-110 (1946).

Reprinted in full on pages 333-347.

GOLDSTINE, H. H., VON NEUMANN, J. (1947): Planning and coding of problems for an electronic computing instrument, Part 2, Vol. 1. Princeton: Institute for Ad­vanced Study (1 April 1947). Reprinted in John von Neumann: Collected Works (ed. A. H. TAUB), Vol. 5, pp. 80-151. Oxford: Pergamon 1963.

An extensive account of the methods of coding, and of the philosophy behind, the pro­gramming of the lAS computer, followed by a set of detailed examples of programs.

GOLDSTINE, H. H., VON NEUMANN, J. (1948a): Planning and coding of problems for an electronic computing instrument, Part 2, Vol. 2. Princeton: Institute for Ad­vanced Study (15 April 1948). Reprinted in John von Neumann: Collected Works (ed. A. H. TAUB), Vol. 5, pp. 152-214. Oxford: Pergamon 1963.

A continuation of GOLDSTINE and VON NEUMANN (1947), giving further detailed examples.

GOLDSTINE, H. H., VON NEUMANN, J. (1948b): Planning and coding of problems for an electronic computing instrument, Part 2, Vol. 3. Princeton: Institute for Ad­vanced Study (16 Aug. 1948). Reprinted in John von Neumann: Collected Works (ed. A. H. TAUB), Vol. 5, pp. 215-235. Oxford: Pergamon 1963.

Continuation of GOLDSTINE and VON NEUMANN (1948), giving a discussion of the concept of a subroutine, and some detailed examples.

GOLDSTINE, H. H., VON NEUMANN, J. (1963): On the principles of large scale computing machines. John von Neumann: Collected Works (ed. A. H. TAUB), Vol. 5, pp. 1-32. Oxford: Pergamon 1963.

This paper (previously unpublished) contains material from various lectures given by VON NEUMANN, in particular one on 15 May 1946. It contains a general discussion of the concepts of electronic digital computers, and of the importance of the 'stored-program' concept.

GOOD, I. J.: Some future social repercussions of computers. Intern. J. Environ­mental Studies 1,67-79 (1970).

Contains a brief history of the development of computers, which is however notable for the detail it gives of a secret electronic computer built in Britain in 1943, and with which TURING was associated.

419

GRANT, G. B. (1871): On a new difference engine. American Journal of Science,

3rd series, 1, no. 8, 113-118 (Aug. 1871). Contains a brief but fairly detailoo description of the mechanism that GRANT had demon­

strated on a small model of a difference engine, and that he was using in the design for a full capacity engine.

GRANT, G. B. (1874): A new calculating machine. American Journal of Science, 3rd series, 4, no. 8,277-284 (1874).

After a brief description of the essentials of the Pascal and Thomas machines, gives a reasonably detailed description of GRANT'S machine, in which a digit was represented by the displacement of a single pin around a cylinder rather than by the stepped reckoner or Odhner wheel method. The article ends "The problem of the calculating machine is an exceedingly difficult one, as anyone acquainted with the immense labours of PASCAL, LEIBNIZ, BABBAGE and SCHEUTZ will acknowledge. The machine described above for the first time is the result of nearly four years of study and labour".

GRAY, H. J.: Digital computer engineering. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall 1963.

Contains one chapter on ENIAC and EDVAC. After discussing the difficulties of setting­up problems on the ENIAC states that "JOHN VON NEUMANN urged that all the machine units be connected... so that the machine could be used as a computer of the Babbage type (provisions for this mode of operation had been made in its design). This was done and ENIAC was operated in this fashion until it was retired."

HALACY, D.: Charles Babbage, father of the computer. New York: Crowell­Collier 1970.

A popular account, based for the main part on BABBAGE'S 'Passages from the Life of a Philosopher' .

HAGA, E. J. (1963): More about difference engines. J. Bus. Education 39, no. 3, 120-121 (Dec. 1963).

Discussion of the two Scheutz difference engines, and their use for the calculation and printing of the English life tables. Includes an extensive bibliography relating to difference engines by BABBAGE, SCHEUTZ and GRANT.

HAGA, E. J. (1965): Understanding automation. Elmhurst, Ill.: The Business Press 1965.

The first chapter 'Historical Perspective' is an unusually detailed account of the origins of computers. Especially detailed coverage is given of the efforts following LEIBNIZ to make a commercially viable desk calculator, of American developments following PARMALEE in 1850, of difference engines (including details of work by GRANT) and of punched card machinery. However virtually no references are given.

HALSBURY, Earl of: Ten years of computer development. Compo J. 1, no. 4, 153-159 (1959).

An account of computer development, mainly in Britain, starting with the work at Man­chester and Cambridge. Suggests that one of the most important events in the developments which led to the concept of a computer was a meeting of TURING and VON NEUMANN during the war, and that "computers are the peace-time legacy of war-time radar".

HAMANN, CH.: Uber Elektrische Rechenmaschinen. Neu-Babelsberg: Privately Printed (ca. 1932).

A 32-page booklet describing various electromechanical calculating devices, mainly various forms of multipliers, but also including a device for solving sets of linear equations, with data input from paper tape.

420

HARRISON, J. 0., JR.: The preparation of problems for the Mark I Calculator. Proceedings of a Symposium on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 7-10 Jan. 1947. In: Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University Vol. 16, pp. 208-210. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1948.

Brief description of the successive stages involved in preparing sequence-control tapes for the Mark 1, ending with the comment "one of the most important problems now facing us is to achieve a reduction in preparation and set-up time proportionate to that already achieved in actual computation time."

HARTREE, D. R. (1946 a): The ENIAC, an electronic calculating engine. Nature 157,527 (20 April 1946).

Brief description starting "The news has recently been released of a major advance in the development of equipment for extensive numerical calculations, in the successful com­pletion of a large calculating machine based on the use of electronic counting circuits".

HARTREE, D. R. (1946b): The ENIAC, an electronic computing machine. Nature 158,500-506 (12 Oct. 1946).

Description of ENIAC, written after the author had returned from a visit during which he worked on the machine.

HARTREE, D. R. (1947): Calculating machines - Recent and prospective devel­opments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1947.

Inaugural lecture, mainly about ENIAC.

HARTREE, D. R. (1948): A historical survey of digital computing machines. Proc::. roy. Soc. London A 195, 265-271 (1948).

General brief description ofBABBAGE'S Analytical Engine, the Harvard Mark 1, and ENIAC.

HARTREE, D. R. (1949): Calculating instruments and machines. University of

Illinois Press 1949. Includes fairly extensive discussion of BABBAGE'S work, the Harvard Mark 1, ENIAC and

the IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator.

HARTREE, D. R. (1950): Automatic calculating machines. The Mathematical Gazette 34, no. 310, 241-252 (Dec. 1950).

General discussion, and then more detailed description of the programming of ED SAC.

HEATH, F. G.: Pioneers of binary coding. J. Inst. of Electr. Eng. London 7, no. 81, 539-541 (1961).

Brief description of work of Sir FRANCIS BACON, GRAY, and BAUDOT.

HENNEMAN, A.: Die Technische Entwicklung der Rechenmaschine. Aachen: Ver­lag Peter Basten 1953.

A detailed, well illustrated, account of the development of mechanical calculating and book-keeping machines. Includes brief accounts of punched card equipment and of early relay and electronic computers. Inventors whose work is covered include LEIBNIZ, POLENI, ROTH, ODHNER, BALDWIN, HAHN, MULLER, THOMAS, BURKHARDT, HAMANN, BOLLEE, STEIGER, and BURROUGHS.

HILTON, A. M.: Logic, computing machines, and automation. Cleveland, Ohio: Meridian 1963.

Contains a section 'Historical Review' (pp. 215-233) which in the main concentrates on the history of the development of logic machines.

HOFFLEIT, D.: A comparison of various computing machines used in the reduction of Doppler observations. M.T.A.C. 3, 373-377 (1949).

421

Gives interesting data on the relative performance and reliability of the IBM Relay Calculator, ENIAC, and the Bell Laboratories Computing Machine.

HOFFMAN, W.: Entwicklungsbericht und Literaturzusammenstellung iiber Zif­fern - Rechenautomaten. Digitale Informationswandler (Hrsg. W. HOFFMAN), pp. 650-717. Braunschweig: Vieweg 1962. (Also published as 'Digital Information Processors', Wiley, New York.)

A very valuable survey, well-referenced, of computers and their origins.

HOLLCROFT, T. R.: The summer meeting in Hanover. Amer. Math. Soc. Bull. 46, 861 (1940).

"The Bell Telephone Laboratories exhibited a machine for computing with complex num­bers. The recording instrument at Hanover was connected by telegraph with the computing mechanism in New York. This machine was available to members from 11 am to 2pm each day of the meetings". (The meetings were held at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Ham­shire from Tuesday to Thursday, 10-12 Sept. 1940.)

HOLLERITH, H. (1889): An electric tabulating system. School of Mines Quarterly (Columbia University) 10, no. 3,238-255 (April 1889).

Extracts reprinted on pages 129-139.

HOLLERITH, H. (1894): The electrical tabulating machine. J. roy. statist. Soc. 57, no. 4, 678-682 (1894).

Brief but fascinating article, which describes the way in which tabulators and sorters were used on the more than 100 million cards containing the records of the 1890 U.S. Census.

HOLLERITH, V.: Biographical sketch of Herman Hollerith. Isis 62, no. 1,69-78 (1971).

A brief biography of HOLLERITH, written by one of his daughters. It briefly describes how he developed the first version of his tabulating system, and describes in rather more detail his travels during the next few years in Europe as the Hollerith system came into wide use.

HOLLINGDALE, S. H., TOOTILL, G. c.: Electronic computers. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books 1965.

Contains a quite good survey of the origins of computers, starting with the abacus.

HOPPER, G. M.: Computer software. Computers and Their Future, pp. 7/3-7/26. Llandudno: Richard Williams and Partners 1970.

"Almost the first day I met a computer [in 1944J, I met BABBAGE. Commander AIKEN had a copy of BABBAGE'S book, and at intervals advised us to read sections of it. I did not meet LOVELACE'S work until ten or fifteen years later." Describes the development of pro­gramming techniques, such as (in 1944), what were later called 'relocatable subroutines'.

HORSBURGH, E. M. (1920): Calculating machines. Glasgow Institution of Engin­eers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 63, 117-162 (1920).

An extensive discussion of the history and of the design of calculating machines. Govers the abacus, NAPIER'S rods, PASCAL, LEIBNIZ, and mentions MORLAND, STANHOPE and others. Some detail given on THOMAS, and on difference engines. The sections on then modern machines include detailed descriptions of the operation of arithmometers, Odhner-wheel machines, key driven adding machines, and the Millionaire.

HORSBURGH, E. M. (1923): Calculating machines. Glazebrook's Dictionary of Applied Physics, Vol. 3, pp. 193-201 (1923).

422

Covers the abacus, NAPIER'S rods, PASCAL, THOMAS, BABBAGE'S Difference and Analytical Engines, adding and listing machines, the Millionaire machine, and others. A very good, some­what condensed account, both of facilities, and of principles of construction.

HORSBURGH, E. M. (ed.) (1914): Napier tercentenary celebration: Handbook of the exhibition. Edinburgh: Royal Society of Edinburgh 1914. (Also published as 'Modern Instruments and Methods of Calculation. A Handbook of the Napier Tercen­tenary Celebration Exhibition'. London: G. Bell and Sons 1914.)

Contains, in addition to the Ludgate article on an 'Automatic Calculating Machines', good descriptions of various then current caiculating instruments and machines: Archimedes, COLT'S Calculator, Brical Calculator, Brunsviga, Burroughs Adding and Listing machine, Comptometer, LAYTON'S Arithmometer, Mercedes-Euklid Arithometer, Millionaire and the Thomas Arithmometer.

HOYAU, L. A. D.: Description d'une machindLcalculer nommee arithmometre de I'invention de M. Ie chevalier Thomas, de Colmar. Bull. de la Soc. d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale, pp. 355-365 (Nov. 1822). Reprinted in Vol. 132,

pp. 662-670 (1920). A description of the original version of the Thomas arithmometer, described by MEHMKE

and D'OCAGNE (1908) as perhaps inferior to those of HAHN, MULLER, and even LEIBNIZ, but which was gradually improved until the perfected machine (SEBERT 1879) was produced, and became very successful.

HUDSON, T. c.: H. M. Nautical Almanac Office Antidifferencing Machine, pp. 127-131. In: E. M. HORSBURGH (ed.) 1914.

Illustrated description of a 'difference engine' based on a Burroughs Adding Machine.

HURD, C. c.: Th'e IBM Card Programmed Calculator. Proceedings of the Seminar

on Scientific Computation, Nov. 1949, pp. 37-41. New York: IBM Corporation 1950.

A brief description of the c.P.c. and of some of the applications for which it had been used.

HUSKEY, H. D. (1949): Electronic digital computing in the United States. Report of a Conference on High Speed Automatic Calculating Machines, 22-25 June 1949, pp. 109-111. Cambridge: University Mathematical Laboratory, Jan. 1950.

"In summary, the ENIAC and IBM electronic calculator are both in operation at the present time. The BINAC (SOO-word memory) is going through final checkout at the Eckert Mauchly Computer Corporation while the Mark III is scheduled for unveiling at Harvard University in September. As far as large scale electronic automatic sequenced digital com­puters are concerned, it seems as if EDVAC will be the first of these to be put into operation".

HUSKEY, H. D. (1972): The development of automatic computing. Paper presented at the USA-Japan Computer Conference, Tokyo, 3-5 October 1972.

A general survey, concentrating on electronic computers developed prior to 19S0, and in particular on ENIAC and EDVAC. Mentions the ENIAC converter code, a scheme for controlling ENIAC from punched cards, which was put into operation in late 1949.

JACOB, L.: Le calcul mecanique. Encyclopedie Scientifique: Bibliotheque des Mathematiques Appliquees. Paris: Octave Doin et Fils 1911.

Basically similar coverage to that of D'OCAGNE (1905), but with quite a lot of material on difference engines, including SCHEUTZ and particularly WIBERG. Not much discussion of BABBAGE'S Analytical Engine - rather more on the work of TORRES Y QUEVEDO.

JEVONS, W. S.: On the mechanical performance of logical inference. Philos. Trans. roy. Soc. London 160, no. 2, 497-518, and plates 32-34 (1870).

423

Detailed description of a mechanical device for evaluation of boolean expressIOns in­

volving up to four terms.

JOHNS, V.: On the mechanical handling of statistics. Amer. math. Monthly 33, 494-502 (1926).

An illustrated account of the evolution of punched card machinery. Describes the intro­duction first of mechanical key punches, and then electrical key punches (1923), to replace the pantograph punch, of vertical and then horizontal electrical sorting machines, and of tabulating and listing machines.

JOHNSON, L. R.: System structure in data, programs, and computers. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall 1970.

Contains a fairly detailed description of the EDVAC, and quotes in full the sections entitled 'Historical Introduction' and 'Contrast of the EDVAC with the ENIAC' of a report written by ECKERT and MAUCHLY in September, 1945, on plans for the EDVAC.

JULEY, J.: The Ballistic Computer. Bell Laboratories Record 24, 5-9 (1947). Reprinted in full on pages 251-255.

KEMPF, K.: Electronic computers within the Ordnance Corps. Aberdeen, Md.: U.S. Army Ordnance, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Nov. 1961.

Contains lengthy accounts of the development of ENIAC, EDVAC, ORDVAC, and BRLESC, based mainly on information obtained from personnel of the Ballistic Research Laboratories.

KERN, J. L.: The development of computer science at Iowa State University. Report ERI-342. Ames, Iowa: Engineering Research Institute, Iowa State University, Dec. 1968.

The first four pages contain a description of the pioneering use of punched card equip­ment for statistical computations, which started at Iowa in 1923, and of ATANASOFF'S special purpose electronic computer, intended for the solution of simultaneous equations.

KLIPSTEIN, PH.-E.: Beschreibung einer neu erfundenen Rechenmaschine. Frank­furt: Barrentrapp Sohn und Wenner 1786.

The last chapter describes MULLER'S proposed difference engine, and is in the form of a plea for funds to carry out the project. The machine was to be used for the generation, and printing, of mathematical tables.

KNOTT, C. G.: The calculating machine of the east: The abacus, pp. 136-154. In: E. M. HORSBURGH (ed.) 1914.

Account of the history of the abacus, and detailed explanation of its use for the operations of multiplication, division, square root and cube root.

KNUTH, D. E.: Von Neumann's first computer program. Computing Surveys 2, no. 4, 247-260 (1970).

A fascinating detailed analysis of a sorting program written by VON NEUMANN in 1945 in order to evaluate the proposed order code for what later became the EDVAC. Contains a brief, but valuable, account of the developments which led to ENIAC and EDVAC, and of their consequences.

KORMES, M.: Leibniz on his calculating machine. A Source Book in Mathematics (ed. D. E. SMITH), pp. 173-181. New York: McGraw-Hill 1929.

Translation of the manuscript "Machina arithmetica in qua nun additio tantum et sub­tractio sed et multiplicatio nullo, divisio vero paene nullo animi labore peragantur (1685)", describing the first machine for performing the four basic arithmetic operations.

424

KOSTEN, L.: Fictitious traffic machines. Report of a Conference on High Speed Automatic Calculating Machines, 22-25 June 1949, pp. 114-115. Cambridge: Uni­versity Mathematical Laboratory, Jan. 1950.

Describes a special purpose digital calculator, built in 1941 at The Hague Local Telephone Administration's Laboratory, to simulate part of a telephone exchange, in order to evaluate its probable performance.

