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Anna Serra-Llobet
G. Mathias Kondolf
University of California, Berkeley - 10 March 2014
BEYOND THE 100-YEAR FLOODPLAIN: EXPERIENCES IN EUROPEAN FLOODPLAINS
UNDER THE FLOODS DIRECTIVE
Association of State Wetland Managers - Webinar
Index
About the EU
Flood Management Policy Instruments at EU level
Comparing the EU & the US
Conclusions
The EU is a unique economic and political partnership between 28 European countries that together cover much of the continent.
What’s the European Union?
A b
o u
t
t h
e
E U
Member States: 6 in 1957 – 28 in 2013
Regions: >270 Inhabitants: >507 millions
Official languages: 25
Currency: € in 20 MS
What’s the European Union?
A b
o u
t
t h
e
E U
Who is who in the European Union?
A b
o u
t
t h
e
E U
European Commission José Manuel Barroso
European Parliament Martin Schulz
Council of the EU Antonis Samaras (Greece)
European Council Herman Van Rompuy
High Representative Catherine Ashton
for Foreign Affairs
Legislative procedure (the institutional triangle)
A b
o u
t
t h
e
E U
Commission
(proposes legislation)
Council Parliament (co-decision)
Legislation implemented in Member States
EU
The body of the EU law: ‘Acquis Communautaire’
A b
o u
t
t h
e
E U
Primary legislation Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (while existed) (ECSC) Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM)
Secondary legislation
Regulations Directives Decisions Recommendations and opinions
Case-law
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU
Water Policy
Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC)
Floods Directive (2007/60/EC)
The Blueprint to Safeguard Europe’s Water Resources (2012)
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Environmental Policy
1970-nowadays
First European water directives, mainly focused on water quality.
Water management according to administrative or political boundaries.
Recent economic, political and social changes related to European water management launched a radical reform of water legislation in the EU.
This process ended with the creation of the Water Framework Directive in 2000 and the Floods Directive in 2007.
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Water Framework Directive (2000)
Goal
Protecting all water bodies, including transitional waters and coastal waters.
Covering all impacts on waters.
Achievement of “good status” in all water bodies and no deterioration of status (by 2015).
River Basin
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Water Framework Directive
Main objective: Good status in 2015
Ecological status (for surface water)
Chemical status (for surface / ground water)
Quantitative status (for ground water)
No deterioration of the status
Objectives:
preventing and reducing pollution,
promoting sustainable water usage,
environmental protection
improving aquatic ecosystems
mitigating the effects of floods and droughts.
2015
Good status
WFD 2000
6 years approach
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Water Framework Directive
Key elements:
Ecological status
River Basin
Exemptions
Achievement of good status in all water bodies and no deterioration of status (by
2015).
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Water Framework Directive
Key elements: (1) Ecological Status
What is “good ecological status”?
The WFD classification scheme for water quality includes five status classes: high, good, moderate, poor and bad.
The definition of ecological status takes into account specific aspects of the biological quality elements, for example “composition and abundance of aquatic flora” or “composition, abundance and age structure of fish fauna” (see WFD Annex V Section 1.1 for the complete list).
The “Ecological Status” Concept
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Water Framework Directive
Key elements: (2) River Basin
WFD requires water management by river basin - the natural geographical and hydrological unit - instead of according to administrative or political boundaries.
Country 2
Country 3
Country 1
The “River Basin” Concept
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Water Framework Directive
Key elements: (3) Some exemptions to 2015 deadline allowed for socio-economic considerations
Permitted Exemptions
If technical infeasibility or disproportionately expensive to achieve good status by 2015 can:
Delay to 2021 or 2027, or
Lower objectives.
Artificial or heavily modified bodies of water, have to achieving good ecological potential (lower objective) and good surface water chemical status by 2015.
