Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
247
Bibliography
Adamson PC, Balis FM, Belasco JE, Lange B, Berg SL and Blaney SM (1995).
A phase I trial of amifostine (WR-2721) and melphalan in children with
refractory cancer. Cancer Res. 55: 4069-4072.
Amir A, Chapman S, Kadar T, Gozes Y, Sahar R and Allon N (2000). Sulphur
mustard toxicity in macrophages: Effect of dexamethasone. J Appl Toxicol.
1: S51-S58.
Anslow WP and Houck CR (1946). Systemic pharmacological and pathology of
sulphur and nitrogen mustards. ln: Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related
Chemicals Problems. Parts 3-6. Washington, DC: Office of scientific
research and Development, National Defence Research Committee. Div 9:
440-478.
Anslow WP, Karnofsky DH, Jager BV and Smith H W (1947). The toxicity and
pharmacological action of the nitrogen mustards and certain related
compounds. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 91:224-235.
Anslow WP, Karnofsky Jr, Jager BV and smith HW (1948). The intravenous,
subcutaneous and cutaneous toxicity of bis(β-chloroethyl)sulfide (Mustard
Gas) and of various derivatives. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 93: 1-9.
Arora R and Goel HC (2000). Herbal radioprotectors. In Proceedings of the
International Conference on Radiation Biology, Radiobiology. Cancer
Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India, 87.
Atkins KB, Lodhi IJ, Hurley LL and Hinshaw DB (2000). N-acetylcysteine and
endothelial cell injury by Sulphur Mustard. J Appl Toxicol. 20: S125-128.
248
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (1992). Toxicological
Profile for Mustard Gas. ATSDR, Atlanta, GA, TP-91/22. Auerbach, C and
J.M. Robson. 1946. Chemical production of mutagens. Nature (Lond.)
157:302.
Balali-Mood M and Hefazi M (2005). The pharmacology, toxicology, and medical
treatment of sulphur mustard poisoning. Fundam Clin Pharmacol.
19: 297-315.
Balali-Mood M, Farhoodi M and Panjvani FK (1993). Report of three fetal cases of
war gas poisoning. In: Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress on New
Compounds in Biological and Chemical Warfare. International Association
of Forensic Toxicologists. Ghent, Belgium
Balali-Mood M, Hefazi M, Mahmaudu M, Jalali E, Attaran D, Maleki M, Razavi ME,
Zare G, Tabatabaee A and Jaafari MR (2005). Long term complications of
sulphur mustard poisoning in severely intoxicated Iranian Veterans.
Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 19: 713-721.
Balcome S, Park S, Quirk Dorr DR, Hafner L, Phillips L and Tratyakova N (2004).
Adenine-containing DNA-DNA cross-links of antitumour nitrogen mustards.
Chem Res Toxicol. 17: 950-962.
Barbin A and Bartsch H (1989). Nucleophilic selectivity as a determinant of
carcinogenic potency (TD 50) in rodents: A comparison of mono- and
bi-functional alkylating agents and vinyl chloride metabolites. Mutat Res.
215: 95–106.
Barron ESG, Bartlett GR and Miller ZB (1948). The effect of nitrogen mustards on
enzymes and tissue metabolism I. The effect on enzymes. J Exp Med. 87:
489-501.
249
Baxter MA, Chahwala SD, Hickman JA and Spurgin GE (1982). The effects of
Nitrogen Mustard (HN-2) on activities of the plasma membrane of PC6A
mouse plasmacytoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 31: 1773-1778.
Begleiter A, Grover J, Froese E and Goldenberg GJ (1983). Membrane transport,
sulfhydryl levels and DNA cross-linking is Chinese hamster ovary cell
mutants sensitive and resistant to melphalan. Biochem Pharmacol.
32: 293-300.
Bennett V (1985). The membrane skeleton of human erythrocytes and its
implication for more complex cells. Annu Rev Biochem. 54: 273-304.
Benson AJ, Martin CN and Garner RC (1988). N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-[2-(7-
Guaninyl) Ethyl]Amine. The putative major DNA adduct of
Cyclophosphamide in vitro and in vivo in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol.
37: 2979-2985.
Berger NA, Sikoaslu GW, Petzold SJ and Luin kurohara KK (1979). Association of
pol (adenosine diphosphorebase) syntheses with DNA damage and repair
in normal human lymphoytes. J Chem Invest. 63: 1164-1171.
Berger SJ, Sudar DC and Berger NA (1986). Metabolic concequences of DNA
damage: DNA damage induces alterations in glucose metabolism by
activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Biochem Biophys Res
Commun. 134: 227-232
Bernstein IA, Brabec MJ, Conolly RC, Gray RH, Kulkarni A, Mitra R and Vaughan
FL (1985). Chemical blistering: cellular and macromolecular-components
(Report No. AD-A190-313). US Army Medical Research and Development
Command. MD.
Bhattacharya R, Lakshmana Rao PV, Pant SC, Kumar P, Tulswani RK, Pathak U,
Kulkarni A and Vijayaraghavan R (2001). Protective effects of Amifostine
250
and its analogues on sulphur mustard toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol
Appl Pharmacol. 176: 24-33.
Bienvenu P, Caron L, Gasparutto D and Kergonou JF (1992). Assessing and
counteracting the prooxident effects of anticancer drugs. Exs. 62: 257-265.
Blackburn RV, Spitz DR, Liu X, Galoforo SS, Sim JE, Ridnour LA, Chen JC, Davis
BH, Corry PM, Lee YJ (1999). Metabolic oxidative stress activates signal
transduction and gene expression during glucose deprivation in human
tumor cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 26: 419-430.
Bonadomna G and Karnofsky DA (1965). Protection studies with sodium
thiosulfate against methyl bis (β-ch1oroethyl) amine hydrochloride (HN2)
and its ethylenimonium derivative. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 6: 50-64.
Borron SW and Baud FJ (2003). Toxicity, Cyanide. Available from URL:
http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic118.htm. Accessed January 13,
2008.
Brizel DM, Wasserman TH, Henke M, Strnad V, Rudat V, Monnier A, Eschwege F,
Zhang J, Russell L, Oster W, Sauer R (2000). Phase III randomized trial of
amifostine as a radioprotector in head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol.
18: 3339 -3345.
Brookes P (1990). The early history of the biological alkylating agents.
Mut Res. 233: 3-14.
Brookes P and Lawley PD (1960). The reaction of mustard gas with nucleic acids
in vitro and in vivo. Biochem J. 77: 478-484.
Brookes P and Lawley PD (1961). The reaction of mono and di-functional
alkylating agents with nucleic acid. Biochem J. 80: 496-503.
Buege JA and Aust SD (1978). Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Method Enzymol.
52: 303-306.
251
Bump EA and Brown JM (1990). Role of glutathione in the radiation response of
mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacol Ther. 47: 117-136.
Bump EA and Malaker K (1998). Radioprotectors: Chemical, Biological and
Clinical Perspective. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. USA.
Buttke TM and Sandstrom PA (1995). Redox regulation of programmed cell death
in lymphocytes. Free Radic Res. 22: 389-397.
Cairnie A (1983). Adverse effects of WR-2721. Radt Res. 94: 221-226.
Callaway S and Pearce KA (1958). Protection against systemic poisoning by
mustard gas di (2-chloroethyl) sulphide by sodium thiosulphate and thiocit
in the albino rat. Brit J Pharmacol. 13 : 395-398
Calvet JH, Feuermann M, Llorente B, Loison F, Harf A and Marano F (1999).
Comparative toxicity of sulfur mustard and nitrogen mustard on tracheal
epithelial cells in primary culture. Toxicol In Vitro. 13: 859-866.
Capizzi RL (1996). The preciinical basis for broad-spectrum selective
cytoprotection of normal tissues from cytotoxic therapies by amifostine
(Ethyol). Eur J Cancer 32. 4: S5-S16.
Capizzi RL (1999a). Recent developments and emerging options: the role of
amifostine as a broad-spectrum Cytoprotective agent. Semin Oncol.
26: 1-2.
Capizzi RL (1999b). The preclinical basis for broad-spectrum selective
cytoprotection of normal tissues from cytotoxic therapies by amifostine.
Semin Oncol. 26: 3-21.
Capizzi RL (1999c). Amifostine reduces the incidence of cumulative nephrotoxicity
from cisplatin: Laboratory and clinical aspects. Semin Oncol. 26: 72-81.
252
Capizzi RL and Oster W (1995). Protection of normal tissue from the cytotoxic
effects of chemotherapy and radiation by amifostine: clinical experiences.
Eur J Cancer. 31: S8-S13.
Carus WS (1988). Chemical Weapons in the Middle East. The Washington
Institute for Near East Policy. Research Memorandum 9. Washington, USA.
Casarett and Doull's toxicology (2001). The basic science of poisons, Ed. 6, edited
by C.D. Klaassen. McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division, New York.
Casillas RP, Kiser RC, Truxall JA, Singer AW, Shumaker SM, Niemuth NA,
Ricketts KM, Mitcheltree LW, Castrejon LR, Blank JA (2000). Therapeutic
approaches to dermatotoxicity by sulfur mustard I. Modulaton of sulfur
mustard-induced cutaneous injury in the mouse ear vesicant model.
J Appl Toxicol. 20: S145-S151.
Chandler J (1990). Killing and letting die - putting the debate in context. Australas
J Philos. 68:420-431.
Chilcott RP, Jenner J, Carrick W, Hotchkiss SAM and Rice P (2000). In vitro
human skin absorption of bis (2-chloroethyl) sulphide (sulphur mustard).
J Appl Toxicol. 20: 349-355.
Chilcott RP, Jenner J, Hotchkiss SA and Rice P (2002). Evaluation of barrier
creams against sulphur mustard I: In vitro studies using human skin. Skin
Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 15: 225-235.
Cohen AM (1978). Acid hydrolases and nitrogen mustard cytotoxicity.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 43: 85-97.
Coleman NE, Blakely WF, Fike JR, et al (2003). Molecular and cellular biology of
moderate-dose (1-10 Gy) radiation and potential mechanisms of radiation
protection: Report of a workshop (Bethesda, Maryland, USA, 2001). Radiat
Res. 159: 812-834.
253
Compton AF James (1987). Military chemical and biological agents chemical and
toxicological properties. The Telford press, Caldwell NJ.