KREILING, F. c.: Leibniz. Scientific American 218, no. 5, 94-100 (May 1968). A biography, including a brief illustrated description of his calculating machine.

LARDNER, D.: Babbage's calculating engines. Edinburgh Review 120 (July 1834). Reprinted by H. P. BABBAGE: 1889; and P. and E. MORRISON: 1961.

Extensive discussions on mathematical tables, followed by a very extensive discussion of the mechanism of the Difference Engine.

LEHMER, D. H. (1933): A photo-electric number sieve. Amer. math. Monthly 40, no. 7,401-406 (Aug.-Sept. 1933).

A delightful description of a device, involving a set of coaxial gear wheels, with holes opposite each tooth, together with a photo-electric cell controlling a brake. Selected holes are left unplugged so that a given factorising problem can be solved rapidly by rotating the wheels at high speed, and using the photo-electric cell to detect when the holes are in con­junction so letting a light beam pass through them.

LEHMER, D. H. (1951): Leslie John Comrie (1863-1950). M.T.A.C. 5,108-109 (1951).

An obituary.

LEIBNIZ, G. W.: De progressione dyadica - Pars I (Manuscript dated 15 Mar. 1679, in the collection of the Niedersachsische Landesbibliothek, Hannover). Re­printed, with an accompanying German translation, in Herrn von Leibniz' 'Rechnung mit Null und Einz', pp. 42-47. Berlin: Siemens Aktiengesellschaft 1966.

A discussion of binary representations and arithmetic, which includes a brief discussion of the possibility of designing a mechanical binary calculator which would use moving balls to represent binary digits.

LENZ, K.: Die Rechen- und Buchungsmachinen. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner 1932. Lengthy account of the mechanical principles, and of the methods of use, of all the major

then-current calculating and bookkeeping machines. Very little on the history of their devel­opment, and no references.

LEWIS, W. B.: A "Scale of Two" high-speed counter using hard vacuum triodes. Proc. Cambridge philos. Soc. 33, 549-558 (1937).

Describes a binary counter with greater reliability and speed than the original Wynn­Williams thyratron-based counter.

LI, SHU-T'IEN: Origin and development of the Chinese abacus. J. ACM 6, no. 1, 102-110 (1959).

Detailed discussion of the history of the abacus. It is claimed that "the Chinese abacus as a physical device can be traced as far back as circa 1100 B.C. ... [It] was originated and developed independently of all others".

LIFSCHUTZ, H., LAWSON, J. L.: A triode vacuum tube scale-of-two circuit. Rev. Sci. Instr. 9, 83-89 (March 1938).

Describes a binary counter that was approximately thirty times faster than previous counters based on thyratrons.

425

LILLEY, S.: Machinery in mathematics: An historical survey of calculating ma­chines. Discovery 6, no. 5 and 6, 150-156, 182-185 (1945).

The two parts of the article concern digital and analogue calculators, respectively. The section on digital calculators covers the work of PASCAL, BABBAGE, THOMAS, ROTH and others, and is notable for its attempt to relate their work to the prevailing conditions, and mathe­matical attitudes, of their day.

LOCKE, L. L. (1924): The history of modern calculating machines, an American

contribution. Amer. math. Monthly 31, 422-429 (1924). Gives a useful discussion of terminology, and a classification of calculating machines, and

describes the work of BARBOUR and ODHNER on what is now often called an "Odhner-wheel". However evidence is presented to show that this device originated with BARBOUR'S work in 1872.

LOCKE, L. L. (1929): Pascal on his calculating machine. A Source Book in Mathe­matics (ed. D. E. SMITH), pp. 165-172. New York: McGraw-Hill 1929.

Translation of an account written by PASCAL subsequent to being granted a Privilege in 1649. This was in essence an "advertisement", rather than a technical account of the machine.

LOTKIN, M.: Remarks on the IBM Relay Calculator. Proceedings of the Compu­

tation Seminar, Dec. 1949, pp. 154-157. New York:IBM Corporation 195.1. Describes the interconnecting of two IBM Pluggable Sequence Relay Calculators, one

being used as extra storage for the other.

LOVELACE, AUGUSTA ADA, Countess of: Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented

by Charles Babbage, by L.F. Menabrea of Turi;, officer of the Military Engineers,

with notes upon the memoir by the translator. Taylor's Scientific Memoirs 3, Article 29,666-731 (1843). (Reprinted in BOWDEN: 1953, P. MORRISON and E. MORRISON: 1961; and H. P. BABBAGE: 1889.)

The single most important paper on BABBAGE'S Analytical Engine. Lady LOVELACE'S notes are more lengthy than the original Menabrea paper, which is itself a good description of the basic principles of the Analytical Engine.

LUDGATE, P. E. (1909): On a proposed analytical machine. Sci. Proc. roy. Dublin Soc. 12, no. 9, 77-91 (1909).

Reprinted in full on pages 71-85.

LUDGATE, P. E. (1914): Automatic calculating engines, pp. 124-127. In: E. M. HORSBURGH (ed.), 1914.

Brief description of the Babbage Analytical Engine, followed by comments ori his own work on difference, and analytical engines: "1 have myself designed an analytical machine, on different lines from BABBAGE'S ... Complete descriptive drawings of the machine exist as well as a description in manuscript, but I have not been able to take any steps to have the machine constructed."

LYNDON, R. c.: The Zuse computer. M.T.A.C. 2, no. 20, 355-359 (1947). Describes the then incomplete Z4 computer. At this date the memory held 16 numbers -

the projected size being 1024.

MACEwAN, D., BEEVERS, C. A.: A machine for the rapid summation of Fourier

series.]. Sci. Instr. 19, 150-156 (Oct. 1942). A very detailed description of a special purpose device, based on uniselectors, for perform­

ing calculations involved in the use of Fqurier Synthesis for crystallography.

MALASSIS, L., LEMAIRE, E., GRELET, R.: Bibliographie relative a l'arithmetique, au calcul simplifie et aux instruments a calculer. Bull. de la Soc. d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale 132, 739-757 (Sept.-Oct. 1920).

426

A valuable bibliography (over 300 items), on calculating machines, slide rules, etc., mainly but not exclusively of books and articles in French.

MARTIN, E.: Die Rechenmaschinen und ihre Entwicklungsgeschichte. Pappen­heim 1925.

The first part of this book is a general survey of the various types of calculating ma­chines that have been developed, and their basic principles of operation. The rest of the book (well over 250 pages) lists, in chronological order, over 200 different calculators, often with illustrations, and in many cases with detailed, well illustrated, accounts of their mechanisms. The listing starts PASCAL (1642), MORLAND (1666), LEIBNIZ 11672-1712), GRILLET (1678), POLENI (1709), LEPINE (1725), LEUPOLD (1727), POETIUS (1728), HILLE RAN DE BOISTISSANDAU (1730), GERSTEN (1735), PEREIRE (1750), HAHN (1774), MAHON (1775), MULLER (1783), etc.

MARTIN, T. c.: Counting a nation by electricity. Electrical Engineer 12, no. 184, 521-530 (11. Nov. 1891).

A very readable popular account describing the machines built by HOLLERITH for the 1890 U.S. Census, and of the experience of their use. Very well illustrated.

MAUCHLY, J. W. (1941): Notes on electrical calculating devices (uqpublished memorandum, 15 Aug. 1941).

Disusses the distinction between analogue and digital devices and. the possibility of using vacuum tubes for digital calculation. "At present it may not be possible to build a commercial competitor for the desk-type mechanical computer, but larger machines for more involved, more lengthy, or more specialized jobs are practical".

MAUCHLY, J. W. (1942): The use of high speed vacuum tube devices for calcu­lating (Privately circulated memorandum). Philadelphia, Pa.: Moore School of Elec­trical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Aug. 1942.

Reprinted in full on pages 329-332.

MAUCHLY, J. W. (1947): Preparation of problems for EDVAC-type machines. Proceedings of a Symposium on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 7-10 Jan. 1947. In: Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, Vol. 16, pp. 203-207. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1948.

Reprinted in full on pages 365-369.

MAUL, M.: Die Elektrischen Lochkarten-Maschinen. Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift 48, 1789-1794 (1927).

Includes an account of the evolution of punched card machinery since the original equip­ment of 1890, and a description of the mechanism of card punches and verifiers.

MAYs, W.: First circuit for an electrical logic machine. Science 118, 281-282 (4 Sept. 1953).

An account of a circuit diagram, prepared in about 1885 by ALAN MARQUAND, for an electrical relay machine for performing logical inference.

MCCARTHY, J.: Information. Scientific American 215, no. 3, 65-72 (1966). Contains a very brief account of the development of computers, including, however, the

statement "As early as 1943 a British group had an electronic computer working on a war­time assignment".

MCPHERSON, J. c.: Mathematical operations with punched cards. J. Amer. statist. Assoc. 37, no. 218,275-281 (June 1942).

Describes the use of punched card equipment for synthesis and analys1s of harmonic functions, for evaluating multiple correlations, determinants, etc.

427

MEHMKE, R., D'OCAGNE, M.: Calculs numenques. Encyclopedie des Sciences

Mathematiques Pures et Appliquees. Edition Fran~aise. Tome 1, Vol. 4, Fascicule 2,

pp. 196-320 (1908). The section 'Calculs rigoureux a l'aide de Machines a calcul propres a l'execution de

calculs simples' (pp. 236-267) is a very good detailed account of the historical development of calculating machines, covering many different machines in more than the usual amount of detail, including PASCAL, FELT, LEIBNIZ, HAMANN, THOMAS, MAUREL, BOLLEE and STEIGER. The following section (pp. 267-270) gives quite a lot of detail on the history of difference engines, and rather less on analytical engines. The whole account is supplemented by detailed references.

MENABREA, L. F.: Sur la machine analytique de Charles Babbage. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 179-182 (28 July 1884).

Brief description of BABBAGE'S Analytical Engine; includes a reprint of the letter sent by BABBAGE to MENABREA, disclosing that the mysterious AAL, translator and annotator of MENABREA'S article, was AUGUSTA ADA, Countess of LOVELACE.

MENZLER, F. A. A.: William Phillips. J. Inst. Actuaries 94/2, no. 398,269-271 (1968).

Obituary notice for WILLIAM PHILLIPS. States that he and JOHN WOMERSLEY of the National Physical Laboratory had started to design ACE in 1943.

MERRIAM, W. R.: The evolution of modern census taking. Century Magazine, pp. 831-842 (April 1903).

Contains illustrated descriptions of the Seaton device for aiding tabulation, used in the 1880 U.S. Census, and of the automatic tabulator used in the 1900 U.S. Census.

MERRIFIELD, C. W.: Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor CAYLEY, Dr. FARR, Mr. J. W. L. GLAISHER, Dr. POLE, Professor FULLER, Professor A. B. W. KENNEDY, Professor CLIFFORD and Mr. C. W. MERRIFIELD, appointed to consider the advisability and to estimate the expense of constructing Mr. Babbage's Analytical Machine, and of printing tables by its means. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Dublin, Aug. 1878, pp. 92-102. London: John Murray 1879.

Reprinted in full on pages 53-63.

MEYER ZUR CAPELLEN, W.: Mathematische Instrumente. 3. Auflage. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft 1949.

Pages 53 -122 give detailed descriptions of the mechanisms used in contemporary cal­culating and adding machines. In an appendix a brief account is given of German, British and American developments, including the work of ZUSE, and at Darmstadt, and the Harvard Mark 1, ENIAC, and ACE. The Russian language edition, published in 1950, has an extensive bibliography on East European developments, compiled by N. E. KOBRINSKIY.

MICHIE, D.: Machines that play and plan. Science Journal, 83-88 (Oct. 1968). Contains a brief reference to the author's wartime work. "During the war I was a member

of MAx NEWMAN'S group at Bletchley, working on prototypes of what we now call the elec­tronic digital computer. One of the people I came most in contact with was ALAN TURING, a founder of the mathematical theory of computation ... "

MORRISON, P., MORRISON, E. (1952): Strange life of Charles Babbage. Scientific American 186,66-73 (April 1952).

Largely biographical, drawn from such sources as 'Passages from the Life of a Philosopher'. Very brief discussions on the Difference and Analytical Engines.

428

MORRISON, P., MORRISON, E. (eds.) (1961): Charles Babbage and his calculating engines: Selected writings by Charles Babbage and others. New York: Dover Publi­cations 1961.

A valuable selection of material on BABBAGE'S Engines, taken mainly from 'Passages from the Life of a Philosopher' and from 'Babbage's Calculating Engines'.

MOSELEY, M.: Irascible genius: A life of Charles Babbage, inventor. London: Hutchinson 1964.

A biography of BABBAGE, but without much material on his technical achievements.

MURPHY, L. J.: Herman Hollerith and his electric data tabulating system. Cleve­land, Ohio: M.A. Thesis, Case Inst. of Technology, June 1968.

A valuable and well-documented account of the life and work of HERMAN HOLLERITH. It includes detailed coverage of the patents issued to HOLLERITH, including those that relate to the evolution of the tabulating system up to 1914.

MURRAY, F. J. (1948): The theory of mathematical machines, 2nd edition. New York: King's Crown Press 1948.

Contains a very good description of the workings of mechanical calculating machines, which is very readable and well illustrated (15 pages), and a somewhat shorter description of the fundamentals of electronic computers.

MURRAY, F. J. (1961): Mathematical machines, Vol. 1: Digital computers. New York: Columbia University Press 1961.

Contains a valuable account of punched card mechanisms.

NAGLER, J. W.: In memoriam Gustav Tauschek. Blatter fur Technikgeschichte 26,

1-14. Wien: Springer 1966. An account of the life and work of GUSTAV TAUSCHEK, including his work on book-keep­

ing machines, punched card mechanisms, and character recognition devices.

NEWMAN, M. H. A. (1948): General principles of the design of all-purpose com­puting machines. Proc. roy. Soc. London A 195, 271-274 (1948).

Brief discussion of the importance of the concepts of a stored-program, and of conditional branching.

NEWMAN, M. H. A. (1955): Alan Mathison Turing 1912-1954. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 1,253-263 (1955).

An obituary.

NICOLADZE, c.: Arithmometre a multiplication directe purement electrique. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci, Paris 186, 123-124 (1928).

Brief description, followed by a remark by D'OCAGNE, of a machine which was based on the idea of GENAILLE'S numbering rods, but was entirely electro-mechanical, using relays and commutators. D'OCAGNE describes it as being of most interest because of its difference from the Torres y Quevedo machine.

NUDDS, D.: Charles Babbage (1791-1871). Mid-Nineteenth Century Scientists (ed. J. NORTH), pp. 1-34. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1969.

A very competent popular account of BABBAGE'S life and work.

OETTINGER, A. G.: Howard Aiken. Commun. ACM 5, no. 6, 298-299, 359 (1962).

A brief biography of AIKEN, written on the occasion of his retirement from Harvard University.

429

PANTAGES, A.: Computing's early years. Datamation 13, no. 10, 60-65 (1967). Brief account of the 'Historical Session' at the 1967 Nat. ACM Conference - an occasion

at which many early pioneers reminisced on their experiences in the development of com­puters.

PAYEN, J.: Les exemplaires conserves de la machme de Pascal. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences et de leurs Applications 16, no. 2, 161-178 (April-June 1963).

Detailed descriptions, and accounts of the provenance of, eight copies of PASCAL'S cal­culating machine.

PERES, J., BRILLOUIN, L., COUFFIGNAL, L.: Les grandes machines mathematiques. Ann. TeIecommun. 2, no. 11 and 12,329-346,376-385 (1948).

Part 1, by PERES and BRILLOUIN, covers VANNEVAR BUSH'S differential analyzer, the Harvard Mark 1, 2 and 3, and ENIAC. Part 2, by COUFFIGNAL, describes the plans for the computer then being built at the Institute Blaise Pascal, stressing that, in contrast to the various American machines, it was designed as a highly parallel machine, utilising multiple arithmetic units.

PHELPS, B. E.: The beginnings of electronic computation. Report TR 00.2259. Poughkeepsie, N. Y.: Systems Dev. Di v., IBM Corporation (9 Dec. 1971).

"This report puts the early contributions to computer development into proper per­spective, giving credit to those pioneers of the formative years. The emphasis is on IBM engineering development efforts and contributions covering the period up to the announcement of the 701."

PHILLIPS, E. W. (1936): Binary calculation. J. Inst. Actuaries 67, 187-221

(1936). Extracts reprinted on pages 293-304.

PHILLIPS, E. W. (1962): Babbage, electronic computers and scales of notation. The Post Insurance Magazine and Insurance Monitor 123, no. 49,1735-1737 (6 Dec. 1962). Reprinted in Compo B. 6, no. 4, 128-130 (1963).

Makes somewhat obscure references to the fact that the author ("propounder of the idea of an electronic computer in 1936") was highly conversant with BABBAGE'S work.

PHILLIPS, E. W. (1963): A note on the history of the electronic computer (un­published memorandum, 1963.

A two page memorandum, regarding the claims by PHILLIPS to have started work on the design of ACE with WOMERSLEY in 1943, when they occupied war-time offices opposite each other, in Baker Street, London. It is stated that WOMERSLEY had started to design a decimal telephone relay computer in 1937, with the assistance of G. L. NORFOLK from 1938.

PHILLIPS, E. W. (1964): Presentation of institute gold medals to Mr. Wilfred Perks and Mr. William Phillips, 23 Nov. 1964. J. Inst. Actuaries 91/1, no. 388, 19-21

(1965). In his reply, PHILLIPS states that his 1936 paper had been based on a memorandum that

had been prepared for the Dept. of Scientific Research, that the government had insisted on patents being filed, and that references to thermionic valves had been deleted from the paper. He also stated that WOMERSLEY learned of the paper in 1943.