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Water Framework Directive
2004
River Basin Management Plans
2015
River Basin Assessment
WFD 2000
River Basin Districts
2009
1
2
3 6 years approach
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Water Framework Directive
River Basin Management Plans
RBMP adopted Consultation have not started or ongoing (20 Sept 2013)
3 River Basin Assessment 2
Summer 2002 flood of the Middle Elbe (Germany) (Source: SCIENCE DAILY / Photo: André Künzelmann/UFZ)
Summer 2002 flood of the Middle Elbe (Germany) (Source: SCIENCE DAILY / Photo: André Künzelmann/UFZ)
Since 1998 floods in Europe have caused some 700 deaths, the displacement of about half a million people and at least €25 billion in insured economic losses
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Best Practices on Flood Prevention, Protection and Mitigation (2004)
• Flood events are part of nature
• Society has become more vulnerable to natural hazards (exposure to risk and vulnerability in flood-prone area have been growing constantly)
• The probability of flooding is expected to increase
• Flood protection is never absolute
• Mitigation and non-structural measures should be enhanced according to this new approach.
• However, structural measures (defense structures) will remain important elements in flood management in Europe.
• But, the concept of residual risk, including potential failure or breach, should therefore be taken into consideration.
• Rivers don’t recognize national borders: river basin management approach
Flood Directive
The Directive 2007/60/EC on the assessment and management of flood risk entered into force on 26 November 2007.
Objective: to reduce and manage risks which floods pose to human health, the environment, infrastructure and property.
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
2015
FD 2007
6 years cycle
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Flood Directive
2013
Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment
2015
2011
Flood Risk Management Plans
Flood Hazard & Risk Maps
FD 2007
The Directive defines a 3-stage approach, which is to be repeated in a cyclic process.
1
2
3
Floods Directive
Key issues:
Information on past floods
systematic collection of related information on past floods in reporting of this step (e.g. historical maps)
Assessment of man-made flood defence structures
Consideration of the impact of climate change on the occurrence of floods
Result: Identification of areas of potential significant flood risk
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment (art 4-5) 2011 1
Floods Directive
Results:
Areas of potential significant flood risk (e.g. Inland Basins in Catalonia, Spain)
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
1 Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment (art 4-5) 2011
500-year flood
100-year flood 10-year flood
Ordinary flood
Normal stream flow
e.g. Spain
Floods Directive
Key issues: Flood hazard maps
3 Scenarios:
High probability
Medium probability (≥100 years RP)
Low probability, where appropriate
Elements:
the flood extent
water depths or water level, as appropriate
where appropriate, the flow velocity or the relevant water flow
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Flood Hazard & Risk Maps (art 6) 2013 2
Floods Directive
Key issues: Flood risk maps
Elements:
Maps showing population, economic activities, and the environment at potential risk from flooding.
Other information which the Member State considers useful such as the indication of areas where floods with a high content of transported sediments and debris can occur and information on other significant sources of pollution. (climate change, growing population,…)
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Flood Hazard & Risk Maps (art 6) 2013 2
500-year flood
100-year flood 10-year flood
Ordinary flood
Normal stream flow
e.g. Spain
Floods Directive
Results:
Flood Hazard Maps Flood prone area 10, 100, 500 RP
Flood Risk Maps Flood prone area + land use maps
(population, economic activities & environment at risk)
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Flood Hazard & Risk Maps (art 6) 2013 2
Floods Directive
Approach: Handbook on good practice on flood mapping in Europe.
Although these documents do not constitute any form of guidance on how the requirements of the Directive can be fulfilled, neither do they necessarily express the views of the European Commission, they give an insight in current practices across the EU.
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Flood Hazard & Risk Maps (art 6) 2013 2
Floods Directive
Key issues :
Member States shall establish:
appropriate objectives for the management of flood risks and
include measures for achieving those objectives …
focusing on the
reduction of potential adverse consequences of flooding … and, if considered appropriate,
on non-structural initiatives and/or on the reduction of the likelihood of flooding.
shall address all aspects of flood risk management focusing on
prevention, preparedness and protection
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Flood Risk Management Plans (art 7) 2015 3
Floods Directive
Key issues :
shall take into account relevant aspects such as :
costs and benefits, areas which have the potential to retain flood water, such as flood plains,
the environmental objectives of Article 4 of Directive 2000/60/EC, nature conservation and water management, soil, spatial planning and land use, navigation and port infrastructure.