Connors TA, Jeney A and Jones M (1964). Reduction of toxicity of radiomimetic
alkylating agents in rats by thiol pretreatment. Biochem Pharmacol.
13: 1545-1550.
Cowan FM, Broomfield CA and Smith WJ (1992). Inhibition of sulphur mustard
increased protease activity by niacinamide, N-acetyl-L-cysteine or
dexamethasone. Cell Biol Toxicol. 8: 129-138.
Creissen D and Shall S (1982). Regulation of DNA ligase activity by poly(ADP-
ribose). Nature. 296: 271-272.
Dacre JC and Goldman M (1996). Toxicology and Pharmacology of the chemical
warfare agent sulphur mustard. Pharmacol Rev. 48: 289-326.
Dannenberg AM, Pula PJ, Liu LH, Harada S, Tanaka F, Vogt RF, Kajiki A and
Higuchi K (1985). Inflammatory mediators and modulators released in
organ culture from rabbit skin lesions produced in vivo by sulfur mustard I.
Quantitative histopathology. PMN, basophil and mononuclear cell survival;
and unbound (serum) protein content. Am J Pathol. 121: 15-27.
Das SK, Mukherjee S, Smith MG and Chatterjee D (2003). Prophylactic protection
by N-acetyl cysteine against the pulmonary injury induced by 2-chloro ethyl
ethyl sulphide, a mustard analogue. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 17: 177-184.
Davis WD (1947). Clinical observations in patients treated with anti-reticular
cytotoxic serum. Preliminary report. Am J Med. 3: 123.
Davison C, Rozman RC and Smith PK (1961). Metabolism of Bis-β-chloroethyl
sulfide (sulphur mustard). Biochem Pharmacol. 7: 65-74.
254
Dean SW and Fox M (1984). DNA repair, DNA synthesis and cell cycle delay in
human lymphoblastoid cells differentially sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of
Nitrogen Mustard. Mutat Res. 132: 63-72.
Dean SW, Gibson NW and Tew KD (1986a). Selection of nitrogen mustard
resistance in a rat tumour cell line results in loss of guanine-O6-
alkyltransferase activity. Mol Pharmacol. 30: 77-80.
Dean SW, Johnson AB and Tew KD (1986b). A comparative analysis of drug-
induced DNA effects in a Nitrogen Mustard resistant cell line expressing
sensitivity to Nitrosoureas. Biochem Pharmacol. 35: 1171-1176.
Denison L, Haigh A, D’Cunha G and Martin F (1992). DNA ligands as
radioprotectors: molecular studies with Hoechst 33342 and Hoechst 33258.
Int J Radiat Biol. 61: 69-81.
Dixon DB and Needham DM (1946). Biochemical research on chemical warfare
agents. Nature. 158: 432-438.
Dixon WJ (1965). The UP and down methods for small samples. J AM Statist
Association. 60: 967-975.
Doppler W, Hof Mann J, Oberhuber Maly K and Grunicke H (1985). Nitrogen
Mustard interference with Potassium transport systems in Ehrlich Ascites
tumor cells. J Cancer Res Clinic Oncol. 110: 35-41.
Dorr RT (1996). Cytoprotective agents for anthracyclines. Semin Oncol. 23: 23-24.
Dorr RT, Soble M and Alberts DS (1988). Efficacy of sodium thiosulfate as a local
antidote to mechlorethamine skin toxicity in the mouse. Cancer Chemother
Pharmacol. 22: 299-302.
Dulik DM, Fenselau C and Hilton J (1986). Characterization of melphalan-
glutathione adducts whose formation is catalyzed by glutathione
transferases. Biochem Pharmacol. 35: 3405-3409.
255
Durkacz BW, Omidiji O, Gray DA and Shall S (1980). (ADP-ribose)n participates in
DNA excision repair. Nature. 263: 593-596.
Dwarakanath BS, Adhikari JS and Jain V (1999). Hematoporphyrin derivatives
potentiate the radiosensitizing effects of 2-deoxy- D-glucose in cancer cells.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 43: 1125-1133.
Elasyed NM, Omaye ST, Klain GJ and Korte DW (1992). Free radical mediated
lung response to the monofunctional sulfur mustard butyl 2-chloroethyl
sulfide after subcutaneous injection. Toxicology. 72:153-165.
Elsayed NM, Omaye ST, Klain GJ, Inase JL, Wheeler CW and Korte DW (1989).
Response of mouse brain to a single subcutaneous injection of the
monofunctional sulfur mustard, butyl 2 chloroethyl sulfide (BCS).
Toxicology. 58: 11-20.
Epstein J, Rosenblatt DH, Gallacio A and McTeague WF (1973). Summary Report
on a Data Base for Predicting Consequences of Chemical Disposal
Operations. EASP 1200-12. Edgewood Arsenal, MD: Department of the
Army Headquarters.
Fisher DE (1994). Apoptosis in cancer therapy: Crossing the threshold.
Cell. 78: 539-542.
Flamm WG, Bernheim NJ and Fishbein L (1970). On the existence of intrastrand
crosslinks in DNA alkylated with sulfur mustard. Biochim Biophys Acta.
244: 657-659.
Forsman N, Frostling H, Hertzberg O, Jansson B, Larsson L, Lundin J,
Meyerhoffer A, Persson G, Santesson J and Sorbo B (1979). C-Weapons
(Characteristics and Defense) (translation).USAMIIA-HT-010-79, AD
A075722. Fort Detrick, MD: Department of the Army, U.S. Army Medical
Intelligence and Information Agency.
256
Fort McClellan (1990). U.S. Army. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents
and Compounds. FM 3-9, NAVFAC P-467, AFR. AL:Headquarters,
Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. 355-357.
Foster-Nora JA and Siden R (1997). Amifostine for protection from antineoplastic
drug cytotoxicity. Am J Health Sys Pharm. 54: 787-800.
Fox M and Scott D (1980). The genetic toxicology of nitrogen and sulphur
mustard. Mutat Res. 75: 131-168.
Franke S (1982). Textbook of Military Chemistry, Vol 1. USAMIIAHT-039-82, AD
B062913. Alexandria, VA:Defense Technical Information Center.
Fruton, JS, Stein WH, Stahmann MA and Golumbic C (1946). Chemical reactions
of the nitrogen mustard gases. The reactions of the nitrogen mustard gases
with protein constituents. J Org Chem. 11: 571-580.
Fung LWM, Ho C, Roth EF and Nagel RL (1975). The alkylation of hemoglobin S
by nitrogen mustard. High resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance
studies. J Biol Chem. 250: 4786-4789.
Furuse M, Tsuneoka K, Uchida K and Nomoto K (1997). Acceleration of
granulocytic cell recovery in irradiated mice by a single subcutaneous
injection of a heat-killed Lactobacillus casei preparation. J Radiat Res.
38: 111-120.
Gad SC and Weil CS (1989). Statistics for toxicologists. In: Hayes, A.W. (Ed.),
Principles and Methods of Toxicology, 2nd ed. Raven Press, New York.
463- 467.
Garcia ST, McQuillan A and Panasci L (1988). Correlation between the cytotoxicity
of Melphalan and DNA crosslinks as detected by the Ethidium Bromide
fluorescence assay in the F1 variant of B16 melanoma cells. Biochem
Pharmacol. 37: 3189-3192.
257
Gautam A, Vijayaraghavan R, Sharma M and Ganeshan K (2006) Comparative
Toxicity Studies Of Sulfur Mustard (2,2'Dichloro Diethyl Sulfide) And
Monofunctional Sulfur Mustard (2-Chloroethyl Ethyl Sulfide), Administered
Through Various Routes In Mice. J Med Chem Biol Rad. Def 4: e1-21.
Gentilhomme E, Neveux Y, Hua A, Thiriot C, Faure M and Thivolet J (1992).
Action of bis (betachloroethyl) sulphide (BCES) on human epidermis
reconstituted in culture: Morphological alterations and biochemical depletion
of glutathione. Toxicol In Vitro. 6: 139-147.
Giambarresi L and Jacobs AJ. 1987. Radioprotectants. In Military Radiobiology,
Conklin JJ, Walker RI (eds). Academic Press: London. 265-301.
Gille R (1969). Pathozenese, kliik und therepie der resorptivem
allegemeinschadegung durch hautschadgende kampfstoffe. Zach.
Miitaermed. 2: 94-99. [cited in Dacre JC and Goldman M (1996).
Pharmacol Rev. 48: 289-326].
Gilman A (1946). Symposium on advances in pharmacology resulting from war
research: therapeutic applications of chemical warfare agents. Federation
Proceedings. 5: 285-292.
Gilman A (1963). The initial clinical trial of nitrogen mustard. Am J Surg.
105: 574-578.
Gilman A and Cattell M (1948). Systemic agents: action and treatment. In: Andrus,
EC Bronk, DW Carden, GA Jr, Keefer CS, Lockwood JS, Wearn JT,
Winternitz MC eds. Advances in Military Medicine. Science in World War II:
Office of Scientific Research and Development. Boston: Little, Brown.
546-564.
Gilman A and Philips FS (1946). The biological actions and therapeutic
applications of the β-chloroethyl amines and sulfides. Science (Wash. DC)
103: 409-415, 436.
258
Gilman A, Philips, FS and Koelle ES (1946). The renal clearance of thiosulphate
with obersvations on its volume distribution. Am J Physiol. 148: 348-357.
Giuliani I, Baeza-Squiban A, and Marano F (1997). Early cytotoxic effects of
mechlorethamine, a nitrogen mustard, on mammalian airway epithelium.
Toxicology In Vitro. 11: 695–702.
Glover D, Riley L, Carmiochael K, Spar B, Glick J, Kligerman MM, Agus ZS,
Slatopolsky E, Attie M, Goldfarb S (1983). Hypocalcemia and inhibition of
parathyroid hormone secretion after administration of WR-2721
(radioprotective and chemopreventive agent). N Engl J Med. 309:
1137-1141.
Gniazdowski M and Cera C (1996). The effect of DNA Covalent Adducts on in
Vitro Transcription. Chem Rev. 96: 619-634.
Golikov AL and Stojkov IJ (1983). Rukovodstvo po Medicinskoj sluibe graidanskoj
oboroni. Medicina (Moskava) 4: 13-44. [Cited in Dacre JC and Goldman M
(1996). Pharmacol Rev. 48: 289-326].