PHILLIPS, E. W. (1965a): Irascible genius (Letter to the Editor). Computer J. 8,56 (1965).

States that work started on the design of Pilot ACE in January 1943, and that TURING did not join the team until the autumn of 1945.

PHILLIPS, E. W. (1965 b): Birth of the computer (Letter to the Editor). Sunday Times, 10 (5 Sept. 1965).

430

Describes how he had been interested in BABBAGE'S Analytical Engine since boyhood, and that having learnt about ECCLES and JORDAN, and about WYNN-WILLIAMS, conceived a plan of a binary electronic computer in 1934.

PORTER, R. P.: The eleventh census. J. Amer. Stat. Soc. 2, no. 15,321-379 (1891). Contains a lengthy description of the machine tabulation techniques used.

PULLAN, J. M.: The history of the abacus. London: Hutchinson 1968. A very readable account of the origins of arithmetic, of the Greek, Roman and Mediaeval

abacus, and of jettons.

RANDELL, B. (1971): Ludgate's analytical machine of 1909. Computer J. 14, no. 3,317-326 (1971).

Discusses LUDGATE'S career, and his planned analytical machine. Includes reprints of LUDGATE (1909) and Boys (1914).

RANDELL, B. (1972): On Alan Turing and the origins of digital computers. Ma­chine Intelligence 7 (eds. B. MELTZER and D. MICHIE), pp. 3-20. Edinburgh: Edin­burgh University Press 1972.

A record of an investigation into the wartime work of ALAN TURING, and of its signifi­cance to the development of computers.

REx, F. J.: Herman Hollerith, the first 'Statistical Engineer'. Computers and

Automation 10, no. 8, 10-13 (Aug. 1961). Despite its brevity, a very useful account of HOLLERITH'S life and work, based on original

sources, and providing an unusually extensive bibliography.

RICHARDS, R. K. (1957): Digital computer components and circuits. Princeton,

N.J.: Van Nostrand 1957. The first chapter contains an account of the development of electronic components and

circuits.

RICHARDS, R. K. (1966): Electronic digital systems. New York: Wiley 1966. The first chapter contains a valuable account of the development of electronic computers,

starting with the Atanasoff-Berry machine.

RODGERS, W.: Think: A biography of the Watsons and IBM. New York: Stein and Day 1969.

A racy account of the history of IBM, which includes extensive anecdotal material on the use of punched card machinery for scientific calculations, and on the development of the Harvard Mark 1, SSEC, etc.

ROSENBERG, J. M.: The computer prophets. New York: Macmillan 1969. A readable, but not always reliable, account of the lives of various pioneers. Has chapters

on PASCAL, LEIBNIZ, BABBAGE, GRANT, FELT/BURROUGHS, HOLLERITH, WATSON, MAUCHLY/ ECKERT/VON NEUMANN, TURING and FANO. Lists SEBERT, MAGNUS, and LEONARDO DA VINCI as contributing to the invention of mechanical calculators.

RUTISHAUSER, H., SPEISER, A., STIEFEL, E.: Programmgesteuerte digitale Rechen­

gerate (Elektronische Rechenmaschinen). Mitt. aus dem Inst. f. Angewandte Mathe­

matik an der E.T.H. Zurich 2 (1951). A detailed account of the design and programming of digital computers. Extensive refer­

ences.

SCHELBERG, W. V.: Development of the computer industry and patents. Pro­ceedings of the I.A.P.I.P. International Conference on Correlation between the

431

Protection of Industrial Property and Industrial Development, Hungary 28 Sept.-2 Oct., 1970 (ed. E. TAKATS), pp. 201-208. O.M.K.D.K. 1971.

Discusses the landmark patents relating to the origins and development of digital com­puters.

SCHREYER, H. (1939): Technische Rechenmaschine (unpublished memorandum, 15 Oct. 1939).

Reprinted in full on pages 167-169.

SCHREYER, H. (1941): Das Rohrenrelais und seine Schaltungstechnik. Dissertation, Techn. Hochschule Berlin, 20 Aug. 1941.

Contains a lengthy discussion of electronic valves and their use in switching circuits, but has only a brief reference to computers in a section on possible applications.

SEBERT, H. (1879): Rapport fait par M. Sebert, au nom du Co mite des Arts Economiques, sur la machine a calculer, dit arithmometre, inventee par M. Thomas (de Colmar) et perfectionee par M. Thomas de Bojano, 44, rue de Chateaudur, a Paris. Bull. de la Soc. d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale, 393-425 (Aug. 1879). Reprinted in Vol. 132,694-720 (1920).

Detailed illustrated description of the arithmometer, evolved from the original invented by THOMAS DE COLMAR, by his son THOMAS DE BOlANO.

SEBERT, H. (1895): Rapport fait par M. Ie General Sebert, au nom du Comite des Art Economiques, sur les machines a calculer de M. Leon Bollee, du Mans. Bull. de la Soc. {{'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale, 977-996 (1895). Reprinted in Vol. 132,723-738 (1920).

Descriptions of BOLLEE'S "Tableau multiplicateur-diviseur", "Petit appareil multipli­cateur", "Arithmographe", and two versions of his famous calculating machine, incorporating a mechanism for direct multiplication.

SERREL, R., ASTRAHAN, M. M., PATTERSON. G. M., PYNE, I. E.: The evolution of computing machines and systems. Proc. IRE 50, 1039-1058 (May 1962).

A well illustrated comprehensive account of the development of computers in Amenca, prefaced by short accounts of the history of desk calculators, and BABBAGE'S work. It gives much background information - dates of first delivery, numbers delivered, etc.

SHANNON, C. E.: A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits. Trans. Amer. Inst. Elect. Eng. 57, 713-723 (1938).

Shows how symbolic logic can be used in the design of complex circuits. One of the examples given is a circuit for the addition of two binary numbers.

SHARPLESS, T. K.: Mercury delay lines as a memory unit. Proceedings of a Sym­posium on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 7-10 Jan. 1947. In: Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, Vol. 16, pp. 103-109. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1948.

Ends with the comment "The mercury delay memory tank described appears to be such a promising device that the Moore School's plans for a future large scale digital computer envisage the use of this memory means. It is hoped that within the year such a machine may be an actuality - a machine which will have a high-speed number storage equivalent to 1000 ten-digit numbers, computing speeds somewhat faster than ENIAC, and consisting of only 3000 tubes."

SHELDON, J. W., TATuM,-L.: The IBM card-programmed electronic calculator. Review of Electronic Digital Computers. Joint AlEE - IRE Computer Conference,

432

10-12 Dec. 1951, pp. -,0-36. New York: Amer. Inst. of Electrical Engineers 1952. Reprinted in full on pages 229-235.

SINGER, c., et al. (eds.): History of technology, Vols. 2-5. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1955-58.

The article on spinning and weaving in Vol. 3 describes, and has pictures of, BOUCHON'S and DE VAUCANSON'S looms.

SMILES, S.: Industrial biography: Iron workers and tool makers. London: John Murray 1908.

The book, which was first published in 1863, has a chapter on JOSEPH CLEMENT, which describes his work for BABBAGE, and a brief appendix containing an account by BABBAGE of his association with CLEMENT.

SMITH, D. E.: History of mathematics (2 Vo1s.). New York: Dover Publications 1958.

Extensive discussion of the abacus and its variants, and of finger reckoning. Very short account of NAPIER'S rods, and of desk calculators.

SMITH, T. M.: Some perspectives on the early history of computers. Perspectives on the Computer Revolution (ed. Z. W. PYLYSHYN), pp. 7-15. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall 1970.

Discusses the work of many pioneers such as PASCAL, LEIBNIZ, BABBAGE, BUSH, and argues against a simplistic view of the development of computers as progressing linearly from achievement to achievement, and instead views the development as involving many concurrent activities, unti.! ideas match requirements and technological possibilities.

SNEDECOR, C. W.: Uses of punched card equipment in mathematics. Amer. math. Monthly 35,161-169 (1928).

Brief description of the use of sorters and tabulators for various statistical calculations.

SPRAGUE, R. E.: A western view of computer history. Commun. ACM 15, no. 7, 686-692 (1972).

Personal anecdotes concerning computer developments at Northrup, with brief mention of BINAC and the forerunner to the IBM CPC.

STIBITZ, G. R. (1940): Computer (unpublished memorandum). New York: Bell Telephone Laboratories 1940.

Reprinted in full on pages 241-245.

STIBITZ, G. R. (1946): Introduction to the course on electronic computers. Theory and Techniques for the Design of Electronic Digital Computers: Lectures delivered 8 July - 31 Aug. 1946 (ed. C. C. CHAMBERS), pp. 1.1-1.19. Philadelphia, Pa.: Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania 1947.

A broad informal discussion of the history of computing, and of the influences of tech­nological developments, and of wartime attitudes and requirements.

STIBITZ, G. R. (1947): The organization of large scale calculating machinery. Pro­ceedings of a Symposium on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 7-10 Jan. 1947. In: Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, Vol. 16, pp. 91-100. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1948.

Discusses, inter alia, the need for what we would now call index registers, and for more convenient forms of program specification, such as allowing parenthesised expressions.

STIBITZ, G. R. (1967): The relay computers at Bell Laboratories. Datamation 13, nos. 4 and 5, 35-44 and 45-49 (April and May 1967).

433

An informal but detailed account of STIBITZ'S work on the Bell Laboratories Series of relay calculators and computers.

STIBITZ, G. R., LARRIVEE,J. A.: Mathematics and computers. New York: McGraw­

Hill 1957. Has a short survey on desk calculators, and on BABBAGE'S work. More detail is given of

the development, in parallel with AIKEN'S work, ot the Bell Laboratories Series of relay com­puters.

STIEFEL, E.: La machine a calculer arithmetique Z4 de l'ecole Poly technique Federale a Zurich. Les Machines a Calculer et la Pensee Humaine. Colloq. Int. du

C.N.R.S. Paris, 8-13 Jan. 1951, pp. 33-40. Paris: Editions du C.N.R.S. 1953.

Includes a description of the Zuse Z4. States that it has been in operation ten hours a day since the end of August, 1950.

STIFLER, W. W. (ed.): High-speed computing devices. New York: McGraw-Hill

1950. This book, prepared by the staff of Engineering Research Associates Inc., evolved from a

report written for the Office of Naval Research. It is concerned almost exclusively with the detailed design of computers, and their electronic and electromechanical components. It has very extensive lists of references. Subjects covered include desk calculators, punched card systems, and the then current relay and electronic digital computers.

STUCKEN, H.: Programmgesteuerte Rechenmaschinen in Deutschland. Phys. Blat­ter 6, 166-170 (1950).

Discussion of ZUSE'S work on program controlled computers.

TABOR, L. P.: Brief description and operating characteristics of the ENIAC. Pro­

ceedings of a Symposium on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 7-10 Jan. 1947. In: Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, Vol. 16, pp. 31-39. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University 1948.

Brief description of ENIAC, and mention of the length of time that was spent plugging programs, and hence the desire for EDVAC.

TATON, R. (1963): Sur l'invention de la machine arithmetique. Revue d'Histoire

des Sciences et de leurs Applications 16, 139-160 (1963). A detailed account of PASCAL'S development of his calculating machine. A short account

of SCHICKARD'S prior work is included.

TATON, R. (1969): Histoire du calcul, 5th edition. Paris: Presses Universitaires de

France 1969. An account of the development of mathematics, and in particular arithmetic, from the

earliest times to the first mechanical aids to calculation.

TATON, R., FLAD, J. P.: Le calcul mecanique, 2nd edition. Paris: Presses Uni­

versitaires de France 1963. A valuable account of the development of aids to calculation, from the abacus to me­

chanical desk calculators, with a brief account of the early developments of digital computers.

TAUSCHEK, G.: Die Lochkarten-Buchhaltungsmaschinen meines Systems. Vienna: Nov. 1930.

Gives a detailed description of an automatic book-keeping system based on specially designed card punches, sorters, collators and tabulators. The tabulator, which produced both printed and punched output, was controlled by a plugboard and by codes punched into special cards inserted amongst sequences of data cards, and included optional multiplication and division mechanisms.

434

THOMAS, S.: Computers: Their history, present applications and future. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1964.

Contains a wealth of anecdotal material on the development of computers in the U.S.A.

TODD, J.: John von Neumann and the National Accounting Machine (draft manu­script, undated).

A description of a 'program' for a National Accounting Machine, devised in 1943 by TODD and VON NEUMANN, on the occasion of a visit by the latter to the Nautical Almanac Office.

TODD,J., SADLER, D. H.: Admiralty computing service. M.T.A.C. 2, no. 19,289 to 297 (July 1947).

Contains a summary of a description, written in July 1944, of a 'Rangefinder Perform­ance Computer'. This device calculated the mean error and root mean square error made by the rangefinder operator, using a mechanism built from uniselectors and relays.

TORRES-QUEVEDO, G. (1951a): Les travaux de l'ecole Espagnole sur l'automa­tisme. Les machines a calculer et la pensee humaine. Colloq. Int. C.N.R.S. Paris 8-13 Jan. 1?51, pp. 361-381. Paris: Editions du C.N.R.S. 1953.

Extended description of the life and work of his father, including details of his plans for an electromechanical analytical machine, and the machine which he actually constructed along these lines, which permitted simple arithmetic operations to be entered, and the result calculated and printed on a typewriter. This machine was exhibited in Paris in 1914.

TORRES-QUEVEDO, G. (1951 b): Presentation des appareils de Leonardo Torres y Quevedo. Les machines a calculer et la pensee humaine. Colloq. Int. C.N.R.S. Paris 8-13 Jan. 1951, ?p. 383-406. Paris: Editions du C.N.R.S. 1953.

Describes the machines invented by TORRES Y QUEVEDO for playing chess, and for remote control of a boat, (both electromechanical), and a mechanical analogue device.

TORRES Y QUEVEDO, L. (1914): Essais sur l'automatique. Sa definition. Etendue theorique de ses applications. Revue de l'Academie des Sciences de Madrid (1914). Also Revue Generale des Sciences Pures et Appliquees, 601-611 (15 Nov. 1915).

Reprinted in full on pages 87 -105.

TORRES Y QUEVEDO, L. (1920): Arithmometre electromecanique. Bulletin de la Soc. d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale 119,588-599 (Sept.-Oct. 1920).

Reprinted in full on pages 107-118.

TOUlPN, P.: Les machines a calculer et leurs applications dans l'organisation de l'industrie et du commerce. Bull. de la Soc. d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Natio­nale 132,570-584 (Sept.-Oct. 1920).

Description of the various machines on exhibition at the Society's premises, including the Thomas arithmometer, Madas, Millionaire, Comptometer, Burroughs, Torres.

TRASK, M.: The story of cybernetics. London: Studio Vista 1971. A popular account, based on a display produced by IBM at the Institute for Contemporary

Arts. Contains unusual photos of ENIAC and early Hollerith equipment.

TRAVIS, I.: The history of computing devices. Theory and Techniques for the Design of Electronic Digital Computers: Lectures delivered 8 July - 31 Aug. 1946

(ed. C. C. CHAMBERS), pp. 2.1-2.8. Philadelphia, Pa.: Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania 1947.

A very brief account of calculating techniques, and of the development of analogue and digital calculating devices.

435

TRUESDELL, L. E.: The development of punch card tabulation in the Bureau of

the Census 1890-1940. Washington, D.C.: Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the

Census 1965. The major source for information about the origins and early development of punched

card machinery. Provides a detailed account of the respective contributions of BILLINGS and HOLLERITH, indicating that, in all probability, the basic idea of using punched cards came from BILLINGS.

TUCKER, R. L.: A matrix multiplier. Psychometrika 5, 289-294 (1940). Describes a device, based on an IBM test storing machine, for aiding the multiplication

of matrices. The individual rows of one matrix are represented by electrically conducting marks on test sheets (in binary notation), and the column of the other matrix is wired into a plug­board. A set of analogue multiplying devices are then used, two figure accuracy being claimed.

TURCK, J. A. V.: Origin of modern calculating machines. Chicago: The Western

Society of Engineers 1921. Concentrates on key-driven adding machines, and on their printing mechanisms, based on

the American patent literature. It covers developments by PARMALEE, FELT, BARBOUR, BALD­WIN, LUDLUM and BURROUGHs.ihe last chapter concerns direct multiplication mechanisms.

TURING, A. M. (1936): On computable numbers, with an application to the Ent­scheidungsproblem. Proc. London math. Soc. (2),42,230-267 (1936).

The famous paper which introduced the concept of a "universal" computing machine.

TURING, A. M. (1945): Proposals for development in the Mathematics Division of an automatic computing engine (A.C.E.). Report E.882. Teddington, Middlesex:

Executive Committee, National Physical Laboratory [1945]. A report, which also carries the title 'Proposed Electronic Calculator', giving detailed

plans for the ACE, known to have been written some time during 1945.

TURING, S.: Alan M. Turing. Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons 1959. Biography of ALAN TURING, by his mother. States that TURING submitted a proposal to

the British Government for the construction of a computer, and that it was on the basis of this that he joined NPL in Oct. 1945. "Before the war he had already begun to build a com­puter of his own with wider scope, he hoped, than those then in operation". He visited America during the war and "probably saw something of the progress of computing machinery in the States".

ULAM, S.: John von Neumann 1903-1957. Bull. Amer. math. Soc. 64,1-49

(May 1958). A lengthy biography, concentrating on VON NEUMANN'S mathematical achievements, but

including a brief discussion of his work on the design and use of electronic computers.