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Flood Risk Management Plans (art 7) 2015 3
EU Water Policy
Floods Directive Water Framework Directive PFRMs Flood Maps FRMPs RBMPs (Article 4. NWRM)
Legislation transposed and implemented Spatial Planning
National
EU Nature Conservation Policy (Soil Strategy, Biodiversity, GI, Habitats, Forest Strategy, Renewable Energy,…) EU Common Agriculture Policy EU Climate Change Policy EU Coastal Zones Policy EU Cohesion Policy EU Research
EU legislation
Better Env. Options for FRM
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Floods Directive
Key issues :
may also include the promotion of : sustainable land use practices, improvement of water retention the controlled flooding of certain areas in the case of a flood event.
“Solidarity clause” measures cannot be taken by a MS which increase flood risk up or downstream
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Flood Risk Management Plans (art 7) 2015 3
Preparation
Prevention
Event
Response
Recovery & Rehabilitation
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
Summary
Protection (=US Mitigation)
& Communication
1. Prel. Flood Risk Assessment
TRADITIONAL FLOOD MGM MEASURES: • Structural measures (+CBA) + “Nonstructural” measures (water proofing, ,…)
Land use management
Flood emergency plans
Emergency coordination center
Insurance
2. Flood Hazard & Risk Maps 3. FRM Plans (choose measures)
NATURAL FLOOD MGM MEASURES (natural water retention measures): • Reforestation • Restoration or rehabilitation of water courses, floodplains and wetlands • Increasing soil retention and groundwater recharge • Sustainable urban drainage systems (urban green infrastructure)
River Basin Confederations
Urbanism Department
Civil Protection
Insurance Companies
Civilians
Flood Risk Management Plans
Integrated Flood Risk Management
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
Summary
River Basin Confederations
Urbanism
Civil Protection
Insurance Companies
Integrated Flood Risk Management
Flood Risk Management Plans
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
River Basin Mgmt Plans
River Basin Management Plans
Flood risk assessment
2011, 2017,…
Flood Risk Management Plans
Flood hazard & risk mapping
every 6 year after
2015, 2021,…
2013, 2019,…
Floods Directive
There is no EU Insurance Program
Insurance systems are different in each MS
E.g. Spain
Consorcio de Compensación de Seguros (national funds for disaster relief)
Insurance promotion at flood risk areas
Subsidies for farming and agriculture
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
The EU Insurance System
Floods Directive
Coordination (art 8 and 9)
Article 8 : Coordination in the river basin districts
RBD, National, shared between EU member States and shared with third countries.
If coordination fails – “conflict resolution mechanism”.
Article 9 : Coordination and synchronisation with the WFD Flood Hazard and Risk Maps Characterisation of the RBD (Art 5) Flood Risk Management Plans River Basin Management Plans (Art 13) P
o l
i c
y
I n
s t
r u
m e
n t
s
EU Water Policy
Floods Directive
Public information, consultation, reporting (art 9, 10, 15)
Three main products shall be made available to the public & be made available to the Commission (website: WISE!)
Active involvement of interested parties in preparation of the plans
Public participation for the plans shall be coordinated as appropriate with the WFD
Timetable for consultation (22.12.2012)
Main issues (22.12.2013)
Draft FRMP for consultation (22.12.2014)
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Flood Directive
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
Flood hazard & risk mapping
Sistema Nacional de Cartografía de Zonas Inundables (Source: SMAAMA, 2013)
Spain
This website includes different kind of risks: technological, natural,…
Flood prone zones 500RP
Potentially flooded areas
(Residual Risk)
Catalonia, Spain
Risk Maps Civil Protection Catalonia Website: http://taure.icc.cat/pcivil/map.jsp
UK
If you click on the map you know the level of risk and what you are supposed to do
Flood Maps Environment Agency UK Website:http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/37837.aspx
The Netherlands
Risk Maps (Risicokaart), Rijswaterstaad Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment Website: http://risicokaart.nl/en/informatie_over_risicos/overstroming/
Individual risk map (not online): From USACE, 2011 Report available at: http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/Portals/70/docs/iwrreports/2011-R-08.pdf
The Netherlands
Flood Risk Map (The Netherlands)
Flood Risk Map (Catalonia, Spain)
Flood Hazard Map Flood risk map Local emergency plan by river basin by municipality by municipality
Catalonia, Spain
Compulsory
Recommended
Very high
High
Medium
Medium low
Flood prone area
500 RP
Individual + economic risk map (available online): www.gencat.cat/interior/protecciocivil/
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
Water Framework Directive
GOAL: Member States must aim to achieve “good ecological and chemical status” by 2015.