Goodman and Gilman A (2006). The pharmacological basis of therapeutics.
Eleventh edition. McGraw-Hill medical publishing division, USA.
Goodman LS, Wintrobe MM, Dameshek W, Goodman MJ, Gilman A, and
Mclennan M (1946). Nitrogen mustard therapy: Use of methylbis
(β-chloroethyl)aminohydrochloride for Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma,
leukemia and certain allied and miscellaneous disorders. J Am Med Assoc.
132: 126-132.
Graef I, Karnofsky DA, Jager VB, Krichesky B and Smith HW (1948). The clinical
and pathological effects of nitrogen and sulphur mustards in laboratory
animals. Am J Pathol. 24: 1-47.
259
Graham A and Fox M (1983). The role of suppression of DNA synthesis and
inhibition of cell cycle progression in cellular sensitivity to alkylation
damage. Carcinogenesis. 4: 269-274.
Gray P, Lewis K, Masta A, Phillips D (1994). Modulation of mustard toxicity by
tacrine. Biochem Pharmacol. 47:581–583.
Gray PJ (1989). A Literature Review on the Mechanism of Action of Sulphur and
Nitrogen Mustard. Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO),
Australia. MRL-TR-89–24.
Grdina DJ, Hunter N, Kataoka Y, Murley JS and Milas L (1999). Chemopreventive
doses of amifostine confer no cytoprotection to tumor nodules growing in
the lungs of mice treated with cyclophosphamide. Semin Oncol. 26: 22-27.
Grdina DJ, Shigematsu N, Dale P, Newton GL, Aguilera JA and Fahey RC (1995).
Thiol and disulfide metabolites of the radiation protector and potential
Chemopreventive agent WR-2721 are linked to both its anti- cytotoxic and
anti-mutagenic mechanisms of action. Carcinogenesis. 16: 767-774.
Griggs JJ (1998). Reducing the toxicity of anticancer therapy: new strategies.
Leuk Res. 1001: S27-S33.
Gross CL, Innace JK, Hovatter RC, Meier HL and Smith WJ (1993). Biochemical
manipulations of intracellular glutathione levels influence cytotoxicity to
isolated human lymphocytes by sulfur mustard. Cell Biol Toxicol.
9: 259-267.
Gross CL, Meier HL, P'apirmeister B, Brinkley FB and Johnson JB (1985). Sulfur
mustard lowers nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide concentratiorts in human
skin grafted to athymic nude mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 81: 85-90.
Gross CL, Watson CV, Petrali J and Papirmeister B (1981). Effect of sulfur
mustards on lysosomes from rat liver in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 61:
147-151.
260
Grunicke H, Doppler W, Finch SAE, Greinert R, Grunewald K, Hofmann J, Maly K,
Steir A, Scheidl F and Thomas J K (1985). Effects of Nitrogen Mustard on
Potassium transport systems and membrane structure of Ehrlich Ascites
tumor cells. Adv Enzyme Regul. 23: 277-290.
Guenechea G, Albella B, Bueren JA, et al (1997). AM218, a new polyanionic
polysaccharide, induces radioprotection in mice when administered shortly
before irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol. 71: 101-108.
Guthrie F (1860). Uber einige Derivate der Kohlenwasserstoffe CnHn. Ann Chem
Pharm. 266-288. cited in Kehe K and Szinicz L (2005). Toxicology.
214: 198-209.
Haber LF (1986). The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War.
Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. 245-246.
Hahn SM, Krishna MC, Samuni A, DeGraff W, Cuscela DO, Johnstone P, Mitchell
JB. (1994). Potential use of nitroxides in radiation oncology. Cancer Res.
54: 2006S-2010S.
Hahn SM, Sulllivan FJ, DeLuca AM, Bacher JD, Liebmann J, Krishna MC, Coffin D
and Mitchell JB (1999). Hemodynamic effect of the nitroxide superoxide
mimics. Free Radec Biol Med. 27: 529-535.
Halliwell B (1987). Oxidants and human disease: some new concepts. FASEB J.
5: 358-364.
Hambrook JL, Howells DJ and Schock C (1993). Biological fate of sulphur mustard
(1, 1`- thiobis(2-chloroethane)): uptake, distribution and retention of 35S in
skin and in blood after cutaneous application of 35S mustard in rat and
comparison with human blood in vitro. Xenobiotica. 23: 537-561.
Han S, Espinoza LA, Liao H, Boulares AH and Smulson ME (2004). Protection by
antioxidants against toxicity and apoptosis induced by the sulphur mustard
261
analog 2-chloroethylethyl sulphide (CEES) in Jurkat T cells and normal
human lymphocytes. Br J Pharmacol. 141: 795-802.
Hanson WR, Houseman KA and Colins PW (1988b). Radiation protection in vivo
by prostaglandins and related compounds of the arachidonic acid cascade.
Pharmacol Ther. 39: 347-356.
Hansson J, Edgren M, Ehrsson IL, Ringborg U and Nilsson B (1988a). Effect of
D,L-buthione. S,R-sulfoximine on cytotoxicity and DNA cross-linking
induced by bifunctional DNA-reactive cytostatic drugs in human melanoma
cells. Cancer Res. 48: 19-26.
Hansson J, Lewersohn R, Ringborg U and Nilsson B (1987). Formation and
removal of DNA cross-links induced by melphalan and nitrogen mustard in
relation to drug-induced cytotoxicity in human melanoma cells. Cancer Res.
47: 2631-2637.
Harapanhalli RS, Nara VR, Yaghmai V, Azure MT, Goddu SM, Howell RW, Rao
DV (1994). Vitamins as radioprotectors in vivo: II Protection by vitamin A
and soybean oil against radiation damage caused by internal radionuclides.
Radiat Res. 139: 115-122.
Hatiboglu I, Mihich E, Moore GE, Nichol CA (1962). Use of sodium thiosulfate as a
neutralizing agent during regional administration of nitrogen mustard: an
experimental study. Ann Surg. 156: 994-1001.
Hayaishi O and Ueda K (1977). Poly(ADP-ribose) and ADP-Ribosylation of
proteins. Annl Rev Biochem. 46: 95-116.
Hayaishi O and Ueda K (1982). ADP-Ribosylation reactions. Biol med. New York:
Academic Press.
Hemminki K and Kallama S (1986). Reactions of nitrogen mustards with DNA.
IARC Science Publications. 78: 55-70.
262
Hemminki K and Ludlum DB (1984). Covelent modification of DNA by
antineoplastic agents. J Natl Cancer Inst. 73: 1021-1028.
Hisin PJ and Hilf R (1976). A fluorometric method for determination of oxidised
and reduced glutathione in tissues. Anal Biochem. 74: 214-226.
Hospers GA, Eisenhauer EA and DE Vries EG (1999). The sulfhydryl containing
compounds WR-2721 and glutathione as radio and chemoprotective
agents. A review, indications for use and prospects. Br J Cancer.
80: 629-638.
Hoy CA, Thompson LH, Mooney CL and Salazar EP (1985). Defective DNA cross-
link removal in Chinese hamster cell mutants hypersensitive to bifunctional
alkylating agents. Cancer Res. 45: 1737-1743.
Issels RD and Nagele A (1989). Promotion of cystine uptake, increase of
glutathione biosynthesis, and modulation of glutathione status by
S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)eihyl phosphorothioic acid (WR-2721) in Chinese
hamster cells. Cancer Res. 49: 2082-2086.
Issels RD, Nagele A, Eckert KG and Wilmanns W (1988). Promotion of cystine
uptake and its utilization for glutathione biosynthesis induced by cysteamine
and N-acetylcysteine. Biochem Pharmacol. 37: 881-888.
ITII (International Technical Information Institute) (1975). Toxic and Hazardous
Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. International Technical Information
Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
Jacobson LO, Spurt CL, Barton ESG, Smith T, Lushbaugh C, and Dick CF (1946).
J Am Med Assoc. 132-263.
Jafari M (2007). Dose and time dependent effects of sulfur mustard on antioxidant
system in liver and brain of rat. Toxicology. 231: 30-39.
263
Jaruga P, Zastawny TH, Skokowski J, Dizdaroglu and M, Olinski R (1994).
Oxidative DNA base damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in human
lung cancer. FEBS Lett. 14: 59-64.
Joshi U, Raza SK, Kumar P, Vijayaraghavan R and Jaiswal DK (1999). A process
for preparation of S-(ω- aminoalkylamino) alkylaryl sulphide
dihydrochloride. Indian patent filed, Patent Office, New Delhi, India.
Joshima H, Ohara H and Aoki Y (1992). The effect of OK-432 upon erythropoietic
recovery in sub-lethally irradiated mice: A preliminary report. J Radiat Res
33: 290-300.
Juarez-Salinas H, Sims JL and Jacobson MK (1979). Poly(ADP-ribose) levels in
carcinogen-treated cells. Nature. 282: 740-741.
Kaldor JM, Day NE, and Hemminki K (1988). Quantifying the carcinogenicity of
antineoplastic drugs. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 24: 703-711.
Kalechman Y, Shani A, Albeck M and Sredni B (1995a). Induction of acute phase
proteins in mice and humans by treatment with AS101, an
immunomodulator with radioprotective properties. Immunopharmacology.
29: 149-158.
Kalechman Y, Zuloff A, Albeck M, Strassmann G (1995b). Role of endogenous
cytokine secretion in radioprotection conferred by the immunomodulator
ammonium trichloro- (dioxyethylene-0, 0′) tellurate. Blood. 85: 1555-1561.
Karakcijev N (1973). Toksikologija OV i zascita ot oruzija massovogo porazenija.
Medicina (Taskent). 158-189. [cited in Vojvodic et al (1985) Fund Appl
Toxicol. 5: S160-S168].
Karalliedde L, Wheeeler H, Maclehose R, Murray V (2000). Possible immediate
and long term health effects following exposure to chemical agents. Public
Health. 114: 238-248.
264
Karnofsky DA, Burchenal JH, Ormsbee RA, Cornman I and Rhoads CP (1947a)
Experimental observations of the nitrogen mustards in the treatment of
neoplastic disease. In: Approaches to Tumor Chemotherapy. Washington,
DC. USA. Am Assoc Adv Sc. 293-305.