USHER, A. P.: A history of mechanical inventions, 2nd revised edition. Cambridge,

Mass.: Harvard University Press 1954. Contains (pp. 254-261) a quite detailed account of the work of BOUCHON, FALCON,

VAUCANSON, and JACQUARD, on tape and card controlled looms.

VALTAT, R. L. A.: Calcul mecanique: Machine it calculer fondee sur l'emploi

de la numeration binaire. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 202,1745-1748 (1936). Brief description of a proposed calculating machine which transforms its input into binary,

before doing any calculation. Points out that binary digits could be represented by mechanical or electrical means. Followed by a comment by D'OCAGNE, stating that he knew of no previous proposal for a binary machine.

VERRIJN STUART, A. A.: Lezen en Schrijven. Inaugural Lecture, University of Leiden, 5 Mar. 1971. Gronigen: Wolters- Noordhoff NV 1971.

436

Includes a discussion of BABBAGE'S work and its implications for the future, and of his personality.

VIGNERON, H. (1914): Les automates. La Nature, 56-61 (13 June 1914). A good general discussion of the work of TORRES Y QUEVEDO, including a detailed de­

scription of his chess automaton, an electro-mechanical device for a chess end game of one king versus one king and one rook.

VIGNERON, H. (1920): L'arithmometre de M. Torres y Quevedo. La Nature 2418, 89-93 (7 Aug. 1920).

An illustrated description of the electromechanical devices used in TORRES' typewriter­controlled arithmometer.

VON FREYTAG LORINGHOFF, B. (1957): Eine Tubinger Rechenmaschine aus dem Jahre 1623. Heimatkundliche Blatter fur den Kreis Tubingen 11, no. 3, 25-28 (July 1957).

A detailed account of SCHICKARD and his machine with extensive quotations from his let­ters to KEPLER, describing the machine.

VON FREYTAG, LORINGHOFF, B. (1958): Uber die erste Rechenmaschine. Physikal Blatter 14, no. 8,361-365 (1958).

An account of the descriptions of SCHICKARD'S machine that had been recently discovered.

VON FREYTAG LORINGHOFF, B. (1960): Wiederentdeckung und Rekonstruktion der Altesten Neuzeitlichen Rechenmaschine. VDI-Nachrichten 14, no. 39, 4 (21 Dec. 1960).

A one-page illustrated account of SCHICKARD'S machine, and of its reconstruction.

VON NEUMANN, J.: First draft of a report on the EDVAC. Contract No. W-670-ORD-4926. Philadelphia, Pa.: Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 30 June 1945.

Extracts reprinted on pages 355-364.

WALTHER, A., DREYER, H.-J. (1946): Gerate fur beliebige Rechenzwecke. Ent­wicklung Mathematische Instrumente in Deutschland 1939-1945, Bericht A3, Darm­stadt: Institut fur Praktische Mathematik, 19 Aug. 1946.

A summary of the work by ZUSE on mechanical and electromechanical programmed cal­culators, and the work on a paper tape controlled array of punched card equipment at the Institute for Practical Mathematics, Darmstadt, between 1939-1945.

WALTHER, A., DREYER, H.-J. (1948): Mathematische Maschinen und Instrumente. Instrumentelle Verfahren (Mathematical machines and instruments. Instrumental methods.) F. 1. A. T. Review of German Science 1939-1946. Applied Mathematics, Part 1, pp. 129-165. Wiesbaden: Office of Military Government for Germany, Field Information Agency, Technical 1948.

Just one page on automatic calculating machines, in which the work of ZUSE and of DREYER is described.

WEIK, M. H.: The ENIAC story. Ordnance. J. of the American Ordnance Assoc., 3-7 (Jan.-Feb. 1961).

A description of the growth of the Ballistics Research Laboratory, and of the development and use of ENIAC and EDVAC.

WELD, C. R.: History of the Royal Society with memoirs of the presidents, 2 vols. London:J. W. Parker 1848.

437

Chapter 9 consists of an account ofBABBAGE'S dealings with the Royal Society and the Govern­ment over his first Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine. and includes quotes from many of the original documents in the Society's files.

WEYGANDT. A.: Die elektro-mechanische Determinanten-Maschine. Z. Instrumen­tenkunde. 53, 114-121 (1933).

A very detailed description of a machine, built from electromagnetic relays, for evaluating 3 X 3 determinants.

WIENER, N.: Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and the machine. New York: Wiley 1948.

Refers to a report that the author had submitted to VANNEVAR BUSH in 1940, recommend­ing the development of a program-controlled electronic binary computing machine.

WILKES, M. V. (1948): The design of a practical high-speed computing machine. Proc. roy. Soc. London A 195, 274-279 (1948).

Short description of the plans for EDSAC.

WILKES, M. V. (1949): Programme design for a high-speed automatic calculating machine. J. Sci. Instr. 26,217-220 Qune 1949).

A description of the programming of EDSAC, including discussion of subroutines, in­struction modification, and loading.

WILKES, M. V. (1951 a): Automatic calculating machines. J. roy. Soc. of Arts 4862, VoL C, 56-90 (1951).

Detailed discussion of BABBAGE'S Analytical Engine and in particular of the control facilities.

WILKES, M. V. (1951 b): The EDSAC computer. Review of Electronic Digital Computers. Joint AlEE-IRE Computer Conference, 10-12 Dec. 1951, pp. 79-83. New York: American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1952.

Concentrates on describing the experiences obtained in working with the machine - its serviceability, diagnostic programs, etc.

WILKES, M. V. (1956): Automatic digital calculators. London: Methuen 1956. Contains one of best surveys, and detailed discussion, of the origins of computers. After

a detailed discussion of the Babbage Analytical Engine, LUDGATE is mentioned, and TORRES Y

QUEVEDO'S work is described very briefly. It then gives quite a lot of detail on the Harvard Mark 1, ENIAC, EDVAC; the Bell Laboratories Computer Models V and VI and the Harvard Mark 2. (The early part of the book is based on the Cantor lectures given by WILKES in 1951 (WILKES: 1951a)).

WILKES, M. V. (1968): Computers, then and now. J. ACM 15, no. 1,1-7 (1968).

Contains a brief discussion of the 1946 Moore School Lectures.

WILKES, M. V. (1971): Babbage as a computer pioneer. Report of Proceedings, Babbage Memorial Meeting, London, 18 Oct. 1971. London: British Computer So­ciety 1971.

Contains many previously unpublished details about BABBAGE'S plans for his Analytical Engine, gleaned from a detailed study of his notebooks.

WILKES, M. V., RENWICK. W. (1949 a): The EDSAC. Report of a Conference on High Speed Automatic Calculating Machines, 22-25 June 1949, pp. 9-11. Cam­bridge: University Mathematical Laboratory, Jan. 1950.

Reprinted in full on pages 383-393.

438

WILKES, M. V., RENWICK, W. (1949 b): The ED SAC, an electronic calculating machine. J. Sci. Instr. 26, 385-391 (Dec. 1949).

A good description of the logical design of EDSAC.

WILKES, M. V., RENWICK, W. (1950): The EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator). M.T.A.C. 4, 61-65 (1950).

Short description of the EDSAC, listing its order code, and describing its logical design. (A slightly revised version of WILKES and RENWICK: 1949 a.)

WILKINSON, J. H.: The automatic computing engine at the National Physical Laboratory. Proc. roy. Soc. London A 195, 285-286 (1948).

Concentrates on the advantages of optimum coding for reducing the delays caused by delay-line storage, and of the importance of building up a library of parameterised subroutines.

WILLCOX, W. F. (1926): John Shaw Billings and federal vital statistics. J. Amer. statist. Assoc. 21, 257-266 (1926).

Contains but a single paragraph on 'Mechanical Methods of Tabulation', in which BILLINGS is quoted as having suggested to HOLLERITH "there ought to be some mechanical way of doing this job, something on the principle of the Jacquard loom, perhaps, whereby holes on a card regulate the pattern to be woven".

WILLCOX, W. F. (1948): Herman Hollerith. M.T.A.C. 3, 62-63 (1948). Re­printed from The Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. 21, pp. 415-416. New York: 1944.

Describes the genesis and development of HOLLERITH'S ideas for punched card machinery.

WILLERS, F.A. (1951): Mathematische Maschinen und Instrumente. Berlin: Aka­demie-Verlag 1951.

Pages 5-91 consist of chapters on calculating machines and on computers. The former contains a lengthy historical introduction and extremely detailed descriptions of the workings of then current machines, notably Brunsviga, stepped-reckoner machines (such as Rheinmetall, Archimedes, Curta), Hamann, Mercedes-Euklid and Millionaire. The latter surveys relay and electronic computers (Zuse, Harvard Mark 1 and 2, ENIAC, EDSAC, etc.), and describes their basic principles. Has a very extensive bibliography.

WILLERS, F. A. (1952): Aus der Friihzeit der Rechenmaschinen. Wiss. Z. techno Hochschule Dresden 2, no. 2, 151-158 (1952-53).

An account of the evolution of calculating machines, concentrating on the work of PASCAL, GERSTEN, LEIBNIZ, POLENI, LEOPOLD, HAHN and MULLER.

WILLIAMS, F. c., KILBURN, T.: Electronic digital computers. Nature 162,487 (Sept. 1948).

Reprinted in full on pages 387-388.

WILLIAMS, N.: Les machines a calculer et a classer Hollerith et leur oemploi dans

la comptabilite des Chemins de Fer. Genie Civil 61, 57 (18 May 1912). Account of an article by WILLIAMS in Zeit. des Ver. Deutscher Eisenbahnr., (14-17

Feb.)' describing the use of Hollerith machines by American railroads. Describes the use of a 250 card per minute sorter, and a tabulating machine.

WILLIAMS, S. B. (1947a): Bell Telephone Laboratories' relay computing system. Proceedings of a Symposium on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 7-10 Jan. 1947. In: Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, Vol. 16, pp. 40-68. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1948.

Well-illustrated detailed description of the Model V machine.

439

WILLIAMS, S. B. (1947b): A relay computer for general application. Bell Labora­tories Record 25, 49-54 (Feb. 1947).

A well-illustrated general account of the Bell Laboratories Model V computer.

WITTKE, H.: Die Rechenmaschine und ihre Rechentechnik. Berlin-Grunewald:

1943. Contains a brief account of the mechanisms of the Leibniz wheel, Ohdner wheel, the

Mercedes-Euclid, and the Millionaire machines.

WOLF, A.: Calculating machines. A History of Science, Technology, and Philo­sophy in the Eighteenth Century, pp. 654-660. London: George Allen and Unwin 1938.

Despite its brevity this section gives unusually detailed descriptions of several calculators, notably those by PEREIRE, LEUPOLD, and STANHOPE.

WOMERSLEY, J. R.: Scientific computing in Great Britain. M.T.A.C. 2,110-117 (1946).

Describes use of commercial machines in scientific computing, with many references to COMRIE'S work, and analogue machines.

WOODBURY, W. W.: The 603-405 computer. Proceedings of a 2nd Symposium on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 13-16 Sept. 1949. In: Annals ot the .Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, Vol. 26, pp. 316-320. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1951.

Brief description of a machine consisting of an interconnected 405 printer, 603 electronic multiplier and 517 summary punch, and of the applications for which it had been used.

WOODRUFF, L. F.: A system of electric remote-control accounting. Trans. A.I.E.E. 57,78-87 (Feb. 1938).

Describes an experimental system, installed in a department store, involving terminals connected over telephone lines to a set of tabulators and on-line typewriters.

WORLTON, W. J.: Pre-electronic aids to digital computation. Computers and their Role in the Physical Sciences (eds. S. FERNBACH and A. H. TAUB), pp. 11-50. New York: Gordon and Breach 1970.

Covers developments from the earliest manual techniques of calculating, to the electro­mechanical calculators of the 1940's, and includes a fairly detailed discussion of the various different types of abacus.

WORSLEY, B. H.: The EDSAC demonstration. Report of a Conference on High Speed Automatic Calculating Machines, 22-25 June, pp. 12-16. Cambridge: Uni­versity Mathematical Laboratory, Jan. 1950.

Reprinted in full on pages 395-401.

WYNN-WILLIAMS, C. E. (1931): The use of thyratrons for high speed automatic counting of physical phenomena. Proc. roy. Soc. London A 132,295-310 (1931).

Describes various schemes for using thyratrons as recording instruments and as unary counters, in association with mechanical counting mechanisms, and suggests an entirely elec­tronic counting apparatus, using multiple rings of thyratrons, with carry propagation from one ring to its neighbour.

WYNN-WILLIAMS, C. E. (1932): A thyratron "Scale of Two" automatic counter. Proc. roy. Soc. London A 136, 312-324 (1932).

Gives a detailed description of a working binary counter, capable of counting events separated by as little as 1I1250th of a second.

440

ZEMANEK, H.: Otto Schaffler, Wiener Pionier der Lochkartentechnik. Elektroni­sche Rechenanlagen 12, no. 3, 133-134 (1970).

A brief account of the iife and work of SCHAFFLER who in 1895 patented a plugboard device, patterned after a telephone switchboard, for controlling the operation of punched card equipment.

ZUSE, K. (1936): Verfahren zur selbsttatigen Durchfuhrung von Rechnungen mit Hilfe von Rechenmaschinen. German patent application Z23624 (11 Apr. 1936).

Extracts reprinted on pages 159-166.

ZUSE, K. (1949): Die Mathematischen Voraussetzungen fur die Entwicklung logi­stisch-kombinativer Rechenmaschinen. Z. angew. Math. Mech. 29, 36-37 (1949).

A brief discussion of his machines and ideas on programming languages.

ZUSE, K. (1950): Programmgesteuerte Rechenmaschinen in Deutschland. Z. angew. Math. Mech. 30, 292-293 (1950).

After mentioning BABBAGE, gives a brief description of the various Zuse machines.

ZUSE, K. (1953): Uber Programmgesteuerte Rechengerate fur Industrielle Verwen­

dung. Probleme der Entwicklung Programmgesteuerter Rechengerate und Integrier­anlagen, pp. 55-75. Aachen: Mathematisches Institut, Technische Hochschule 1953.

A description of the various Zuse computers.

ZUSE, K. (1962): Entwicklungslinien einer Rechengerate-Entwicklung von der

Mechanik zur Elektronik. Digitale Informationswandler (Hrsg. W. HOFFMAN), pp. 508-532. Braunschweig: Vieweg 1962.

Extracts reprinted on pages 171-186.

ZUSE, K. (1969): Rechengerate fur Flugelvermessung (unpublished memorandum,

10 Sept. 1969).

A three page description, with ten drawings, of the special purpose electromechanical computer that processed flying bomb wing dimension data. The data was obtained on-line, using a form of analogue-to-digital converter, with calculations being carried out in binary under the control of a fixed program.

ZUSE, K. (1970a): German computer activities. Computers and Their Future, pp. 6/3-6/17. Llandudno: Richard Williams and Partners 1970.

Informal discussion of work by ZUSE, SCHREYER, and DIRKS in Germany during the period 1935-1945.

ZUSE, K. (1970 b): Der Computer - Mein Lebenswerk. Munich: Verlag Moderne

Industrie 1970. An autobiography, with many technical details about his work, starting in 1934, on the

design of program controlled calculators. The work of his collaborator SCHREYER, who in­vestigated the design of an electronic versions of the Z3, and of DIRKS, who developed a mag­netic drum store, is also covered.

ANON (1843): Addition to the memoir of M. Menabrea on the Analytical Engine.

Phil. Mag. 23,235-239 (Sept. 1843).

Brief account of BABBAGE'S dealings with the government, and of the current state of progress of work on the Analytical Engine.

ANON (1855): New calculating machine. Illustrated London News 26, 661

(30 June 1855). Short account of the difference engine lnvented by GEORGE and EDVARD SCHEUTZ. in­

cluding an engraving of a general view of the machine, and of a model of part of the mech-

441

anism and reproductions of plates produced by the machine of mathematical tables. Gives a very good idea of the working of the machine.

ANON (1866): The Swedish tabulating machine of G. and E. Scheutz. Annals of the Dudley Observatory 1, 116-126. Albany, N. Y.: 1866.

Contains a brief account of the history of the machine, and of the principles of difference engines, followed by a good description of the design of the Scheutz machine.

ANON (1870): Calculating by machinery. Manufacturer and Builder 2, no. 8, 225-227 (Aug. 1870).

Mainly concerned with difference engines. Describes the method of finite differences, and the history of BABBAGE'S efforts, and then gives an extensive description of the mechanism of the Scheutz difference engine.

ANON (1871): Charles Babbage. Nature 5, no. 106,28-29 (9 Nov. 1871). An obituary notice, starting "There is no fear that the work of the late CHARLES BABBAGE

will be over-estimated by this or any generation".

ANON (1902): The electrical tabulating machine applied to cost accounting. American Machinist 25,1073-1075 (16 Aug. 1902).

Describes the key punch and tabulator developed by HOLLERITH for recording and summing decimal integers expressed in a columnar encoding on punched cards, using a Leibniz stepped reckoner-like mechanism.

ANON (1907): The Burroughs Adding and Listing-Machine. Engineering 83, 580-581 (3 May 1907).

A well illustrated, detailed account of the mechanism.

ANON (1915): Torres and his remarkable automatic devices. Scientific American Supplement 80, no. 2079, 296-298 (6 Nov. 1915).

A well illustrated article, concentrating on the chess player developed by TORRES, and describing its strategy, and the mechanisms used.

ANON (1930): The Thirsk totalisator., The Electrical Review 106, no. 2724, 268-269 (7 Feb. 1930).

Description of the mobile totalisator demonstrated at Thirsk racecourse on 28 Jan. 1930.

