Bharat Me Fundamental Rights Principle and Duties

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. 1971 25 31 39()-() 14, 19 31 . 1976 42 .[114] .[115] , .[116] ,

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1. According to Articles 12 and 36, the term State, for the purposes of the chapters on Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles, includes all authorities within the territory of India. It includes the Government of India, the Parliament of India, the Government and legislature of the states of India. It also includes all local or other authorities such as Municipal Corporations, Municipal Boards, District Boards, Panchayats etc. To avoid confusion with the term states, the administrative divisions, State (encompassing all the authorities in India) has been capitalized and the term state is in lowercase. 2. The right to property is still a Constitutionally recognised right, but is now contained outside the Part on Fundamental Rights, in Article 300A which states: No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.

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3. According to Article 13, The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void. The term law has been defined to include not only legislation made by Parliament and the legislatures of the states, but also ordinances, rules, regulations, bye laws, notifications, or customs having the force of law. 4. His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, AIR 1973 SC 1461. This was popularly known as the Fundamental Rights Case. 5. Article 14 states: The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. 6. Article 21 states: No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.

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1. Austin 1999, 50 2. .. , . (2005), ,

, . -233. Austin 1999, 5253 4. Austin 1999, 53 5. Austin 1999, 5354 6. Austin 1999, 54 7. Austin 1999, 5455 8. Austin 1999, 56 9. Austin 1999, 5657 10. Austin 1999, 57 11. Basu 1993, 15 12. Basu 1993, 19

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13. Austin 1999, 6162 14. Austin 1999, 6263 15. Austin 1999, 59 16. Austin 1999, 73 17. Austin 1999, 7374 18. 18.0 18.1 Basu 1993, 131 19. Austin 1999, 5051 20. Austin 1999, 51 21. Basu 1993, 79 22. Austin 1999, 114 23. Basu 1993, 7879 24. 24.0 24.1 Basu 2003, 35 25. Basu 1993, 8687 26. .. , . (2005), ,

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Bharat Me Fundamental Rights Principle and Duties