Karnofsky DA, Craver LF, Rhoads CP and Abels JC (1947b) An Evaluation of
Methyl bis(B-Chloroethyl) Amine Hydrochloride in the treatment of
lymphoma, leukemia and allied diseases. In: Approaches to Tumor
Chemotherapy. Washington, DC. USA. Am Assoc Adv Sc. 319-337.
Kehe K and Szinicz L (2005). Medical aspects of sulphur mustard poisoning.
Toxicology. 214: 198-209.
Kehe K, Raithel K, Kreppel H, Jochum M, Worek F and Thiermann H (2008).
Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) influences the mode of
sulfur mustard (SM)-induced cell death in HaCaT cells. Arch Toxicol.
82: 461-470.
Kenar L, Boyunaga H, Serdar M, Karayilanoglu T and Erbil MK (2006). Effect of
nitrogen mustard, a vesicant agent, on lymphocyte energy metabolism.
Clin Chem Lab Med. 44:1253-1257.
Khan S, Ramwani JJ and O'Brien PJ (1992). Hepatocyte toxicity of
mechlorethamine and other alkylating anticancer drugs. Role of lipid
peroxidation. Biochem Pharmacol. 43: 1963-1967.
Kim YB, Hur GH, Choi DS, Shin S, Han BG, Lee YS and Sok DE (1996). Effects of
calmodulin antagonists and anaesthetics on the skin lesions induced by
2-chloroethylethylsulfide. Eur J Pharmacol. 313: 107-114.
Kligerman MM, Glover DJ, Turrisi AT, Norfleet AL, Yuhas JM, Coia LR, Simone C,
Glick JH, Goodman (1984). Toxicity of WR-2721 administered in single and
multiple doses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 10: 1773-1776.
265
Koelle GB (1992). Pharmacology and toxicology of organosphosphates. In:
Clinical and experimental toxicology of organophosphates and carbamates.
Ballantyne B, Marrs TC (Eds). Butterworth-Heineman, Oxford. 33-37.
Korkmaz A, Yaren H, Topal T and Oter S (2006). Molecular targets against
mustard toxicity: Implication of cell surface receptors, peroxynitrite
production, and PARP activation. Arch Toxicol. 80: 662-670.
Kulkarni AS, Vijayarahgavan R, Pathak U, Raza SK, Pant SC, Satish HT, Malhotra
RC and Prakash AO (2006). Evaluation of analogues of DRDE-07 as
prophylactic agents against the lethality and toxicity of sulphur mustard
administered through percutaneous routes. J Appl Toxicol. 26: 115-125.
Kumar MHV and Gupta VK (2002). Effect of different extracts of Centella asiatica
on cognition and markers of oxidative stress in rats. J Ethnopharmacol.
79: 253-260.
Kumar O, Sugendran K and Vljayaraghavan R (2001). Protective effect of various
antioxidants on the toxicily of sulphur mustard administered to mice by
inhalation or percutaneous routes. Chem Biol Interact. 134: 1-12.
Kumar P, Sharma US and Vijayaraghavan R (1991). Study of the efficacy of CC-2
and Fuller's earth combination as a decontaminant against sulphur mustard
(mustard gas) dermal intoxication in mice. Def Sci J. 41: 363-366.
Kumar P, Vijayaraghavan R, Kulkarni AS, Pathak U, Raza SK, Jaiswal DK and
(2002). In vivo protection by amifostine and DRDE-07 against sulphur
mustard toxicity. Hum Exp Toxicol. 21: 371-376.
Landauer MR, Davis HD, Dominitz JA and Weiss JF (1987). Dose and time
relationships of the radioprotector WR-2721 on locomotor activity in mice.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 27: 573-576.
266
Landauer MR, McChesney DG and Ledney GD (1997). Synthetic trehalose
dicorynomycolate (S-TDCM): behavioural effects and radioprotection.
J Radiat Res. 38: 45-54.
Landing BH, Goldin A and Noe HA (1949c). Testicular lesions in mice following
parenteral administration of nitrogen mustards. Cancer. 2: 1075-1082.
Landing BH, Goldin A, Noe HA, Goldberg B and Shapiro DM (1949a). Systemic
pathological effects of nitrogen mustards and a comparison of toxicity,
chemical structure and cytotoxic effect, with reference to the chemotherapy
of tumors. Cancer. 2: 1055-1066.
Landing BH, Seed JC and Banfield WG (1949b). The effects of a nitrogen mustard
[tris (2-chlorethyl) amine] on regenerating rat liver. Cancer. 2: 1067-1074.
Lawley PD and Brookes P (1963). Further studies on the alkylation of nucleic
acids and their constituent nucleotides. Biochem J. 89: 127-138.
Lawley PD and Brookes P (1965). Molecular mechanism of the cytotoxic action of
difunctional alkylating agents and of resistance to this action. Nature. 206:
480-483.
Lawley PD and Brookes P (1967). Interstand cross-linking of DNA by difunctional
alkylating agents. J Mol Biol. 25: 143-160.
Lawley PD and Martin CN (1975). Molecular mechanisms in alkylation
mutagenesis. Biochem J. 145: 85-91.
Lawley PD and Shah SA (1972). Methylation of ribonucleic acid by the
carcinogens dimethyl sulphate, N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-Methyl-N’-
nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Comparisons of chemical analyses at the
nucleoside and base levels. Biochem J. 128: 117-132.
Levy M (1965). The effect of mustard gases upon a property of nucleated
erythrocytes and their ghosts. Cancer Res. 25: 752-759.
267
Lin P, Bernstein IA and Vaughan FL (1994). Failure to observe a relationship
between bis-(β-chloroethyl) sulfide induced NAD+ depletion and cytotoxicity
in the rat keratinocyte culture. J Toxicol Environ Health. 42: 393-405.
Lindsay CD and Hambrook JL (1998). Di-isopropylglutathione ester protects A549
cells from the cytotoxic effects of sulphur mustard. Hum Exp Toxicol.
17: 606-612.
Lindsay CD and Rice P (1995). Changes in connective tissue macromolecular
components of Yucatan mini-pig skin following application of sulphur
mustard vapour. Hum Exp Toxcol.14: 341-348.
Links M and Lewis C (1999). Chemoprotectants: a review of their clinical
pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 57: 293-308.
Livesey JC and Reed DJ (1987). Chemical protection against ionizing radiation.
Adv Radiat Res.13: 285-353.
Ludlum DB (1984). Modification of DNA by the sulfur mustards. US Army Medical
Research and Development Command. Columbia. Md. Proceedings of the
Fourth Annual Chemical Defense Bioscience Review. 281-298.
Ludlum DB (1987). Protection against the acute and delayed toxicity of mustards
and mustard-like compounds (Annual Report, Contract No. DAMD-82-C-
2203). US Army Medical Research and Development Command.
Ludlum DB and Papirmeister B (1986). DNA modification by sulfur mustards and
nitrosoureas and repair of these lesions. Basic Life Sci. 38: 119-125.
Ludlum DB, Kent S and Mehta JR (1986). Formation of O6-ethylthioethylguanine in
DNA by reaction with the sulfur mustard, Chloroethyl Sulfide, and its
apparent lack of repair by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase.
Carcinogenesis. 7: 1203-1206.
268
Malkinson FD and Gehlmann L (1977). Factors affecting percutaneous absorption.
In: Drill VA and Lazar P (Eds.) Cutaneous Toxicity. Academic Press, New
York. 63-81.
Mandl H and Freilinger G (1984). First report on victims of chemical warfare in the
Gulf-war treated in Vienna. Arch Belg. 330-340.
Manning KP, Sicaci DCG, stall PM and Iuiw Doll R (1981). Cancer of the larynx
and other occupational hazards of mustard gas workers. Clin Otolaryngol.
6: 165-170.
Marrs TC, Maynard RL, and Sidell FR (1996). Chemical warfare agents:
Toxicology and treatment. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Marshall E (1984). Iraq’s chemical warfare: case proved. Science (Wash, D.C.).
224: 130-132.
Marshall EK JR and Williams JW (1920). The toxicity and skin irritant effect of
certain derivatives of dichloroethyl sulfide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.
16: 259-272.
Martin RF and Anderson RF (1999). Pulse radiolysis studies indicate that electron
transfer is involved in radioprotection by Hoechst 33342 and
methylproamine. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 42: 827-831.
Martin RF, Broadhurst S, D’Abrew S, D'Abrew S, Budd R, Sephton R, Reum M,
Kelly DP (1996). Radioprotection by DNA ligands. Br J Cancer.
27: S99-S101.
Masta A, Gray PJ, Phillips DR (1995). Nitrogen mustard inhibits transcription and
translation in a cell free system. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 3508 – 3515.
Matsubara J, Tajima Y and Karasawa M (1987). Metallothionine induction as a
potent means of radiation protection in mice. Radiat Res. 120: 442-455.
269
Mattes WB, Hartley JA and Kohn KW (1986). DNA sequence selectivity of
guanine-N7 alkylation by nitrogen mustards. Nucleic Acids Res.
14: 2971-2987.
Maynard RL and Beswick FW (1992). Organophosphorus compounds as chemical
warfare agents. In: Clinical and experimental toxicology of
organophosphates and carbamates, Ballantyne B, Marrs TC (Eds).
Butterworth-Heineman, Oxford. 373-385.
Mazumder PK, Sugendran K and Vijayaraghavan R (1998). Protective efficacy of
calcium channal blockers in sulphur mustard poisoning. Biomed Environ
Sci. 11: 363-369.
McCauley DL (1997). Amifostine: A novel cytoprotective agent. Cancer Pract.
5:189-91.
McMannus JFA and Mowry RW (1965). General methods for study of the cell and
it’s structure. In: Staining Methods: Histologic and Histochemical. Harper,
New York. 73- 90.
Mcmanus JFA and Mowry RW (1960). Staining methods Histologic and
Histochemical , Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., publication, USA. .
Meier HL (1996). The time dependent effect of 2,2’-dichloroethyl sulfide (sulphur
mustard, HD, 1,1’-thiobis(2-chloroethane)) on the lymphocyte viability and
the kinetics of protection by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors.
Cell Biol Toxicol. 12: 147-153.
Meier HL and Millard CB (1998). Alterations in human lymphocyte DNA caused by
sulfur mustard can be mitigated by selective inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose)
polymerase. Biochem Biophys Acta. 1404: 367-376.
Meier HL, Gross CL and Papirmeister B (1987). 2,2-Dichloroethyl sulfide (sulfur
mustard) decreases NAD+ levels in human leukocytes. Toxicol Lett.