ANON (1936): Development of International Business Machines Corporation. Form AM-I-I. New York: IBM Corporation 1936.

A 13-page account, commencing with the work of HOLLERITH on tabulating machines, BUNDY and DEY on time recorders, and PITRAP on computing scales. The emphasis is on the growth of IBM as a corporation, and comparatively few technical details are given.

ANON (1942): Instruments et machines a calculer. Cat. du Musee, Section A. Paris: Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers 1942. ,

Catalogue of a very large collection of calculating machines and calculating aids. Many illustrations, and brief descriptions of the major machines.

ANON (1943): Report on an electronic difference analyzer. Philadelphia, Pa.: Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 8 April 1943.

This 36-page report was submitted to the Ballistics Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Prov­ing Ground, and includes a reconstructed version of MAUCHLY'S original 1942 memorandum. The report contains detailed descriptions of the various functional units, and worked out examples of the use of analyzer for the solution of problems in ballistics.

ANON (1946): Calculations and electronics: Automatic computator [sic] designed by the National Physical Laboratory. Electrician 13 7, 1279-1280 (1946).

442

Short article, taken mainly from a statement published by the Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research, on the history of calculating machines and on the work then in progress at the National Physical Laboratory.

ANON (1948): IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator. M.T.A.C. 3, 216-217 (1948).

Brief notice of the dedication ceremony held 27 and 28 Jan. 1948.

ANON (1949): Bibliography on automatic digital calculating machines. Report of a Conference on High Speed Automatic Calculating Machines, 22-25 June 1949, pp. 134-141. Cambridge: University Mathematical Laboratory, Jan. 1950.

A bibliography of over a hundred items, mainly from the period 1946-1949.

ANON (1960a): IBM computers - The story of their development. Data Pro­cessing (London) 2, no. 2, 90-101, (1960).

"Towards the end of the war IBM built a machine called the Automatic Sequence Con­trolled Calculator (sometimes referred to as the Harvard Mark 1)." Also covers the S.S.E.C. (1948), the Type 603 multiplier (1946), the c.P.c., the Type 628 (1958), and the Tape Processing Machine (1950), as well as later developments.

ANON (1960b): New methods for knowing. Form 500-0002. New York: IBM Corporation, Jan. 1960.

An illustrated brochure, with sections on the origins and development of tabulating ma­chinery, and on early IBM electric calculators.

ANON (1963): Herman Hollerith. Systems and Procedures J. 14, no. 6, 18-24 (Nov.-Dec. 1963).

An illustrated account of HOLLERITH'S first tabulating system, and its use for the 1890 U.S. Census, and of the origins of the IBM Corporation.

ANON (1964): An historical event - ENIAC. Data Systems Design 1, no. 3, 26-27 (March 1964).

Includes a brief extract from the historic ENIAC patent.

ANON (1971 a): Charles B. Tomkins dies in Los Angeles. Datamation 17, no. 4, 57,61 (1971).

"Dr. TOMPKINS was one of the group of former Navy officer specialists who, in 1946, formed Engineering Research Associates of St. Paul, Minn., ... ERA, under contract to the Navy, produced one of the world's first three computers, a powerful top-secret intelligence computer known as Machine 13".

ANON (1971 b): The birth of the computer. London: 3M Company 1971. A set of six lavishly illustrated brochures, providing a very useful history of the devel­

opment of calculating machines and computers, starting with NAPIER'S rods, and ending with the first generation of electronic computers.

ANON (1971 c): Highlights of IBM history. Form G520-1580-5. Armonk, N. Y.: IBM Corporation 1971.

A brief account, written in 'telegraphese', useful for its data regarding first deliveries of various punch~ card machines.

ANON (1971 d): A quarter century view. New York: Association for Computing Machinery 1971.

The main section of this booklet consists of a reprint of an article by ROSEN on the development of electronic computers mainly in the U.S.A., which contains very little material on the earliest such computers. However the booklet is lavishly illustrated, and includes facsi­mile reproductions of articles in the N.Y. Times and the Illustrated London News on ENIAC.

443

ANON (1972): Charles Babbage computer pioneer 1791-1871. London: External Affairs Division, IBM United Kingdom 1972.

A wall chart which contains previously unpublished material about the development of the Analytical Engine, including facsimile reproductions of the earliest general plan (1834) and of an entirely different later version (1856).

ANON (?): The story of the American Totalisator. Towson, Maryland: American Totalisator Co. (undated).

A brochure (apparently issued during or after 1961) describing the development of the Totalisator.

444

Index to Bibliography

Abacus Knott 1914, Shu T'ien Li 1959, Pullan 1968, Smith (D. E.) 1958, Worlton 1970.

ACE Phillips 1963, 1965 a, Turing (A. M.) ?, Anon 1946.

ACE: programming of Wilkinson 1948.

Aiken, H.H. Oettinger 1962.

Arithmetic: development of Taton 1969.

Atanasoff-Berry Machine Atanasoff 1940, Berry 1941, Kern 1968, Richards 1966.

Babbage, C. Archibald 1948, Bowden 1953, 1960, Buxton (H. W.)?, Buxton (L. H. D.) 1934, Collier 1970, Comrie 1946, Dodge 1873, Dubbey 1968, Garwig 1969, Goddard 1906, Halacy 1970, Menabrea 1884, Mor­rison and Morrison 1952, Moseley 1964, Nudds 1969, Smiles 1908, Verrijn Stuart 1971, Anon 1871, 1972.

Babbage: Analytical Engine Babbage (C.) 1837a, 1837b, 1851, 1864, Babbage (H.P.) 1888, 1889, 1910, Babbage (R. H.) 1947, Bowden 1953, Buxton (H. W.) ?, Collier 1970, Lovelace 1843, Merrifield 1879, Morrison and Morrison 1961, Weld 1848, Wilkes 1951, 1971, Anon 1843.

Babbage: Difference Engine Babbage (B. H.) 1872, Babbage (C.) 1822, 1864, Babbage (H. P.) 1889, Babbage (R. H.) 1947. Bailey 1824, Brewster 1868, Buxton (L. H. D.) 1934, Collier 1970, Lardner 1834, Morrison and Morrison 1961, Weld 1848, Anon 1870.

Babbage: influence of Booth 1962, Brainerd 1965, Bush 1936, Couffignal 1933, Eckert (J. P.) 1970, Hopper 1970, Torres 1914, 1920.

Babbage: mechanical notation Babbage (C.) 1855, Babbage (H. P.) 1885, Buxton (H. W.) ?

Bell Laboratories Computers Andrews 1951, 1963, Hoffliet 1949, Stibitz 1967, Stibitz and Larrivee 1957.

Bell Laboratories Computers: Model I Hollcroft 1940, Stibitz 1940.

Bell Laboratories Computers: Model II Cesareo 1946.

Bell Laboratories Computers: Model III Juley 1947.

Bell Laboratories Computers: Model V Alt 1948, Andrews and Box 1950, Williams (S.B.) 1947a, 1947b.

Bell Laboratories Computers: Model VI Andrews 1949.

Bibliographies Archibald 1948, Berkeley 1949, de Beauclair 1967, Haga 1963, Malassis et al 1920, Mehmke and d'Ocagne 1908, Meyer Zur Capellen 1949, Stifler 1950, Willers 1951, Anon 1949.

Billings, C (See also Punched Card Machinery: Origins) Truesdell 1965, Willcox 1926.

Binary Arithmetic Couffignal1936, Heath 1961, Leibniz 1679, Phillips 1936, 1962, Tucker 1940, Valtat 1936.

Bollee: calculator Bollee 1889, d'Ocagne 1920, Sebert 1895.

Burgi, J. Archibald 1948, Travis 1947.

Burroughs: calculator Anon 1907.

Calculating Machines (See also Burroughs, Bollee, Gersten, Grant, Leibniz, Logabax, Ohdner, Schick­ard, Thomas, Torres)

Calculating Machines: descriptive catalogues Baxandall 1926, Comrie 1938, Dyck 1892, Horsburgh 1914, Toulon 1920, Anon 1942.

Calcula ting Machines: design Crew 1941, Horsburgh 1920, 1923, Lenz 1932, Meyer Zur Capellen 1949, Murray 1948, Turck 1921, Willers 1951, Wittke 1943.

445

Calculating Machines: development of Baxandall 1929, Booth and Booth 1956, Chase 1952, d'Ocagne 1905, 1920, 1922, Edmundson 1885, Felt 1916, Galle 1912, Haga 1965, Henneman 1953, Horsburgh 1920, Jacob 1911, Lilley 1945, Martin (E.) 1925, Mehmke and d'Ocagne 1908, Taton and Flad 1963, Travis 1946, Turck 1921, Willers 1951, 1952, Wolf 1938, Worlton 1970, Anon 1971 b.

Calculating Machines: direct multiplication Bollee 1889, Chase 1952, d'Ocagne 1915, Nicoladze 1928, Randell 1971, Turck 1921

Calculating Machines: usage Comrie 1927, 1934, 1944, 1946 a, Hors­burgh 1923, Lenz 1932, Womersley 1946.

Calculators: special purpose (See also Atanasoff-Berry Computer, Totalisator) Beevers 1939, Kosten 1949, Todd and Sadler 1947, Tucker 1940, Weygandt 1933.

Computers (See also ACE, Bell Laboratories, Couffi­gnal, Darmstadt, EDSAC, EDVAC, ENIAC, lAS, IBM, Institut Blaise Pascal, Harvard, Machine 13, Manchester, Zuse)

Computers: design Rutishauser et a11951, Stifler 1950, Wilkes 1951.

Computers: development of de Beauclair 1967, 1968, Hoffman 1962, Hollingdale and Tootill 1965, Meyer Zur Capellen 1949, Pantages 1967, Richards 1966, Rosenberg 1969, Schelberg 1970, Smith 1970, Stibitz 1946, Trask 1971, Wilkes 1956, Willers 1951, Anon 1971 b.

Computers, American: development of Booth and Britten 1949, Curtiss 1946, Goldstine 1970, Gray 1963, Huskey 1949, Peres et a11948, Serrell et al 1962, Sprague 1972, Thomas 1964, Wiener 1948, Wilkes 1956, Anon 1971 d.

Computers, British: development of Bowden 1953, Edwards 1970, Elliott 1949, Good 1970, Halsbury 1959, McCarthy 1966, Michie 1968, Randell 1972.

Computers, German: development of Meyer Zur Capell en 1949, Walther and Dreyer 1946, 1948, Zuse 1970.

Computers: programming of Goldstine and von Neumann 1947, 1948a, 1948 b, Hopper 1970, Knuth 1970, Mauchly 1947, Neumann 1948, Rutis­hauser et a11951, Stibitz 1948, von Neu­mann 1945, Zuse 1949.

446

Computers: stored program concept Eckert O. P.) 1946, 1970, Eckert et a11945, Goldstine and von Neumann 1963, Gray 1963, Johnson 1970, Mauchly 1947, New­man 1948, Turing (A. M.) 1936, von Neu­mann 1945.

Comrie, L.J. Archibald 1948, Lehmer 1951, Womersley 1946.

Couffignal: program-controlled calculator Couffignal 1938 b.

Darmstadt machine Dreyer and Walther 1946, Walther and Dreyer 1946, 1948.

Difference Engines (See also Babbage, Grant, Hamann, Miiller, Scheutz, Wiberg) Comrie 1928, Haga 1963, Hudson 1914, Jacob 1911, Ludgate 1909, Mehmke and d'Ocagne 1908.

Eckert, J. P. and Mauchly, J. W. Costello 1971, Fegley 1967, Johnson 1970, Knuth 1970.

EDSAC Hartree 1950, Wilkes 1948, 1951 b.

EDSAC: design of Wilkes and Renwick 1949 a, 1949 b, 1950.

EDSAC: programming of Hartree 1950, Wilkes 1949, Worsley 1949.

EDVAC Burks et a11946, Eckert O. P.) 1946, 1970, Eckert et al 1945, Gluck 1953, Goldstine 1970, 1972, Johnsohn 1970, Kempf 1961, Knuth 1970, Mauchly 1947, Sharpless 1947.

Electromechanical Devices (See also Torres, Totalisators) Apraxine 1932, Barlow 1878, Beevers 1939, Couffignal 1938 a, Hamann 1932, MacEwan and Beevers 1942, Nicoladze 1928, Shannon 1938, Todd and Sadler 1947, Weygandt 1933.

Electronic Devices (See also Atanasoff) Eccles and Jordan 1919, Lehmer 1933, Lewis 1937, Lifschutz and Lawson 1938, Mauchly 1941, Phillips 1936, Randell 1972, Richards 1957, Schreyer 1939, 1941, Wynn-Williams 1931, 1932, Zuse 1970.

ENIAC Alt 1972, Chapin 1955, Eckert O. P.) 1970, Eckert et al 1945, Goldstine 1970, 1972, Hartree 1946 a, 1946 b, 1947, Hoffleit 1949, Johnson 1970, Kempf 1961, Knuth 1970, Mauchly 1942, Tabor 1947, Weik 1961, Anon 1943, 1964.

ENIAC: detailed descriptions Berkeley 1949, Brainerd and Sharpless 1948, Burks 1947, Goldstine and Gold­stine 1946.

Genaille: numbering rods Genaille 1878, Nicoladze 1928.

Genaille: piano arithmetique Genaille 1891.

Gersten: arithmetical machine Gersten 1735.

Grant: calculating machine Grant 1874.

Grant: difference engine Grant 1871, Haga 1965.

Hamann: difference engine Galle 1912.

Harvard Mark 1 Aiken 1937, Block 1947, Chapin 1955, Comrie 1946, Harrison 1947, Rodgers 1969.

Harvard Mark 1: detailed descriptions Aiken 1946, Aiken and Hopper 1946, Berkeley 1949.

Harvard Mark 2 Campbell 1947.

Hollerith, H. (See also Punched Card Machinery: origins) Blodgett 1966, Blodgett and Schultz 1969, de Beauclair 1960, Hollerith (V.) 1971, Murphy 1968, Rex 1961, Truesdell 1965, Willcox 1948, Anon 1963.

lAS Burks et al 1946, Goldstine 1972, Gold­stine and von Neumann 1947, 1948 a, 1948 b, 1963.

IBM Belden and Belden 1962, Brennan 1971, Phelps 1971, Rodgers 1969, Anon 1936, 1960 a, 1960 b, 1963, 1971 c.

IBM: Card Programmed Calculator Hurd 1949, Sheldon and Tatum 1951.

IBM: Relay Calculator Eckert (W.J.) 1948 a, Hoffleit 1949, Lotkin 1949.

IBM: Selective Sequence Electronic Calcu­lator Eckert (W.J.) 1948b, Anon 1948.

IBM: 603-405 Computer Woodbury 1949.

lnstitut Blaise Pascal Computer Couffignal 1949, 1950, 1952, Peres et al 1948.

Jacquard Loom Ballot 1923, Barlow 1878, Eymard 1863, Singer et al 1955, Usher 1954.

Leibniz, G. W. Kreiling 1968.

Leibniz: calculating machines Kormes 1929, Leibniz 1679.

Logabax: book-keeping machine Campos 1944.

Logical Expression Evaluation Couffignal 1938 a, Gardner 1952, 1958, Hilton 1963, Jevons 1870, Mays 1953.

Ludgate, P. E. Randell 1971.

Ludgate: analytical engine Boys 1909, Ludgate 1909, 1914, Randell 1971.

Machine 13 Anon 1971 a.

Manchester Computer Edwards 1970, Williams and Kilburn 1948.

Mechanical Automata Buchner 1950, Chapuis and Droz 1949, Goldscheider and Zemanek 1971.

Moore School Lectures Curtiss 1946, Eckert a. P.) 1946, Stibitz 1946, Travis 1946, Wilkes 1968.

Muller: difference engine Klipstein 1785, Stibitz and Larrivee 1957.

Napier, J. Archibald 1948.

Napier's Rods Genaille 1878, Ginsburg 1929, von Freytag Loringhoff 1957.

Odhner-Wheel Calculators Comrie 1927, 1932, Horsburgh 1920, Locke 1924.

Pascal, B. Chapman 1942.

Pascal: calculating machine Diderot 1751, Locke 1929, Payen 1963, Taton 1963.

Phillips, E. W. Menzler 1968, Phillips 1962.

Phillips: binary multiplier Phillips 1936, 1964, 1965 b.

Punched Card Machinery: interconnection Berger 1928, Brennan 1971, Bush 1936, Couffignal1930, 1933, Dreyer and Walther 1946 a, Eckert (W.J.) 1940, 1948 c, Wood­bury 1949, Woodruff 1938.

Punched Card Machinery: later developments Arkin 1935, Berger 1928, Comrie 1933, Deveaux 1926, Fisher 1913, Johns 1926, Maul 1927, Murray 1961, Nagler 1966, Tauschek 1930, Williams (N.) 1912, Anon 1902.

447

Punched Card Machinery: origins Bertillon 1894, Billings 1887, 1891, d' Auria et al 1890, Hollerith (H.) 1889, 1894, Martin (T.c') 1891, Merriam 1903, Murphy 1968, Porter 1891, Truesdell 1965, Willcox 1948.

Punched Card Machinery: usage Atanasoff and Brandt 1936, Comrie 1932, Eckert (W.J.) 1940, 1948c, 1950, Kern 1968, McPherson 1942, Snedecor 1928.

Scheutz, P. G. and E. Archibald 1947 a.

Scheu tz: difference engine Babbage (C.) 1855, Haga 1963, Anon 1855, 1866,1870.

Schickard, W. von Freytag Loringhoff 1957.