2015
?
Good status by
‘The achievement of the EU ambitious
water policy goals appears far from
being complete by 2015’ (European
Environment Agency, 2010)
WFD in 2010…
The 2012 Blueprint to Safeguard Europe's Water Resources
WFD in 2010…
‘The achievement of the EU ambitious
water policy goals appears far from
being complete by 2015’ (European
Environment Agency, 2010)
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
The Blueprint to Safeguard Europe’s Water Resources
(2012)
3
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
The Blueprint
The Blueprint will synthesise policy recommendations in order to provide the knowledge base to develop the policy options that can deliver better implementation, better integration and completion of EU water policy.
Among these options, focus is be given to water-related green infrastructure measures, also called ‘natural water retention measures’.
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
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EU Water Policy
The Blueprint
Natural water retention measures consist of:
• reforestation
• the restoration or rehabilitation of water courses, floodplains and wetlands
• sustainable urban drainage systems (urban green infrastructure)
• increasing soil water retention and groundwater recharge
The objective is to slow down or reduce the flow of water downstream leading to a more natural flow regime within a catchment.
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Water Policy
The Blueprint
Time horizon 2020, longer time span up to 2050
‘EU 2020 Strategy’: A strategy for smart, sustainable and
inclusive growth in Europe (Resource Efficiency Roadmap)
WATER POLICY
& the EU CRISIS
Different mechanisms:
• Member States (national funds)
• EU Common Agricultural Policy
• Structural and Cohesion Funds
Who is going to pay for it?
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Common Agricultural Policy
Pillar 1
Market and price support
policies
Direct Payments
Direct subsidy payment for crops and land which may be cultivated with price support mechanisms, including guaranteed minimum prices, import tariffs and quotas on certain goods from outside the EU
Pillar 2
CAP
cross-compliance
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
Cross-compliance (since 2005)
Cross compliance is a mechanism that links direct payments to compliance
by farmers with basic standards concerning the environment, food safety, animal and plant health and animal welfare, as well as the requirement of maintaining land in good agricultural and environmental conditions.
The obligation of keeping land in Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions refers to a range of standards related to soil protection, maintenance of soil organic matter and structure, avoiding the deterioration of habitats, and water management.
EU Common Agricultural Policy
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Common Agricultural Policy
Pillar 1
Rural Development
The Rural Development Regulation payments linked to nature conservation can be used to compensate farmers for income losses incurred due to the establishment of floodplain areas or the restoration of hydro-morphological structures
Pillar 2
CAP
Agri-environmental measures
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
The 2012 CAP reform
Link with river restoration: The 2012? CAP reforms offer several possibilities for flood prevention, especially under the second pillar.
EU Common Agricultural Policy
Coastal wetlands and agriculture in Basses d’en Coll (Spain) ( Source: blog.costabravas.fr)
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Funds The European Regional Development Fund
The European Social Fund
The Cohesion Fund
The mission: to strengthen economic, social and territorial cohesion by reducing disparities between the levels of development of regions and
countries of the European Union
EU Cohesion Policy
Flood management
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Urban and Regional Planning
Interreg IV (2007-2013) Link with river restoration: Cross-border flood mitigation represents one
important aspect of the Interreg initiative.
EU Cohesion Policy
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
EU Urban and Regional Planning
Interreg IV (2007-2013) e.g. Sustainable Development of Floodplains (SDF) Project
(jan2003-june2008). The SDF involves transnational co-operation and interaction between Germany and the Netherlands that deals with flood prevention and nature development along the Rhine.