39: 109-122.
270
Meier HL, Gross CL, Papirmeister B and Daszkiewicz JE (1984). The use of
human leukocytes as a model for studying the biochemical effects of
chemical warfare (CW) agents. US Army Medical Research and
Development Command. Columbia. Md. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual
Chemical Defense Bioscience Review. 233-258.
Meister A and Anderson ME (1983). Glutathione. Ann Rev Biochem. 52: 711-760.
Miccadei S, Kyle ME, Gilfor D and Farber JL (1988). Toxic consequences of the
abrupt depletion of glutathione in cultured rat hepatocytes. Arch Biochem
Biophys. 265: 311-320.
Miko S, Yanai T, Hasegawa H, Hasegawa H, Akata N, Kanaiwa-kudo S,
Matsumoto T, Noda Y, Otsu H and Sato F (1998). Concentration of
metallothionine in mice livers after small dose of irradiation. J Radiat Res.
39: 239-242.
Millar BC, Tilby MJ Ormerod MG, Payne AWR, Jinks S and Loverock PS (1986).
Comparative studies of total crosslinking. cell survival and cell cycle
perturbations in Chinese Hamster cells treated with alkylating agents in
vitro. Biochem Pharmacol. 35: 1163-1169.
Mitchell JB, De Graff W, Kaufman D, Krishna MC, Samuni A, Finkelstein E, Ahn
MS, Hahn SM, Gamson J, Russo A (1991). Inhibition of oxygen-dependent
radiation-induced damage by the nitroxide superoxide dismutase mimic,
tempol. Arch Biochem Biophys. 289: 62-70.
Mitchell JB, Russo A, Kuppusamy and Krishna MC (2000). Radiation radicals and
images. Ann NY Acad Sci. 899: 28-43.
Mol MA, Van DE, Ruit AM and Kluivers AW (1989). NAD+ levels and glucose
uptake of cultured human epidermal cells exposed to sulfur mustard.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 98: 159-165.
271
Mol MAE, deVries R and Kluivers AW (1991). Effects of nicotinamide on
biochemical changes and microblistering induced by sulfur mustard in
human skin organ cultures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.107: 439-449.
Molteni A, Moulder JE, Cohen EF, Ward WF, Fish BL, Taylor JM, Wolfe LF, Brizio-
Molteni L, Veno P (2000). Control of radiation induced pneumopathy and
lung fibrosis by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II
type 1 receptor blocker. Int J Radiat Biol. 76: 523-532.
Monteiro-Riviere NA and Inman AO (1993). Histochemical localisation of three
basement membrane epitopes with sulphur mustard induced toxicity in
porcine skin. Toxicologist. 13: 58-62.
Moore AS , Kirk C and Cardona A (1991). Intracavitary cisplatin chemotherapy
experience with six dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 5: 227-231.
Moulder JE (2002). Radiobiology of nuclear terrorism: Report on an interagency
workshop (Bethesda, Maryland, USA, December, 17-18, 2001). Int J Radiat
Oncol Biol Phys. 54: 327-328.
Moulder JE, Fish BL and Cohen EF (1998a). Angiotensin II receptor antagonists in
treatment and prevention of radiation nephropathy. Int J Radiat Biol.
73: 415-421.
Moulder JE, Fish BL and Cohen EF (1998b). Brief pharmacological intervention in
experimental radiation nephropathy. Radiat Res. 150: 535-541.
Moulder JE, Fish BL and Cohen EP (1998c). Radiation nephropathy is treatable
with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II type I
(ATI) receptor antagonist. Radiother Oncol. 46: 307-315.
Munro N, Watson A, Ambrose K and Griffin G (1990). Treating exposure to
chemical warfare agents: implications for health care providers and
community emergency planning. Environ Health Perspect. 89: 205-215.
272
Munro NB, Talmage SS, Griffin GD, Waters LC, Watson AP, King JF and
Hauschild V (1999). The Sources, Fate, and Toxicity of Chemical Warfare
Agent Degradation Products Environ Health Perspect. 107: 933-974.
Murray D and Meyn RE (1986). Cell cycle-dependent cytotoxicity of alkylating
agents: determination of nitrogen mustard induced DNA cross-links and
their repair in Chinese hamster ovary cells synchronized by centrifugal
elutriation. Cancer Res. 46: 2324-2329.
Nair CKK, Parida DK and Nomura T (2001). Radioprotectors in radiotherapy.
J Radiat Res. 159: 812-834.
Naujokaitis SA, Fisher JM and Rabinovitz M (1984). Protection of murine L1210
leukemia and bone marrow progenitor cells against mechlorethamine and
inhibition of choline uptake as a structure-activity relationship of 2-
dimethylaminoethanol and its analogues. J Pharm Sci. 73: 34-39.
Navarro J, Obrador E, Carretero J, Petschen I, Avino J, Perez P, Estrela JM
(1999). Changes in glutathione status and the antioxidant system in blood
and in cancer cells associate with tumor growth in vivo. Free Radic Biol.
Med. 26: 410-418.
Navarro J, Obrador E, Pellicer JA, Aseni M, Vina J and Estrela JM ( 1997). Blood
glutathione as an index of radiation-induced oxidative stress in mice and
humans. Free Radic Biol Med. 22: 1203- 1209.
Nici L and Calabresi P (1999). Amifostine modulation of bleomycin-induced lung
injury in rodents. Semin Oncol. 26: 28-33
Niemann A (1860). The action of brown sulfur chloride on ethylene gas. Annalen
der Chemie and Pharmazie 113:288. [In German] [Cited in Kehe K and
Szinicz L (2005). Toxicology. 214: 198-209].
273
Noyes NA Jr (1946). Military problems with Aerosols and non-persistent gases,
vol. 1. Division 10, National Research Committee Report, Washington, DC.
(1993).31:1179-1184.
O`Connor PM, Wassermann K, Sarang M, Magrath I, Bohr WA and Kohn KW
(1995). Relationship between DNA cross-links, cell cycle, and apoptosis in
Burkitt`s lymphoma cell lines differing in sensitivity to nitrogen mustard.
Cancer Res. 51: 6550-6557.
O’Connor CJ, Denny WA, Fan J, Gravatt L, Grigor BA and McLennan DJ (1991).
Hydrolysis and alkylating reactivity of aromatic nitrogen mustards. J Chem
Soc. 12: 1933-1939.
Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD). National Defense
Research Committee. 1946. Summary Technical Report of Division 9,
NDRC. Washington, DC: NDRC. AD: 234-249.
Ohnishi ST, Ohnishi T, Glick JH and Schein PS (1992). In vitro study on the
antioxidant activities of amifostine (WR-2721). Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res.
33: 419-426.
Orrenius S (1985). Biochemical mechanism of cytotoxicity. Trends Pharmacol.
6: 15-19.
Orrenius S and Nicotera P (1987). On the role of calcium in chemical toxicity.
Acta Toxicol. 11: S11-S19.
Osborne MR, Wilman DEV and Lawley PD (1995). Alkylation of DNA by the
Nitrogen Mustard Bis (2-chloroethyl)methylamine. Res Toxicol. 8: 316-320.
Paine GD, Taylor CW, Lopez MHA, Johnson CS and Capizzi RL (1996). Effects of
amifostine and paclitaxel on growth of human ovarian carcinoma xenografts
in the severe combined immune-deficient mouse: preliminary results.
Semin Oncol. 23: 35-39.
274
Pant SC and Vijayaraghavan R (1999). Histomorphological and histochemical
alterations following short-term inhalation exposure to sulfur mustard on
visceral organs of mice. Biomed Environ Sci. 12: 201-213.
Pant SC and Vijayaraghavan R (2002). Histochemical and histomorpholigical
alterations in the lungs of mice following acute sulphur mustard inhalation.
J Burns. 1: 6-15.
Pant SC, Vijayaraghavan R, Kannan GM, Ganesan K (2000). Sulphur mustard
induced oxidative stress and its prevention by sodium 2,3-dimercapto
propane sulphonic acid (DMPS) in mice. Biomed Environ Sci. 13, 225-232.
Pant SC, Vijayaraghavan R, Rao PVL and Singh M (2004). Melatonin protects
sulphur mustard induced oxidative stress in mice. Tissue Res. 4: 147-151.
Papirmeister B, Feister AF, Robinson SI and Ford RD (1991). Medical Defense
Against Mustard Gas: Toxic Mechanisms and Pharmacological
Implications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Papirmeister B, Gross CL, Meier HL, Petrali JP and Jhonson JB (1985). Molecular
basis for sulphur mustard indused vesication. Fund Appl Toxicol.
5: S134-S149.
Papirmeister B, Gross CL, Petrali JP and Hixson CJ (1984a). Pathology produced
by sulfur mustard in human skin grafts on athymic nude mice. I. Gross and
light microscopic changes. J Toxicol Cut Ocul Toxicol. 3: 371-391.
Papirmeister B, Gross CL, Petrali JP and Meier HL (1984b). Pathology produced
by sulfur mustard in human skin grafts on athymic nude mice. II.
Ultrastructura! changes. J Toxicol Cut Ocul Toxicol. 3: 393-408.
Paromov V, Suntres Z, Smith M and Stone WL (2007). Sulfur mustard toxicity
following dermal exposure: role of oxidative stress, and antioxidant therapy.
J Burns Wounds. 7: e7.
275
Pathak U, Raza SK, Kulkarni AS, Vijayaraghavan R, Kumar P and Jiaswal DK,
(2004). Novel S-substituted aminoalkylamino ethanethiols a potential
antidotes against sulfur mustard toxicity. J Med Chem. 47: 3817-3822.
Patt HM, Smith DE, Tyree EB and Straube RL(1950). Further studies on
modification of sensitivity to X-rays by cysteine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med.
73: 18-21.
Patt HM, Tyree EB, Straube RL and Smith DE (1949). Cysteine protection against
X-irradiation. Science. 110: 213-214.
Paulet G (1952). Cellular metabolism and cutaneous action of dichloroethyl
sulfide. Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de
Filiales. 146: 925-928. [In French].
Povirk LF and Shuker DE (1994). DNA damage and mutagenesis induced by
nitrogen mustards. Mutat Res. 318: 205-226.
Prentiss AM (1937). Vesicant agents. In: Chemicals in Warfare: A Treatise on
Chemical Warfare. New York: McGraw-Hill. 177-300.