Schickard: calculator Czapla 1961, Flad 1958, Taton 1963, von Freytag Loringhoff 1958, 1960.

Thomas: arithmometer Hoyau 1822, Sebert 1879.

Tomkins, C. B. Anon 1971 a.

Torres y Quevedo, L. d'Ocagne 1937, Torres-Quevedo 1951 a, Anon 1915.

Torres y Quevedo: arithmometer d'Ocagne 192 8, Jacob 1911, Torres-

448

Quevedo 1951 a, Torres y Quevedo 1920, Vigneron 1920.

Torres y Quevedo: other machines Chapuis and Droz 1949, Torres-Quevedo 1951 b, Torres y Quevedo 1914, Vigneron 1914, Anon 1915.

Totalisators Caley 1929, Eckert 0. P.) 1970, Anon 1930. Anon ?

Turing, A. M. Halsbury 1959, Newman 1955, Randell 1972, Turing (S.) 1959, Anon 1946.

Vaucanson, J. Doyon and Liaigre 1966.

von Neumann, J. Halsbury 1959, Johnson 1970, Knuth 1970, Todd ?, Ulam 1958.

Wiberg, M. Archibald 1947b.

Wiberg: difference engine Delaunay 1863, Jacob 1911.

Zuse, K. Bauer and Wossner 1972, Zuse 1970 b.

Zuse: computers Desmonde and Berkling 1966, Dreyer and Walther 1946 b, Lyndon 1947, Schreyer 1939, Stiefel 1951, Stucken 1950, Walther and Dreyer 1946, 1948, Zuse 1936, 1949, 1950, 1953, 1962, 1969, 1970 a.

Subject Index

This subject index, compiled by Mrs. J. Horning, covers the text of all the chapters of the book, although the technical descriptions of machines that are given in the reprinted papers are not indexed in great detail. The bibliography is not covered, but references to the terms listed in the index to the bibliography are included in this subject index. The page numbers of the reprinted papers are given in bold face under the names of their authors.

A History of England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings (Lappenberg) 295

"A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity," Bull. Math. Bio­physics (Pitts and MacCulloch) 360

Abacus 191,199,308-310,445 Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 188,

257 Academy of Sciences of Madrid 13 Accounting machines 4, 127, 145,

149-150, see also Burroughs typewriter accounting machine; Logabax book­keeping machine; National Cash Register Accounting Machine; Punched card electro-mechanical accounting machine; Underwood typing-accounting machine

ACE 289,328,350, 353n5, 445 Actuaries, profession of 287,301,303 Adams, J. C. 196 Adder: electromagnetic 164, fig. 3 (p. 166),

238,243-244,248 -, electromechanical 119,202-203,

260-262 -, electronic 291n8,331 -, -, binary 310, fig. 2 (p. 313), 362 -, -, decimal 338-339 -, mechanical 27-28 Adding machine 2, 291n8, 302-303, see

also Astra multi-register adding machine; Electronic adding machine; Gersten, C. L.: arithmetical machine

Ahmes 293,294-295,296 -, Directions for obtain;ng knowledge of all

dark things 293 Aiken, Howard H. 1,2,15,172,187-188,

191-218,257,258,260,289,363,365, 445

-, knowledge of Babbage 15, 187, 189n2

Aiken-Code (binary-coded decimal system) 182

Algebraic machine 107 Alt, F. L. 239,257-286 American Mathematical Society, Hanover,

New Hampshire meeting 238 American Totalisator Company 237, 240n2 Ampere, A. M. 107 Analogue calculation 329 Analogue computers 288,289 Analytical engine 14,91, see also Babbage,

Charles: Analytical Engine; Ludgate, Percy E.: analytical machine

-, planned by Womersley 354 -, power and scope of 84 Analytical Society 3 Andrews, E. G. 238, 240n9, 258 Annals of the Computation Laboratory,

Harvard University 199n, 201 Antilogarithms, calculation of 194, 197,

209,276 Arago, D. F. J. 57 Archimedes machine 302-303 Arithmetic, development of 293 -295,

445 Arithmetic, floating point. see Floating point

arithmetic. Arithmetic overflow, detection of 11,18 Arithmometers 296,297,301, see also

Thomas' Arithmometer; Torres y Quevedo, Leonardo: ari thmometer

Arlington Park 237 Assemblers 349 Astra multi-register adding machine

302-303 Atanasoff, John V. 287 -289,305-325 Atanasoff-Berry Machine 288,289, 291n7,

fig. 12 (p. 325), 445 ---:-' abacus elements 308, fig. 8 (p.321)

449

Atanasoff-Berry Machine -, addition-subtraction mechanism 310,

fig. 2 (p. 313), fig. 9 (p. 322) -, applications of 305-306 -, base-two card mechanism 314-316 -, binary notation 307-308 -, binary-decimal conversion 317-319 -, budget 324-325 -, counter abacus 310 -, keyboard abacus 310 -, origins of 306-307 -, solution of linear equations 310-311,

319-320 -, state of progress 320 -, store 311-312, fig. 1 (p.312), fig. 8

(p.321), fig. 10 (p.323) Automatic Calculator IPM, see Darmstadt

Machine Automatic card handling mechanism 126 Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator,

see Harvard Mark 1 Automatic sequencing, see Sequence control

Babbage, Charles 1,3, 5n9, 7-14, 17-52, 71-72, 91nl, 101, 112n, 148, 149, 155, 156,171-172,173,187,191-192, 289,349-350,445

-, Analytical Engine 1,3,5,14,143,144, 148,174,187,192,200-201, 349,445

-, -, accidental sign 31 -, -, addition mechanism 27-28,

31-32 -, -, addition speed 29,32-33,35 -, -, analogy with human mind 29n -, -, anticipating carriage 7,12,29,58 -, -, arithmetic radix 50 -, -, arithmetic rounding 36 -, -, arrangement of formulae 42,51 -, -, barrels 7,8, fig. 2 (p.10), 19-20,

44,49 -, -, capabilities of 47-48,60 -, -, card punching apparatus 8,25 -, -, Carriage Axes 18 -, -, carriage mechanism 28, 50 -, -, Combinatorial Cards 11, 21, 47 -, -, comparison with Difference Engine

60-61 -, -, conditional branching 8, 41 -, -, cost of 59,62-63 -, -, curve drawing apparatus 8, 25-26 -, -, design principles 35 -, -, development of 7-12, 15n2, 101 -, -, digit counting apparatus 19,34,41

450

Babbage, Charles: Analytical Engine -, -, division mechanism 7,11,39-42 -, -, drawings of fig. 1 (p. 9), fig. 2

(p. 10),50, 59, 65 -, -, durability of 59,62-63 -, -, expansion of formulae 47,349 -, -, Figure Axes 7,8, fig. 2 (p.10),

22-24 -, -, formulae printing mechanism 46 -, -, hoarding carriage 7,29,50 -, -, Jacquard cards 5, 8, fig. 2 (p. 10),

20,49,57,59,61,73,173,200, 349

-, -, later knowledge of 128,155,287, 289

-, -, Mill 7,8, fig. 1 (p.9), 12, 17-21, 50,56,65-66, fig. (p.68), 200

-, -, multiple precision arithmetic 7, 11, 47-48

-, -, multiplication mechanism 7,11, 33-34

-, -, multiplication speed 37-39 -, -, Number Cards 24, 45 -, -, number length 47,100n7 -, -, operating speed 35,48,51 -, -, Operation Cards 11,20-21,43,45,

57,200,349 -, -, operation sequencing 43,57,349 -, -, operations 20-21,27 -, -, printing mechanisms 8,12,25,45,

66, fig. (p. 68),69 -, -, prism 20, 44 -, -, punching of formulae 349 -, -, reducing apparatus fig. 2 (p. 10),

20, fig. 3 (p. 55),55 -, -, repetition of operations 21 -,-,Runningup 11,18,31,33,39-41 -,-, Selecting Apparatus 19,34,37-38 -, -, sign calculation 30-32 -, -, square root operation 42-43 -, -, Stepping down 18 -, -, Stepping up 18,34 -, -, Store 8, fig. 1 (p.9), 21-26,

44-45,50,57,59,200 -, -, symbol manipulation 349 -,-, Table Figure Axes 18,34 -, -, tentative processes 41,56,58,60,

61 -, -, trial calculations 46 -, -, Variable Cards 23,43-44,57,200,

349 -, -, verification of formulae 45 -, -, verification of numbers 45 -, concept of program control 155,

171-172,173,349-350 -, Difference Engine 3, 5n9, 7, 28, 65,

101,192,196,200,303-304,445

Babbage, Charles: Difference Engine -, -, comparison with Analytical Engine

60-61 -, Essay towards the Calculus of Functions

65 -, History of the Analytic Machine (pro­

jected) 101 -, influence of 3,12,13,14-15,72,187,

287,445 -, Mechanical Notation 59,66, 101,445 -, notebooks 349-350, 353n2 -, On the Economy of Manufactures and

Machinery 13 -, Passages from the Life of a Philosopher

53, 58, 72, 80 -, will 65 Babbage, Henry P. (son of Charles Babbage)

12, 15nl0, 53, 58,65-69,101,200 -, Mechanical Notation applied to Scheutz

difference engine 66 -, work on the Analytical Engine Mill and

Printing mechanism 12,66-69 -, work on Difference Engine 65-66 -, Babbage's Calculating Engines 66 Babbage, R. H. (great grandson of Charles

Babbage) 189n2 Babbage's Calculating Engines (Babbage,

H. P., ed.) 66 "Babbage's dream come true" 187 Babbage's problem 143,150,287,303-304 Ballistic Computer, see Bell Telephone

Laboratories Series of Relay Computers: Model III

Ballistic Research Laboratory, Ordnance Department, U.S. Army, Aberdeen, Mary­land 239,289,291,352

Ballistics calculations 238,289 Ballot, C. 6n21 Baltimore, Md. 237 Barrel organ 95 Base-ten recording system, see Decimal

system Base-two recording system, see Binary system Batch processing operating system 239 Bell Laboratories Record 238, 250n Bell Telephone Laboratories 290 Bell Telephone Laboratories Series of Relay

Computers 1,172,188,227,238-239, 240n9,365,445

-, Model I 238,257,445 -, -, addition 243-244 -, -, applications of 242-243 -, -, binary-coded decimal system 238,

244 -, -, demonstration of 238 -, -, operations 242 -, -, reliability 245

Bell Telephone Laboratories Series of Relay Computers: Model I

-, -, subtraction 245 -, Model II 239, fig. (p. 247),247 -250,

fig. (p.249), 257, 445 -, Model III 239,250,251-255, fig.

(p. 255),257,445 -, Model IV 239 -, Model V 239,257-260, fig. (p.266),

352,445 -, -, addition 260-262 -, -, carry assimilation 260-261 -, -, computation of instructions 263 -, -, configuration 277 -, -, discrimination 274-275 -, -, input/output 263-265 -, -, instruction formats 271-272 -, -, interpolation 268 -, -, multiplier 262-263 -, -, operating speed 263-264,

281-282 -, -, operations 271-276 -, -, Position Connectors 277 -, -, problem tapes 239, 265, 269-270 -, -, programming of 272-273 -, -, reliability 278-280 -, -, routine tapes 265,267 -, -, sign registers 276 -, -, storage tapes 265, 269 -, -, subtraction 260-262 -, -, table register 267 -, -, table tapes 265,267-269 -, -, tape-reading 264 -, Model VI 239,445 Berlin Exhibition, 1931 302 Berlin Exhibition, 1934 302,303 Bernoulli numbers 11, 61 Berry, Clifford E. 288,325 Bessel functions 192-193,205 Bhaskara (Hindu mathematician) 294 Bilbao 117 Billings, John Shaw 125,445 BINAC 352 "Binary Calculation." J. Inst. of Actuaries

(Phillips) 287 Binary mechanical arithmetic 155 Binary system 163,172,174,287,288,445 -, advantages of 307-308,361-363,

377-378 -, description of 243,294-298 Binary-coded decimal system 221, 238, 244,

258 Binary-decimal conversion 163, 167, 228,

238,297,317-319,362 Binomial distribution 284 Bi-quinary system 247-248,252-253,

258-259

451

Bletchley machines, see Cryptanalytic machines

Bloch, R. M. 218 Board of Health, New York City 133 Bollee, Leon 3, 192, 445 Bolmida (experimented with electrical version

of Jacquard mechnism) 5 Bonelli (experimented with electrical version

of Jacquard mechanism) 5 Book keeping, mechanical 4 Bouchon, Basile 4-5 Boutet (constructed first Synchro-Maclas)

149 Brainerd, J. G. 290 Breisemeister, R. E. 235 Breton (assisted]. M. Jacquard) 5 British Association for the Advancement

of Science 3,12,63,66,101 British Association for the Advancement of

Science, report on Babbage's Analytical Engine 53-63,72,84-85

British Automatic Totalisator Co. 237 British electronic code breaking machines,

see Cryptanalytic machines British Museum 293 British Thompson Houston 237 Broadbent, S. W. 327 Brown, John 191 Brownell, T. F. 295 Brunsviga machine 301 Bryce,]. W. 126,187,287, 291nl Bull punched card machinery 147 -14 8 Bull tabulator fig. 4 (p.148) Bureau of Ordnance, U.S. Navy 199n, 218 Bureau of Ships, U.S. Navy 218 Burgi, J. 445 Burks, Arthur W. 371-385 Burroughs calculator 445 Burroughs typewriter accounting machine

302 Bush, Vannevar 15,128,288,289 Business machines, electronic 287 Buxton, H. W.: Memoir of the Life and Labours

of the Late Charles Babbage (unpublished biography) 8

Buxton Manuscript Collection, Museum of the History of Science, Oxford University 8, 15n2

Byrnes, W. P. 235 Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron 11

Calculating clock 2 Calculating machines 1-4, 80, 100n6,

445, see also Adding machines; Archi­medes machine; Arithmometers; Leibmz, Gottfried: calculating machine; Magnetic calculating machine; Monroe calculating

452

Calculating machines machine; Odhner calculating machine; Pascal, Blaise: calculating machine; Reading-wri ting-calculating machine; Relay calculators; Rheinmetall machine; Sanders calculating machine; Schickard, Wilhelm: calculating clock; Special pur­pose calculators; Synchro-Madas calcula­tor; Type-writer controlled calculating machine

-, binary 2 -, classification of 141 -, descriptions of 5n 17 -, descriptive catalogues 445 -, design 445 -, development of 1,2-4, 5n17,

191-192,199-201,300-303, 446

-, direct multiplication type 446 -, electromagnetic 238 -, electronic digital, earliest attempt at 287 -, first commercial success 3 -, general principles of 53 -, influence on development of computers

4,289,353 -, usage 4, 446 Calculating punch 183 Calculation errors 102, 141 Calculation, mechanical aid~ to 1,155,238,

see also Abacus; Genaille's Rods; Napier's Rods; Slide rule

Caley, D. H. N. 240nl Cambridge Calculator, see EDSAC Cambridge University 3,287,291,353 Campbell, R. V. D. 218 Campos machine, see Logabax book-keeping

machine Carry assimilation 4,29,80,135,164,

260-261,300,363 Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University

287 Cayley, A. 53 Celestial mechanics 119 Cesareo, O. 239,247-250 Chandler, W. 327,328 Chess-playing automata 13,108 Ciphers, digital computer for 289 Clement, Joseph 3, 7, 15n4, 66 Clifford, W. K. 53 Closed series 195 Code-breaking machines, see Cryptanalytic

machines Coggeshall (one of the developers of the slide

rule) 191 Collier, B. 5n9, 11, 15n2 Colmar, Thomas de 107,108,109, see also

Thomas' Arithmometer

Colossi electronic machines 288-289,327, 328

Columbia University 125,127,187, 219n Compilers 349 Complex arithmetic 238,241-243 Complex Computer, see Bell Telephone

Laboratories Series of Relay Computers: Model I

Complex Number Computer, see Bell Telephone Laboratories Series of Relay Computers: Model I

Complex numbers, see Complex arithmetic Computation Laboratory, Harvard University

189n2,200,218 Computation of instructions 47,221 Computers 446, see also ACE; Bell

Telephone Series of Relay Computers; BINAC; EDSAC; EDVAC, ENIAC; lAS Computer; IBM Corporation; Machine 13; Manchester computer; MOSAIC, S. M. 1 Computer; Stored program computers; UNIVAC; X-66744 Computer; Zuse,

Konrad -, American development of 1 J6, 172, 182,

187-189,237-239,287-291, 350-352,446

-, analogue 288, 289 -, British development of 182,287,

288-289,350,352-353,446 -, design of 446 -, development of 1,4,5 n 1,239,288,339,

446 -, electronic, planned by Wiener 288 -, German development of 155-156,172,

182,188,288,446 -, instruction formats 271 ~, programming of 214-216,226,280,

351,352,395,446 -, set-up times 285 -, special-purpose 352 -, stored program concept 1,155-156,

162,171-184,221,234,239, 349-353,356-357,365,446, see also Sequence control: stored program

Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company 126, see also IBM Corporation

Comrie, L. J. 15, 127, 187,287,301-304, 446

Conditional branching 8,14,116-118, 155-156, 157n4, 181, 183, 187, 189, 239,290,344,347,374

-, methods for 41,98-99,274-275, 383,390

Consolidated Engineering, Pasadena, Cali­fornia 288

Convolution integrals, computation of 284 Coombs, A. W. M. 327,328

Cora system, see Binary system Cordt (Leipzig engineer) 302-303 Couffignal, Louis 14,119-123,127,