EU Cohesion Policy
The SDF project is investing $32 million in relocating dykes, creating new polders, side channels, and in nature development.
P o
l i
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I
n s
t r
u m
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t s
Summary
EU US
EXPERIENCE
• > 2000 years managing floods
• Only 6 years at a EU level
2007 Floods Directive
533AD Roma Water Law
2000 Water Framework Directive
1824 USACE involved in flood control
• > 200 years managing floods
• 189 years at a Federal level
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
Summary
US
FLOOD MANAGEMENT PARADIGMS
1966 - Unified National Program for Managing Flood Losses (UNP) (revised 1979, 1994) Implied a drastic change in flood control policies in the US towards unified federal policy for managing floodplains. In order to redirect federal involvement in flood defence from structural control to a holistic floodplain management approach.
Flood Risk Management
Flood Damage Reduction
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
Summary
EU
US
FLOOD RISK MGMT APPROACH & AGENCIES
Preparation
Prevention
Protection
Event
Response
Rehabilitation
Recovery &
Preparation
Event
Response
Mitigation Recovery
RBD: River Confederations (or Water Agencies) & Civil Protection
USACE & FEMA
Integrated Flood Risk Management
Some Flood Hazard Mapping, Planning & Communication
(Failure) Risk Assessment (USACE Levee & Dam Safety Program)
? Flood Risk Assessment, Flood Hazard & Risk Maps,
Flood Risk Mgmt Plans & Communication
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
Summary
EU WFD (goals for water management)
Protecting all water bodies, including transitional waters and coastal waters.
Covering all impacts on waters.
Achievement of “good status” in all water bodies and no deterioration of status (by 2015).
FD (goals flood risk management)
to reduce and manage risks which floods pose to human health, the environment, infrastructure and property.
US UNP (co-equal goals for floodplain management) reduce loss of life and property from
flooding reduce loss of natural and beneficial
resources from unwise land use.
GOALS
P o
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I
n s
t r
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t s
Summary
EU
WFD/FD (goals flood risk management)
River Basin
US
Administrative
UNIT OF MANAGEMENT
Country 1
Country 2
Country 3
State X
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
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t s
Summary
US Some exceptions
Mid-Atlantic River Basin Commissions: Interstate Commission on the
Potomac River Basin (1940)
Delaware River Basin Commission (1961)
Susquehanna river basin commission (1971)
Regional Flood Risk Management Team (2009) for the Upper Mississippi
Upper Colorado River Commission (1948)
UNIT OF MANAGEMENT
State 1
State 2
Map of Mid-Atlantic River Basin Commissions (Photo USACE)
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
Summary
EU
Top-down
Floods Directive (2007)
US Top-down
National Flood Insurance Program (1968)
APPROACH & LEGISLATION
2013
2015
2011
Flood Management Plans Flood risk assessment
Flood Hazard & Risk Maps
6 years approach Avoid new developments in floodplains
Flood Hazard Mapping
Communication of Flood Risk to People living in floodplains
Updated 1986,1994, 2012
Keep people away from risk
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
Summary
EU
Top-down
Floods Directive (2007)
US Top-down
National Flood Insurance Program (1968)
APPROACH & LEGISLATION
2013
2015
2011
Flood Management Plans Flood risk assessment
Flood Hazard & Risk Maps
6 years approach
Flood Hazard Mapping
Updated 1986,1994, 2012
But how about people living in flood prone areas?