Price CC, Gaucher GM, Koneru P, Shibakawa R, Sawa JR and Yamaguchi M
(1968). Relative reactivities for monofunctional nitrogen mustard alkylation
of nucleic acid components. Biochim Biophys Acta. 166: 327-359.
Purdie JW and Inhaber ER (1983). Interaction of cultured mammalian cells with
WR-2721 and its thiol WR-1065: implications for mechanisms of
radioprotection. Int J Radiat Biol. 43: 517-527.
Raikova E, Ivanov L, Kaffalieva D, Demirov G and Raikov Z (1982). Spin-labelling
of DNA with hydrazine mustard spin label (HMSL). Int J Biochem.
14: 41-46.
276
Raikova ET, Kaffalieva DN, Ivanov IG, Zakhariev SG and Golovinsky EV (1983).
EPR study on the interaction of spin-labelled Hydrazine Mustard derivatives
with DNA. Biochem Pharmacol. 32: 587-592.
Rajski SR and Williams RM (1998). DNA cross-linking agents as antitumor drugs.
Chem Rev. 98: 2723-2796.
Ramnath N, Lo Russo, Simon M and Martino S (1997). Phase II evaluation of
cisplatin and WR-2721 for refractory metastatic breast cancer. Am J Clin
Oncol. 20: 368-372.
Ramonas LM, Erickson LC, Klesse W, Kohn KW and Zaharko DS (1981).
Differential cytotoxicity and DNA cross-linking produced by polymeric and
monomeric activated analogues of cyclophosphamide in mouse L1210
leukemia cells. Mol Pharmacol. 19: 331-336.
Rankin PW, Jacobson MK, Mitchell VR and Busbee DL (1980). Reduction of
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels by ultimate carcinogens in human
lymphocytes. Cancer Res. 40: 1803-1807.
Rao PVL, Vijayaraghavan R and Bhaskar ASB (1999). Sulphur mustard induced
DNA damage in mice after dermal and inhalational exposure.Toxicology.
139: 39-57.
Rappeneau S, Baeza-Squiban A, Braut-Boucher F., Aubery M, Gendron MC and
Marano F (1999). Use of fluorescent probes to assess the early sulfhydryl
depletion and oxidative stress induced by mechlorethamine on airway
epithelium. Toxicology In Vitro. 13: 765–771.
Rappeneau S, Baeza-Squiban A, Marano F, and Calvet J (2000). Efficient
protection of human bronchial epithelial cells against sulfur and nitrogen
mustard cytotoxicity using drug combinations. Toxicol Sci. 58: 153-160.
277
Ray P, Chakrabarti AK, Broomfield CA and Ray R (2002). Sulfur mustard-
stimulated protease: a target for antivesicant drugs. J Appl Toxicol.
22: 139-140.
Ray R, Benton BJ, Anderson DR, Byers SL and Petrali JP (2000). Intervention of
sulfur mustard toxicity by down regulation of cell proliferation and metabolic
rates. J Appl Toxicol. 20: S87-S91.
Ray R, Legere RH, Broomfield CA and Petrali JP (1991). Mechanism of action of
alkylating agents: Membrane effects. In: Proceedings of the Medical
Defense Bioscience Review. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md: US Army
Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense.139-142.
Ray R, Legere RH, Majerus BJ and Petrali JP (1995). Sulfur mustard induced
increase in intracellular free calcium level and arachidonic acid release from
cell membrane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 131: 44-52.
Ray R, Majerus BJ, Munavalli GS and Petrali JP (1993). Sulfur mustard-induced
increase in intracellular calcium: a mechanism of mustard toxicity. U.S.
Army Medical Research Bioscience Review. 267-276.
Real A, Guenechea G, Bueren JA and Maganto G (1992). Radioprotection
mediated by the hemopoietic stimulation conferred by AM5: A protein-
associated polysaccharide. Int J Radiat Biol. 62: 65-72.
Reddy PMK, Dubey DK, Kumar P and Vijayaraghavan R (1996). Evaluation of
CC-2 as a decontaminant at various time intervals against topically applied
sulphur mustard in mice. Indian J Pharmacol. 28: 227-231.
Rhoads CP (1946). Nitrogen Mustards in the Treatment of Neoplastic Disease.
J Am Med Assoc. I3I: 656.
Rhoads CP (1947). Edward Gamaliel Janeway lecture: the sword and the
ploughshare (dichloroethyl sulfide poisoning at Bari, 1943 and work of
278
Chemical Warfare Service, especially on nitrogen mustards or
chloroethylamines). Journal of Mt. Sinai Hospital. 13: 299-309.
Ricketts KM, Santai CT, France JA, Graziosi AM, Doyel TD, Gazaway MY and
Cassilas P (2000). Inflammatory cytokine response in sulphur mustard
exposed mouse skin. J Appl Toxicol. 20: S73-S76.
Riehl T, Cohen S, Tessner T, Scholemann S and Stenson WS (2000).
Lipopolysaccharide is radioprotective in mouse intestine through a
prostaglandin mediated mechanism. Gastroenterology. 118: 1106-1116.
Roberts JJ (1978). The repair of DNA modified by cytotoxic, mutagenic and
carcinogenic chemicals. In J.T. Lett and H. Adler (Eds.), Advances in
Radiation Biology. Academic Press. 211-436.
Roberts JJ and Warwick GP (1963). Studies of mode of alkylating agents. The
metabolism of bis-2-chloroethyl sulphide (mustard gas) and related
compounds. Biochem Pharmacol. 12: 1329-1334.
Roberts JJ, Brent TP and Crathorn AR (1968). The mechanism of the cytotoxic
action of alkylating agents on mammalian cells. Symposium on the
Interaction of Drugs and Subcellular Components in Animal Cells. 5-27.
Robson CN, Lewis AD, Wolf CR, Hayes JD, Hall S, Proctor SJ, Harris AL and
Hickson ID (1987). Reduced levels of drug-induced DNA crosslinking in
nitrogen mustard resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing elevated
glutathion-S-tramnferase activity. Cancer Res. 47: 6022-6027.
Rosenblatt DH, Miller TA, Dacre JC, Muul I and Cogley DR (1975). Problem
definition studies of potential environmental pollutants II. Physical,
chemical, toxicological and biological properties of 16 substances.
Technical Report 7509, AD A030428, U. S. Army Medical Bioengineering
Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD.
279
Ross WJC (1962). Biological Alkylating Agents. Massachusetts, Butterworths,
London: 142-145.
Sack GH, Fenselua C, Kan MNN and Kan LS (1978). Characterization of the
products of alkylation of 2-Deoxyadenosine and 2-Deoxyguanosine by
chloroethyl ethyl sulfide. J Org Chem. 43 : 3932-3936.
Saladi RN, Smith E and Persaud AN (2006). Mustard: a potential agent of
chemical warfare and terrorism. Clin Exp Dermatol. 31: 1-5.
Satoh M, Miura N, Naganuma M, Matsuzaki N, Kawamura E and Imura N (1989).
Prevention of adverse effects of gamma ray irradiation after metallothionine
induction by bismuth subnitrate in mice. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol.
25: 1729-1731.
Sawyer TW (1998a). Modulation of sulfur mustard toxicity by arginine analogues
and related nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in vitro. Toxicol Sci. 46: 112-123.
Sawyer TW (1998b). Characterization of protective effects of L-nitroarginine
methyl ester (L-NAME) against the toxicity of sulphur mustard in vitro.
Toxicology. 131: 21-32.
Sawyer TW (1999). Synergistic protective effects of selected arginine analogues
against sulphur mustard toxicity in neuron culture. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.
155: 169-176.
Sawyer TW and Hamilton MG (2000). Effect of intracellular calcium modulation on
sulfur mustard cytotoxicity in cultured human neonatal keratinocytes.
Toxicol In vitro. 14: 149-157.
Sawyer TW and Risk D (2000). Effects of selected arginine analogues on sulphur
mustard toxicity in human and hairless guinea pig skin keratinocytes.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 163: 75-85.
280
Sawyer TW, Hancock JR, and D'Agostino PA (1998). L-thiocitrulline: A potent
protective agent against the toxicity of sulphur mustard in vitro. Toxicol Appl
Pharmacol. 151:340-346.
Sawyer TW, Lundy PM and Weiss MT (1996). Protective effect of an inhibitor of
niric oxide synthase on sulphur mustard toxicity in vitro. Toxicology.
141: 138-144.
Sawyer TW, Vair C, Nelson P, Shei Y, Bjarnason S, Tenn C, McWilliams M,
Villanueva M and Burczyk A (2007). pH-dependent toxicity of sulphur
mustard in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 221: 363-371.
Schier JG, Ravikumar PR, Nelson LS, Hellan MB, Howland MA, and Hoffman RS
(2004). Preparing for chemical terrorism: stability of injectable atropine
sulfate. Acad Emerg Med. 11: 329-334.
Schuchter LM and Glick JH (1993). The current status of WR-2721 (Amifostine):
A chemotherapy and radiation therapy protector. Biol Ther Cancer Updates.
3: 1-10.
Schuchter LM, Meropol N and Glick JH (1997). Radiation and chemotherapy
protectors. In: DeVita V, Hellman S, Rosenberg S, eds. Cancer. Principles
and Practice of Oncology, 5th edition. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott-Raven.
3090.
Scott T and Eagleson M (1988). Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry. 2nd Edition.
Berlin. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Seligrian AM, Rutenburg AM, and Friedman OM (1948-49) Distribution studies in
mice following the intravenous injection of diethyl β-iodoethyl amine
hydrochloride prepared with radioactive iodine. J Nut Cancer Inst.
9: 261-270.
281
Sharma RK and Jain V (2002). Tackling radioresistance of hypoxic cancer cells by
metabolic modulation of bioenergetics: AP-31 MRS study on perfused
Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 46: 51-60.
Sharma RK, Maitra A, Jain V (2000a). Effects of 6-aminonicotinamide and 2-
deoxy-D-glucose combination on the bioenergetics of perfused Ehrlich
ascites tumour cells as monitored by 31P MR spectroscopy. Indian J
Biochem Biophys. 37: 307-312.
Sharma RK, Singh S, Degaonkar M, Raghunathan P, Maitra A and Jain V (2000b).