128n14, 141-150,172 -, binary calculator 14,446 -, -, adder 119 -, -, Addition Triangle 119, fig. 2 (p. 120) -, -, binary-decimal translator 122 -, -, capabilities of 122-123 -, -, iteration 122 -, -, multiplication rhombus 120, fig. 3

(p.121) -, -, multiplier 120 -, -, numerical function table 122 -, -, operation sequencing 122 -, -, overdraft 120 -, -, register 119 -, -, sign calculator 120, fig. 4 (p.122) -, influenced by Babbage 14 Counter: binary 287,309 -, electromechanical 135 -, electronic 287,330,337-338,354,361 -, -, bi-quinary 327 Cramers's solution 306 Crawford, P. O. 351,381 Cryptanalysis 238 Cryptanalytic machines 288-289,

327-328,350,352,353 Cunnington, S.: The Story of Arithmetic

294,296

Dahlgren Mark 2, see Harvard Mark 2 Darmstadt 184 Darmstadt Machine fig. 1 (p. 152),446 -, Calculating Device 151 -, Control Device 152 -, Function Generators 153 -, operating speed 153 -, Printing Mechanism 153 -, Transfer Device 152 Data representation 24,125,129-130,

144,155 Davies, D. W. 353n3 Dawes, Chester L. 218 Dayger, J. E. 235 De Caus, S. 4 Decimal system 294,307-308,362,

377-379 Decoding table 381 Denary system, see Decimal system Department of Communications, British

Foreign Office 327 Descartes, R.: Discours sur fa Methode

90-91 Desch, Joseph R. 291n8 Determinant evaluation 62,63

453

Determinant evaluator, prototype 238 Deutsches Museum of Science and Technology,

Munich 156 Diadic system, see Binary system D-day 328 Difference engines 3 -4, 12, 66, 192, 200,

303-304,446, see also Babbage, Charles: Difference Engine; Grant, G. B.: difference engine; Hamann, c.: difference engine; Ludgate, Percy E.: difference engine; Scheutz difference engine; Wibert, Martin: difference engine

Difference formulae 196 Differential analysers 227,283,289-290,

332,353 Differential calculus 53 Differential equations 196,201,227,239,

283,329 Digital differential analyser 7 Digital electronic circuits, used in calculating

devices 287-288 Direct multiplication calculating machines

446 Directions for obtaining knowledge of all

dark things (Ahmes) 293 Dirks,G. 156,172 Discours sur la Methode (Descartes) 90-91 Divider: electromagnetic 238 -, electromechanical 110-116 -, electronic 341-342 -, mechanical 39-42,80-82 d'Ocagne, M. 14, 15n13, 107, 141 Draft Report on EDVAC (von Neumann)

350,351 Draw looms, automatic 4-5,6n21 Dreyer, H.-J. 128,151-153 Durfee, B. M. 187, 188, 199n

Eccles, E. H. 287,288 Eckert, J. Presper 172,290,351,446 Eckert, Wallace J. 127,187,188,219-228 Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation

237,352 EDSAC 1,353,446 -, conditional order -, control sequence -, demonstration of -, design of 446

390 390-392 395-396

-, initial orders 353,392-393,395 -, input/output 390, 395 -, instruction format 396 -, operating speed 395 -, order code 389-390 -, order interpreter 391-392 -, programming of 446 -, sequence control tank 390

454

EDSAC: store 389 -, test routines 395 -, uniselectors 392 EDVAC 1,289,291,350,351-352,353,

365,376,446 -, addition speed 362 -, analogy with neurons 360-361 -, applications of 357 -, arithmetic unit 361-364 -, binary-decimal conversion 362 -, carry assimilation 363 -, central control 356 -, development of 351-352,354n8 -, elements 359-360 -, flip-flop 361 -, input/output 357-358 -, instruction modification 366 -, instructions 355 -, logical control 351,355 -, memory 357,365 -, multiplication speed 362 -, operation sequencing 355,356 -, operations 356 -, reliability 355-356 -, representation of instructions 355 -, storage requirements 356,358 -, stored program concept 356-357, 365 -, telescoping 363 EDVAC-type machines, see Stored program

computers Electric Control Company, see Eckert-

Mauchly Computer Corporation Electrical Review 240n2 Electromechanical accounting machine 127 Electromechanical devices 102, 446 Electronic adding machine 291n8 Electronic code-breaking machines, see

Cryptanalytic machines Electronic computing machine, planned by

Phillips 287 Electronic devices 290,331,446 Electronic Difference Analyzer, see ENIAC Electronic digital circuit, earliest 287 Electronic Discrete Variable Arithmetic

Computer, see EDVAC Elliptic functions 192 -19 3 End around carry 199 Endicott, N. Y. 187 -189, 199

ENIAC 1,156,172,188,227,239,258, 260,283,285,286,289,290-291, fig. 1 (p.334), fig. 2 (p.343), 350, 351, 365, 446

-, accumulators 338,340-341,350 -, addition 338-339 -, addition time 335 -, conditional branching 290,344,347 -, constant transmitter 333-335

ENIAC: construction 333 -, counters 337-338 -, cycling unit 335 -, detailed descriptions 447 -, digit trunks 342 -, divider 341-342 -,flip-flop 337-338,339-340 -, function tables 291,333-335,350 -, initiating unit 335 -, input/output 263-267,333 -, master programmer 344 -, multiplier 341-342 -, operation sequencing 291,342,

343-344 -, operations 333 -, program controls 290,339-340 -, program switches 335 -, program trunks 342 -, programming memory 335, 339 -, repetition 344 -, square rooter 341-342 -, storage 333-335 -, stored program concept 350 -, synchronization 335-336 Eymard, P. 6n21 Essais sur l' Automatique (Torres y Quevedo)

13 Essays towards the Calculus of Functions

(Babbage) 65 Everard (one of the developers of the slide

rule) 191

Falcon draw loom 4-5 Farr, W. 53 Federal Technical University, Zurich 180,

183 Ferrand, W. A. 235 Filter networks, design of 238 Finite differences, method of 3 Fire control problems 239 Flip-flop 223,232,287,337-340,361,

375 Floating point arithmetic: binary 155.

163-164,174,379 -, bi-quinary 239,259-260 -, decimal 100,229,379 Flowers, T. H. 327 Flute player, automatic 5 Fohi (twenty-third century B. C.) 296 Formulae, evalutation of 195 Fourier series 194-195,284 Fry, T. C. 238 Fuller, F. 53

Gauss, C. F. 196 Gear train 2,53-54

Geiger-Muller Counter 330 Geiger-Muller tubes 287 Genaille, H.: piano arithmetique 447 Genaille's rods 238.447 German Aeronautical Research Institute

(DLV), Berlin-Adlershof 179 German Military Intelligence 156 Gersten, C. L.: arithmetical machine 447 Gillon, Paul N. 290 Glaisher, J. W. L. 53 Goldstine, Adele 333-347 Goldstine, H. H. 172,290,333-347,351,

371-385 Good, I. J. 327-328,353 Giittingen 184 Grant, G. B. 447 -, difference engine 3, 192,447 Grillet (calculating machines) 2 Gun director, anti-aircraft 251 Gun sights, computing 22

Hahn, M. 2 Hamann, C. 238 -, difference engine 3,447 Hamilton, F. E. 187, 188, 189, 199n Hamilton Totalisator 237 Hannum, Lynn 288 Hanover, N. H. 238 Harmonic analysis 239 Harmonic analyzer 289 Hartree, D. R. 291 Harvard College Observatory 187 Harvard Mark 1 1,156,172,187-188,

fig. (p.193), 199n, 227, 239, 258, 260, 269,271,281,285,286n,289,352,365, 447

-, adding-storage registers 197, 201, fig. 2 (p.201),204-205

-, addition mechanism 202-203 -, applications of 218 -, constant registers 197, 201 -, detailed description 447 -, error checking 215-216 -, function tables 201 -, initial plans for 196-197 -, input/output 197,212-214, fig. 1

(p. 214), 263 -, interpolator units 201-202,211-212 -, logarithm unit 208-209, fig. 3

(p.210) -, master control panel 197 -, multiply-divide counter 201, fig. 2

(p.20!), 206-208, fig. 1 (p.208), fig. 2 (p.209)

-, operating instructions 216-218 -, operating speed 197,213-214

455

Harvard Mark 1 -, operation sequencing 193, 196 -, planned operation repertoire 193 -196 -, reliability 215 -, sequence control mechanism 201-202,

203-204, fig. 5 (p.204) -, sequence control tape 213, fig. 5

(p.218) -, sine unit 210-211,fig.4(p.21l) -, store 197 -, subsidiary sequence control mechanism

187 -, switchboard 196, 201 -, typewriter 201, fig. 2 (p.20l) -, value tape 212

Harvard Mark 2 188,239,258,260,285, 286,365,447

Harvard Mark 3 188 Harvard Mark 4 188 Harvard University 187-188, 189n2,

199n, 218, 227, 257, 271 Heath Robinson machine 327 Henschel Aircraft Works 181 H. M. Nautical Almanac Office 127, 301 Hero of Alexander 2 Hierarchical storage 374, 377 High-speed cinematographic camera 299 History of the Analytic Machine (Babbage)

(projected) 101 Hollerith, Herman 1,5,125-126,

129-140,144,447 -, competition between his systems and two

rival systems 125 -, influenced by Babbage 144 -, knowledge of Jacquard loom 5 -, patents 125, 126 -, Ph. D. thesis 126 -, tabulating system 125, fig. 2 (p. 133) -,-, accuracy 125,139 -, -, adding mechanism 126 -, -, card sorting 135-136 -, -, carrying device 135 -, -, combination counting 137 -, -, gang punch (machine with inter-

changeable punches) 131 -, -, item counting 134-135 -, -, keyboard punch 131 -, -, mechanical counters 135 -, -, pantograph punch 126 -, -, press fig. 4 (p. 134) -, -, record cards 129 -, -, sorting box fig. 6 (p. 137) -,-, speed of 125,138-139 -, -, ticket punches 130 -, -, see also Punched card machinery Hollerith Company (Germany) 151 Hollerith Keypunch fig. 1 (p. 144)

456

Hollerith punched card machinery 125-126, 146-148, 151-153, 192, 200,302

Hollerith Tabulating Machine 153 Hollerith Tabulator fig. 4 (p. 147) Hopferau, Bavaria 156 Hopper, Grace M. 187, 199n, 199-218 Horace 295 Horner's solution 58 Human errors, introduction of 141,

215-216 Human factor, importance of in mechanised

computing 141 Hunter, G. T. 235 Hyperbolic functions 195,211

lAS Computer 189,352,447 -, arithmetic organ 377-380 -, backing storage 376 -, binary system 377-378 -, clock 384 -, conditional transfer order 374,383 -, control 371,380-385 -, control counter 383 -, control register 383 -, decimal system 377-379 -, decoding table 381 -, division 380 -, floating decimal point 379 -, function table register 383 -, instruction formats 382 -, memory 371-373 -, memory hierarchy 374,377 -, operation sequence 380-381 -, operations 373,379-380 -, parallel operation 376 -, recording function table 382 -, reliability 384-385 -, repetition 374 -, selectron register 377 -, square root 380 -, storage devices 375 -, subroutines 374 IBM Corporation 1,126,127,187-189,

192, 193, 196, 199n, 219, 227, 286n, 287, 288,447

-, Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculat­or, see Harvard Mark 1

-, Card Programmed Calculator 189, fig. 6

(p. 232),447 -, -, applications of 229,234-235 -, -, arithmetic unit 229-232 -, -, auxiliary memory unit 233 -, -, operation sequencing 232,234 -, -, operations 230 -, -, parallel sequencing 234

IBM Corporation: Card Programmed Calculator

-, -, pluggable control panel 229 -, -, reliability 235 -, -, repetition 230 -, -, storage units 230-231 -, cross-footing keypunch 189 -, Department of Pure Science 219 -, electronic calculators 189 -, Endicott Development Laboratories

187,188,189,199 -,402-417 electric accounting machine

189,233 -, patents 126, 189, 291n8 -, Pluggable Sequence Relay Calculator

188,447 -, Relay Calculator 447 -, Relay Multipliers 258,260,285,362 -, Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator

188-189, fig. 1 (p.220), 352, 447 -, -, applications of 225-226 -, -, arithmetic operations 188,225 -, -, binary-coded decimal system 221 -, -, computation of instructions 221 -, -, dedication ceremony 189, 219 -, -, faked photograph fig. 1 (p.220) -, -, input/output 221, fig. 2 (p.221),

223-225 -, -, instruction card 224, fig. 8 (p. 225) -,-, memory units 219-221,224 -, -, operating speed 219-221,222,

224-225 -, -, operation sequencing 221 -, -, repetition 221 -, -, subroutines 226 -, -, tape-reading unit 224-225 -, 701 programming group 189 -,731 electronic computer 189,352 -, 600 series of multiplying punches 189 -,603 electronic calculator 189,229 -,603-405 computer 229,447 -,604 electronic calculator 189, 229, fig. 1

(p. 229), fig. 4 (p. 232),233 -,650 computer 189 -, World Headquarters Building 219

Index registers 349 Indirect addressing 349 Industrial Revolution 2 Infinite series 192,195,197,201,284 Input errors 142 Input/Output, efficiency of 188 Institut Blaise Pascal 14,447 Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton

350,351 Internal storage 188,350-351,365 International Business Machines Corporation,

see IBM Corporation

Interpolation 284 Interpolation, programming of 351 Ionoscope tube 375 Iowa State College (became Iowa State Uni­

versity) 287,288,289 IPM automatic calculator, see Darmstadt

Machine Iteration 8,11,122,234,275,374 Iterative methods 194,208,283 -284,329,

372,380 Isomorphic theory of matrices and deter­

minants 306

Jacquard, J. M. 5, 148 Jacquard cards 5,73, 125, see also Babbage,

Charles: Analytical Engine: Jacquard cards

Jacquard loom 5,73,213,447 -, electrical version 5,12 -, use by Babbage 8,20,57,173,192 Jordon, F. W. 287,288 Juley, Joseph 239,251-255

Kennedy, A. B. W. 53 Kepler, Johannes 2 Kilburn, T. 352-353,387-388 Kinematics 87-88 Kniess, H. E. 291n8 Knuth, D. E. 351 Kormes, M. 5n6 Kraus, M. H. 235

Lagrange, J. L.: Mecanique analytique 107 Lagrangean interpolation 284 Lake, C. D. 187,188, 199n Laplace's equation 288 Laplaciometer 288 Lappenberg, J. M.: A History of England

under the Anglo-Saxon Kings 295 Least Squares, method of 61, 62 Leibniz, Gottfried 2,296,447 -, binary mechanical arithmetic 2, 155,

163 -, calculating machine 2, 5n6, 191, 200,

447 -, notation for differential calculus 3 -, pin wheel 191 -, stepped reckoner 2,126,191,200 Leipzig 302 Leitz Optical Factory, Wetzlar 183 Library routines 368-369 Light-ray machine 298-300 Lighting Totalisator 237 Lilley, S. 5nl

457

Linear equation solvers 62-63, 238, see also Atanasoff-Berry Machine

Linear equations, solution of 238, 283, 287, 288,305

Linkage errors 142 Loader 353 Logabax Company 14 Logabax book-keeping machine 14,127,

128n14,143-144,447 Logarithms, calculation of 61,82,194,197,

208-209,276 Lo gic circuits 288 Logical design 362 Logical expression evaluation 447 London 3 Looms, automatic 4-5,6n21 Los Alamos 351 Lovelace, Augusta Ada, Countess of 11, 53,

72,84,187,349 Ludgate, Percy E. 3,12-13, 15n11,

71-85,155,447 -, analytical machine 12,447 -, -, capabilities of 73, 84 -, -, carriage mechanism 80 -, -, dividing cylinder 82 -, -, division mechanism 80-82 -, -, drawings of 73 -, -, formula-paper 74, 78 -, -, index 74 -, -, index numbers 75-78 -, -, Jacquard card system 73 -, -,.key-board control 83 -, -, logarithmic cylinder 82 -,-,mill 74 -, -, multiplication mechanism 78-79 -, -, number-paper 82 -, -, operating speed 84 -, -, operation sequencing 73, 78 -, -, shuttle 74 -, difference engine 13,192 -, influenced by Babbage 12,71-72 -, storage adressing 155 Lyndon, R. C. 156 Lyons 4

M-9 gun director 247 MacCulloch, W. S. 360 Machine 13 447 MacLauren's theorem 195, 196, 197 Madas machine 112n Magnetic calculating machine 351 Manchester computer 289,352-353,

387-388,447 -, operating speed 387 -, order code 387

458

Manchester University 327,328,352-353, 387

"Manual of Operation of the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator", Annals of the Computation Laboratory, Harvard University, vol. 1 199n

Manufacturers Life Insurance Company 293 Marionette 88 Mark 2 Colossi, see Colossi electronic machi-

nes Martin, E. 5n17 Massachusetts, census of 129 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 227,

351,366 Mathematical logic 172, 174 Mathematical tables, calculation of 3 Mauchly, J. W. 172,238,289,290,

329-332,351,365-369,446 -, "Preparation of Problems for EDVAC­

Type Machines" (paper presented at Harvard University) 351

-, The Use of High Speed Vacuum Tube Devices for Calculating (privately circulated memorandum) 290

Maya 295 Mecanique analytique (Lagrange) 107 Mechanical analyses 329 Mechanical automata 5,447 Mechanical notation 59,66,101 Mechanical piano 95 Memoir of the Life and Labours of the Late

Charles Babbage (unpublished biography by Buxton) 8

Memory, see Storage devices Menabrea, L. F. 11,53,349 Merrifield, C. W. 53-63,101 Michie, D. 327-328 Microprogramming 176, fig. 4 (p.l77),