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
Summary
EU
Top-down
Floods Directive (2007)
US Top-down
National Flood Insurance Program (1968)
APPROACH & LEGISLATION
2013
2015
2011
Flood Management Plans Flood risk assessment
Flood Hazard & Risk Maps
6 years approach Floodplain Management Regulations (Hazard Mitig. Assistance Program)
Flood Hazard Mapping
Flood Insurance
Updated 1986,1994, 2012
Adopted an insurance standard of 1/100yr flood
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
Summary
EU
Top-down
Floods Directive (2007)
US Bottom-up
National Flood Insurance Program (1968)
APPROACH & LEGISLATION
2013
2015
2011
Flood Management Plans Flood risk assessment
Flood Hazard & Risk Maps
6 years approach Floodplain Management Regulations (Hazard Mitig. Assistance Program)
Flood Hazard Mapping
Flood Insurance
Updated 1986,1994, 2012
Adopted an insurance standard of 1/100yr flood
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
Summary
EU
Top-down
Floods Directive (2007)
US Bottom-up
National Flood Insurance Program (1968)
APPROACH & LEGISLATION
2013
2015
2011
Flood Management Plans Flood risk assessment
Flood Hazard & Risk Maps
6 years approach Floodplain Management Regulations (Hazard Mitig. Assistance Program)
Flood Hazard Mapping
Flood Insurance
Updated 1986,1994, 2012
Adopted an insurance standard of 1/100yr flood
Flood maps are a key element for flood risk management
Flood Maps (e.g. Ter River, Spain)
EU
Flood prone zones
500RP
Potentially flooded
areas (Residual Risk)
Current flood risk (including residual risk)
Future flood risk (cc, demog.) 10RP 100RP 500RP
Flood Risk Maps (potential economic, human, env. losses)
10RP 100RP 500RP
Flood Hazard Maps
These are the maps required for all EU territory & have to be updated every 6 years
F l
o o
d
m a
p s
by municipality
Flood Maps required in the US
US
100RP 200RP (exceptional) e.g. California
500RP (optional)
Flood Risk Maps (optional) (potential economic and human losses)
NONE
(optional) If you don’t want to join NFIP
or
Flood Hazard Map
(optional) If you want to join NFIP
F l
o o
d
m a
p s
These are the only maps required in the US & many are not updated
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
Summary
EU
FLOOD MAPS & GUIDELINES
US
Different for each country (sometimes different even within countries) The same for all US
P o
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c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
Summary
EU
FLOOD MAPS & FLOOD MGM MEASURES
US
Event
Flood Risk Assessment, Mapping, Planning & Communication
Preparation
Prevention
Protection
Response
Rehabilitation
Recovery
Land Use Management
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
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t s
Summary
EU
Different approaches in different member states (e.g. Catalonia, Spain)
FLOOD MAPS & PREVENTION (LAND USE PLANNING)
US
Image credit: Jeesica Ludy
Floodplain (500yRP)
No urbanization at the floodplain!
• collective activities
• constructions for agriculture and farming
• hydraulic infrastructures
All activities at the floodplains need a risk management plan
No link with flood maps Direct link with flood maps (sometimes)
P o
l i
c y
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n s
t r
u m
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Summary
EU
FLOOD MAPS & FLOOD MGM MEASURES
US
Event
Flood Risk Assessment, Mapping, Planning & Communication
Preparation
Prevention
Protection
Response
Rehabilitation
Recovery
Flood Risk Emergency Plans
P o
l i
c y
I
n s
t r
u m
e n
t s
Summary
EU
Different approaches in different member states
Example: Catalonia, Spain
FLOOD MAPS & PREVENTION (LAND USE PLANNING)
No link with flood maps Direct link with flood maps
US
There are no flood emergency plans
Exceptions: San Joaquin County
Flood Hazard Map Flood risk map Local emergency plan
National emergency plan Regional emergency plan
Conclusions
Shift in thinking
WFD and the FD have promoted a shift in thinking in the way water & floods are managed in Europe, with a new integrated approach at a river basin scale.
Conclusions
Problems
However, these Directives do not call for specific measures to be taken. The way in which water/flood management is handled strongly depends on the national approaches. At a national level we can see very different approaches to implement EU Floods Directive.
Conclusions
Flood mapping
While the US was ahead of Europe as a whole in floodplain mapping through the 20th century, the EU member states have arguably pulled ahead of the US in some significant ways since adoption of the EU Floods Directive in 2007.
Conclusions
Flood mapping
Flood mapping and flood risk management plans are evolving significantly in the EU, and may provide compelling models for flood risk management and communication in a holistic way. The EU experience may provide insights to inform the ongoing efforts to address flood risk in the US.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/flood_risk/
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