Optimization of tumour radiotherapy. Part-VI-modification of tumour glucose
metabolism for increasing the bioavailability of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in murine
tumour model. Strahlenther Oncol. 176: 135-143.
Shaw LM. Bonner HS. Brown DQ (1994). Metabolic pathways of WR-2721 (Ethyol.
amifostine) in the BALB/c mouse. Drug Metab Dispos. 22: 895-903
Shawn B, Soobong P, Danae R, Quirk D, Lucy H, Laura P and Natalia T (2004).
Adenine-Containing DNA-DNA Cross-Links of Antitumor Nitrogen Mustards.
Chem Res Toxicol. 17: 950-962.
Shigematsu N, Schwartz JL, Grdina DJ (1994). Protection against radiation-
induced mutagenesis at the hprt locus by spermine and N.N’’-(dithiodi-2,1 -
ethanediyl)bis- 1,3-propanediamine (WR- 33278). Mutagenesis. 9: 355-360.
Shooter KV, Edwards PA and Lawley PD (1971). The action of mono and
di-functional sulphur mustards on the ribonucleic acid-containing
bacteriophage µ2. Biochem J. 125: 829-840.
Shooter KV, Howse R and Merrifield K (1974a). The reaction of a!kylating agents
with bacteriophage R17. Biochem J. 137: 313-317.
Shooter KV, Howse R, Shah SA and Lawley PD (1974b). The molecular basis for
biological inactivation of nucleic acids. The action of methylating agents on
282
the ribonucleic acid-containing bacteriophage R17. Biochem J. 137:
303-312.
Sidell FR, Takafuji ET and Franz DR (2002). Textbook of Military Medicine:
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Washington, Office of
the Surgeon General: TMM Publications. [Cited 3 Jan 2007] Available from
URL: http://www.chemdef.apgea.army.mil /textbook/contents.asp.
Simpson R and Lindsay CD (2005). Effect of sulphur mustard on human skin cell
lines with differential agent sensitivity. J Appl Toxicol. 25: 115-128.
Smith CN and Lindsay CD (2001a). Kojic acid reduces the cytotoxic effects of
sulfur mustard on cultures containing human melanoma cells in vitro.
J Appl Toxicol 21: 435-440.
Smith CN and Lindsay CD (2001b). Stimulation of C32 and G361 melanoma cells
using oleoyl acetyl glycerol and its effect on sulphur mustard cytotoxicity.
Hum Exp Toxicol. 20: 418-425.
Smith CN, Lindsay CD and Upshall DG (1997). Presence of
methenamine/glutathione mixtures reduces the cytotoxic effect of sulphur
mustard on cultured SVK-14 human keratinocytes in vitro. Hum Exp
Toxicol. 16: 247-253.
Smith KJ (1999). The prevention and treatment of cutaneous injury secondry to
chemical warfare agents. Applications of these finding to other dermatologic
conditions and wound healing. Dermatol Clin. 17: 41-60.
Smith KJ, Casillas R, Graham J, Skelton HG, Stemler F and Hackley BE Jr (1997).
Histopathologic features seen with different animal models following
cutaneous sulfur mustard exposure, J Dermatol Sci. 14: 126-135.
Smith KJ, Hurst CG, Moeller RB, Skeleton HG and Sidell FR (1995). Sulphur
mustard: its continuing threat as a chemical warfare agent, the cutaneous
lesion induced, progress in understanding its mechanism of action, its long
283
term health effects, and new development for protection and therapy.
J Am Acad Dermatol. 32: 765-776.
Smith KJ, Smith WJ, Hamilton T, Skelton HG, Graham JS, Okerberg C, Moeller R
and Hackley BE (1998). Histopathologic and immunohistochemical features
in human skin after exposure to nitrogen and sulfur mustard. Am J
Dermatopathol 20: 22-28.
Smith WJ (2002). Vesicant agents and antivesicant medical countermeasure:
clinical toxicology and psychological implications. Mil Psychol. 14: 145-157.
Smith WJ and Dunn MA (1991). Medical defense against blistering chemical
warfare agents. Arch Dermatol. 127: 1207-1213.
Smith WJ and Gross CL (2002). Sulfur mustard medical countermeasures in a
nuclear environment. Mil Med. 167: 101-102.
Smith WJ, Gross CL, Chan P and Meier HL (1990). The use of human epidermal
keratinocytes in culture as a model for studying the biochemical
mechanisms of sulfur mustard toxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol. 6: 285-291.
Smith WJ, Sanders KM, Gales YA and Gross CL (1991). Flow cytometric analysis
of toxicity by vesicating agents in human cells in vitro. J Toxicol Cut Ocul
Toxicol.10: 33-42.
Smith WJ, Sanders KM, Ruddle SE, Gross CL (1993). Cytometric analysis of DNA
changes induced by sulfur mustard. J Toxicol Cut Ocul Toxicol.
12: 337-347.
Sollman T (1919a). Dichloroethylsulfide (mustard gas). I. The influence of
solvents, adsorbents, and chemical antidotes on the severity of the human
skin lesions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 12: 303-318.
Sollman T (1919b). Dichloroethylsulfide (mustard gas). II. The question of induced
hypersusceptibility of the skin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 12: 319-321.
284
Sollmann MT (1957). A manual of pharmacology and its application to
therapeutics and toxicology, 8th ed., W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA.
Somani SM (1992). Chemical Warfare Agents. Academic Press, London.
Somani SM and Babu R (1989). Toxicodynamics of sulphur mustard. Int J Clin
Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 27: 419-435.
Somani SM and Romano JA (2001). Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low
Levels, CRC Press, Washington, DC.
Somani SM, Solana RP and Dube SN (1992). Toxicodynamics of nerve agents. In:
Somani, S.M. (Ed.), Chemical Warfare Agents. Academic Press, San
Diego. 68-124.
Somfai Relle S, Suzukake K, Viatica BP and Viatica, DT (1984). Reduction in
cellular glutathione by buthionine sulfoximine and sensitization of murine
tumor cells resistant to L-phenylalanine mustard. Biochem Pharmacol.
33: 485-490.
Souid AK, Fahey RC, Dubowy RL, Newton GL and Bernstein ML (1999). WR-2721
(amifostine) infusion in patients with Ewing's sarcoma receiving ifosfamide
and cyclophosphamide with mesna: drug and thiol levels in plasma and
blood cells. A Pediatric Oncology Group study. Cancer Chemother
Pharmacol. 44: 498-504.
Spencer CM and Goa KL (1995). Amifostine: A review of its pharmacodynamic
and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic as a radioprotector and
cytotoxic chemoprotector. Drugs. 50: 1001-1031
Steinritz D, Emmler J, Hintz M, Worek F, Kreppel H, Szinicz L and Kehe K (2007).
Apoptosis in sulfur mustard treated A549 cell cultures. Life Sci.
80: 2199-2201.
285
Stubberfield CR and Cohen GM (1988). NAD+ depletion and cytotoxicity in isolated
hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol. 37: 3967-3974.
Sun Y and Oberley LW (1996). Redox regulation of transcriptional activators,
Free Radic Biol Med. 21: 335-348.
Suzukake K, Petro BJ, and Vistica DT (1982). Reduction in glutathione content of
L-PAM resistant L1210 cells confers drug sensitivity. Biochem Pharmacol.
31: 121-124.
Sweeney TR (1979). A Survey of Compounds from the Antiradiation Drug
Development Program of the US Army Medical Research and Development
Command. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research: Washington DC, USA.
Szinicz L, Worek F, Thiermann H, Kehe K, Eckert S and Eyer P (2007).
Development of antidotes: problems and strategies. Toxicology. 233: 23-30.
Tan KB, Mattern MR, Boyce RA and Schein PS (1987). Elevated DNA
topoisomerase II activity in nitrogen mustard-resistant human cells.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. USA. 84: 7668-7671.
Tan KB, Mattern MR, Boyce RA and Schein PS (1988a). Unique sensitivity of
nitrogen mustard-resistant human Burkitt lymphoma cells to novobiocin.
Biochem Pharmacol. 37: 4411-4413.
Tan KB, Per SR, Boyce RA, Mirabelli CK and Crooke ST (1988b). Altered
expression and transcription of the topoisomerase II gene in nitrogen
mustard-resistant human cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 37: 4413-4416.
Tannehill SP and Mehta MP (1996). Amifostine and radiation therapy:
Past, present, and future. Semin Oncol. 23: 69-77.
Taylor YC and Brown JM (1988). Elevation of intracellular glutathione levels
following depletion and its relationship to protection against radiation and
alkylating agents. Pharmacol Ther. 39: 293-299.
286
Taysse L, Daulon S, Delamanche S, Bellier B and Breton P (2007). Skin
decontamination of mustards and organophosphates: Comparative
efficiency of RSDL and Fuller's earth in domestic swine. Hum Exp Toxicol.
26: 135-141.
Terradez P, Asensi M, Lasso de la Vega MC, Puertes IR, Vina J and Estrela JM
(1993). Depletion of tumour glutathione in vivo by buthionine sulphoximine:
modulation by the rate of cellular proliferation and inhibition of cancer
growth. Biochem J. 292: 477-483.
Toyokuni S, Okamoto K, Yodoi J and Hiai H (1995). Persistent oxidative stress in
cancer, FEBS Lett. 16: 3581-3583.
Treskes M, Holweda U, Nijtmans L, Fichtinger-Schepman AMJ, Pinedo HM and
vander Vijgh WJF (1991). Modulation of cisplatin and carboplatin with WR-
2721, molecular aspects. Seventh International Conference on Chemical
Modifiers of Cancer Treatment;1991 Feb 2-5; Clearwater, Florida: 322-323.
Treskes M, Holwerda U, Klein I, Pinedo HM and vander Vijgh WJF (1991). The
chemical reactivity of the modulating agent WR-2721(ethiofos) and its main
metabolites with the antitumor agents cisplatin and carboplatin. Biochem
Pharmacol. 42: 2125-2130.
Ueda K and Hayaishi O (1985). ADP-Ribosylation. Ann Rev Biochem. 54: 73-100.
Uma Devi P and Prasanna PGS (1990). Radioprotective effect of combinations of
WR-2721 and mercaptopropionylglycine on mouse bone marrow
chromosomes. Radiat Res. 124: 165-170.
Urbanetti JS (1989). Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Yale University
School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. Personal communication.
US Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Potential Military
Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds. Washington, D.C.:
287
Headquarters, D.A., DN, DAF; 12 December 90. Field Manual 3-9. Naval
Facility Command P- 467. Air Force Regulation 355-357.
Vale A (2005). What lessons can we learn from the Japanese sarin attack?
Przegl Lek. 62: 528-532.
Valles EG, de Castro CR and Castro JA (1995). Radioprotectors as late preventive
agents against carbon tetrachloride induced liver necrosis protection by 2-
(3-aminopropylamino) ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR 2721). Exp Mol
Pathol. 63: 101-109.
Van Buul PPW, Van Duyn-Goedhart A and Shankaranarayanan K (1999). In vivo
and in vitro radioprotective effects of prostaglandin E, analogue misoprostol
in DNA repair-proficient and -deficient rodent cell systems. Radiat Res. 152:
398-403.
Vander Vijgh WJ and Korst AE (1996). Amifostine: (Ethyol): Pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamic effects in vivo. Eur J Cancer. 32: S26-S30.
Verly WG (1980). Prereplicative error-free DNA repair. Biochem Pharmacol.
29: 977-982.
Vijayaraghavan R, Gautam A, Kumar O, Pant SC, Sharma M, Singh S, Satish HT,
Singh AK, Nivsarkar M, Kaushik MP, Sawhney RC, Chaurasia OP and
Prasad GBKS (2006). The protective effect of ethanolic and water extracts
of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) against the toxic effects of
mustard gas. Indian J Exp Biol. 44: 821-831.
Vijayaraghavan R, Gautam A, Sharma M, Satish HT, Pant SC and Ganesan K
(2008). Comparative evaluation of some flavonoids and tocopherol acetate
against the systemic toxicity of sulphur mustard. Indian J Pharmacol.
40: 114-120.
Vijayaraghavan R, Kulkarni A, Pant SC, Pravin K, Rao PVL, Gupta N, Gautam A
and Ganesan, K (2005). Differential toxicity of sulphur mustard
288
administered through percutaneous, subcutaneous, and oral routes.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 202: 180-188.
Vijayaraghavan R, Kumar P, Dubey DK and Singh R (2002). Evaluation of CC-2
as a decontaminant in various hydrophilic formulations against sulphur
mustard. Biomed Environ Sci. 15: 25-35.
Vijayaraghavan R, Kumar P, Joshi U, Raja SK, Lakshmana Rao PV, Malhotra RC
and Jaiswal DK (2001). Prophylacvtic efficacy of Amifostine and its
analoges against sulphur mustard toxicity. Toxicology. 163: 83-91.
Vijayaraghavan R, Sugendran K, Pant SC, Hussain K and Malhotra RC (1991).
Dermal intoxication of mice with bis(2-chloroethyl)sulphide and the
protective effects of flavonoids. Toxicology. 69: 35-42.
Vijaylaxmi, Herman TS and Meltz (1996). Melatonin and radioprotection from
genetic damage: in vivo/ in vitro studies with human volunteers. Mutat Res.
371: 221-228.
Vincent H, David C, Luc S, Jean FK, Caroline WPD and Pierre LB (2000).
Prevention of Nitrogen Mustard Induced Apoptosis in Normal and
Transformed Lymphocytes by Ebselen. Biochem Pharmacol.
60: 1565-1577.
Vogt RF, Dannenberg AM, Schofield BH, Hynes NA and Papirmeister B.
Pathogenesis of skin lesions caused by sulfur mustard. Fundam Appl
Toxicol. 4: S71-S83.
Vojvodic V, Milosavljevic Z, Boskovic B and Bojanic N (1985). The protective effect
of different drugs in rats poisoned by sulfur and nitrogen mustards.
Fundam Appl Toxicol. 5: S160-S168.
Wang PGB Bauer, RAO Bennett and LF Powrk (1991) Thermolabde adenine
adducts and A T base pair substitutions induced by nitrogen mustard
289
analogues in an SV40- based shuttle vector. Biochemistry. 30: 11515-
11521.
Ward DM, Anson NM, Parent PA and Enquist EH (1966). Sulfur Mustard and
Analogous Compounds as Special Purpose Agents (U). 12-33 EASP 100-
7R1. Aberdeen Proving Ground MD. [As reported in Rosenblatt et al. 1975].
Wasserman TH (1994). Radiotherapeutic studies with amifostine (Ethyol). Semin
Oncol. 21: 21-25.
Watson AP and Griffin GD (1992). Toxicity of vesicant agents scheduled for
destruction by the chemical stockpile disposal program. Environ Health
Perspect. 98: 259-280.
Watson AP and Griffin GD (1992). Toxicity of vesicant agents scheduled for
destruction by the chemical stockpile disposal program. Environ Health
Perspect. 98: 259-280.
Weger N (1975). Massnahmen gegen Lost-Vergiftung. Selecta 27: 2462-2464.
[cited in Vojvodic et al (1985) Fundam Appl Toxicol. 5: S160-S168].
Weger N (1980). Wehrmedezin. Ein kurzes Handbuch mit Beitriigen zur
Katstrophenmedezin. Urban, Schwarzenberg. Munchen/Wien/Baltimore.
261-286. [Cited in Vojvodic et al (1985) Fundam Appl Toxicol.
5: S160-S168].
Weger N (1981). Therapy of chemical warfare agent poisoning. Medical Buth. of
the 4s Army, Europe, 38: 718, 30-43. [Cited in Vojvodic et al (1985)
Fundam Appl Toxicol. 5: S160-S168].
Weiss JF (1997). Pharmacologic approaches to protection against radiation-
induced lethality and other damage. Environ Health Perspect.
105: 1473-1478.
290
Weiss JF and Simic MG (1988). Introduction: perspectives in radiation protection.
Pharmacol Ther. 39: 1-2.
Weiss JF, Kumar KS, Walden TL, Neta R, Landauer MR and Clark EP (1990).
Advances in radioprotection through the use of combined agent regimens.
Int J Radiat Biol. 57: 709-722.
Weltin D, Aupeix K, Iltis C, Cuillerot JM, Dufour P, Marchal J and Bischoff P
(1996). N-acetylcysteine protects lymphocytes from nitrogen mustard-
induced apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol. 51: 1123-1129.
Wheeler GP (1962). Studies related to the mechanism of action of cytotoxic
alkylating agents: A review. Cancer Res. 22: 651-688.
Whitfield D (1987). A literature review upon the toxicology, mechanism of action
and treatment of sulfur and nitrogen mustard poisoning (Technical Note No.
840). Porton Down, UK: Chemical Defence Establishment.
Wilcock C and Hickman JA (1988). Characterization of a Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter
in alkylating agent-sensitive L1210 murine leukemia cells. Biochim Biophys
Acta. 946: 359-367.
Wilcock C, Chahwala SB and Hickman JA (1988). Selective inhibition by bis(2-
chloroethyl)methylamine (nitrogen mustard) of the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter
of murine L1210 leukemia cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 946: 368-378.
Wildenauer D and Weger N (1979). Reactions of the trifunctional nitrogen mustard
tris(2-chloroethyl)amine (HN3) with human erythrocyte membranes in vitro.
Biochem Pharmacol. 28: 2761-2769.
Wildenauer DB, Reuther H and Remien (1980). Reactions of the alkylating agent
tris(2-chloroethyl)amine with the erythrocyte membrane. Effects on shape
changes of human erythrocytes and ghosts. Biochim Biophys Acta. 603:
101-116.
291
Willson RL (1983). Free radical repair mechanisms and interaction of glutathione
and vitamins C and E. In: Nygaard OF, Simic MG, editors. Radioprotectors
and Anticarcinogens. New York: Academic Press. 1-22.
Wintrobe MM, CM Huguley, Jr MT McLennan and LP de Carvalbo Lima (1947).
Nitrogen Mustard as a Therapeutic Agent for Hodgkin's Disease,
Lymphosarcoma and Leukemia. Ann Intern Med. 27: 529-535.
Wolf CR, Lewis AD, Carmichael J, Adams DJ, Allan SG and Ansell DJ (1987).The
role of glutathione in determining the response of normal and tumor cells to
anticancer drugs. Biochem Soc Trans. 15: 728-730.
Worek F, Kirchner T and Szinicz L (1995). Effect of atropine and bispyridinium
oximes on respiratory and circulatory function in guinea pigs poisoned with
sarin. Toxicology. 95: 123-133.
Wormser U (1991). Toxicology of mustard gas. Trends Pharmacol Sci.
12: 164- 167.
Wormser U, Brodsky B, Green BS, Arad-Yellin R and Nyska A (1997). Protective
effect of povidone-iodine ointment against skin lesions induced by sulphur
and nitrogen mustards and by non-mustard vesicants. Arch Toxicol.
71: 165-170.
Wormser U, Sintov A, Brodsky B and Nyska A (2000). Topical iodine preparation
as therapy against sulfur mustard-induced skin lesions. Toxicol Appl
Pharmacol. 169: 33-39.
Wyllie AH (1980). Glucocorticoid induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with
endonulease activation. Nature. 284: 555-556.
Yingna C, Susan ML, Lynette RW, Aimee BC and Dolan ME (2001). Effect of
O6-Benzylguanine on nitrogen mustard-induced toxicity, apoptosis, and
mutagenicity in chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol Cancer Thera. 1: 21-28.
292
Yudas JM (1979). Differential protection of normal and malignant tissues against
the cytotoxic effects of mechlorethamine. Cancer Treat Rep. 63: 971-976.
Yuhas JM (1980). Active versus passive absorption kinetics as the basis for
selective protection of normal tissues by S-2-(3-aminopropylamino) -
ethylphosphorothioic acid. Cancer Res. 40: 1519-1524.
Yuhas JM and Storer JB (1969). Differential chemoprotection of normal and
malignant tissues. J Natl Cancer Inst. 42: 331-335.
Zandwijk NV (1995). N-Acetyl cysteine for lung cancer prevention. Chest.
107: 1437-1441.
Zhang Z, Peters BP and Monteiro-Riviere NA (1995a). Assessment of sulfur
mustard interaction with basement membrane components. Cell Biol
Toxicol. 11: 89-101.
Zhang Z, Riviere J E and Monteiro-Riviere NA (1995b). Evaluation of protective
effects of sodium thiosulfate, cysteine, niacinamide and indomethacin on
sulfur mustard-treated isolated perfused porcine skin. Chem Biol Interact.
96: 249-262.