188,353 Molina (devised system for translating dialled

numbers) 237 Monroe calculating machine 301,309 Moore School Lectures 351,353,447 Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Uni-

versity of Pennsylvania 289-291,333, 351,352,375

Morland, Samuel 2, 191,200 Mortality statistics 125, 133 MOSAIC 289,328 Moseley, M. 5 n 9 Muller, I. H. 2, 3 -, difference engine 200,447 Multiplier: electromagnetic 238, 253-254 -, electromechanical 92-93, fig. 4

(p.104), 120, 262-263 -, -, binary 120 -, electronic 331,341-342

Multi plier: electronic -, -, binary 298-300 -, mechanical 33-34,78-79 -, -, binary 298, 300 Multiprocessing system 239 Munich 184 Munro, R. W. 66 Museum of the History of Science, Oxford 8 Music box, sequence-control of 4 Musical automata 7

Napier, John 1,191,447 Napier's Bones, see Napier's Rods Napier's Rods 2,191, 23R, 447 National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics,

Langley Field, Virginia 239,257 National Cash Register Accounting Machine

304,351 National Cash Register Company 291n8,

304 National Defense Research Committee 239,

247,250 National Physical Laboratory 289,328,

350 Naval Ordnance Laboratory 288 Naval Research Laboratory, Washington,

D. C. 250 Network Analyzers 227 Network design 238,242 New York Central Railroad 126 New York City 133,188,219,238 Newman, M. H. A. 327,352-353 Newton, Isaac 3 Newton's laws 225-226 Newton-Raphson rule 208 Nicoladze, C. 237-238 Nim, gam of 14 Normandy, Administrator of 141 Northrop Aircraft Company 189,352 Number representation 155 Number systems, relative merits of

258-259, see also Binary system; Bi­quinary system; Decimal system; Octonal system; Quinary system

Numerical analysis 201,203 Numerical differentiation 196, 197 Numerical integration 192, 196, 197,201 Numerical weather prediction 184

Octonal system 287,293,295 Odhner calculating machine 143 Odhner-Wheel calculator 447 Ohlinger, L. A. 235 On the Economy of Manufactures and

Machinery (Babbage) 13

Operating systems 239, 349 Ordnance Department, U.S. Army 257,

276,278,289,290,333,352,375 Oughtred, W. 191

Pacioli, L. 294 Palmer, R. L. 189 Pannke, Kurt 155 Pantograph punch 126 Parallel binary machines 352,376 Pari-mutuel betting 237 Paris 3,143 Pascal, Blaise 1,2,171,447 -, calculating machine 2, 5n4, 191, 199,

200,447 Passages from the Life of a Philosopher

(Babbage) 53, 58, 72, 80n Patents: electromagnetic devices 238,240n8 -, electronic devices 189, 291n8 -, IBM 189 -, Phillips, E. W. 287,291n4 -, tabulating machines 125,126 -, Zuse, K. 155,156 Pegged cylinder 4, 7, 19 Performance, system 188,239 Peter Robinson machine 327 Phillips, E. William 287, 293-304, 353n5,

447 -, "Binary Calculation." J. Inst. of Actuaries

287 -, binary multiplier 287,298-300,447 -, influenced by Babbage 15,287 -, multiplication "diamond" 287,298 -, patent applications 287,291n4 Photo-electric cell 287 Picard, C. E. 283 Pipe organ, sequence-control of 4 Pitts, W. 360 Pittsburg, Pa. 127 Plana, Giovanni 11 Planimeter 227 Plankalklil 157n4, 181 Pole, W. 53 Poleni, G. 2 Post Office Research Station 327,328 Power series 284 Powers, James 126 -, patents 126 -, punched card machinery 126,146-148,

fig. 6 (p. 149), 302 Powers sorter fig. 2 (p. 145) Powers tabulator fig. 3 (p. 146) "Preparation of Problems for EDVAC-Type

Machines" (Paper given by Mauchly at Harvard University) 351

Princeton, N. J. 350, 352

459

Probability functions 192 -193 Program control, see Sequence-control Program-controlled calculating machines

1, 14 Program loops 189 Programming aids 349 Propositional calculus 178,181 Punched card electro-mechanical accounting

machine 126 Punched card machinery 5, 8, 14, 172,

306-307, see also Hollerith, Herman: Tabulating System

-, automatic card feed mechanism 144 -, binary punch and reader 288,307,

314-316 -, commercial usage 126,127 -, connection box 146 -, decimal manual keypunch 126 -, government usage 125-126 -, interconnection of 127-128,

149-150,152,196,447 -, Keypunch 144, fig. 1 (p.144) -, later developments 126-128,447 -, listing 145,147 -, multiplier 303 -, operation speed 146 -,ongms 1,125-126,448 -, scientific applications 127,192-193 -, selector 148 -, sorter 144, fig. 1 (p. 144) -, statistical applications 127,288 -, tabulating 145,147 -, tabulator 145, fig. 2 (p.145), 153 -, usage 125-127,130,192-193,287,

303,448 Punched cards, use of 130

Quadratures 284 Quetelet, M. 7 Quinary systems 294

Racecourse Betting Control Board 237 Radio Corporation of America, patent

applications 291n8 Radio Corporation of America, Princeton

Laboratories 375 Radar development 353 Railway ticket, punched 125 Rajchman, J. 381 Raman effect 305 Reading-writing-calculating machine

126-127 Recursive formulae 284 Recursive processes 284 Relay calculators 239

460

Relay Interpolator, see Bell Telephone Labo­ratories Series of Relay Computers: Model II

Reliability: electromechanical 102, 188, 215,235

-, electronic 188,290,384-385 -, of Bell Telephone Laboratories Series of

Relay Computers 239,245,250, 255,278-280

-, mechanical 237 Remington Rand 126,237, see also

Remington Rand Division, Sperry Rand Corporation

Remington Rand Division, Sperry Rand Cor-poration 352

Remote-Control Accounting system 127 Renwick, W. 389-393,395 Research Laboratory, St. Louis 180 Rheinische Metall- und Maschinenfabrik

126 Rheinmetall machine 303 Rhind papyrus 293 Ring registers 328 Robinson and Cleaver machine 327 Robinson machines 327 Roman numerals 294 Roots of equations 195-196,242-243,

283-284 Roots of polynomials 239,242-243 Rounding-off error 369 Royal Academy of Sciences, Brussels 7 Royal Astronomical Society 3,12 Royal Society 3 Royal Society Computing Machine Labora­

tory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Manchester 387

Runge-Kutta method 196

S. M. 1 Computer 183 -184 St. Louis, Mo. 302 Samas punched card machinery 146-148 Samas tabulator fig. 3 (p. 146) Sanders calculating machine 143 Santander 12 Scale-of-two counter, see Counter: binary Schaffler, O. 126 Schardin, H. 180 Scheutz, Edvard 3,447 Scheutz difference engine 3,12,66,192,

304,448 Scheutz, George 3,192,447 Schickard, Wilhelm 2,448 -, Calculating clock 2 Schreyer, Helmut 156,167-169,172,

178,288

Science Museum, South Kensington 3, 15n2 and 10,65,66, 101, 192,200,287

Scientific Computing Service 127 Scientific Memoirs (Taylor) 53, 72 Seaton machine 125 Secondary storage 367-377 Seeber, R. R. 189 Seifers, H. 183 Sekundal system, see Binary system Select ron storage tube 375 Selenium photo-electric cell 295,298,303 Self-checking arithmetic 239 Self-operating machine 287 Semi-logarithmic notation, see Floating point

arithmetic Sequence control 1,4-5,128 -, electromechanical 95 -, electronic 329 -, function table 291 -, pegged cylinder 4, 7 - 8, 19 -, perforated cylinder 5, 82 -, perforated tape 4-5,13,73,78,152,

159,162,173,196, fig. 5 (p.204), 226, 252,327,358

-, plug board 173,234,290,342 -, punched card 5,11,20-21,122,148,

223,234,358 -, stored program 358,371,377,380-381,

390-392

Serial Principle 182 Shapley, H. 187 Sheldon, J. W. 229-235 Shift register 188 Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 296 Silk-weaving industry 4 Silver dancing figure, automatic 7 Simpson, T. 196 Slide rule 75,191,227 Smith, T. M. 5n1 Societe d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie

Nationale 107 Sorting 125,351 South Kensington Museum, see Science

Museum, South Kensington Special purpose calculators 289,446 Square rooter, electronic 341-342 Stanhope, 3rd earl 2 Staple Inn 304 Statistical Calculator 127 Statistical machines, see Punched card

machinery Statute of Shrewsbury 294 Steel balls, used in automatic totalisator

237 Stepping switch 127 Stibitz, George R. 238-239,241-245,

247,257.258,289,290

Stibitz-Code (binary-coded decimal system) 182,183.238,244,258

Storage addressing 26,74,143,155, 159-161, fig. 6 (p.166), 173,381

Storage devices -, circulating 351 -,core 291 -, delay line 227-228,351,375 -, -, binary 353,389 -, electromagnetic 165, fig. 6 (p.166), 224 -, electromechanical 151,233 -, electronic 188,224,229,289,333,375 -,-, binary 311-312, fig. 1 (p.312),

fig. 8 (p. 321) -, electrostatic 227-228,352,375 -, -, binary 377 -, magnetic 156 -, magnetic drum 188,227-228 -, magnetic tape 227-228 -, mechanical 128n14, 155, 156, 168 -, -, binary 177-178, fig. 6 (p.178) -, -, decimal 204-205 -, perforated tape 224 -, photographic film 227-228 -, relay: binary 178 Storage hierarchy 374, 377 Stored program computers, see also EDSAC,

EDVAC, lAS Computer, Manchester Computer

-, characteristics 365 -, instruction code 365-366 -, programming of 365 -, sub-routines 367-369 Stored program concept, see Computers:

stored program concept Strowger switch 237 Subprogram facilities 156, 157n4 Subroutines 367-369,374 Super Robinson machine 327 Switching theory 174 Synchro-Madas calculator 127,149 Synchronized alternating-current clock 299 Synchronized machines 149

Table look-up, automatic 239 Tabulating Machine Company (became

Computing-Tabulating- Recording Company) 126

Taton, R. 5n4 Tatum, Liston 229-235 Tauschek, Gustav 126 Taylor, N. H. 235 Taylor, R.: Scientific Memoirs 53,72 Taylor's series 211 Technical University of Berlin 172

461

Technische Hochschule, Berlin-Charlotten­burg 155

Teichmann, Professor 179 Telecommunications Research Establishment,

Great Malvern 327,388 Telephone exchange 126,237 Telephone relay equipment, used in digital

calculating devices 237-239,257 Teletype control 238 The Story of Arithmetic (Cunnington) 294,

296 The Use of High Speed Vacuum Tube Devices

for Calculating (privately circulated memorandum by Mauchly) 290

Thermionic valve 192,287 Thirsk Racecourse 237 Thomas' Arithmometer 3,54-55,107,108,

109,110,448

Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau, Columbia University, see Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau, Colum­bia University

Thorpe, Benjamin: Lappenberg's A History oj England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings (translator) 295

Thyraton counting circuits 287

Time-shared transatlantic multi-channel-voice communication cable system 327

Todd,John 350-351 Torpedo, self-propelled 13,87,116 Torres y Quevedo, Leonardo 13-14,

15n13, 87-118, 155,448 -, arithmetic automaton -, barrel organ 95 -, -, comparison device 92, fig. 5 (104) -, -, conditional branching 97,98-99 -, -, decimal notation 99 -, -, drum 95, fig. 7 (105) -, -, floating point notation 100 -, -, formula calculation 94 -, -, mechanical piano 95 -, -, multiplication device 92-93, fig. 4

(104 ) -, -, operation sequencing 95-98 -, -, register 92 -, -, typewriter 93 -, arithmometer 143,149,448 -, -, comparison device 112 -115, fig. 4

(p. 113), fig. 5 (p. 114) -, -, demonstration apparatus 107,

fig. 1 (p.109) -, -, division method 110-116 -, -, operation of 108 -1 09 -, -, type-writer 108 -, automatics 13-14 -, -, analytical machine 14,91

462

Torres y Quevedo, Leonardo: automatics -, -, automaton 13-14,87 -, -, definition of 13~14, 88, 107 -, -, discernment 88 -, -, electromechanical method 13,89,

101-102,111 -, -, limbs 88 -, -, mechanical method 101-102 -, -, pattern of behaviour 88,90 -, -, power supplies 88 -, -, reasoning 90-91 -, -, remotely-controlled boat 117 -, -, self-propelled torpedo 13,87, 116 -, -, sense organs 88 -, -, telekinetic devices 102 -, -, theoretical capabilities of 89 -, chess-playing automata 13, 108 -, Essais sur I' Automatique 13 -, influenced by Babbage 14,91n1 Totalisators 237, 240n1 and 2, 448 Toulon, A. P. 107 Transcendental functions 192-193,195,

197,201,211 Trask, M. 353n2 Trigger circuit, see Flip-flop Trigger relay 287 Trigonometric functions 192-193,

194-195,197,211,276 Tropp, H. S. 291n7 Trowbridge, William 125 Truncation error 369 Turing, A. M. 172,327,328,350,353,

353n3 and 5, 448 Turing machine 172,350 Type-writer controlled calculating machine

240n8

Unary-coded decimal systems 291 Underwood typing-accounting machine 149 Uniselectors 354,392 U. K. Foreign Office 327 U. K. Post Office Research Station 327,328 U. K. Registrar-General 304 U. K. Telecommunications Research

Establishment 327,388 United machine 302 U.S.A., Office of the Surgeon-General 133 U.S. Bureau of the Census 352, see also

U.S. National Census U.S. Department of Defense 229 U.S. National Census 1,125-126,129,

see also U.S. Bureau of the Census U.S. Naval Research Laboratory 239 U.S. Naval Proving Ground, Dahlgren,

Virginia 188 U.S.Navy 187,218

U.S. Office of Naval Research 156 U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Devel­

opment 128 UNIVAC 352 UNIVAC Division, Remington Rand Division,

Sperry Rand Corporation 352 Universal automaton 350 Universal machine tools 60 University Mathematical Laboratory, Cam-

bridge University 353 University of Manchester 387 University of Michigan 290 University of Pennsylvania 227,289-291,

333,351,352,375 Usher, A. P. 6n21

Vacuum tube counters, see Counters: electronic Vacuum tubes 188 Valtat, R. 172,297 Vaucanson, J. 5,448 Verzuh, F. M. 235 Vibbard, E. L. 239 Vicenzia (experimented with electrical version

of Jacquard mechanism) 5 Vital statistics 125 von Neumann, John 182,189,258,291,

350-351,352,355-364,371-385, 448

-, Collected Works 351 -, Draft Report on EDVAC 350,351 von Neumann machines 352

Wallis, J. 195 Walther, A. 128,151-153 Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau,

Columbia University 127n Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory,

Columbia University 188,216n Watson, ThomasJ. 126,187, 199n, 219 Weaving industry 4-5 Weddle, T. 196 Weiner, B. 240n8 Western Electric Company 250n Weygandt, A. 238 Wibert, Martin 448 -, difference engine 3, 192,448 Wiener, Norbert 238,288 Wilkes, M. V. 7,11,349,353,389-393,

396 Wilkinson, (nephew of Joseph Clement) 66 Williams, F. C. 352-353,387-388 Williams, S. B. 238,243,245,258,290 Williams-tube electrostatic store 352 Wireless telegraphy 102 Womersley, J. 354

World War II 1,14,128,151,153,155,156, 171,172,178,179,181,182,238,239, 257,288,328,353

Worsley, B. H. 395-401 Wynn- Williams, C. E. 287,327

X-66744 Computer 250

"Yes or no" game 243

Zero, symbol for 295 Zuse, Konrad 1,12,155-156, 157n1 and4,

159-166,168,171-186,288,350,448 -, array processor 184 -, development of program-controlled com-

puters 155-156,171-184 -, knowledge of other developments 156 -, patents 155,156 -, Plankalkiil 157n4,181 -, planned electronic computer 156,288 -, -, applications of 168 -169 -, -, binary arithmetic unit 178 -, -, components 178 -, -, operating speed 168, 178 -, -, state of progress 168, 178 -, special purpose computers 172, 181,

183-184 -, Zl computer 155-156,172, fig. 3

(p.176), 177, fig. 5 (177) -, -, arithmetic unit 161,167 -, -, basic control 161 -, -, binary addition scheme 164, fig. 3

(p.166) -, -, carry assimilation 164 -, -, computation plan 159,161,167 -, -, distributor 161 -, -, formula 159 -, -, mechanical switching element 175 -, -, memory device 159,161 -, -, microprogrammed control 176 -, -, operation sequencing 159 -, -, reconstructed version 156 -, -, trigonometric functions 168 -, -, selector mechanism 159,161, fig. 2

(p.166) -, -, semi-logarithmic notation

163-164,174 -, -, sequence control 159,162,173 -, -, storage of computation plan 1-62 -, -, store 165, fig. 6 (p.166) -, -, trigonometric functions 168 -, -, variable control 161 -, Z2 computer 172,177 -, -, arithmetic unit 179

463

2use, Konrad: 22 computer -, -, operation sequencing 179 -, -, state of progress 168 -, 23 computer 156, 172, fig. (p. 180) -, -, arithmetic unit 179 -, -, operation sequencing 173, 179 -, -, store 179 -, -, technical details 179

464

2use, Konrad -,24 computer 156,172,179-180, fig. 8

(p. 180), 183 -, 25 computer 183 -,211 Relay Computer 183-184 -, 222 computer 189 -,223 computer 184 -, 231 computer 184